Research in Tefl II

by

Aulia Almira
Nim. 14250017

Lecturer: M. Holandyah

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH
ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY
RADEN FATAH PALEMBANG
2017
Formulating Research Background
 "Background problem is the rationale of the author to conduct research on
a problem that is considered necessary, and in this section also explained the
importance of the problem (thesis) in terms of history, education, economics,
politics and others.

Formulating Research Problems

At least there are 3 things that must be considered to make a problem in writing
thesis proposal, namely:

a. Identify the problem

It aims to find various problems that may arise from the topic (topic),
by asking questions or statements so that it is known that the problems
of a title can be diverse.

b. Restricting the problem

It aims to select the relevant issues in the field of study and can be
reached.

c. Formulation of the problem

It aims to change the details of the problem in the form of questions

Formulating Research Hypothesis

The research hypothesis is the prediction of a temporary answer to the

problem of research, which is actually still to be tested empirically. The
hypothesis is divided into alternative hypothesis (Ha), and null hypothesis (Ho).
Alternative hypothesis (Ha) states the existence of a mutual relationship between
two or more variables, or states the existence of differences in certain things in
different groups. The null hypothesis (Ho) states that there is no relationship
between two or more variables, or to say that there is no difference between one
group to another.

In preparing the hypothesis can be put forward suggestions as follows:

 a. The hypothesis should state the link between two or more variables.
b. The hypothesis should be stated in the statement.
c. Hypotheses should be formulated clearly and densely.
d. Hypotheses should be tested, meaning others may collect data to test
the hypothesis.

Hypothesis testing

Hypothesis test is a test that aims to determine whether the conclusions on

the sample can apply to the population (can be generalized).

Independent sample T-Test

Independent sample T-Test is a test of difference between two

groups of parametric statistics or applied to normally distributed data.

Paired sample T-Test

Paired sample T-Test is a two-dimensional difference test

measuring parametric statistics for normally distributed data.

Correlation analysis

Correlation analysis is useful to see the strength or the relationship

between two variables.

Regression analysis

Regression analysis is used to see the effect of variable x to

variable y.

Criteria of hypothesis testing

1. Acceptance Ho occurs if the value of the test statistic is smaller or

greater than the positive or negative value of the table . Or the value
of the test statistic is beyond the critical value.
 2. Ho's rejection occurs if the test value is greater or less than the positive
or negative value of the table . Or the value of the test statistic is
beyond the critical value.

Four Language Skills Assessment Rubric

Writing
Speaking
Listening rubric
Reading rubric
Research Insrtument Analysis

Validity

According to Nursalam (2003) validity is a measure that indicates the validity of

an instrument.

Construct Validity

It can be interpreted as validity in terms of order, framework or fictitious.

As terminologically, a test of learning outcomes can be expressed as a test
that already has the validity of the construction, if the test results have
been able to accurately reflect a construction in psychological theory.

Content Validity

Validity obtained after analyzing, searching or testing of the content

contained in the test of learning outcomes. Content validity is in terms of
the content of the test itself as a means of measuring the learning outcome,
namely: the extent to which the test results as a means of measuring the
learning outcomes of learners, the content has been able to represent
representative of the whole material or even lessons that should be tested.

Each question items

Each question or item on the research instrument must have a logical link
with the objective

Expert judment

The reviewers should be conducted by the competent person in the field

concerned
Realiability

According Sugiyono (2005) Reliability is a series of measurements or a series of

measuring tools that have a consistency when measurements made with the
measuring instrument is done repeatedly.

Split-Half Reliability

in split-half reliability, randomly divide all items that purport to measure

the same construct into two sets.

Test and Retest

Test-retest reliability is a measure of reliability obtained by administering

the same test twice over a period of time to a group of individuals. The
scores from Time 1 and Time 2 can then be correlated in order to evaluate
the test for stability over time.

Inter-rater reliability

Inter-rater reliability is a measure of reliability used to assess the degree to

which different judges or raters agree in their assessment decisions. Inter-
rater reliability is useful because human observers will not necessarily
interpret answers the same way; raters may disagree as to how well certain
responses or material demonstrate knowledge of the construct or skill
being assessed.

Prerequisite Analysis

Normality

It is used to view the sample data we take or use it follows or approaches

to normal distribution.
 Homogenity

Homogeneity is used to find out whether some of the population variants

are the same or not. This test is performed as a prerequisite in the analysis
of independent sample t test and ANOVA.

Research Design

Framework that helps researchers in research that outlines and details of each
research procedure ranging from questions to research problems to data analysis.

Quasi experiment

It is research approaching experiments or pseudo experiments. This form

of research is widely used in the field of education or other research with
the subject studied is human, where they should not be distinguished
between one another as treated because of status as a control group. In a
quasi-experimental study the researcher can divide the existing group by
without distinguishing between the control and the group significantly by
still referring to the existing natural form.

True experimental

It is said to be true experimental (real experiment / really) because in this

design the researcher can control all external variables that influence the
course of the experiment. Thus the internal validity (quality of the
implementation of the research design) can be high.

Correlation anlysis

1. Correlational Research is a quantitative research.

2. This study was done to see the relationship between two variables.
3. Correlation does not guarantee the existence of causality , but causality
guarantee the correlation.
Sample Research

Total sampling

Total sampling Is a sampling technique where the number of samples is

equal to the population (Sugiyono, 2007).

Simple random sampling

Simple random sampling is sample selection using random or random

numbers.

Stratified random sampling

Stratified sampling is sampling by stratum and is usually used by

researchers if in the population there are strata or levels between one group
with another group.

Cluster Sampling

Cluster Sampling is sampling by selecting a particular group randomly and

usually used by researchers if in the population there are groups that have
their own characteristics.