Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Romain Devai
Grgoire Naacke
May 2013
International Options Market Association (IOMA)
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 2
The global derivatives market ....................................................................................................................... 7
1 Equity derivatives .................................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Equity derivatives trading ..................................................................................................... 10
1.1.1 Single Stock Options .................................................................................................. 14
1.1.2 Single Stock Futures .................................................................................................. 18
1.1.3 Stock Index Options ................................................................................................... 19
1.1.4 Stock Index Futures ................................................................................................... 22
1.1.5 ETF Options ............................................................................................................... 24
1.2 Equity derivatives clearing .................................................................................................... 25
2 Interest rate derivatives ........................................................................................................... 26
2.1 Interest rate derivatives trading ............................................................................................ 26
2.1.1 STIR Options and Futures.......................................................................................... 28
2.1.2 LTIR Options and Futures .......................................................................................... 29
2.2 Interest rate derivatives clearing .......................................................................................... 30
3 Currency derivatives ............................................................................................................... 31
4 Commodity derivatives ............................................................................................................ 33
5 Other derivatives ..................................................................................................................... 36
6 CDS clearing ........................................................................................................................... 37
Annex 1 Trading Statistics ........................................................................................................................ 38
Annex 2 Clearing Statistics....................................................................................................................... 49
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this survey is accurate at the time of
printing, but the Secretariat cannot accept responsibility for errors or omissions.
This report is the result of the annual survey conducted by the World Federation of Exchanges on
worldwide derivative markets. The survey was compiled from questionnaire responses sent by exchanges
and clearinghouses as well as data from exchange websites. The authors wish to thank exchanges which
responded to the questionnaire and especially exchange staff who gave further assistance in response to
enquiries.
It deals with the trading and clearing of derivatives products and covers 52 trading venues and 47
clearinghouses. Some of the exchanges trade in a wide range of derivatives contracts, while many
specialize in a single area of the market. The trading figures gathered comprise a full set of indicators
(number of traded contracts, notional value of traded contracts, open interest, notional outstanding
amounts, number of trades and paid premium) and are broken down into fourteen main product lines:
The average for the number of different product lines per exchange is 5.25 and the median is 5.
Johannesburg Stock Exchange, with 13 product lines, is the exchange that offers the highest number of
product lines. At the other end of the spectrum, 7 exchanges offer only one class of product, the majority
being Asian exchanges offering commodity futures. One exchange, namely China Financial Futures
Exchange, only offers one contract.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Most of the exchanges do not have a trading floor. Only in some US exchanges, the share of floor trading
(by number of contracts traded) versus electronic systems appears to be significant: 30% for NASDAQ
OMX US, 27% for CBOE, and 10% for CME Group. For CME options it decreased from 70% to 60%
between 2011 and 2012.
A question was also asked to exchanges about the order of magnitude of business brought to the market
by Direct Market Access (DMA), Hedge Funds or High Frequency Traders but only a few exchanges were
able to answer. In the United States, HFT activity is estimated to be higher in electronically-traded ETF
options (e.g., SPY, IWM, QQQ, etc.) and the most active individual equity option classes. Tabb Group
estimates that High-frequency trading strategies in options markets account for almost 60% of the total
1
volumes in the US of which 45% comes from market-making firms .
70%
Prop/Other HFT
60%
Market Making HFT
50% 13% 14%
10%
40%
8%
30% 5% 7%
0%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013P
In the United States, Hedge Funds participation is generally higher in index and volatility options, as well
as active ETF option classes.
1
US Options Market Making 2013: Scale, Scope and Survival February 2013 Andy Nybo, Tabb Group
Percentage of the total trading volume represented by the 5 and 10 most active members
5 most active members 10 most active members
60% 80%
69% 67% 2011 68% 68%
49% 49% 2011 50% 49% 70%
50% 2012 62% 61%
2012 44% 43%
60%
52% 51%
40% 36%
34% 50%
30% 40%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0% 0%
Americas Asia Pacific EAME Total Americas Asia Pacific EAME Total
2
2011 WFE Cost & Revenue Survey Romain Devai and Grgoire Naacke November 2012
http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/statistics/pdf/2011%20Cost%20%26%20Revenue%20Survey_Final_0.pdf
21 billion Exchange Traded Derivatives (ETD) contracts (10 billion options and 11 billion futures) were
traded on exchanges worldwide in 2012 (against 25 billion in 2011). It is the first time since 2004 that the
global number of derivatives traded on-exchange decreased. Moreover this decrease of volumes was
significant (-15%) and concerned all the asset classes except commodity derivatives and all the regions.
The first quarter of 2013 was much more encouraging (+13.7% excluding Kospi 200 options), suggesting
that the year 2013 should experience a significant volume recovery. Equity (excluding Kospi 200 options),
interest rate, currency and commodity derivative, all experienced positive volume growth rate compared to
first quarter of 2012 (respectively +5.2%, +8.4%, +40.7% and +46.8%).
As opposed to 2011, there were more futures contracts traded compared to options in 2012.
Excluding Kospi 200 options, the highest decrease in 2012 was observed in EAME region (-12.3% against
-7.3% in Americas and -4.5% in Asia Pacific).
25
Other 2.8
Commodity 2.9
20 3.1
Currency 3.2
2.5
Interest Rate 2.3 3.5 2.4
1.8
15 Equity 1.3 0.6 1.0 3.2
0.5 2.9
3.2 2.5
3.7
1.0
0.3
10 0.7
0.2
0.6 3.2
0.1 2.5
2.2 15.3
13.6
11.6 11.9 12.3
5 10.3
6.9 7.5
6.1
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
by underlying asset
100% 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.9 2.8
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 3.2
0.6 1.0
80% 2.2 2.5 2.5 3.1 2.4
3.2 3.7 3.2 2.5
3.2 3.5 2.9
60%
40%
6.1 6.9 7.5 10.3 11.6 11.9 13.6 15.3 12.3
20%
0%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Commodity Currency Interest Rate Equity
by region
100%
2.4 2.7 3.0 4.0 4.6 4.1 4.7 5.4 4.7
80%
40%
0%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
EAME Asia Pacific Americas
by product
100%
80% 3.4 4.0 5.2 7.0 8.1 8.2 11.2 12.1 11.0
60%
40%
5.7 6.3 6.7 8.8 9.1 9.6 11.1 12.7 10.2
20%
0%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Futures Options
Equity derivatives: The 19.5% decrease in equity derivatives was partly explained by the sharp drop of
number of index options traded on Korea Exchange following the multiplication by five of the size of the
newly listed contracts on KOSPI 200 since March 2012. Excluding Kospi 200 options, the decline in equity
derivatives was: -7.5%.
Interest rate derivatives: Interest rates derivative volumes also declined (-15%). Factors generically
seen as unfavorable for interest rates derivatives (low interest rates environments, no economic growth
and no credit expansion) continue to prevail in certain regions and could explain that trend.
Currency derivatives: Following sharp decrease in India where the volumes are very significant due to
the small size of the contracts traded, the currency derivatives segment experienced the highest decrease
in 2012 (-23%).
3
Commodity derivatives: Driven by mainland Chinese exchanges and by the transfer of OTC energy
swaps to futures by ICE in the United States, the commodity derivatives market was the only one that
grew significantly in 2012 (+18%). It overtook the currency derivatives market in terms of number of traded
contracts.
3
Dalian Commodity Exchange, Shanghai Futures Exchange and Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange
The number of traded contracts declined by 19.5% in 2012 (-7.5% excluding Kospi 200 options). The
share of equity products in total number of derivative contracts traded remains dominant but decreased to
58% (compared to 61% in 2011 and 67% in 2009).
This decline in equity derivatives volumes mirrors the one in the value of cash equities traded and is also
probably explained by the significant decrease in volatility observed in 2012. Volatility indices decreased
significantly in 2012, except in Japan, to end the year at relatively low levels.
EURO STOXX 50 Volatility: -33.6% (21.35) and FTSE100 Volatility Index: -19.7% (18.05)
Nikkei Stock Average Volatility Index : + 4.5% (22.45) and Hang Seng Volatility Index : -30.2%
(17.19)
Despite the drop in volumes, the number of open positions continued to increase significantly for futures
(+15% for single stock futures and +7% for index futures), suggesting that the need for hedging against
stock price movements remains important.
16
ETF Options
14 1.7
Stock Index Futures
1.2
12 Stock Index Options 2.6
1.1 2.3 1.4
Single Stock Futures 0.9
10 Single Stock Options 0.4 2.2 2.2
2.3
1.7
8 5.7
0.0 5.0
0.1 1.2 4.2 3.6
6 0.1 0.9 3.8 4.1
0.8
3.2 1.1 1.1 1.0
4 3.3 0.6 1.0 0.9
3.1
0.3
0.1 0.1
2 3.7 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.0
2.1 2.5 2.8
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
The evolution of volumes on equity derivative markets is also highly correlated with the volatility of stock
prices as it is shown in the following graphs. Nevertheless in the first quarter of 2013, the volumes
seemed to recover whereas the volatility on stock markets continued to decrease, suggesting that the
cash markets influence is greater than the volatility one.
United States Europe (Eurex and NYSE Liffe exc. stock futures)
1 600 35 500 40
1 400 450 35
30
400
Millions of contracts traded
1 200 30
25
Volatility index level
The correlation of equity derivative markets activity with activity on cash markets and stock prices volatility
is much less pronounced for single stock futures. As we will see in the section of the report dedicated to
single stock futures, they stand out from other equity derivative products for several reasons: volumes are
mainly concentrated in Europe, the majority of trades are OTC registered by the exchanges and they are
estimated to only account for a very small part of total equity derivatives notional outstanding amount.
Ratio Notional Value / Volume ('000 USD) Ratio Volume / Open Interest (# contracts)
Stock Stock Index Index ETF Stock Stock Index Index ETF
Opt. Fut. Opt. Fut. Opt. Opt. Fut. Opt. Fut. Opt.
BM&FBOVESPA 1.4 - 33.1 15.7 0.3 86 - 31 234 14
AMER.
NSE India 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.7 - 322 140 408 276 -
BSE Ltd. 4.4 5.9 5.0 4.8 - 41 - 6 540 284 -
ASX 2.3 - 47.2 109.1 - 11 - 19 37 -
Taifex 2.6 2.8 12.7 35.4 - 42 58 125 455 -
HKEX 2.4 3.2 100.2 86.8 6.2 14 17 19 140 7
CFFEX - - - 114.5 - - - - 476 -
Eurex 3.5 2.6 34.2 49.1 1.2 7 40 12 108 79
Moscow 0.4 0.4 2.9 2.9 - 19 160 56 492 -
NYSE Liffe 3.0 2.9 65.0 66.2 - 7 50 10 66 -
EAME
The 2012 increase of OTCD notional outstanding amounts (+4.5%) was driven by forward and swaps
(+17.6%). OTCD options remained stable.
Notional outstanding amounts of on-exchange and OTC equity derivatives (billion USD)
12 000
OTC
10 000
On-exchange
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
Source: BIS
In 2012, the number of single stock options traded decreased by 1.7% (-2.8% rebasing ASX volumes). As
noted last year, the 2012 growth rate was partly biased by two opposite effects: in May 2011, the size of
ASX contracts was divided by 10, but on the other hand, most contracts size increased on Eurex in the
course of 2011.
The Americas region still dominates the single stock options market with 82% of the traded volumes. In
this region, the volumes remained stable (+0.1%) thanks to BM&FBOVESPA and ISE whose volumes
growth offset the decreases observed in NASDAQ, NYSE and CBOE. The most significant drop in
volumes was observed in EAME (-19%).
The information on paid premium is unfortunately not available for all exchanges. But for those for which
the figures were provided, it is worth noting that the growth trends were not correlated with volumes. For
example on the three main US exchanges, while the volumes decreased by 6.2%, the amount of paid
premium increased by 23%. Conversely, on BM&FBOVESPA, the biggest market for single stock options,
paid premium decreased by 6.9% despite the 11% growth rate of volumes. One explanation for the
increased premium in the United States was probably that the stock prices rose significantly in 2012
which, on average should result in higher premiums, assuming no change in volatility. In 2012, index
volatility trended lower, but that was accompanied by lower implied correlations. Thus, the falling index
volatility can go with stable or even rising equity volatility.
Evolution of number of contracts traded, number of transactions and paid premium in the US
600
2 000 2 000
Premiums (billion USD)
Transactions (millions)
140
500
120
1 500 400 1 500
100
300 80
1 000 1 000
60
200
500 500 40
100
20
0 0 0 0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2009 2010 2011 2012
Cleared Contracts Total Premiums Cleared Contracts Cleared Transactions
In 2012, the weight of Apple in stock options volumes on the three main US exchanges (Nasdaq OMX,
NYSE Liffe US and CBOE) increased very significantly, from 4.5% in 2011 to 8.1% in 2012. Apple is a
very high priced stock and activity in this stock is characterized by high paid premium with relatively small
trade sizes. On the CBOE, Apple was accounting in 2012 for 10.8% of single stock options volumes
(against 4.4% in 2011), 20.9% of the number of trades (against 8.9% in 2011) and 50.8% of paid premium
(against 18.2% in 2011). The 2012 increase of number of trades and paid premium in the United States
was largely driven by Apple.
4
US Options Market Making 2013: Scale, Scope and Survival February 2013 Andy Nybo, Tabb Group
5
According to a recent study by Tabb Group , Options Market-Making firms in the United States see the
greatest growth potential in complex order books, VIX-related products, weekly options and narrower
strike increments. They are less confident of the growth prospects in mini options, flex options and daily
options.
5
US Options Market Making 2013: Scale, Scope and Survival February 2013 Andy Nybo, Tabb Group
Single stock future volumes decrease was more pronounced than for single stock options (-9%) but the
number of open positions at the end of 2012 was 15% higher than one year before.
Contrary to single stock options, single stock futures volumes are mainly located in EAME and Asia
Pacific regions (99% of the volumes in 2012). Opposite trends were observed in those two regions: EAME
volumes decreased by 15% (driven by RTS) while Asia Pacific volumes increased 16% (driven by Korea
Exchange). It is worth noting that on those two Exchanges, the size of the contracts traded measured by
the ratio notional value / number of traded is much smaller than on other exchanges (suggesting that they
are more oriented to retail investors).
On Eurex and NYSE Liffe (Europe) most of single stock futures traded are traded OTC but registered and
cleared by the exchanges. On both European exchanges, the notional value of contracts traded declined
while open interest increased sharply.
As noted earlier, single stock futures differ from other equity derivatives by three main aspects:
volumes are mainly located in EAME regions, single stock futures account for a small share of total
notional outstanding amounts of equity derivatives and on the two main markets in terms of open interest,
namely NYSE Liffe and Eurex, the great majority of trades are OTC trades registered on the exchanges.
This indicates that they are most probably used by different type of investors and for different purposes
and explains why the evolution trends observed are different.
Excluding Korea and BSE Ltd, the number of index options traded decreased by 11% (against - 36%
including the two exchanges). Given the small size of contracts traded on both Korea Exchange and BSE
Ltd, 11% also corresponded to the decrease of total notional value for index options worldwide. As noted
last year, Korea Exchange needs to be excluded from the scope for the calculation of a consistent volume
growth rate due to the fact that in March 2012, Korea Exchange decided to multiply by five the size of the
newly listed contract. Ceteris paribus, volumes should on a mid-term horizon decrease five times
compared with previous years. In the past, index options volumes were heavily influenced by KOSPI 200
options traded in Korea: they accounted for 64% of the index options volume traded worldwide in 2011
and 43% in 2012. The market share of KOSPI 200 options will continue to decrease in 2013, as the sizes
changing occurred in the course of 2012 and were implemented progressively. On BSE Ltd. volumes were
multiplied by more than 1000 on BSE 30 SENSEX index options following incentives offered by the
Exchange and new index options on BSE 100 Index were introduced. It remains to be seen whether those
high volumes remain after the end of the incentives.
Looking at the 30 most active index options, we can see that all the indicators (volumes, open interest
and premium) decreased significantly in 2012 contrary to other equity derivative products. Lets remind
that US single stock options decrease of volumes was accompanied by paid premium that continued to
increase and single stock and index futures open interest continued to increase in 2012. The global
decrease of ETD notional outstanding amounts compared to OTCD, highlighted earlier in the study, was
thus largely explained by index options.
In last year report, a special focus had been added about index options and futures cross-listings. It is
worth noting that in 2012 two cross-listed contracts were present among the 30 most actively traded index
options in the world: Kospi 200 options traded on Eurex and Nikkei 225 options traded on Singapore
Exchange.
The most actively traded stock index options in the world in 2012
Millions of Notional Open Num ber of Option
contracts Value Interest trades Prem ium
Exchange Products
traded (bn USD) ('000 ('000) (m io USD)
2012 AGR 2012 AGR 2012 AGR 2012 AGR 2012 AGR
1 Korea Exchange Kospi 200 1 575 -57% 272 -30% 663 -71% 214 341 -37% 271 806 -30%
2 NSE India CNX S&P NIFTY Options 803 -8% 4 042 -7% 1 940 6% 186 770 -12% 36 455 -25%
3 Eurex EURO STOXX 50 281 -24% 8 465 -29% 26 941 -20% - - 276 063 -30%
4 CBOE S&P 500 Index 174 -12% 24 064 -4% 9 332 -14% 3 818 9% 355 853 -27%
5 BSE Limited BSE 30 SENSEX 148 - 717 - 18 167% 8 544 - 4 291 -62%
6 TAIFEX TAIEX Options 108 -14% 1 375 -22% 866 34% 36 498 -10% 9 953 -28%
7 BSE Limited BSE100 86 - 450 - 18 - 3 667 - 834 -
8 Tel-Aviv SE TA-25 Options 57 -34% 1 691 -37% 322 16% 19 126 -32% 17 037 -36%
9 Eurex DAX Options 52 -24% 2 196 -22% 3 017 -23% - - 42 046 -32%
10 JPX (Osaka) Nikkei 225 49 8% - - 3 179 57% 4 809 -4% 61 501 -3%
11 CME Group E-MINI S&P500 36 -1% 1 635 41% - - - - - -
12 Moscow Exchange RTS Index Options 34 -4% 98 -15% 608 37% - - - -
13 Eurex KOSPI 200 32 86% 1 829 402% - - - - 0 -
14 NSE India CNX BANKNIFTY Options 15 723% 80 799% 65 417% 5 604 560% 729 530%
15 NYSE Liffe (Europe) FTSE 100 (EUROPEAN) 11 -14% 1 001 -6% - - 9 -17% 18 486 -9%
16 NYSE Liffe (Europe) AEX-INDEX 10 -41% 401 -42% 298 -25% 2 084 -39% 7 484 -45%
17 BM&FBOVESPA Bovespa Stock Index 8.7 55% 7 38% 160 -58% 13 57% - -
18 CME Group S&P 500 7.0 -41% 278 0% - - - - - -
19 CBOE Nasdaq 100 Index 7.0 31% 1 840 51% 180 -32% 219 -6% 12 774 -12%
20 NYSE Liffe (Europe) FTSE 100 (EUROPEAN) 6.2 -19% 567 -12% 2 444 38% 286 -27% 7 350 -20%
21 ISE All index options 5.5 -28% - - - - - - - -
22 CME Group EOM EMINI S&P 5.1 34% 46 20% - - - - - -
23 NYSE Liffe (Europe) CAC 40 * (10 EURO) 5.0 -5% 214 -11% 267 -28% 166 -26% 3 902 -17%
24 CBOE Russell 2000 Index 4.4 -52% 355 -50% 618 14% 234 -44% 5 903 -61%
25 Eurex SMI Options 4.3 -25% 281 -21% 480 -23% - - 5 512 -34%
26 CBOE S&P 100 Index 4.0 -42% 250 -36% 40 -60% 313 -36% 1 482 -55%
27 Eurex EURO STOXX Banks 3.9 108% 27 53% 169 -46% - - 1 130 62%
28 Singapore Exchange SGX Nikkei 225 Index 3.9 89% - - 1 366 248% - - - -
29 CME Group EOW2 EMINI S&P 500 3.5 79% 13 376% - - - - - -
30 NYSE Liffe (Europe) AEX-INDEX DAILY 3.5 -37% 144 -38% 4 57% 1 027 -23% 373 -45%
Total 3 544 -37% 52 339 -7% 52 995 -13% 487 529 -24% 1 140 962 -28%
Total (Excluding Korea Ex. and BSE Ltd.) 1 734 -12% - - - - - - - -
As for index options, the volumes of index futures traded both in number of contracts and in monetary
value, decreased significantly in 2012. But, on the other hand, the open interest and notional
outstanding amounts continued to increase suggesting that they are more often used for hedging
purpose than index options.
In Americas, the market is still dominated by CME Group that accounted for 85% of the regions volumes
in 2012 and that experienced a 22% decrease of volumes and 5% increase of open interest. In EAME, all
the exchanges with significant volumes experienced quite similar decrease of volumes in 2012. The Asia
Pacific region was less affected than the others by the 2012 volume drop thanks to Osaka Securities
Exchange that increased 9% and China Financial Futures Exchange where volumes more than doubled in
2012. The impressive growth of China Financial Futures Exchange that only offers one contract since
2010 allowed the exchange to reach the third position in terms of notional value in 2012. CSI 300 futures
traded on China Financial Futures Exchange are the only financial futures traded in Mainland China. In
2012, the number of CFFEX retail clients was accounting for 98% of the total number of clients. In 2012,
retail trading accounted for 96.5% of the total transaction volume and 63.9% of the total daily average
open interest.
As for index options, it is interesting to note that some cross-listed index futures (traded on Singapore
Exchange) were in 2012 in the list of the 30 most actively traded index futures.
The ETF options market remains mainly a US market. This reflects the uneven development of the
underlying market of ETFs which first appeared at the beginning of the 1990s in the US, and only ten
years later in Europe.
In 2012 in the United States, the number of ETF options traded decreased even more sharply (-19%)
than the number of index options (-10%). The amount of premium paid also dropped by 36%.
As noted earlier, looking at CBOE figures, the average size of ETF options (10 K$) is very close to that of
single stock options (11 K$) and much smaller than index options one (138 K$). This suggests that they
are more retail oriented than index options.
In Europe, NYSE Liffe and Eurex are offering clearing and registration services for OTC trades. On NYSE
Liffe, the dedicated platform is called BClear. On those two exchanges, OTC trades were accounting for
55% of the equity derivatives traded volumes in 2012 against 52% in 2011 and for 0.35% of the number of
trades. Those OTC trades are thus much bigger than other on-exchange trades. The users of those
platforms must accordingly be different users with different strategies. This explains why evolutions
observed on single stock futures (where OTC trades account for 99% of the volumes) differ from other
equity derivatives.
Share of OTC trades registered by the exchanges in Eurex and NYSE Liffe volumes in Europe
100%
2007 2008
80% 2009 2010
2011 2012
60%
40%
20%
0%
Single Stock Options Single Stock Futures Index Options Index Futures
In terms of notional outstanding amounts, the interest rate derivative market is the most important
segment of derivative markets for both Exchange Traded Derivatives (ETD) and OTC Derivatives (OTCD).
The ETD market is highly concentrated and the three main exchanges, namely CME Group, Eurex and
NYSE Liffe experienced significant decrease of volumes in 2012 (-25% for STIR and -19% for LTIR) in a
context of low interest rates environments, no economic growth and no credit expansion. On the other
hand, on those three exchanges, open interest continued to increase significantly on the LTIR segment
(+14% against -7% for STIR derivatives). The need for hedging against interest rate risk on the long run
remains important.
As for Equity derivatives, BM&FBOVESPA, which is the fourth biggest exchange in terms of volumes
traded, stands out from other exchanges with a positive growth rate of volumes, open interest and number
of trades.
3.5
3.0 1.5
1.4
2.5 1.3 1.3 1.2
1.2
2.0 0.2
1.1 0.9 0.2
0.2 0.2 0.2
1.0 0.2
1.5 0.1
0.2 1.5
0.1 1.3 1.4
1.0 1.3 1.3 1.2
1.0
0.9 0.9
0.5
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4
0.0 0.2
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
40%
41% 46%
55% 53%
41%
6% 65% 0%
The market of interest rate derivatives is highly dominated by OTC products in terms of notional
outstanding amounts due to the importance of interest swaps. In the United States and Europe, the recent
OTC market regulation is expected to boost clearing of standardized IR derivatives and possibly transfer
of volumes from OTCD to ETD. Part of OTC swap volume should migrate to like products in the ETD
futures markets.
300 50
40
200
30
20
100
10
0 0
Source: BIS
In recent years, OTCD and ETD notional outstanding amounts seemed to have followed quite similar
trends. ETD notional outstanding amount is largely driven by STIR segment due to the larger size of the
contracts and their weight in total ETD interest rate derivatives (86%).
Short Term interest rate derivatives are defined by an original term to maturity of underlying being equal to
or less than 12 months.
The two biggest contracts in terms of notional value, namely Eurodollar futures traded on CME Group and
Three Month Euribor futures traded on NYSE Liffe, both experienced a sharp decrease of volumes
(respectively -24% and -26%) but an increase of open interest (respectively +5% and +23%). The need for
hedging against interest rate risk continues to increase significantly especially in Europe where
uncertainties are greater.
The third biggest exchange in terms of volumes traded, BM&FBOVESPA, accounts for 31% of global
volumes and 51% of the open interest but only 2% the total notional value. Due to their smaller size
(closer to standard LTIR contracts) BM&FBOVESPA contracts might be more easily accessible.
Top 5 exchanges by number of short term interest rate* derivatives contracts traded in 2012
Millions of Open Interest Notional Out. Num ber of
Notional Value
contracts ('000 Am ounts trades
Exchange (bn USD)
traded contracts) (bn USD) ('000)
2012 AGR 2012 AGR 2012 AGR 2012 AGR 2012 AGR
1 CME Group 574 -26% 603 697 -28% 18 126 -20% 20 127 -28% 86 341 -26%
2 NYSE Liffe (European markets) 412 -24% 464 044 -31% 17 653 12% NA NA 48 273 -15%
3 BM&FBOVESPA 502 9% 26 333 -29% 47 594 46% 2 779 -7% 1 392 40%
4 MexDer 27 -15% 205 -19% 6 604 -70% 53 NA 8 -43%
5 NASDAQ OMX Nordic Exchanges 27 1% NA NA 1 481 -20% NA NA NA NA
Others 61 -15% 62 878 -15% 1 842 -13% 1 762 NA 2 094 11%
Total 1 602 -16% 1 157 157 -28% 93 301 -4% NA NA 138 108 -21%
* Original term to maturity of underlying being equal to or less than 12 months (treasury bills, deposits etc)
As noted earlier, LTIR options and futures experienced a significant increase of open interest in 2012
(+19%) despite the volume decline (-14%). This increase of open interest was less pronounced on Eurex
than on other main exchanges.
As the STIR derivatives market, the LTIR derivatives market is highly concentrated: the fifteen most active
contracts account for 86% of total volumes and the two largest exchanges account for 84% of total
volumes.
Volumes in the Asia Pacific region remain smaller than in Americas and EAME but increased mush faster
in 2012 (+12% against -12% for Americas and -20% for EAME). In 2012, Asia Pacific volumes accounted
for 9% of total volumes.
Top 5 exchanges by number of long term interest rate* derivatives contracts traded in 2012
Millions of Open Interest Notional Out. Num ber of
Notional Value
contracts ('000 Am ounts trades
Exchange (bn USD)
traded contracts) (bn USD) ('000)
2012 AGR 2012 AGR 2012 AGR 2012 AGR 2012 AGR
1 CME Group 650 -13% 70 787 -14% 7 349 21% 860 26% 98 885 -26%
2 Eurex 470 -25% 78 518 -25% 4 171 2% 703 7% 41 087 -17%
3 Australian Securities Exchange 65 8% 6 694 7% 827 18% 100 22% 2 735 44%
4 Korea Exchange 43 14% 4 110 16% 246 14% 25 NA 2 566 7%
5 NYSE Liffe (European markets) 39 9% 6 178 7% 366 13% NA NA 10 404 16%
Others 66 68% 21 144 22% 1 931 79% 182 NA 3 297 39%
Total 1 332 -14% 187 431 -14% 14 890 19% 1 869 17% 158 974 -20%
* Original term to maturity of underlying being greater than 12 months (treasury bonds, corporate bonds, Eurobonds etc)
As noted earlier, in interest rates markets, ETD and OTCD notional outstanding amounts seemed to have
followed similar trends. No transfer was observed in anticipation of Dodd-Frank OTC swap reform that
began with Phase I of mandatory clearing in March 2013 in the United States. In 2012 clearing statistics,
we did not see, neither, a volume transfer from IR swaps to futures. Nevertheless introductions by CME
Group and Eris Exchange of interest rate swap futures are first signs of the transfer phenomenon that is
expected to occur in the coming months. Open positions in CME Group IR deliverable swap futures have
been rising progressively since their launch in December 2012. In Europe the regulation of OTC
derivatives markets should be implemented at least six months after the United States.
Evolutions of STIR open positions have to be interpreted with caution. They are indeed heavily influenced
by the weight of BM&FBOVESPA that accounts for more than half of the total open positions, but the
much smaller size of the contracts traded makes that their weight in total notional outstanding amount is
relatively marginal.
In Europe, Eurex is offering solutions to register and clear OTC trades. In 2012, OTC trades were
accounting for 20% of the LTIR volumes (85% for LTIR options and 8% for LTIR futures).
For the first time since 2004, the number of currency derivatives traded on exchanges decreased by 23%
to 2.4 billion of contracts traded. It is nevertheless important to keep in mind that decrease followed very
impressive growth rates registered in recent years. Contracts traded in India still account for a large part of
volume (60%) and primarily explains the 2012 decrease as well as the huge increases observed in recent
years. The volume decrease in India can probably be partially explained by some new regulations in the
country that had the effect to limit volumes traded by banks. In other countries the volumes increased by
3% in 2012.
2.0
2.8
1.5
2.5 2.1
1.0
0.5 0.9
0.4 0.5
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
The dominance of Indian exchanges in terms of number of contracts traded is to be seen against their
limited weight in the total notional value where CME and BM&FBOVESPA represent more than 90% of
the total.
9% 4%5% 10%
27% 5%
10%
17%
48%
74% 31%
60%
On-exchange derivatives
60 000
OTC forward and forex swaps 400
OTC derivatives
50 000
On-exchange fut. & opt.
40 000 300
30 000
200
20 000
100
10 000
0 0
Source: BIS
Several new products were introduced in 2012. MCX-SX launched trading in currency options since
August 10, 2012, offering European style call and put option contracts in the US$Indian Rupee pair with
a tick size of 10 basis points. Hong Kong Exchange started trading RMB Currency Futures in 2012. CME
Group is also offering RMB futures, but volumes remain relatively low and decreased by 46% in 2012.
The commodity derivatives market was the only one that grew in terms of volumes in 2012 (+18%) but at
the same time the number of open positions decreased by 7%. The volume increase was mainly driven by
mainland Chinese exchanges that increased 34% after having decreased 34% in 2011 and by ICE futures
US that transferred all cleared OTC energy swaps to futures in mid-October 2012 in anticipation of the
final Dodd-Frank regulatory requirements. When the figures from mainland Chinese exchanges and ICE
Futures US are excluded, the 2012 volume growth rate remained positive (+2%).
6
The share of mainland Chinese exchanges in the total number of traded contracts increased from 36% in
2011 to 42% in 2012. In the total open interest, the share of mainland Chinese exchanges is much smaller
(8% in 2012).
3.5
Commodity Futures
3.0
Commodity Options
2.5
2.0
3.1
1.5 2.8 2.6
2.1
1.0 1.6
1.2
0.5 0.9
0.5 0.6
0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
6
Dalian Commodity Exchange, Shanghai Futures Exchange and Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange
In Asia Pacific, the increase of volumes on mainland Chinese exchanges (+34%) combined with their
predominant weight in the region (76% of the volumes in 2012) led to a global significant growth rate
(+27%). Multi Commodity Exchange of India, that accounts for 22% of the region volumes, also increased
significantly (+12%). In both countries, China and India, open positions also increased sharply in 2012
(respectively +30% and +45%), but the number of open positions remains very low compared to CME
Group.
1 600 5 000
600 2 000
1 500
400
1 000
200 500
0 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
In Europe, the two largest exchanges, ICE Futures Europe for energy derivatives and London Metal
Exchange for metals, increased respectively by +4% and +9%.
Growth rate for energy derivatives was lower (3% excluding ICE Futures US energy futures) than for
Metal (+14%) and Agricultural (+24%) ETD.
29%
43%
28%
The trading of other derivatives decreased by 8% in 2012 due to the relative important decrease of the
number of CFDs traded on Australian Securities Exchange but among the most active contracts, most of
them experienced double-digit volume growth. This category, that includes all the products that cannot be
classified in other categories, covers a wide range of innovative products that appeared to be more and
more numerous and successful in the last few years.
The CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) options introduced in 2006 remain very successful, despite low
volatility, S&P 500 VIX index futures ADV doubled from 2011. Eurex is also offering volatility index
derivatives as well as a wide range of innovative products such as futures on intellectual property rights.
In 2011, the total notional outstanding amounts of CDS cleared increased by 5% to reach 1 662 billion
USD. CME Group and LCH CLearnet S.A. started offering clearing services for CDS in 2010 and Japan
Securities Clearing Corporation in 2011. At the end of 2012, ICE Trust in the US and ICE Clear Europe
were still accounting for 96% of the total notional outstanding amounts.
10b. IR Swaps
Clearing House - Stock Exchange Settlement Number of postings Of which non- Open positions Notional amount outstanding
(contracts double counted) OTC trades (contracts single counted) (USD millions single counted)
2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011
CME Group NA NA NA 0.0% 0.0% NA NA 641 903 139 810
Japan Securities Clearing Corporation - Tokyo Stock Exchange NA 15 354 0 0.0% 0.0% 15 330 0 1 638 038 0
Singapore Exchange Cash 130 705 181 023 0.0% 0.0% NA NA NA NA
LCH Clearnet Ltd - SwapClear NA 9 183 479 10 792 306 0.0% 0.0% 1 181 432 1 012 461 169 959 500 141 720 000
NASDAQ OMX Nordic Exchanges NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
TOTAL 9 329 538 10 973 329 1 196 762 1 012 461 172 239 441 141 859 810
11. Currency Options
Clearing House - Stock Exchange Settlement Number of postings Of which non- Open positions Notional amount outstanding
(contracts double counted) OTC trades (contracts single counted) (USD millions single counted)
2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011
Argentina Clearing - Rofex Cash 22 716 8 364 100.0% 100.0% 4 150 1 713 0 0
Asigna, Compensacin y Liquidacin (Mexican Clearing House) - MexDer Physical 3 346 844 100.0% 100.0% 100 111 1 1
BM&FBOVESPA Cash 18 844 994 22 272 936 99.3% 95.4% 630 085 674 849 32 384 32 729
CDCC - Montral Exchange NA 10 470 33 894 100.0% 100.0% 619 954 6 9
CME Group NA 20 917 768 19 733 358 100.0% 100.0% 493 879 353 232 68 656 49 262
ICE Clear U.S. - ICE Futures U.S. NA 39 220 83 586 100.0% 100.0% NA NA NA NA
Total Americas 39 838 514 42 132 982
Indian Clearing Corporation Ltd (ICCL) - United Stock Exchange of India Cash 863 566 15 436 824 100.0% 100.0% 0 0 0 0
Korea Exchange Physical 57 423 608 87 156 313 100.0% 100.0% 0 0 302 244
MCX-SX Clearing Corporation Ltd. Cash 28 285 154 0 100.0% 100.0% 98 731 0 100 0
NSCCL - National Stock Exchange of India Cash 474 125 932 505 614 252 100.0% 100.0% 1 447 091 757 192 1 447 759
Total Asia Pacific 560 698 260 608 207 389
Johannesburg Stock Exchange NA 7 803 298 3 636 522 100.0% 100.0% 455 394 503 494 NA NA
Keler CCP Ltd. - Budapest SE Cash 116 600 73 450 100.0% 100.0% 8 600 8 750 9 10
LCH Clearnet SA - NYSE Liffe (Amsterdam, Brussels, Lisbon and Paris) (1) Cash 363 746 359 146 100.0% 100.0% 37 114 13 678 8 5
MAOF Clearing House - Tel Aviv SE Cash 18 366 958 21 584 612 100.0% 100.0% 255 462 574 911 26 5 944
Moscow Exchange Cash 3 999 398 1 755 398 100.0% 100.0% 334 482 77 807 NA NA
Total Europe, Africa, Middle East 30 650 000 27 409 128
TOTAL 631 186 774 677 749 499
(1) Open Positions at last maturity date i.e. 20/12