BEAM-COLUMN (Investigation and Design)

CE 501
Structural Design 2: Steel and Timber

Midterm, 1st Semester, A.Y.2017-2018
PLATE 18: BEAM-COLUMN INVESTIGATION

Moment Amplification Factor-Braced Frame
Submitted by:
Dela Cruz, Sasheen T.
Gonzales, Marriz V.
Yap, Richel Joy E.
BSCE-5
Mentor:
Engr. Joaquin L. Valladarez
Date Required: September 12, 2017

Date Submitted: September 12, 2017
PLATE 18
BEAM-COLUMN INVESTIGATION
OBJECTIVE
To understand the process of investigating beam-column with braced frame and moment
amplification factor
To create a step by step procedure in investigating the section of the beam-column
To differentiate LRFD and ASD in investigating the beam-column
To solve a problem in investigating beam-column with braced frame and moment
THEORY
The American Institute of Steel Construction load and resistance factor design (AISC-
LRFD) Specification states that second-order effects should be considered in the design of
frames; however, most designers are experienced only in first-order analysis. To accomplish the
second-order design requirement, the AISC-LRFD Specification provides an approximate
method to account for the second-order effect bases on first-order analysis, where moment
amplification factors B1 and B2 are introduced to account for the P- effect (member instability)
and P effect (frame instability), respectively. However, the B1 factor of the AISC-LRFD
Specification may vary greatly from the exact solution, especially when the member is under a
high axial load. In this paper, a new moment amplification factor B1 is proposed for calculating
the P- effect in the design of steel beam-columns. Parametric studies were performed to
examine the accuracy of the proposed moment amplification factor and to compare it with that
from theoretical analysis and from current design specification. It was found that the proposed
method is simpler and more accurate than that given in the current design specification.
Reference: http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%
Ordinary structural analysis methods that do not take the displaced geometry into account
are referred to as first-order methods. Iterative numerical techniques, called second-order
methods, can be used to find the deflections and secondary moments, but these methods are
impractical for manual calculations ad are usually implemented with a computer program. Most
current design codes and specifications, including the AISC specification, permit the use of
either a second-order or the moment amplification method. This method entails computing the
maximum bending moment resulting from flexural loading (transverse loads or member end
moments) by first-order analysis, then multiplying by a moment amplification factor to account
for the secondary moment. An expression for this factor will now be developed.
Reference: Steel Design by William T. Segui, 4th Edition (Pg. 281)
1
The maximum moment occurs at x = L/2: = 0 ( ) where Mo is the unamplified
1( )

moment. In this case, it results from initial crookedness, but in general, it can be the result of
1
transverse loads or end moments. The moment amplification is therefore . Because the
1( )

member deflection corresponds to a buckled shape, the axial load corresponds to a failure load
that is, a load corresponding to an LRFD formulation. Therefore, the amplification factor should
1
be written as .
1( )

The AISC Specification covers moment amplification, Stability Analysis and Design.
Two amplification factors are used: one to account for amplification resulting from the member
deflection and one to account for the effect of sway when the member is part of an unbraced
frame. This approach is the same as the one used in the ACI Building Code for reinforced
concrete (ACI, 2005). When a member is restrained against sideways, the maximum secondary
moment is , which is added to the maximum moment within the member. To approximate
these two effects, two amplification factors, 1 and 2 , are used for the two types of moments.
Maximum moment amplification occurs at the center, where the deflection is largest. For
equal end moments, the moment is constant throughout the length of the member, so the
maximum primary moment also occurs at the center. Thus the maximum secondary moment and
maximum primary moment are additive. Even if the end moments are not equal, as long as one is
clockwise and the other is counter clockwise there will be single-curvature bending, and the
maximum primary and secondary moments will occur near each other.
If applied end moments produce reverse-curvature bending, the maximum primary

moment is at one of the ends, and maximum moment amplification occurs between the ends.
Depending on the value of P, the amplified moment can be either larger or smaller than the end
moment.
The maximum moment in a beam-column therefore depends on the distribution of
bending moment within the member. This distribution is accounted for by a factor, Cm, applied
1
to the amplification factor . The amplification factor was derived for the worst case, so
1( )

Cm will never be greater than 1. The final form of the amplification factor is 1 = 1.
1

The factor Cm applies only to the braced condition. There are two categories of members: those
with transverse loads applied between the ends and those with no transverse loads. If there are no

transverse loads acting on the member, = 0.6 0.4 (1 ). For transversely loaded members,
2
Cm can be taken as 1.
Members in Braced Frame

Procedure
1. Compute for Nominal Axial Compressive Load, P n
2
Given A, ry, Iy; calculate = 2
( )

Compute and 4.71

Inelastic if 4.71 Use =(0.658 )

Use 4.71 if elastic. =(0.877)

= ()()
2. Compute for Nominal Bending Moment, Mn
Check if given section is compact.
ELEMENT p r

FLANGE 0.38 1.0
2

WEB 3.76 5.7

< p COMPACT
p < < r NON COMPACT
> r SLENDER
If non compact:

= ( 0.7 ) ( )

Check for lateral-torsional buckling.

Solve for , ,
=

= 1.76

2
0.7
= 1.95 1 + 1 + 6.76 ( )
0.7
Nominal moment strength: compute the nominal flexural strength for x-axis bending.
= =
<

< = ( ((0.7 ) ( )))

> = =
2 2
= 1 + 0.078 ( )
2
( )

2 =

= 1 for doubly-symmetric I-Shapes

= for channels
2
12.5
= 3.0
2.5 + 3 + 4 + 3
1
=
4
=
3
=
4
= 1 ()
Nominal moment strength: compute the nominal flexural strength for y-axis bending.
= = 1.6
3. Compute for Factored Axial and Moment Pu and Mu for LRFD

Factored Load: 1.2DL+1.6LL
Compute for Service Axial and Moment Pa and Ma for ASD
Service Load: DL + LL
4. Determine which interaction equation controls
LRFD

For 0.2

8
+ ( + ) 1.0
9

For < 0.2

+( + ) 1.0
2
ASD

For 0.2

8
+
9
+ 1.0

( )

For < 0.2

+ + 1.0
2
( )
5. Compute for amplification factor for the moments occurring in the member when it
is braced against sidesway: B1
1
= 0.6 0.4 ( )
2
1 =
2 =
(+) = reverse curvature
(-) = single curvature

1 = 1

1

= 1.00
= 1.60
2
1 =
()2
= +
=
=
6. Determine safety through interaction formula (AISC Specification for safety)
Sample Problem
Compute the moment amplification factor B1 for the member shown. The frame analysis was
performed using the requirements for the approximate second order analysis method of AISC
Appendix 8. The service loads and moments are 50% dead load and 50% live loadThis means
that a reduced stiffness, EI*, was used in the analysis, and an effective length factor of Kx = 1.0
can be used.
a. Use LRFD.
b. Use ASD.

2 2 (29000)
= = 1812 2 = 188.96
( )2 (
3.70
)

= 58.38

29000
4.71 = 4.71 = 133.68
36
36

Inelastic i 4.71 Use =(0.65883.98 )36 = 33.24

= ()() = 33.24 (26.5) = 880.87 kips

ELEMENT p

0.38 =
FLANGE = 10.2
2
10.79

3.76 =
WEB = 25.9

106.72
< p COMPACT
Solve for , ,
= 12 12 = 144
29000
= 1.76 = 1.76(3.70) = 167.99 in
36
= = = 36 (157) = 5652 in kips

DL= 0.5(250) = 125 kips
LL= 0.5(250) = 125 kips
1.2 (125) + 1.6 (125) = 350 kips
Pu= 350 kips
Factored Moment: 1.2 DL +1.6 LL
DL= 0.5(300) = 150 ft kips = 1800 in kips
LL= 0.5(300) = 150 ft kips = 1800 in kips
1.2 DL +1.6 LL = 1.2 (1800) + 1.6(1800) = 5040 in kips
Service Load: Pa = 250 kips Ma = 300 ft kips = 3600 in kips
350
= = 0.44
(0.90 ])(880.87

For 0.2

8
+ ( + ) 1.0
9
5040
= 0.6 0.4 ( ) = 1.0
5040

1 = 1
1

2 2 (29000)(999)
1 = = = 13789.17
()2 (1212)2
ASD
= 1.00
= 1.60
LRFD
1.0 1.0
1 = 1.00() 1 1.00(350) 1
1 1
1 13789.17
1 = 1.03
ASD
1.0 1.0
1 = 1.00() 1 1.00(250) 1
1 1
1 13789.17
1 = 1.02
= +
=
=
= . ( ) + = .
= . ( ) + =

8
+ ( + ) 1.0
9
350 8 5191.2
+ ( + 0) = 1.35 > 0
0.9(880.87) 9 . 9(5652)
8
: + ( +
9
) 1.0

250 8 3672
+ ( + 0) = 1.44 > 0
880.87 9 5652
1.67 1.67
Conclusion
Braced frames are a very common form of construction, being economic to construct.
Bracing provides stability and resists lateral loads. In this plate the analysis of braced beam-
column was analyzed. The analysis of braced beam column used all the fundamental analysis of
a column with axial load and the bending of section. It is important to recall the formulas and
concept in order to correctly analyze a beam column.
The objectives were achieved in this plate which are: (a.) to understand the process of
investigating beam-column with braced frame and moment amplification factor (b.) to create a
step by step procedure in investigating the section of the beam-column (c.) to differentiate LRFD
and ASD in investigating the beam (d.) To solve a problem in investigating beam-column with
braced frame and moment amplification factor.
CE 501
PLATE 19: BEAM-COLUMN INVESTIGATION

Moment Amplification Factor-Unbraced Frame
Submitted by:
Gonzales, Marriz V.
Yap, Richel Joy E.
BSCE-5
Mentor:

PLATE 19
BEAM-COLUMN INVESTIGATION
Objective
To understand the process of investigating beam-column with unbraced frame and
moment amplification factor
To solve a problem in investigating beam-column with unbraced frame and moment
Theory
In a beam-column whose ends are free to translate, the maximum primary moment
resulting from the sidesway is almost always at one end. The maximum secondary mokent from
the sidesway is always at the end. As a consequence of this condition, the maximum primary and
secondary moments are usually additive and there is no need for the factor Cm; in effect, Cm =
1. Even when there is reduction, it will be slight and can be neglected. The amplification factor
1
for the sidesway moments, 2 , is given by 2 = 1. The rationale for using the
1
2
summations is that 2 applies to unbraced frames, and if sidesway is going to occur, all columns
in the story must sway simultaneously.
1
1( )

1
1( )

1
be written as .
1( )

moment is , which is added to the maximum moment within the member. If the frame is
actually unbraced, there is additional component of the secondary moment that is caused by
sidesway. This secondary moment has a maximum value of , which represents an
amplification of the end moment. To approximate these two effects, two amplification factors,
1 and 2 , are used for the two types of moments.

moment.
Members in Unbraced Frames

Procedure
2
( )

Compute and 4.71



= ()()
ELEMENT p r

FLANGE 0.38 1.0
2

WEB 3.76 5.7

< p COMPACT
p < < r NON COMPACT
> r SLENDER
If non compact:

= ( 0.7 ) ( )


Solve for , ,
=

= 1.76

2
0.7
= 1.95 1 + 1 + 6.76 ( )
0.7
= =
<

< = ( ((0.7 ) ( )))

> = =
2 2
= 1 + 0.078 ( )
2
( )

2 =


= for channels
2
12.5
= 3.0
2.5 + 3 + 4 + 3
1
=
4
=
3
=
4
= 1 ()
= = 1.6

= +
=
=
LRFD

For 0.2

8
+ ( + ) 1.0
9

For < 0.2

+( + ) 1.0
2
ASD

For 0.2

8
+
9
+ 1.0

( )

For < 0.2

+ + 1.0
2
( )
MOMENT AMPLIFICATION
5. Compute for amplification factor for the moments occurring in the member
when it is braced against sidesway: B1
1
= 0.6 0.4 ( )
2
1 =
2 =

1 = 1

1

= 1.00
= 1.60
6. Compute for amplification factor for the moments resulting from sidesway: B2
1
2 = 1.0
1
2
= 1.00
= 1.60
=

( )
2 = Sum of the Euler loads for all columns in the story under consideration
Sample Problem:
Solution
Conclusion
The difference between the braced and unbraced is in the Factored and Service moments
wherein sway will have an effect on the member in investigation. The solution is the same with
the braced condition however there is a need to compute for the moment resulting from sidesway
with a moment amplification factor B1
investigating beam-column with unbraced frame and moment amplification factor (b.) to create a
step by step procedure in investigating the section of the beam-column (c.) to differentiate LRFD
and ASD in investigating the beam-column (d.) To solve a problem in investigating beam-column
with unbraced frame and moment amplification factor.
CE 501
PLATE 20: BEAM-COLUMN DESIGN

Submitted by:
Gonzales, Marriz V.
Yap, Richel Joy E.
BSCE-5
Mentor:

PLATE 20
BEAM-COLUMN DESIGN
Objective
To understand the process of designing beam-column with braced frame and moment
To create a step by step procedure in designing the section of the beam-column
To solve a problem in designing beam-column with braced frame and moment
Theory
Because of the many variables in the interaction formulas, the design of beam-columns is
essentially a trial-and-error process. A procedure developed by Aminmansour (2000) simplifies
this process, especially the evaluation of trial shapes. Part 6 of the Manual , Design of Members
Subject to Combined Loading, contains tables based on design aids developed by
Aminmansour.
If strong axis buckling controls the compressive strength, use an effective length of =

to abtain p.
Reference: Steel Design by William T. Segui, 4th Edition (Pg.313-314)
A frame can be braced to resist directly applied lateral forces or to provide stability. The
stiffness and strength requirements for stability can be added directly to the requirements for
directly applied loads.
Bracing can be classified as modal or relative. With nodal bracing, lateral support is
provided at discrete locations and does not depend on the support from other parts of the frame.
Relative bracing is connected to both the point of bracing and to other parts of the frame.
Relative bracing can also be defined as follows: if a lateral cut through the frame not only cuts
the column to be braced but also the brace itself, the bracing is relative. Bracing must be
designed for both strength and stiffness. For relative bracing, the required strength is
1 2
= 0.004 . For relative bracing, the required stiffness is = ( ) for LRFD and

2
= ( ) for ASD.

Reference: Steel Design by William T. Segui, 4th Edition (Pg.321)
1
1( )

1
1( )

1
be written as .
1( )

moment is , which is added to the maximum moment within the member.
To approximate these two effects, two amplification factors, 1 and 2 , are used for the
two types of moments. The amplified moment to be used in design is computed from the loads
and moments as follows (x and y subscripts are not used here; amplified moments must be
computed in the following manner for each axis about which there are moments):
= 1 + 2 , where Mr is the required moment strength
Mu for LRFD and Ma for ASD

moment.
The maximum moment in a beam-column therefore depends on the distribution of
bending moment within the member. This distribution is accounted for by a factor, Cm, applied
1
to the amplification factor . The amplification factor was derived for the worst case, so
1( )

Cm will never be greater than 1. The final form of the amplification factor is 1 = 1.
1

The factor Cm applies only to the braced condition. There are two categories of members: those
with transverse loads applied between the ends and those with no transverse loads. If there are no

transverse loads acting on the member, = 0.6 0.4 (1 ). For transversely loaded members,
2
Cm can be taken as 1.
Procedure

1. = 0.5

= ()()

= 0.5
()()

=
()(0.5)
CHECK IF ADEQUATE, IF NOT CHANGE SECTION AND REPEAT, THEN
CHECK FOR ASD:
2
( )

Compute and 4.71



= ()()
ELEMENT p r

FLANGE 0.38 1.0
2

WEB 3.76 5.7

< p COMPACT
p < < r NON COMPACT
> r SLENDER
If non compact:

= ( 0.7 ) ( )


Solve for , ,
=

= 1.76

2
0.7
= 1.95 1 + 1 + 6.76 ( )
0.7
= =
<

< = ( ((0.7 ) ( )))

> = =
2 2
= 1 + 0.078 ( )
2
( )

2 =


= for channels
2
12.5
= 3.0
2.5 + 3 + 4 + 3
1
=
4
=
3
=
4
= 1 ()
= = 1.6

LRFD

For 0.2

8
+ ( + ) 1.0
9

For < 0.2

+( + ) 1.0
2
ASD

For 0.2

8
+
9
+ 1.0

( )

For < 0.2

+ + 1.0
2
( )
1
= 0.6 0.4 ( )
2
1 =
2 =

1 = 1

1

= 1.00
= 1.60
2
1 =
()2
= +
=
=
Sample Problem:
The member shown in Figure P6.6-7 has lateral support at points A, B, and C. Bending
is about the strong axis. The loads are service loads, and the uniform load includes
the weight of the member. A992 steel is used. Design an adequate member.
a. Use LRFD.
b. Use ASD.

1. = 0.5

= ()()

= 0.5
()()
356
= 0.9(26)(0.5) =30.43 in2
Check W10x112 Ag = 32.9 in2
USE W10x112
Conclusion
The consideration used in designing is that the combination of both the axial and bending
moment in the interaction formula should be less than one. Then, it was assumed that half will be
contributed by the axial loading so the design of the cross sectional area was equated to 0.50. This
process was easier to follow since after selecting a section, we were able to follow the investigation
process which was mastered earlier.
designing beam-column with braced frame and moment amplification factor (b.) to create a step
by step procedure in investigating the section of the beam-column (c.) to differentiate LRFD and
ASD in investigating the beam-column (d.) To solve a problem in designing beam-column with
braced frame and moment amplification factor.
CE 501
PLATE 21: BEAM-COLUMN DESIGN

Submitted by:
Gonzales, Marriz V.
Yap, Richel Joy E.
BSCE-5
Mentor:

PLATE 21
BEAM-COLUMN DESIGN
Objective
To understand the process of investigating beam-column with braced frame and moment
To solve a problem in investigating beam-column with braced frame and moment
Theory
Because of the many variables in the interaction formulas, the design of beam-columns is
essentially a trial-and-error process. A procedure developed by Aminmansour (2000) simplifies
this process, especially the evaluation of trial shapes. Part 6 of the Manual , Design of Members
Subject to Combined Loading, contains tables based on design aids developed by
Aminmansour.
If strong axis buckling controls the compressive strength, use an effective length of =

to abtain p.
Reference: Steel Design by William T. Segui, 4th Edition (Pg.313-314)
A frame can be braced to resist directly applied lateral forces or to provide stability. The
stiffness and strength requirements for stability can be added directly to the requirements for
directly applied loads.
Bracing can be classified as modal or relative. With nodal bracing, lateral support is
provided at discrete locations and does not depend on the support from other parts of the frame.
Relative bracing is connected to both the point of bracing and to other parts of the frame.
Relative bracing can also be defined as follows: if a lateral cut through the frame not only cuts
the column to be braced but also the brace itself, the bracing is relative. Bracing must be
designed for both strength and stiffness. For relative bracing, the required strength is
1 2
= 0.004 . For relative bracing, the required stiffness is = ( ) for LRFD and

2
= ( ) for ASD.

Reference: Steel Design by William T. Segui, 4th Edition (Pg.321)
In a beam-column whose ends are free to translate, the maximum primary moment
resulting from the sidesway is almost always at one end. The maximum secondary mokent from
the sidesway is always at the end. As a consequence of this condition, the maximum primary and
secondary moments are usually additive and there is no need for the factor Cm; in effect, Cm =
1. Even when there is reduction, it will be slight and can be neglected. The amplification factor
1
for the sidesway moments, 2 , is given by 2 = 1. The rationale for using the
1
2
summations is that 2 applies to unbraced frames, and if sidesway is going to occur, all columns
in the story must sway simultaneously.
1
1( )

1
1( )

1
be written as .
1( )

moment is , which is added to the maximum moment within the member. If the frame is
actually unbraced, there is additional component of the secondary moment that is caused by
sidesway. This secondary moment has a maximum value of , which represents an
amplification of the end moment.
To approximate these two effects, two amplification factors, 1 and 2 , are used for the
two types of moments. The amplified moment to be used in design is computed from the loads
and moments as follows (x and y subscripts are not used here; amplified moments must be
computed in the following manner for each axis about which there are moments):
= 1 + 2 , where Mr is the required moment strength
Mu for LRFD and Ma for ASD

moment.
Procedure

1. = 0.5

= ()()

= 0.5
()()

=
()(0.5)
CHECK IF ADEQUATE, IF NOT CHANGE SECTION AND REPEAT:
2
( )

Compute
and 4.71



= ()()
ELEMENT p r

FLANGE 0.38 1.0
2

WEB 3.76 5.7

< p COMPACT
p < < r NON COMPACT
> r SLENDER
If non compact:

= ( 0.7 ) ( )


Solve for , ,
=

= 1.76

2
0.7
= 1.95 1 + 1 + 6.76 ( )
0.7
= =
<

< = ( ((0.7 ) ( )))

> = =
2 2
= 1 + 0.078 ( )
2
( )

2 =


= for channels
2
12.5
= 3.0
2.5 + 3 + 4 + 3
1
=
4
=
3
=
4
= 1 ()
= = 1.6

= +
=
=
LRFD

For 0.2

8
+ ( + ) 1.0
9

For < 0.2

+( + ) 1.0
2
ASD

For 0.2

8
+
9
+ 1.0

( )

For < 0.2

+ + 1.0
2
( )
MOMENT AMPLIFICATION
1
= 0.6 0.4 ( )
2
1 =
2 =

1 = 1

1

= 1.00
= 1.60
7. Compute for amplification factor for the moments resulting from sidesway: B2
1
2 = 1.0
1
2
= 1.00
= 1.60
=

( )
2 = Sum of the Euler loads for all columns in the story under consideration
Sample Problem
Select a W-Shaped Section of A992 steel, 16 feet long, to be used as a column in an unbraced
frame. The axial load an end moments obtained from a first-order analysis of the gravity loads
(dead load and live load) are shown in Figure P6.7-2a. The frame is symmetric, and the gravity
loads are symmetrically placed. Figure P6.7-2b shows the wind load effects obtained from a first-
order analysis. All loads and moments are based on service loads, and all bending moments are
about the strong axis. The effective length factors are Kx = 0.85 for the braced case, Kx = 1.2 or
the unbraced case, and Ky = 1.0. Determine whether this member is in compliance with the AISC
Specification.
a. Use LRFD.
b. Use ASD.

1. = 0.5

= ()()

= 0.5
()()
528
= = 23.452
0.9(50)(0.5)
Use W14 x 82 Ag = 24 in2
INVESTIGATE
Use W14 x 82 Conclusion
The design of unbraced frame follow the same principle and procedure with that on the
braced except for the moment caused by sidesway, therefore unbraced beam-columns require
greater strength to resist sway.
designing beam-column with unbraced frame and moment amplification factor (b.) to create a step
by step procedure in designing the section of the beam-column (c.) to differentiate LRFD and ASD
in designing the beam-column (d.) To solve a problem in designing beam-column with unbraced
frame and moment amplification factor.

BEAM-COLUMN (Investigation and Design)

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CE 501

Structural Design 2: Steel and Timber

PLATE 18: BEAM-COLUMN INVESTIGATION

Date Required: September 12, 2017

If applied end moments produce reverse-curvature bending, the maximum primary

Members in Braced Frame

Check for lateral-torsional buckling.

3. Compute for Factored Axial and Moment Pu and Mu for LRFD

6. Determine safety through interaction formula (AISC Specification for safety)

1. Compute for Nominal Axial Compressive Load, P n

= ()() = 33.24 (26.5) = 880.87 kips

3. Compute for Factored Axial and Moment Pu and Mu for LRFD

6. Determine safety through interaction formula (AISC Specification for safety)

PLATE 19: BEAM-COLUMN INVESTIGATION

Date Required: September 12, 2017

If applied end moments produce reverse-curvature bending, the maximum primary

Members in Unbraced Frames

Check for lateral-torsional buckling.

3. Compute for Factored Axial and Moment Pu and Mu for LRFD

PLATE 20: BEAM-COLUMN DESIGN

Date Required: September 12, 2017

If applied end moments produce reverse-curvature bending, the maximum primary

Check for lateral-torsional buckling.

4. Compute for Factored Axial and Moment Pu and Mu for LRFD

7. Determine safety through interaction formula (AISC Specification for safety)

PLATE 21: BEAM-COLUMN DESIGN

Date Required: September 12, 2017

If applied end moments produce reverse-curvature bending, the maximum primary

Check for lateral-torsional buckling.

4. Compute for Factored Axial and Moment Pu and Mu for LRFD

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