Vaccination

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 Immunization
Active (vaccination)

Passive

Adoptive

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History of vaccination

It was noticed that children who recovered

from smallpox did not contract the disease
again

Children were infected with material from

a smallpox scab to induce immunity.
This process is known as variolation
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 History of vaccination

On 14th May 1796, Edward Jenner used cowpox-infected material obtained from the hand of Sarah Nemes, a
milkmaid from his home village of Berkley in Gloucestershire to successfully vaccinate 8 year old James Phipps. On
1st July 1796, Jenner challenged the boy by deliberately inoculating him with material from a real case of smallpox.
The boy did not become infected!
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 Vaccination
the most effective means of controlling infectious diseases

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 Vaccination
mimic the course of immune response to infection without
establisment of infection

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 Vaccination
induce immunological memory

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 Types of vaccine: safety and efficacy
Live vaccines
Attenuated live vaccines
Inactivated (killed vaccines)
Cellular fraction vaccines
Toxoids (inactivated toxins)
Recombinant vaccines
DNA vaccines

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 Attenuated vaccine

Classical attenuation of virus by selecting

for growth in non-human cells

Virus attenuation by
recombinant DNA techniques

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Conjugate Vaccines
Polysaccharide antigens
are poorly immunogenic

Capsular polysaccharide is
linked to tetanus toxoid

provides T cell help via

epitopes in TT enabling
isotype switching, IgG
affinity maturation and B
cell immunologic memory

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H. Influenzae type b
(Hib) conjugated
vaccine

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 Adjuvant
Chemicals added to increase effective antigenicity
Induce antigen phagocytosis
By converting form of antigen from suluble to
particulate

Signals to induce APC activation

e.g. Bacterial LPS

Timing of antigen release

Slow antigen release

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 Routes of administration

Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route

most vaccines
dominant pathogens
Intradermal route entry site determines
BCG vaccine
optimal route of
Scarification vaccination
small pox vaccine

Oral route
Oral polio vaccine, oral BCG vaccine

Intranasal route
live attenuated influenza vaccine
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 Scheme of vaccination

Primary vaccination
Booster vaccination

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 Scheme of vaccination

Primary vaccination
Booster vaccination

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 The desired response to vaccination is
protection from clinical disease

Vaccination Immune protection

http://www.suite101.com/autism http://nutritionaltherapybathandbristol.co.uk/benefits-of-nutritional-therapy/

Herd Immunity
protection in large population by limiting the spread of infection
occurs when vaccination spreads >80%
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Children from developing countries are less responsive to
standard childhood vaccines than children from
developed countries

after receiving three oral polio vaccines

Developing countries Developed countries
97%, 100%, and 100%
73%, 90%, and 70%
seroconversion rates to polio
seroconversion rates to virus types 1, 2, and 3
polio virus types 1, 2, and 3

Patriarca PA, Wright PF, John TJ (1991) Factors affecting the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine in developing countries:
review. Rev Infect Dis 13: 926939.

high vaccination coverage -

suboptimal vaccine efficacy

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 Host factors determine vaccine efficacy
Race/ethnicity Demographic and Preexisting antibody
Genetic Factors Patient Characteristics intervention
HLA type Maternal antibodies
Age Immunity to vaccine
Other immune response
genes
Gender vectors

Life style
Smoking Comorbid diseases
Nutritional status Autoimmune conditionsSLE, RA, etc
Exercise HIV
Stress Renal failure
Liver failure
Parasitic infections
Medications Malnutrition?
Obesity?
Environment Micronutrient
Geographic location supplementation?
UV light exposure
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 Function of vaccination

Preventive Therapeutic
Insurance possible Insurance difficult Impossible
(Early) therapeutic = Late stage preventive

Courtesy of Prof. R. Scheper

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 Some infections for which
effective vaccines are not
yet available

THANK YOU
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