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0.1 Algebraic techniques
You can simplify algebraic fractions by using See C3 and C4 for revision.
common denominators. This section provides
background knowledge
for Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 6.
EXAMPLE 1
Simplify 4 + 3
x +1 x + 2
Rewrite the fractions so that they each have denominator (x + 1)(x + 2):
4 + 3 4(x + 2) + 3(x + 1) means is equivalent to.
x + 1 x + 2 (x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 1)(x + 2)
4(x + 2) + 3(x + 1)
Add the numerators: (x + 1)(x + 2)
7x + 11
Simplify:
(x + 1)(x + 2)
Hence 4 + 3 7x + 11
x + 1 x + 2 (x + 1)(x + 2)
FP2
A(x 1) + B(x + 1)
(x + 1)(x 1)
2
0 Background knowledge for unit FP2
y = 2x + 1 so y(x - 1) = 2x + 1
x 1
1
a Expand (1 + 2x)2 in ascending powers of x up to and
FP2
including the term in x2.
b By substituting x = 1 into your expansion, estimate the
4
value of 1.5.
Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
1
(1 + 2x)2 = 1 + 1 (2x) + 2 (2) ( 1 )( 12 ) (2x) + "
2
2!
= 1 + x 1 x2 + "
2
1
b Substitute x = 1 into the approximation
(1 + 2x) 2 1 + x 1 x 2 :
4 2
( ( ))
1
2(4)
2 2
1+ 2 1 1+ 1 1 1
4 4 1
3
0 Background knowledge for unit FP2
x = x(1 x)1
1 x
Use the binomial theorem to expand (1 x) 1:
(1 x)1 = 1 + (1)(x) + ( 1)( 2) (x)2 + ( 1)( 2)( 3) (x)3 + "
2! 3!
= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + "
Multiply through by x:
x (1 x) 1 = x (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ")
= x + x2 + x3 + x4 + " The expansion is valid
x = x + x2 + x3 + x4 + " for -1 < x < 1.
Hence
1 x
FP2
Exercise 0.1
1 Simplify these expressions.
Factorise your answers as far as possible.
a 2 + 4 b 3 1
x + 2 x 1 x 4 x +1
d 2x + 1 +
x x
c x + 3 + x +1 1
x +1 2x 1
x 1
e
x + 4 x +1
x2 7
c 5x2 6 d
x 4 (x 2 1)(x + 2)
c y = 2x + 1 d y = 1 3x
x +1 3x + 1
4
0 Background knowledge for unit FP2
b 1
(1 + 2x)3
2
c (1 3x)3
1
5 It is given that (1 + x)2 = 1 + 1 x 1 x 2 + 1 x 3 "
2 8 16
1
a Find the expansion of (1 + 4x)2
in ascending powers of Replace x with 4x in the
x up to and including the term in x3. given expansion.
FP2
a
(1 + 2x)2
b x 1
1+ x
4x + 3
c
(1 + 3x)(1 2x)
5
0.2 Inequalities
You can use a graphical approach to solve an inequality. See C2 for revision.
This is background knowledge
for Chapter 1.
EXAMPLE 1
x2 - 5x + 4 < 0 is satisfied by
1 4 x
values of x for which the graph
y = x2 - 5x + 4 lies on or below
The inequality x2 - 5x + 4 < 0 has solution 1 < x < 4. the x-axis.
EXAMPLE 2
f(x) > 0 f(x) < 0 f(x) > 0 The inequality is satisfied for
1 3
x values of x for which f(x) 0 0.
x<1 1<x<3 x>3
6
0 Background knowledge for unit FP2
Exercise 0.2
1 Use any appropriate technique to solve these inequalities.
a x2 - 5x + 6 0 0
b 2x2 + 5x - 3 < 0
c 4x2 - 1 > 0
d x2 - 7x + 10 0 5 - x
e x2 - 3x + 2 / 2x + 8
f 2x2 - 2x - 12 > 3 - x
FP2
a x(x + 2)(x + 4) > 0
b (x + 1)(x2 - 9) / 0
c x3 + 2x2 + x < 0
7
0.3 Modulus and exponential graphs
Sketch the graph with equation y = x2 - 4, drawing the part Most graphical calculators
of the graph that lies beneath the x-axis as a broken line. can plot the graph of a
modulus function.
Reflect the dotted section in the x-axis: Look for the ABS key.
(The reflected part has equation y = 4 - x2)
y = |x2 4|
y
You can sketch the graph with equation y = Aekx, where A and k
are constants.
EXAMPLE 2
8
0 Background knowledge for unit FP2
Exercise 0.3
1 On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs with these equations.
Label all axis-crossing points with their values and the sections
of the graph with their equations.
a y = |2x + 1|
b y = |2 - 3x|
c y = |x2 + 4x + 3|
d y = |3x - 2x2|
FP2
a y = 2e3x
b y = -e-x
c y = 3ex + 1
d y = 3 - e-2x
9
0.4 Trigonometry
You can use a trigonometric identity to simplify an equation. See C3 for revision.
You should know these identities: This is background knowledge
for Chapters 3 and 7.
tan q + 1 sec q
2 2
1 + cot q cosec q 2 2
EXAMPLE 1
Express sin 2q cos q in terms of sin q only. sin 2q cos q involves two
trigonometric functions.
Use the double-angle identity sin 2q 2 sin q cos q :
sin 2q cos q (2 sin q cos q)cos q
2 sin q cos2 q
2 sin q(1 - sin2 q) cos2 q 1 - sin2 q
Hence sin 2q cos q 2sin q(1 - sin2 q) RHS depends only on sin q.
10
0 Background knowledge for unit FP2
Exercise 0.4
1 Solve these equations.
Give answers in exact form.
a sin 2q = cos q for 0 / q / p
b sin 2q = tan q for 0 / q / p
c cos 2q = 3 sin q + 2 for -p / q / p
FP2
b sin 2q sin q in terms of cos q only
c cos 2q sin 2q as a function of sine only
d cos4 q - sin4 q as a function of cosine only
11
0.5
1.1 Differentiation
You need to know these standard results of differentiation: See C3 and C4 for revision.
This is background knowledge
d ( eax ) = aeax
dx dx
( ) x
d ln ax = 1
for Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7.
2
If y = xe2x find dy and d y2 .
dx dx
2
Use the product rule on dy to find d y2 :
dx dx
2
= (2x + 1) (2e2x ) + e2x (2)
dy d y
= ( 2x + 1) e2x so
dx dx 2
= 2e2x ( 2x + 2 ) = 4e2x ( x + 1)
dy d2 y
Hence = ( 2x + 1) e2x and 2 = 4e2x ( x + 1)
dx dx
Find f (x) when f(x) = sin x(cos x + 1) f (x) is the first derivative of f(x).
12
0 Background knowledge for unit FP2
Exercise 0.5
dy
1 Find for these equations. Simplify each answer as far as possible.
dx
a y = ex sin x b y = ln(1 + x2)
c y = x +x 1 d y = ln(sin2 x)
e
FP2
a f(q) = sin q + cos q for 0 / q / p
d2 y du d 2u
2 = 2 dx + x
b Hence show that
dx dx 2
13
0.6 Integration
You need to know these standard integrals: See C3 and C4 for revision.
This is background knowledge
1 dx = 1 ln x + c eax dx = 1 eax + c for Chapters 4 and 7.
ax a a
You can use the rules and standard results of integration to These rules include integration
integrate more complicated functions. by substitution and by parts.
EXAMPLE 1
Replace the term 2x2 with the variable u: You could also use inspection
(the reverse chain rule) to find
x cos(2x 2)dx = x cos u dx this integral.
P is inversely proportional to
a The rate at which A is increasing is dA . Q if P 1
dt Q
Hence dA 1
dt A
dA = k for k a positive constant. k > 0 since the area is increasing
i.e. over time.
dt A
b Separate the variables and integrate each side:
FP2
dA = k so A dA = k dt
dt A
hence 1 A2 = kt + c k is a constant so k dt = kt + c
2
The arbitrary constant has
i.e. A= 2kt + c1 been replaced by c1.
c1 = 2c
Substitute the values t = 0, A = 0 into A = 2kt + c1 to find c1:
At the start, the circle does
A= 2kt + c1 so 0 = 0 + c1 not exist and so when
t = 0, A = 0.
i.e. c1 = 0
Hence A = 2kt
Substitute the values t = 4, A = 6 into A = 2kt to find k:
A= 2kt so 6= 2k ( 4 )
36 = 8k
i.e. k = 4.5
Hence the equation for A in terms of t is
A= 2 ( 4.5) t = 9t = 3 t
As t increases, the function 3 t increases without limit.
Since the dye is inside a container, the equation A = 3 t
is an unrealistic model for A in the long term.
15
0 Background knowledge for unit FP2
Exercise 0.6
1 Find these integrals. Give evaluations in exact form where appropriate.
a xsin x dx
FP2
b x(2x2 - 1)3 dx
0
d xe-x dx
1
p
2
e cos q (1 + sin q)2 dq
0
2
f 9x2 ln x dx
1
16
0 Background knowledge for unit FP2
b t dx + x = 0
dt
dy
c sec q = ey
dq
dy
d = 2xe x y
dx
FP2
5 When first noticed, a damp patch on a ceiling of a classroom
had area 25 cm2 and was spreading at a rate of 10 cm2 per day.
t days later, the area A cm2 of the patch was increasing at a rate
proportional to the square root of A.
a Formulate a differential equation for A.
b Hence show that A can be modelled by the equation
A = (t + 5)2
c Comment on the suitability of this model for A in the long term.
d Find the number of days the patch was on the ceiling before
being noticed. State any assumption made in arriving at your answer.
b tan2 q dq
17
0.7
1.1 Complex numbers
You can use complex numbers to solve any quadratic equation. See FP1 for revision.
This is background knowledge
for Chapters 3 and 5.
EXAMPLE 1
( 6 ) ( 6 )2 4 (1)(13 )
x2 - 6x + 13 = 0 so x=
2 (1)
16 = 16 (1)
=6 16
= 4i
2
= 6 4 i
2
= 3 2i
2
The equation x - 6x + 13 = 0 has solutions x = 3 2i.
FP2
=3 2
For any complex number z = a + bi in the 4th quadrant,
()
arg z = tan1 b :
a
arg z = tan ( 3 ) = 1 1
Draw a diagram: z = 3 - 3i lies
tan (1) in the 4th quadrant.
3
= 1p
4 Give the principal argument
unless told otherwise.
Hence z = 3 - 3i has modulus 3 2 and
(principal) argument 1 p. Give answers in exact form
4
unless told otherwise.
18
0 Background knowledge for unit FP2
(3 )
Q
QP 2 = 32 + 42 2(3)(4)cos 1 p a2 = b2 + c 2 2bc cos A
4
= 9 + 16 24 1 1
2 3
r P
= 13 3
O Re Since (z - w) is represented by
Hence z w = 13 QP , z w = QP.
FP2
Exercise 0.7
1 Solve these quadratic equations.
a x2 - 2x + 10 = 0
b 4x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
c x2 2 2x + 3 = 0
c 6 + 2 3i d 6 6i
19
Answers
Exercise 0.1 b y
6( x + 1) 2x + 7 y = 2 3x y = (2 3x)
1 a b
( x + 2)( x 1) ( x 4)( x + 1)
2 x( x + 2) x(4 x + 1)
c d 2
( x + 3)( x + 4) ( x + 1)(2 x 1)
e ( x + 2)( x 2)
( x + 4)( x + 1) O x
2
2
2 a 1
+ 3 b 1 3
( x + 2) ( x 3) ( x + 4) ( x + 3)
c y
3 1 y = x2 + 4x + 3
c 4
+ 1 d 1 y = x2 + 4x + 3
( x + 2) ( x 2) ( x + 1) ( x 1) ( x + 2)
y 3
3 a x= b x=
2y 3 4y 2 3
y = (x2 + 4x + 3)
1 y 1 y
c x= d x=
y 2 3( y + 1)
3 2 1 O x
4 a 1 - x + x 2 - x3 +
b 1 - 6x + 24 x2 - 80 x3 + d y
y = x(3 2x) y = x(3 2x)
c 1 - 2x - x2 4 x3 -
3
FP2
5 a 1 + 2x - 2x2 + 4x3 -
b 2 1.421875 = 1.42 (2 d. p.) y = x(3 2x)
3 7 11
6 a x - 4x2 + 12x3 - b 1 + x x 2 + x 3 ...
2 8 16 O 3 x
c 3 + x + 17x - 11x +
2 3 2
2 a y
Exercise 0.2
1
1 a x / 2, x 0 3 b -3 < x <
2
1 1
c x< ,x> d x / 1, x 0 5 1
2 2
e -1/ x / 6 f x < 5, x > 3
2
2 1 5 < x <1+ 5 O
1
x
Exercise 0.3 9
1 a y
y = (2x + 1) y = 2x + 1
O x
3 1
c y
1
6
1
O x
2
O x
2 2 3
20
Answers
3 a y 2 (
a 2 sin q + 1 p
6 ) b q = 0, 2 p
3
3 a (1 - 2sin2 q)sin q b 2(1 - cos2 q)cos q
c 1 sin 4q d cos 2q
2 2
4 b BC = k, 3k
O x
y
Exercise 0.5
b 2x
1 a ex (cos x + sin x) b
1 + x2
O x x
c d 2cot x
ex
1 2 a 2 b 0
3 a 3cos 3x b 2sin 4x c -4sin 8x
dy dy d2 y dy
4 a 3y2 b 2 xy + y 2 c x2 + 2x
y dx dx dx 2 dx
c
5 a u + x du
dx
4
Exercise 0.6
b 1 ( 2 x 2 1) + c
4
1 1 a -x cos x + sin x + c
16
O x 1 1
c (2 x + 1)6 (2 x + 1)5 + c
6 5
y
d d -1 e 7 f 24ln 2 - 7
3
3 2 a sec2 2x dx = 1 tan 2x + c
2
2
b x=A
FP2
2
3 a y = Ae x
t
1
O x c y = -ln |c - sin q| d y = ln |e x (2x - 2) + c|
( x + 1)
In 3
2 4 a y= x b y = 2 x 1
x +1
4 a y c y= etan x
5 a dA = 2 A
dt
1 c The model predicts that A as t .
This is unrealistic.
d 5 days. This answer assumes the given modelling
O x
assumptions held prior to the patch being noticed.
b y 6 a q 1 sin 2q + c b tan q - q + c
2
c q 1 cos 2q + c
2
2
Exercise 0.7
1 a x = 1 3i b x = 1 i c x = 2 i
2
O In 2 x
2 a z = 5 2 , arg(z ) = 1 p
4
Exercise 0.4 b z = 4, arg(z ) = 1 p
3
1 a q = 1p , 1p , 5p b q = 0, 1 p , 3 p , p c z = 4 3 , arg(z ) = 5 p
6 2 6 4 4
6
3
c q = 1p , 1p , 5p d q = 1p d z = 2 3 , arg(z ) = p
6 2 6 6 4
21
Exam-style assessment
1 Inequalities
5. (a) On the same diagram, sketch the graphs with equations y = |x2 - 9| and
y = |2x - 1|. Label, with their coordinates, the axis-crossing points of
each graph.
(b) Find the values of x where these two graphs intersect. Give answers in
simplified surd form where appropriate.
(c) Hence solve the inequality |x 2 - 9| . |2x -1|
6. (a) On the same diagram, sketch the graphs with equations y = |2x + a| and
y = |3x + a|, where a is a positive constant. Label, with their coordinates,
the axis-crossing points of each graph.
(b) Hence solve, in terms of a, the inequality |2x + a| < |3x + a|
7. (a) Sketch the graph with equation y = |x2 - 2kx| where k is a positive constant.
Label the stationary point with its coordinates.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, solve the inequality |x2 - 2kx| - k2, giving your answer
in terms of k.
1 Inequalities
1 x2 + 2 x < 0 M1
x 1
x+2 <0 M1
x 1
Critical values: x = -2, 1 A1
Considering change of sign of factors gives:
-2 < x < 1 A2
5
2 x+2+ x 0 M1
x+3 2
(x + 1)(x + 4)
0 M1 A1
2(x + 3)
Critical values: x = -4, -3 and -1 A1
Considering change of sign of factors gives:
-4 - x < -3, x . -1 M1 A2
7
3 a x 1 >0 M1
x 1 x + 3
(x + 1)2
>0 M1 A1
(x 1)((x + 3)
Critical values: x = -3, -1 and 1 M1 A1
Considering change of sign of factors gives:
Hence x > 1 or x < -3 A2
7
y = 4x 8
y = |x2 5x + 6|
O 2 3 x
c 2<x<7 A2 (2)
9
4 3 2 1 O 1 1 2 3 4 x
2
6 a y
y = |3x + a| (0, a)
B3 (3)
y = |2x + a|
a a x
( )( )
,0
2
,0
3
7 a y
2k x
b x2 2kx - k2 = 0, x = k(1 2 ) M1 A1
Hence k(1 2) - x - k(1 + 2) A2 (4)
7
2 Series
6
2. (a) Express in partial fractions.
9r 2 12r 5
r =1 4r 1
n and in fully factorised form.
24
(c) Evaluate the series 8r 2 2r 1, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
3
r =7 4r 1
2 Series
1 a r2 + 2r - r2 + 2r = 4r A1 (1)
n n
b 4 r = [r (r + 2) r (r 2)]
r =1 r =1
4(1) = 1(3) - 1(-1)
4(2) = 2(4) - 2(0)
4(3) = 3(5) - 3(1)
4(4) = 4(7) - 4(2)
4(n - 2) = (n - 2)(n) - (n - 2)(n - 4)
4(n - 1) = (n - 1)(n + 1) - (n - 1)(n - 3) M1 A1
4(n) = n(n + 2) - n(n - 2)
Adding:
4(1 + 2 + 3 + + n) = 1 + (n - 1)(n + 1) + n(n + 2) M1 A1
= 2n2 + 2n
n
Hence r = 1 n(n + 1) A1 (5)
r =1 2
6
2 a 1 1 B1 A2 (3)
3r 5 3r + 1
( 3r 1 5 3r 1+ 1 )
n n
6
b 9r 2 12r5
=
r =2 r =2
r = 2, 1 1
7
r = 3, +1 1
4 10
r = 4, +1 1
7 13
..................
r = n - 2, + 1 1
3n 11 3n 5
r = n - 1, + 1 1 M1 A1
3n 8 3n 2
r = n, + 1 1
3n 5 3n + 1
Adding:
11 1 1 = 45n2 39n 6 M1 A1
4 3n 2 3n + 1 4(3n + 1)(3n 2)
n n
8 = 8 2 6
9r 2 12r5 6 r = 2 9r 12r 5 M1
r =2
n
8 15n2 13n 2 = (15n + 2)(n 1)
Hence = M1 A1 (7)
r =2 9r 2 12r 5 (3n + 1)(3n 2) (3n + 1)(33n 2)
10
(75 + 2)4
= (15 15 + 2)(15 1)
(45 2)(45 + 1) (15 2)(15 + 1)
= 227 14 77 4
43 46 13 16
= 0.126
10
3 a 1 2 + 1 M1 A3 (4)
2r 1 2r + 1 2r + 3
b r = 1: 1 2 + 1
3 5
r = 2: +1 2 + 1
3 5 7
r = 3: +1 2 + 1
5 7 9
.. ..
r = n - 2: + 1 2 + 1
2n 5 2n 3 2n 1
+ 1 2 + 1
r = n - 1: 2n 3 2n 1 2n + 3
r = n: + 1 2 + 1 M1 A1
2n 1 2n + 1 2n + 3
Adding:
2 1 + 1 = 8n2 + 16n M1 A1
3 2n + 1 2n + 3 3(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
n
3 3 n 8 n(n + 2)
Hence = =
+ 1)(2n + 3) B1 A1 (6)
r =1 (4r 1)(2r + 3) r =1 (4r 1)(2r + 3)
2 8 2 (2n
10
= 1
n n
2 1
b
B1
r =1 r(r + 1)(r + 2) r =1 r(r + 1) (r + 1)(r + 2)
r = 1: 11
2 6
r = 2: +1 1
6 12
+ 1 1
r = n - 1: (n 1)n n(n + 1)
r = n: + 1 1 M1 A1
n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)
Adding:
1 1 n(n + 3)
= M1 A1
2 (n + 1)(n + 2) 2(n + 1)(n + 2)
n
4 n(n + 3)
Hence r(r + 1)(r + 2) = (n + 1)(n + 2) M1 A1 (7)
r =1
n(n + 3)
= 2n + 3n
n 2
4 =
c
r =1 r(r + 1)(r + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2) n + 3n + 2
Now n2 + 3n < n2 + 3n + 2
n2 + 3n < 1
As n > 1, n2 + 3n + 2 > 0 so that
n2 + 3n + 2
n
Therefore r(r + 14)(r + 2) < 1
r =1
9
r = 1: 43 - 13
r = 2: + 73 - 43
.. .
r = n - 1: + (3n - 2)3 - (3n - 5)3 M1 A1
r = n: + ( 3n + 1) - (3n - 2)3 M1 A1
Adding:
(3n + 1)3 - 1 = 9n (3n2 + 3n + 1) B1
n
Hence (9r 2 3r + 1) = n(3n3 + 3n + 1)
r =1
n
1 n
r = n(3n + 3n + 1) + 3 r n
2 2
9 B1
r =1 r =1
= 1 [n(3n2 + 3n + 1) + 3 n(n + 1) - n]
9 2
n
= [6n2 + 6n + 2 + 3n + 3 - 2]
18
= n [2n2 + 3n + 1] M1 A1 (9)
6
1
= 6 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
11
= n(n + 1) + 1 1 1
2 3
+ 1 1
5 3
+ .....
+ 1 1
2n 1 2n 3
+ 1 1
2n + 1 2n 1
= n(n + 1) + 1 1 1
2 2n + 1
= n(n + 1) n
2n + 1
n [(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1]
=
2n + 1
n(2n2 + 3n) n2(2n + 3)
= =
2n + 1 2n + 1
24 24 6
242(51) 36 15
c = =
r = 7 r =1 r =1 49 13
558 (3sf)
7 a
1+ 5 4 M1 A3 (4)
r r +1 r + 2
n
3r 2 n
= 1 + 5 4
b
r =1 r(r + 1)(r + 2) r =1 r r +1 r + 2
= 1 + 5 4
2 3
1
+
5 1
2 3
1 5 4
+
3 4 5
+.....
1 +5 4
n 1 n n +1
1
+
5 4
n n +1 n + 2
= 1 + 5 1 + 1 4
2 2 n +1 n + 2
= 1 + n + 2 4n 4
(n + 1)(n + 2)
= n + 3n + 2 3n 2
2
(n + 1)(n + 2)
= n2
(n + 1)(n + 2)
as required.
r = 2: 1 3 + 2
2 3
r = 3: + 1+ 2
1
2 4
r = 4: +1 3 + 2
3 4 5
..
r = n - 2: + 1 3 + 2
n 3 n 2 n 1
r = n - 1: + 1 3 +2
n 2 n 1 n
r = n: + 1 3+ 2 M1 A1
n 1 n n +1
Adding:
1 3 + 1 + 2 3 + 2 = 1 + 2 M1 A1
2 2 n n n +1 n n +1
n
3 r = n 1
Hence 2 n(n + 1)
A1 (6)
r = 2 r(r 1)
8
(a) Show that T maps the line y = 2x to part of the real axis in the w-plane.
(b) Find the locus of points in the z-plane which are mapped to the
line u = 0 in the w-plane.
7. (a) Given that z = cos q + isin q, use de Moivres theorem to show that
zn - 1n = 2isin nq where n is a positive integer.
z
(b) Express 4sin3 q in the form Asin q + Bsin 3q for integers A and B to
be stated.
y
O r i
The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 2 sin3q for 0 - q - p. R is the
region bounded by this curve, the q-axis and the lines q = 0 and q = p
(c) Find the exact volume formed when region R is rotated once around the q-axis.
(z4)
Point P represents the complex number z, where arg z + 3i = 2 p
3
(a) Sketch on an Argand diagram the locus of P. Indicate on your sketch the
position of points A and B.
(b) Given that point Q in this locus is such that AQ = BQ
(i) show that AQ = 5 3,
3
(ii) find the exact area of triangle AQB.
( z 4i )
Point Q represents the complex number z where arg z 2 = 1 p
4
(a) Use algebra to show that the locus of P is a circle. Give the centre and
exact radius of this circle.
= k \, k 1
k +1 A1 (3)
x + iy
b w = 0 + iv = B1
x + iy + 1 + 2i
x + iy (x + 1) i( y + 2) M1
=
(x + 1) + i( y + 2) (x + 1) i( y + 2)
x 2 + x + y 2 + 2y + i(y 2x)
= B1
(x + 1)2 + (y + 2)2
Considering the real part of w = 0: B1
x2 + x + y2+ 2y = 0
(x + 0.5)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 5 , M1
4
Hence the locus is a circle centre (-0.5, -1), radius 5
2
(excluding the point (-1, -2)) A1 (6)
9
2 1 O 1 2 x
b z = 3 + iw = 3 + i(u + iv) M1
w 1 u + iv 1
(3 v) + iu (u 1) iv
= M1
(u 1) + iv (u 1) iv
(3u + v 3) + i(u2 u 3v + v 2)
= B1
(u 1)2 + v 2
Since |z - 1| = |z - i|, then the real part of z = the imaginary part of z: A1 (4)
Then 3u + v - 3 = u2 - u - 3v + v2
u2 - 4u + v2 - 4v + 3 = 0
(u - 2)2 + (v - 2)2 = 5
c y B2 (2)
4
O 5 x 10
4 a (x - 3)2 + y2 = 4[ x2 + (y - 3)2] M1
x2 + 2x + y2 - 8y + 9 = 0 B1
(x + 1)2 + (y - 4)2 = 8
C(-1, 4), radius = 2 2 A2 (4)
b y
8
A
6
3r
4 B3 (3)
4
C
5 O x
z 3 = 8e
(
i p + 2np
3 ) M1
z = 2e 3
(
i p + 2np
3 ) A1
i p
If n = 0, then z0 = 2e 9
i 5p i 7p
If n = 1, then z1 = 2e 9 and z3 = 2e 9 A2 (6)
b y
z1
2
2r
3
x B2 (2)
r
z0
9
z2
2
c |z0| = |z1| = |z2| = 2 and the angle between any two distinct
roots p and q = 2p , B1oe
3
3(
p + q = 2 2 cos p = 2 ) M1 A1 (3)
11
6 a z4 = 4 3 + 1 i B1oe
2 2
( 6 ) ( 6 )
= 4 cos p + 2np + i sin p + 2np B1
z = 2 cos ( p + np ) + i sin ( p + np ) M1
24 2 24 2
z0
O x
z3
z2
7 a zn = cos nq + isin nq M1
z-n = cos nq - isin nq M1
zn - z-n = 2i sin nq A1 (3)
( )
3
1
b (2i sin q)3 = z z
= z3 - 3z + 3 13
z z
= z 3 13 3 z 1z
z ( )
= 2i sin 3q - 6i sin q
Hence 4 sin3 q = -sin 3q + 3sin q
so A = 3, B = -1
p p
4
r
2 4
C
O 5 x
Area = 1 r 2q = 1 8 3 p M1
2 2 4
= 3p A1 (5)
z + 2i
d w = = 2 (using part a above) M1oe
z3i
|w| = 2 is a circle centre (0, 0) radius = 2 A1 (2)
14
9 a y B3 (3)
B
O x
arg(z 4)
2 Q
A 2r
arg(z + 3i) arg(z 4) =
4 arg(z + 3i) 3
b i Angle ABQ = p , AB = 42 + 32 = 5 M1
6
AQ = 5 1 = 5 2 = 5 3 M1 A1
2 cos p 2 3 3
6
2 (3 )
2
ii Area = 1 5 3 sin 2p = 25 3 M1 A1 (5)
3 12
8
z = 4i 4 2 = 4 + 6i
i
c y
14
12
10
(2, 8)
8
B3 (3)
6
(0, 4) P
4
5 O (2, 0) 5 x
14
If n = 0, then z0 = ei0 = 1 A1
2 pi 2 pi
If n = 1, then z1 = e5 , z2 = e 5 A2
4 pi 4 pi
If n = 2, then z3 = e5 , z4 = e 5 A2 (7)
b i (w5 1) = (w 1)(w4 + w3 + w2 + w + 1) = 0 A1
Hence w4 + w3 + w2 + w + 1 = 0 M1
ii w3 + w2 + w + 1 = -w4 A1 (3)
(1 + w)(1 + w ) 2
= 1
w4
10
dy
8. The equation of a curve C satisfies the differential equation x - y = 2y2x
dx
(a) Show that the substitution y = ux transforms the given differential
du
equation into the equation dx = 2u2x
(b) Find the general solution for u and hence find y in terms of x.
(c) Given that C passes through the point with coordinates (-1, 1),
find the equation of the curve C and sketch its graph.
dy
1 a = 2 cos 2x dx B1
y sin 2x
ln |y| = ln |sin 2x| + ln c M3
y = k sin 2x A1 (4)
b -2 = k sin p , then k = -4 M1 A1
6
y = -4sin 2x A1 ft (3)
y
O r x
4 B1
4
8
dy
2 a = 4x dx B1
y 4 2x + 1
ln |y - 4| = (2 2x2+ 1)dx M2
ln |y - 4| = 2x - ln |2x + 1| + ln c M1
2x
y 4 = ce B1
2x + 1
2x
y = 4 + ce A1 (6)
2x + 1
b 5=4+c A1
c=1
2x
y=4+ e A1 ft (2)
2x + 1
8
3 a 1 1 M1 A1 (2)
y 1 y +1
2dy
b = dx B1
y 1
2 x
1 1 dy = dx M1
y 1 y + 1
x
ln y 1 = ln x + ln c M2oe
y +1
y 1
= kx A1
y +1
(
k = 1 since y = 2 when x = 1
3 ) A1
y - 1 = yx + x M1
y = 1+ x A1 (8)
1 x
10
2 B2 (7)
O x
10
b Substitute y = 1 and x = p , c = 0 A1
2 4
Particular solution:
tan x 1
y= 2
= sin x cos x = sin 2 x M1 A1 (3)
sec x 2
6
dx
6 a = kx(20 x ) A1 (1)
dt
b dx = kdt M1
x(20 x)
1
20
1+ 1
(
x 20 x
dx = kt + c ) B1 M1 A1
1 ln x = Kt + C M1 A1
20 20 x
Hence 1 ln x = ( t 1) 1 ln 3 M1 A1 (11)
20 20 x 10
i.e. ln x = ( t 1) 2 ln 3 = ( t 1) ln 9 = ln 9t 1
20 x
Therefore x = 9t 1 as required
20 x
c When t = 2, x =9
20 x
Therefore x = 180 - 9x, so x = 18 km
12
dy x + 2 x
b + y= M1
dx x +1 x +1 x+2 1
x +1 dx 1+ x +1 dx
The integrating factor is e =e = ( x + 1)e x M1 A1
x
(x + 1)e x y = (x + 1)e x dx = xe x dx M1 A1
x +1
(x + 1)e x y = (x - 1)e x + c so y = ( x 1) e +x c
x
M1 A1
( x + 1) e
10
dy
8 a = u + x du M1
dx dx
( )
x u + x du ux = 2u2 x 3
dx
M1
du = 2u2 x A1 (3)
dx
b u-2du = 2x dx B1
1 = x2 + c M1 A1
u
x = x2 + c B1
y
y = 2x A1 (5)
x +c
c c=0 A1
1
y= A1oe
x
y
B1 (3)
O x
11
( )
x 2 u + x du x(ux) = 2ux (ux + x)
dx
B1
du = 2u(u + 1) A1 (3)
dx x
b du = 2 dx
u(u + 1) x
( u1 u 1+ 1) du = 2dx
x
B1
ln u - ln(u + 1) = 2ln x + ln A M1
u = Ax 2 M1
u +1
u - Ax2u = Ax2 M1
u= Ax 2
1 Ax 2
y
Substitute u = : Bloe
x
Ax 3
y= A1 (6)
1 Ax 2
A
c 2 = , then A = 2 A1
1 A
2 x3
y= A1
1 2 x2
Substitute y = x:
x= 2x 3
1 2x 2
x(1 - 2x2) = 2x3 M1
x(4x2 - 1) = 0 B1
(0, 0), (0.5, 0.5) and (-0.5, -0.5) A2 (6)
15
d2y dy
1. (a) Find the general solution of the differential equation 2 + k = 0 , giving
dx dx
y in terms of x and the positive constant k.
(b) Describe the behaviour of y as x increases, where x > 0
2. An object is oscillating about a fixed point P. After t seconds the object is x metres
from P where x is modelled by the differential equation
d2x
+ 4x = 0
dt 2
(a) Given that x = 3 when t = 0 and when t = 1 p , solve this differential equation to
4
show that x = 3cos 2t + 3sin 2t
(b) Express x in the form R sin (2t + a), where R > 0 and 0 < a < 1 p are both exact.
2
(c) Hence find the maximum possible distance of the object from point P.
Give your answer in simplified surd form.
(b) Hence show that the particular solution of this differential equation for
which x = -2 when t = 0 and for which dx = 6 when t = 3 is given by
dt
(
x = (t - 1) e
1t
2 + t +1 )
7. (a) Show that the substitution y = ux transforms the differential equation
d2y dy
2x 2 + ( 5x 4 ) x + (4 - 5x + 3x2) y = 10x3sin 2x (1)
dx 2 dx
2
into the equation 2 d u2 + 5 ddux + 3u = 10sin 2x (2)
dx
(b) Solve equation (2).
(c) Hence write down the general solution of equation (1).
dy 1 du
8. (a) If y = 1 , where u is a function of x, show that = and find
u dx u2 dx
d2y
an expression for .
dx 2
(b) Use the substitution y = 1 to show that the differential equation
u
2 2
2 + 4y2 (2y - 1) = 0
d y dy
y (1)
dx 2 x
d
d 2u
can be expressed as 2 + 4u = 8 (2)
dx
(c) Find the general solution of equation (2).
(d) (i) Hence show that the particular solution of equation (1) for which y = 1 at
3
x = 0 and at x = 1 p is given by y = cos 2x + 1sin 2x + 2
4
(ii) State the minimum possible value attained by this particular solution.
1 a aux.eqn.: m 2 + km = 0, m = 0, m = -k M1 A2
gen. soln. y = A + Be -kx M1 A1 (5)
b If B is positive, y decreases approaching A. B1
If B is negative, y increases approaching A. B1 (2)
6
2 a aux. eqn.: m2 + 4 = 0, m = 2i M1 A2
gen. soln.: x = Acos (2t) + Bsin (2t) M2
Substitute x = 3 and t = 0, then A = 3. A1
Substitute x = 3 and t = p , then B = 3. A1 (7)
4
b Hence x = 3cos 2t + 3sin 2t M1 A1
R = 3 2 , a = tan 1 1 = p
4
x = 3 2 sin 2t + p ( 4 ) A1
d 2y
= -pcos x - qsin x M3
dx 2
-4pcos x - 4qsin x - 4psin x + 4qcos x + 5pcos x + 5qsin x
= 2cos x - 8sin x
then
(p + 4q)cos x + (q - 4p)sin x = 2cos x - 8sin x
p + 4q = 2
q - 4q = -8
hence
q = 0, p = 2 A2
General solution:
1x
y=e 2 (Acos x + Bsin x) + 2cos x A1 (10)
( 21 ln 2, 0) A1 (2)
2 1 ln 2
c Substitute x = 1 ln 2 in to the DE to give d y2 = 16e 2 = 16 2 > 0
2 dx
Therefore P is min. point. B1 (1)
8
( )
2
d 2y 2
= 2u 3 du u 2 d u2
2
M1oe (2)
dx dx dx
( dx ) u
2 2
b u 1 d y2 = 2u 4 du 3 d 2u
dx dx 2
2 ( dy ) = 2u ( du )
2 2
4
dx dx
8y3 - 4y2 = 8u-3 - 4u-2
Total: M1
2
u
3 d u + 8u 3 4u 2 = 0 M1
dx 2
Multiply by -u3:
d 2u + 4u = 8
dx 2
d i
3 ( ) ( )
Substituting 0, 1 and p , 1 :
4 3
M1
1
= Acos 2x + Bsin 2x + 2 A2
y
A = 1 and B = 1 A1
Hence y = 1
cos 2x + sin 2x + 2
ii Min. value is 1 A1 (5)
2+ 2
16
b Aux. eqn.: m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 M1 A1
(m + 1)2 = 0, then m = -1 A1
C.F.: v = Ae-x + Bx e-x M1oe
v = px2 + qx + r
dv = 2 px + q
dx
P.I.: d 2v = 2 p
dx 2
d 2v + 2 dv + v = 2 p + 4 px + 2q + px 2 + qx + r
dx 2 dx
= px2 + (4p + q)x + 2p + 2q + r = x2 + 6x +6
Comparing the coefficients of x2 and x: A3
p = 1, q = 2 and r = 0
The general solution of (II): A1
v = Ae-x + Bxe-x + x2 + 2x
y = Ax-1e-x + Be-x + x + 2 A1
( )
of x 1 p , in the Taylor expansion of sin 3xcos 3x.
6
2. f(x) = tan x
(a) Find f (1) (x), f (2) (x) and f (3) (x).
(b) Show that, if x is sufficiently small that terms in x4 and higher powers
can be ignored, then
tan x = x + 1 x 3
3 0.2
3tan x
(c) Use this approximation to estimate the value of dx.
0.1
x
Give your answer to 3 decimal places.
2
8. For the differential equation (x2 - 1) d y2 - 2y = (3x + 1)(x - 1),
dx
dy
it is given that y = 0 and = -1 when x = 0.
dx
(a) Show that the first three non-zero terms in a series solution for y, in
ascending powers of x, is
y = x + 1 x 2 + 2 x 3 + . . .
2 3
(b) Given that the particular solution of this differential equation is
y = (x2 + k) ln (1 + x), where k is a constant,
(i) find the value of k,
(ii) find the coefficient of x4 in the series solution for y.
1 a (6) ( 6)
f(x) = sin 6x f p = sin 6 p = 0 A1
f (x) = 6cos 6x f ( p ) = 6 M1 A1
6
f (x) = -36sin 6x f ( p ) = 0 A1
6
f (x) = -216cos 6x f ( p ) = 216 A1
6
sin6x = 6 ( x 1 p ) + 36 ( x 1 p )
3
A1 (6)
6 6
( 6) ( 6)
3
= 3 x p + 18 x p A1 (3)
9
2 a f (x) = sec2 x A1
f (x) = 2sec xsec x tan x
= 2sec 2x tan x M1 A1
f (x) = 4sec x sec x tan x tan x + 2sec2x sec2x
= 4sec2x tan2x + 2sec4x M1 A1 (5)
b f(0) = tan 0 = 0, f (0) = sec20 = 1, f (0) = 0, f (0) = 2 M1 A2
2 3
tan x f (0) + xf (0) + x f (0) + x f (0) M1
2! 3!
3
= x + x 2
3!
3
= x+ x A1 (5)
3
0.2 0.2 0.2
3tan x dx 3
c 3 + x2 dx = 3x + x = 0.302(3 dp)
0.1
x 0.1 3 0.1
10
b i ln(1 + 2x) 2x 2x 2 + 8 x 3 A1
3
ii ln(1 2x) = 2x 2x 2 8 x 3 A1 (2)
3
b ln ( 4 1 x ) = ln(4 x) M1oe
f (5)(2) 4! 2 5
= = 1 M1 A1 (3)
5! 5! 160
8
5 a Substituting y = 2 and x = 1: dy = 4 A1
dx
2 2
2x dy + x 2 d y2 + 2y dy = 1 d y2 = 25 when x = 1 M1 A1ft
dx dx dx dx
y 2 4(x 1) + 25 (x 1)2 M1 A1ft (5)
2
b y 2 - 4(0.2) + 12.5(0.2)2 M1
= 1.7 A1ft (2)
7
b 1 1 x 2 = 2x
2
2
x + 4x - 2 = 0 M1
x = 2 6
a 2 + 6 = 0.45 (2 dp) A1 (2)
c Let g(x) = ecos x-1 - 2x M1
g(0.445) = ecos(0.445) -1 2(0.445) = +0.02
g(0.445) = ecos(0.455) -1 - 2(0.445) = -0.07 M1
Change of sign in the region [0.445, 0.455], \a = 0.45 (2dp) A1 (3)
12
2
dy
7 a Substituting y = 2 and = 3, x = 0 then d y2 = 3 A1
dx dx
( )
2
d 2y 3 2 3
2
+ (x + 2) d y3 dy y d y2 = 1 d y3 = 13 M1 A1ft
dx dx dx dx dx 2
2
y 2 + 3x + 3x + 13 x 3 M1 A1ft (5)
2 12
dy d 2y
8 a Substituting y = 0, = -1 when x = 0, then 2 = 1 A1
dx dx
2 3 3
2x d y2 + (x 2 1) d y3 2 dy = 6x 2 d y3 = 4 when x = 0 M1 A1ft
dx dx dx dx
y x + 1 x 2 + 2 x 3 A1 (4)
2 3
dy
b i = 2x ln(1 + x) + (x 2 + k)(1 + x)1 M1 B1oe
dx
Substituting x = 0 and dy = -1, then k = -1 A1 (3)
dx
ii ( x 2 1) x x 2 + x 3 x 4 + ... M1
2 3 4
1 1 1
The coefficient of x4 = 2 + 4 = 4 A1 (2)
9
7 Polar coordinates
2. y
1
r
6
O x
3. 1
i= r
2
A C2
P
C1
l
O
The diagram shows the polar curves C1 and C2 with equations given by
C1: r = cos 2q 0 - q - 1 p
4
and C2: r = sin q 0 - q - 1p
2
Point A lies on the curve C2 and on the half-line q = 1 p . P is a point of
2
intersection of the two curves.
(a) Find the exact polar coordinates of point P.
I
O A
The diagram shows the polar curve with equation r = a(1 + 2cos q) for 0 - q - 2 p ,
3
where a is a positive constant. The curve crosses the initial line at the pole and at
point A. The line p is a tangent to this curve at point B and is perpendicular to the
initial line, as shown.
(a) Find the polar coordinates of point A, giving your answer in terms of a
(b) Show that, for this curve, rcos q = a(cos q + cos 2q + 1)
(c) Hence find, in terms of a, the distance OB.
2
(d) Show that the area of triangle OAB is 3a 15
16
(b) In the case when a = 2, find the exact total area enclosed by the curve C.
6. i=
1
r
2
A
i=0
O
The diagram shows the polar curve with equation r 2 = 2 3 sin 2q for 0 - q - 1 p ,
2
the initial line and the half-line q = 1 p . A tangent to this curve at point A,
2
parallel to the initial line, is also shown.
(
(a) Show that r2 sin2 q = 3 sin 2q 1 sin 4q
2 )
(b) Hence, by using implicit differentiation, show that point A has polar
coordinates ( 3, 1 p .
3 )
(c) Find the polar equation of this tangent.
(d) Show that the line OA divides the curve into two regions whose areas are
in the ratio 1 : 3.
R Q
i=r i= 0
O
The diagram shows the curve with polar equation r = 2 - cos 2q for 0 - q - p.
The curve is enclosed by a rectangle formed by the half-lines q = 0, q = p and the
tangents parallel and perpendicular to the initial line, which touch the curve at
points P, Q and R respectively, as shown.
(a) Express r sin q in terms of sin q only.
(b) Use calculus to show that point P has polar coordinates 3, 1 p . ( 2 )
(c) Find the exact polar coordinates of point Q and point R.
(d) Show that the area of the region inside the rectangle but outside the curve,
as shaded in the diagram, is 6 2 9 p
4
8. L
P
C
R
O initial line
Q
The diagram shows the polar curve C and the straight line L with equations
given by
C: r = 2(cos q - sin q) 0 - q - 1p
4
and L: r 1 sec 1 p q 0 - q - 1p
2 4 4
C and L intersect at point P. Point Q is where L crosses the initial line. R is the
finite region bounded by C, PQ and the initial line and which does not contain
the pole.
The diagram shows the polar curves C1 and C2 with equations given by
C1: r = 2(1 + sin q) 0-q-p
C2: r = 2(1 + cos q) 0-q-p
The half-lines q = 0 and q = p bound both C1 and C2.
The curves intersect at point P.
(a) Find the polar coordinates of point P. Give your answer in exact form.
(b) Show that (1 + sin q)2 - (1 + cos q)2 2sin q - 2cos q - cos 2q
(c) Find the exact area of the region R between the two curves and which is
bounded by the half-lines q = 1 p and q = p, shown shaded on the diagram.
4
10. A
l
O
B
1 1
The diagram shows the polar curve C with equation r 2 = 2a2cos 2q for 4 p q 4 p ,
where a > 0 is a constant. Tangents to the curve at point A and point B, parallel to
the initial line, have been drawn.
(a) Show that, for any point (r, q ) on C, r 2 sin2 q = a2(cos 2q - cos2 2q)
(b) Hence, using implicit differentiation, find in terms of a the polar coordinates
of points A and B.
(c) Show that triangle OAB is equilateral and find its area in terms of a.
(d) Find, in terms of a, the exact area of the finite region bounded by the curve
and the line AB and which does not contain the pole.
7 Polar coordinates
1 a Multiply by r:
r2 = 4r cos q + 2r sin q M1
Usin g r2 = x2 + y2, x = rcos q and y = rsin q
x2 + y2 = 4x + 2y M1
(x 2)2 + (y 1)2 = 5 M1 A1 (4)
b y B3 (3)
5 x
7
3 a cos2 q = sin q B1
1 2sin2 q = sin q M1
2sin2 q + sin q 1 = 0
(2 sin q - 1)(sin q + 1) = 0, sin q = 1 A1
2
Hence q = p A1
6
(2 6 )
P 1 ,p A1 (5)
AP = 3 + 9 = 1 3 M1 A1 (4)
16 16 2
9
d
2 (2 )
Area = 1 (3a) 1 a sin q, where cos q = 1 , 0 < q < p
4
Hence sin q = 1 cos2 q
= 1 1
16
= 1 15
4
2 2 ( )(
So Area = 1 (3a) 1 a 1 15
4 )
= 3 a 2 15, as required
16
2 r = 2 + 2cos i
B2
x
ii y
2a 2+a
B2 (4)
x
b Area
p
=2 1 r 2dq
0
2
p
= (2 + 2 cosq ) dq
2
M1
0
p
= (4 + 4 2 cosq + 2 cos2 q ) dq M1
0
p
= (5 + 4 2 cosq + cos 2q ) dq M1
0
p
= 5q + 4 2 sinq + 1 sin 2q M2
2 0
= 5p A1 (6)
6
b ( 2 )
y 2 = 3 sin 2q 1 sin 4q so 2y dy = 3 (2 cos 2q 2 cos 4q)
dq
Hence, at A, 2cos 2q - 2cos 4q = 0
i.e. 2cos2 2q - cos 2q - 1 = 0
(2cos 2q + 1)(cos 2q - 1) = 0
cos 2q = 1 [which does not correspond to A]
or cos 2q = 1 , so 2q = 2 p i.e. q = 1 p
3 3
( )
2
1
q = p r = 3 and so the polar coordinates of A are A
2 3, 1 p
3 3
( ) (
Q 2, p , R 2, 3p
4 4 ) A2 (7)
d (
Area of the rectangle = 2 2 cos p 3 = 6 2
4 ) M1 A1
Area inside the curve:
p
2
= (2 - cos 2q)2 dq M1
0
p
2
= (4 - 4cos 2q + cos 22q)dq
0
p
= M1
0
p
= 4.5q 2 sin 2q + 1 sin 4q 2 M1
8 0
= 9p A1
4
Shaded Area = 6 2 9 p A1 (7)
4
19
(
P 3 1, p
6 ) A1 (7)
= 2 (1 - 2cos q sin q) dq M1
0
p
= 2 [q + cos2 q ]0
6
M1 A1
=p 1 A1
3 2
Therefore the area of the region R = p 1 - 3 1 = 0.36 (2dp) M1 A1 (9)
3 2 4
18
(
P 2 + 2, p
4 ) A1 (4)
b 1 + 2sin q + sin 2q - 1 - 2cos q - cos 2q M1
= 2sin q - 2cos q - (cos 2 - sin 2q)
= 2sin q - 2cos q - cos 2q A1 (2)
c Area of the region R:
p
c (
AB = 2 a sin p = a,
6 ) A2 (7)
Therefore OA = OB = AB = a, so triangle is equilateral M1
= 2 1 r2dq
2 0
p
6
= 2a2cos 2qdq
0
p
= [ a 2 sin 2q ]0
6
3 a2
=
2
Therefore Area required
3 a2 3 a2 3 a2
= =
2 4 4