6 Bosch hydraulics, introduction Introduction 4. Definition Hydraulics (which stoms from the Gresk word “hydor’ = water i, from the sclentific viewpoint, the science (of liquids a rest and in motion (ve hydrostatics and hydrodynamics). When reference is made in the ‘mechanical engineering, automotive find aircraft industries to hydraulls, then one is speaking ofthe practic pplication of this branch of physics In the areas of power transmission and closod and open-ioop control Techniques. In contrast to hydrodynamic convor- tes turbo clutches and couplings tte, in which the kinetic energy of Accelerated ud s lise to ta mit power. one refers to hydrostatic Systems when considering he Fernainder of hydraules 28 2 whole, Although the laws of hyarodynamies apply ere equally as wolln connec tion with motion, flow resistance and tho offects upon pressure of changes inthe cross-sectional area of a Hydrostaticee 2, Comparison of systems Hiydraulios stands side by side with mechanics, olecrics, electronics and pneumatics asa fing power and as a medium for use in ‘open and closed-loop controls. In some oases, thes direct compatiion with each other. ‘On the other hand, they complement Bosch hydraulics, introduction feach otherin some respects and are criteria. bften combined, For instance, itis guite norma to epply hydreulcs for the energy flow in @ system whereas, fon the other hand, the signa flow is taken care of eleciicaly ‘The correct decision regarding the application of a particular system (or ‘combination of systems) presupposes means for ransmit- a thorough knowledge of the charac teretioe involved, a8 well as ofthe advantages and disadvantages, The systems are in following table contains a comparison lof the above-named systems taking Into account a number of citferent Considering examples of application, ‘or which al the marginal conditions are defined, a frm decision can Usually ba reached. In borderline ‘cases, costs, operating reiablity, ser. Vico, know-how and other enter ‘which are impossibe to allow for in | ome bint fr] overall comparison, are the facts ‘which finaly leed to 8 decision, ty ems ‘Giterum | Hydraules Paeumaties Teectes/elecronica | Mechanics Enerey | Of air Electrons Shas, Inkages, bal carty__—_| Grids in genera. _| chains whos te Easy 7 | Hoes hooen tubes, | Pipan hao, tuben, — Eleaiiculy Sonata | Shafi itkapoe; bla trantission | bores bores rraterial (cabies ete) | ehains, wheels ste Conversion | Pumps, eyinders, | Compressors evi | Generators, batories, from orto. | hyareite 9) ders, aneumaiie (PX) | elestc () motors, oO Sey motor magnets, sotanods, : ss near induction motors x Prossure p Pressure Yotege U Fores, torque, valecy, Important | (20.400 ben, {approx san, slectte current rotational sed cmncter (tow tow | ithe uate Power Good Faire good Good | Sficoncy | Compact reasonsbiy | Limitations tough, | Welghteonffcient of | because eneray con- | priced components due | dus tomax operating | Emotorsisapprox. | version i not needed | to high operating pressure of only 6 bar | 10 times that of Limitations become | pressures of up fo Hsmotors Elecite | apparent when hich Soren. 409 a Suiien trough, hes | demands are pcos Woot sie inst Consierableadvantages | upon contolabity tmotor~ eyindee compared to directions! convotvatve Recuraty oF | Excelent Fairto goed because | Difers considaraby | Excelent motor,” | because olcan hardy | because are On‘ one hand hyst | sue to postive macha- (this can be | be compressed ‘compressible resis and slippage, on | nical connection E improved, the othorhand synchte- | (nde toothed geerng though all rove metors snd ey J Deter by | Sepping motors peattioning Seton) | “ Eticieney | Fart good Geos Good Nlumtie and ction issas during primary | Asiong as slectcity is | ue o thera being no fm tnd secondary anergy conversion. sewellas with | avalabe as primary | eneroy conversion. thecpen and Cosed:loop conta of valves. | enery | Mochonea retinal eee Convotaoay | Extent, Excolent powers to geod p By moans of valves and | By mens of valves 4 ‘Through geeriog and enable digplacement | foramaltomeaim | ferlroer powers: | lover systems etc pumps powers) fart good Serv valves for closed By mears of switches Variblespeed motors Improvements are possibiein combination with | andvarisiereastoe slectics oe B Genereton | Extemoiysmple | Exremeiy simple ify move cone | Spe cfinweer” | Syramucteyinde | Sy meena ct oyindars | exfed By means of crank Novem Syneans of near | meaneniem and sn mows test. Sioaliniaae | Preumatie operation | Eloctromaaneti contol | Dave or ave ake between Steirestonalcontol | ofvaives saenoiss on pimps, mydraic hyarauke | Saves proportional valves). | motors.cvinders) | | Stems ane fmt swrtenes and.” | operation 9" vavos || ciner ee (6S.= 8 Bosch hydraulics, introduction 2. Appetions tha tivanteye which chracarse Iara aye ansm thorny a igh elefy lever and fine samo ive to fay Conta tha enogy, hve fecltatd sop aon npractty afl ot mmocharieengnecing The ct tat near ovement can be gored tough te eof ye ae ere Was eg of gretaghiieanco fina devcopmart One fine mr cue freee tycuel horace: {ool induty, Hees hyena tpl er evping vores or tina oreostoung forward toed and pind reson maa | Siig teste SS0't Sane Tiettoltr Series tonto noanee oa bce aon Fe eatin eqpmentIeantry Loapentamioe acorns sama ctr tavaing ae ceee rena corsreralect. idlnotnstone sna ng ong round, grbslog iting (40 Ste rahe nets provides «whole SS range of applications: small and com- [b Seneetariccs fae ios inettutons Conplethy: Ginecol are orp or pier teins (cay ee mal vat ounrotay eepercen a The cen sped and itp but ah Nsat ute areneed he Hates in gatage aim estoone famete-convoled eyo aa cor Pe etee piusae oa Inconorote puns, Te fat ot ao ee ellitert The nba tars baad a atennrtetnty eben eerie means intlston the cots oh ar Sipetinen ontopomicel Tees inc: itis av anal for be conor ph ciesing asa Bans {P¥ couch as they find application for the ‘ante of ale mevomort Tks Uscctrruse rare iat Suicl women g ae gaeel bal as welt or opening an ae fine Rice. rae Sn ar com flee catay of opetenfeve Saye pia ne scr paeeces pues $Sict panier aera era tee cene ISineramenpich sorict ine peliihe citi potetn at eee er aeicranterd me teoalad slang Hyer ee eo eecyaneneen anstene hepa ea Te Bacco oleae Pres speck tiger a ‘ons poval oriniance ihe rassel Une oee oar Geel cee ern cnc deeare ‘Sted bye ee of ern weintroduction The titing and transport sector, wih ieemphasiron efercin tuck po: cicton i another a fh aon areas of eppleaton for Ryaruts ts imerianeea abate cave eo het tthe apiculure-marhnery sector Hore as wot we are doaing With Teoer movement: tng, tpn, sniting act whch are fate nich fyomubcseunbewti From the avait viewpoint he rox sphere of sppcaton stat oF the plstc‘manctacuring machinery. tom the viewpoint ft echea oman made upon tha hydrate equpment though Tis fossa of themost exacting In his area ts portale the extusioniorming trachines hat are the most Semone in, wih the compete process havna tare gone though iva ropentes yee of ony few soon: meld ong, jecon, ania prose, trait openng Eich action hs own paramaters which must be strict iyeompled vith citance travel, Presa and veld ‘helt of apoietons can bo cont ued the order pity mn Shipbutcng cherie dusty wad womtng matsnay and ext tmaciney Al urbe ee of hyraue ie oto unde he cellectire head ing of genera machania engineer ing,a term which sands fore mat ply of deranged Intaretng Sepicatons In erer fo subdivide this wide ange of see tha tame "moot hye ea and “industria ryraubes” mere Cained Another nar or indus hydraulics natonary hyrades : The deniion forthe tm asf tome: mle hauls mores ov wel ora, whens nc tyres soter mounted onlogs or On touncatone,Tectnologiealy J oF speaking the siforence here sin [ the type and actuation ofthe eon iol th mob hyeraules reanual Speraton in he freon and wth indus hydrates te al contra tng eleman faceted by pustbut ton orby elecviea! pulses through a Sloml ‘ther difernce isin the ype Sonnecionof thevales,Imabie hydrates te mejor ot expen , 1 'dstaned tor pipe camection Yalves‘On the ster hand, nde | yates sly forthe most pat om ‘atv wy subpiete connection ond ‘ith stanserased port coniguration There lene strict and rete ted toundery though between thse wo types of hyrathen andi perch Common apply cera equipment troops nbothtnectatenay athe Ibis yr sestre Ts oppos Partcutant pumps, butsolen Spertedvanesanca mimoerst ster SScomban ee aso mpocaiie vo, locate tray oane or oheret hese Swe nydaute sectors Bosch hydraulics, © | ome oh am & = oS om 3 eo a oe om G me10 Bosch hydra Hydraulics as applied in the aircraft Industry occupies a very special post tion, and its particularly high technical standard is supported by a epecia lsed industry ofits own, tis true that aircraft hydraulics is based on the same physical laws as nycraules in General, But itis characterised by the specific requirements of fying and eronauties. Frequent, IIs from the field of airerat hydraulic that devel= ‘opments originate which serve as an Impetus for hydraulics in general (Gervo-assisted valves), 4. Design of a hydraulic system In tho first placa, in hydraulio systems ‘mechanical energy is transformed into hyeraulc eneray, this is then teanamited and controlled in ord finally, to be converted back again into mechanical energy. The main ele- ‘ments of hydraulle enginaenng can thus be sub-divided into the following headings = Energy conversion This takes place on the primary sid9 in pumps, and on he secon- dary sidein cylinders and hydraulic motors Furthermore, eneray con- version alco takes place in accumu: lators , introduction ~ Control of eneray: Magnitude and effect of the hydrau lic energy (powen, inthe form of pressure and flow, is controlled and influenced by the various valves as well as by the regulators of the Variabie-capacity hydraulle pump. = Transmission af energy ‘This takes place by means of the hydraulic medium (oi) which is directed through pipas, hoses and bores et. = Other slaments, In order to prepara and store the hydraulic medium (oi), a number of ‘auxiliary devices are needed such 28s, for instance, fiters, reservoirs, Coolers or radiators, heaters tc Furthermore, mention must be made of the measuring and test ‘@quipment which is an essential part of the overall setup, = The ilustration shows a schematle representation of the main elements of 8 complate hydraulic system Standard symbols have been used Instead of sectional drawings in order to demonstrate the method of paras {ion of the various elements. The pip ing or hose connections re repre sented by simple drawn lines, =O Energy Eneray Hydraulie motor Ovtinder Flow-control valve Check vaive Ditectional-control valve Reservoir “TX