DIPLOMACIA 360

Lngua Inglesa
Aula 08 (Complementar)
Prof.: Manoela Assayag

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On todays class
1.Advanced Grammar Exercises

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PART I: GRAMMAR
Exercises

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Fill in the blanks. For questions 1 to 17, choose the right
answer.

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QUESTION 1. Mr Berlusconi's response to the
earthquake seems to explain the latest uptick. He
spent almost a week in the disaster zone and even
offered to accommodate some survivors in his own
homes. On April 23rd he went a daring step further,
saying he would switch the venue of the G8 rich-
country summit in July to L'Aquila, partly _______
divert funds towards the city's reconstruction. [The
Economist, 30/04/2009]

A. to
B. so as to
C. so that

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 Expressing purpose, reason
and result
You will often need to express cause, condition, purpose,
effect, consequence and result.

Various devices, including conjunctions, verbs and phrases,

are helpful to express these ideas.

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 Purpose
You use a purpose clause when you want to state the purpose
of the action in the independent clause.

Here are some example of transition elements used to

express purpose:

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Purpose
to
in order (not) to
so as to
so that
with this intention
with this in mind
in the hope that
to the end that
for (someone) (not)
to

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 Reason or Cause
You use a clause of reason or cause when you want to state
the cause or reason of the action in the independent clause.

Here are some example of transition elements used to

express reason or cause:

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 Reason or Cause
because (of) thats why

as thats the reason why

since for fear of

that for + (verb) -ing

owing to seeing that

on account of given that

due to in view of

granted

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Effect, Consequence or Result
You use a clause of effect, consequence or result when you
want to express these ideas.

Here are some example of transition elements used to

express effect, consequence or result:

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 Effect, Consequence or Result
As a result Then

Under those circumstances Hence

In that case Thence

For this reason Whence

In effect Consequently

For (when before the cause/reason) Therefore

Thus (when before the cause/reason) Thereupon

Because the Forthwith

Accordingly Henceforth

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QUESTION 2. America has problems, but this
picture is a caricature of a country that, on most
measures, is more prosperous, more peaceful and
less racist than ever before. The real threat is from
the man who has done most to stoke national rage,
and who will, in Cleveland, accept the Republican
Partys nomination to run for president. Win or lose
in November, Donald Trump has the power to
reshape America _______ it becomes more like the
dysfunctional and declining place he claims it to be.
[The Economist, 16/07/2016]

A. so that
B. in order to
C. in order for it
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QUESTION 3. In this view Russia did not start the war in
Ukraine, but responded to Western aggression. The
Maidan uprising and ousting of Viktor Yanukovych as
Ukraines president were engineered by American
special services to move NATO closer to Russias borders.
Once Mr Yanukovych had gone, American envoys offered
Ukraines interim government $25 billion to place missile
defences on the Russian border, __________ shift the
balance of nuclear power towards America. Russia had
no choice but to act. [The Economist, 07/03/2002]

A. so that it
B. so as not to
C. in order to

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QUESTION 4. Some people recite history from
above, recording the grand deeds of great men.
Others tell history from below, arguing that one
person's life is just as much a part of mankind's story
as another's. If people do make history, as this
democratic view suggests, then two people make
twice as much history as one. ______ there are
almost 7 billion people alive today, it follows that
they are making seven times as much history as the
1 billion alive in 1811. [The Economist, 28/06/2011]

A. Because of
B. Since
C. On account of being

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QUESTION 5. Mr [Miguel Angel] Vias charges
Podemos with moving away from its leftist roots.
The party once promised to hold primaries for all its
election candidates, but has instead installed several
favourites of Mr Iglesiasincluding the former chief
of the defence staff, General Jos Julio Rodrguez
as candidates for parliament. And while IU demands
a pull-out from NATO, abolition of the monarchy and
full separation of church and state, Podemos fudges
these issues _______ scare off moderates. [The
Economist, 17/05/2016]

A. to not
B. not to
C. so as not to
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QUESTION 6. Public debt loads are bigger now than
they were in 2010, not smaller. (Germany is a
notable exception). And while euro-area economies
have engaged in austerity, several continue to miss
their budget targets. Bond yields have plummeted
not because of the return of fiscal sobriety, but
_________ the European Central Bank is buying
loads of public debt and has promised to do what it
takes to keep the euro-area together. [The
Economist, 23/11/2015]

A. for
B. because
C. as

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QUESTION 7. The world economy grew by 2.7% in the
first quarter of 2016 compared with a year earlier,
according to our estimates. The growth rate rose for the
first time since the third quarter of 2014, largely
_________ a livelier performance by the BRIC economies
(Brazil, Russia, India and China), whose contribution to
world GDP rose from 1.4 to 1.6 percentage points. But
the gloom could return if Britain votes to leave the
European Union on June 23rd. In the past five years
Britain has contributed the most to EU GDP growth.
[The Economist, 18/06/2016]

A. since
B. because
C. owing to

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QUESTION 8. Qatar, the World Cups hosts in 2022,
adheres to the same puritanical creed as its overbearing
neighbour, Saudi Arabia. But nightclubs on hotel
rooftops loom above the national mosque of Ibn Abdel
Wahhab, the 18th century zealot who gave Wahhabism
its name. Bars advertise happy hours on its beaches and
a state-owned distribution centre supplies not just liquor
but pork. Like the Al Sauds, Qatars ruling clan, Al Thani,
originates from the peninsulas Nejd interior, ________
the Wahhabis sprung. [The Economist, 04/06/2016]

A. hence
B. accordingly
C. whence

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QUESTION 9. Yet it is hard to portray these
relatively small reforms as the fundamental change
in Britains relationship with Europe that Mr
Cameron once promised. Nor did he secure the full-
on treaty change he once said he needed.
___________, his deal suffered a predictable
trashing in Britains Eurosceptic press and from many
backbench Tory MPs. This was a blow to Mr
Cameron. [The Economist, 27/02/2016]

A. Ensuing
B. Thence
C. As a result

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QUESTION 10. The collapse in the rouble
__________ Vladimir Putins belligerence, greed and
paranoia. [The Economist, 20/12/2014]

A. is caused by
B. ensues of
C. is due on

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QUESTION 11. With unemployment at 25%,
government debt at more than 170% of GDP, and
the countrys politics in turmoil, the 26% peak-to-
trough decline in output ____________ the euro-
zone crisis has been highly traumatic for Greece.
[The Economist, 01/09/2015]

A. resulting of
B. brought forthwith
C. brought about by

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QUESTION 12. In late January the government
unveiled its first long-term national development
plan, dubbed Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Vision Brunei
2035). Policymakers already use shorter-term five-
year plans, but Wawasan Brunei 2035 has a
particularly vital role ___________ the government's
concerns about the economy's unhealthy
dependence on oil and gas. [The Economist,
19/03/2008]

A. in view of
B. inasmuch
C. on the condition of

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QUESTION 13. On March 18th the Syrian cabinet
proudly announced the creation of a national space
agency. The timing seemed odd, ______________
the government of President Bashar Assad controls
only chunks of a ravaged country now entering the
fourth year of a civil war that has left 40% of its 23m
people homeless, sent 3m abroad as refugees, and
killed at least 150,000. [The Economist,
22/03/2014]

A. with
B. seeing that
C. because of

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QUESTION 14. But responsibility for the war itself
has been the central charge in the Nuremberg
indictment, and the Tribunal has declared in its
judgment: "To initiate a war of aggression is not only
an international crime; it is the supreme
international crime, differing only from other war
crimes ________ it contains within itself the
accumulated evil of the whole." [The Economist,
30/09/1946]

A. in that
B. with
C. thence

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QUESTION 15. Much of the slowdown ___________
the vagaries of the global business cycle. Around
60% of Turkeys trade is with Europe, which also
accounts for three-quarters of foreign direct
investment in the country. The continents recent
economic troubles are not Turkeys fault. Nor is the
mayhem in the Middle East, which a decade ago was
Turkeys fastest-growing export market. [The
Economist, 06/02/2016]

A. is due to
B. is owing to
C. results of

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QUESTION 16. The firms investing in China's interior
are chiefly doing so to serve consumers who live
there. __________________________ booming, this
is an enticing market. But when it comes to making
iPads and smartphones for export, the world's
workshop will remain in China's coastal provinces.
[The Economist, 10/03/2012]

A. With so many inland cities

B. For so many inland cities are

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QUESTION 17. Although Filipinos are
overwhelmingly pro-American, they are also
patriotic. The American colonial period saw its share
of atrocities, especially in Mindanao. One colonial
general mused that it might be necessary to kill half
the Filipinos _____________ the remaining half of
the population may be advanced to a higher plane of
life. [The Economist, 22/10/2016]

A. in order that
B. so to
C. for

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For questions 18 to 22, fill in the blanks with the
correct expression of purpose or reason using the
word in bold.

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QUESTION 18.
Regions as far north as the U.S. states of California
and Washington may experience longer, colder
winters because of El Nio. [National Geographic]
CONSEQUENCE
_________________________, regions as far north
as the U.S states of California and Washington may
experience longer, colder winters.

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QUESTION 19.
Massive CO2 extraction' costing trillions is needed so
as to avoid runaway temperature rises, says a new
paper.
ORDER
Massive CO2 extraction' costing trillions is needed
____________ avoid runaway temperature rises,
says a new paper.

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QUESTION 20.
One of the worries Keynes admitted was a new
disease: technological unemploymentbecause of
our discovery of means of economising the use of
labour outrunning the pace at which we can find
new uses for labour.
DUE
_______________ our discovery of means of
economising the use of labour outrunning the pace
at which we can find new uses for labour. [The
Economist, 18/01/2014]

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QUESTION 21.
English speakers might do the same, partly because
of our familiarity with German proper names and
words like schnapps and schnitzel.
ACCOUNT
English speakers might do the same, partly
_____________ our familiarity with German proper
names and words like schnapps and schnitzel.
[The Economist, 31/03/2013]

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QUESTION 22.
How much financial risk has the ECB [European
Central Bank] taken on because of the euro debt
crisis?
RESULT
How much financial risk has the ECB [European
Central Bank] taken on _______________ the euro
debt crisis? [The Economist, 09/06/2011]

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QUESTION 22.
How much financial risk has the ECB [European
Central Bank] taken on because of the euro debt
crisis?
RESULT
How much financial risk has the ECB [European
Central Bank] taken on _______________ the euro
debt crisis? [The Economist, 09/06/2011]

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For questions 23 to 27, rewrite the given excerpts
using the given conjunctions and expressions of
purpose, reason and result.

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QUESTION 23.
When the Leave campaign talks of scrapping rules,
they may well mean regulations that protect
workers; something they dont mention because
they are worried about alienating their working-class
support. [The Economist, 14/06/2016]
FOR FEAR OF + -ING

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QUESTION 24.
The culture that the two men put together was
strong. They even put together an internally
published list of things that should not change when
Mr [Peter] Brabeck took the reins. [The Economist,
23/10/2003]
SO

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QUESTION 25.
Reformists in China have long argued that the
party should be more open about what happened to
learn lessons from the near civil war it led to. [The
Economist, 06/08/2016]
IN ORDER THAT

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QUESTION 26.
Economic growth will remain relatively weak.
Policy and political uncertainties as well as an
adverse external context are the reasons for it.
OWING TO

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QUESTION 27.
An obvious way that moral hazard could occur is
when companies merge or restructure their
activities. For example, DB schemes in deficit could
be shifted into one firm that is then allowed to go
bust. Plans can be submitted to the regulator for
clearance so as not to stifle legitimate
restructuring. [The Economist, 16/06/2015]
IN ORDER NOT TO

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 Thank you!
manoelaassayag@gmail.com

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