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Yomna Hashem
Serology
The branch of immunology that traditionally deals with in vitro
diagnostic testing of serum.
Antibodies formed during an immune reaction are important in
combating infection, but they hold additional practical value.
Characteristics of antibodies (such as quantity or specificity) can
reveal the history of patients contact with microorganisms or
other antigens.
Ab for Ag2
Ags
The result of the reaction depends on: physical form of the antigen,
its concentration, the quality of antibody and its concentration,
temperature and pH.
Describes the reaction between the insoluble or particulate antigen
(e.g.. microbes, RBCs, latex, etc.) and soluble antibodies.
Antibodies are usually of the IgG or IgM class.
When antigen is mixed with specific antibody, cross-linking of Ag
particles will occur visible clumps which will then sediment.
+
Antigen Antibody
clumps
Direct agglutination
1 - Testing a patients serum for the presence of Abs to
a particular bacteria.
2 Identifying bacteria by specific Abs.
Passive agglutination
Agglutination reaction that takes place between
Abs and a soluble Ag that has been attached to an
insoluble particle e.g.. latex.
Haemagglutination reaction
Hemagglutination reactions involve agglutination
reactions using red blood cells.
classification of Blood based on the presence or absence
of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells
(RBCs). The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD
antigen; they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB and O,
with +, or Null denoting RhD status).
The direct Coombs test is used to detect these antibodies that are bound
to the surface of red blood cells; a blood sample is taken and the RBCs are
washed (removing the patient's own plasma) and then incubated with
antihuman globulin (also known as "Coombs reagent"). If this
produces agglutinatin of RBCs, the direct Coombs test is positive, a visual
indication that antibodies are bound to the surface of RBCs.
Indirect Coombs test
The indirect Coombs test is used in prenatal testing of
pregnant women, and in testing blood prior to a blood
transfusion. It detects antibodies against RBCs that are present
unbound in the patient's serum. In this case, serum is extracted
from the blood sample taken from the patient. Then, the serum
is incubated with RBCs of known antigenicity; that is, RBCs with
known reference values from other patient blood samples. If
agglutination occurs, the indirect Coombs test is positive
It is done to detect circulating free incomplete antibody in the
serum of Rh-negative mothers sensitized by Rh antigens.
Bacterial Agglutination (Direct agglutination)
Figure3: Ag A and Ag
B share a common
determinants but are
not exactly the same,
a single spur is
formed. This is the
line of partial identity.
It is used to test for toxigenicity of C. diphtheriae.