#Air and Wind

#Enviroment
#Trash and recycling

#Rains
#Weather
#Machines

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#Air and Wind
Airless: a stuffy, airless room
The night was hot and airless.
Ten detainees had suffocated in an airless police cell the previous week.
Breathless(3): the breathless heat of a summer afternoon
Rarefied: Climbers may experience difficulty breathing in the rarefied air at high
altitudes.
Close(adj13): SYNONYM stuffy
Its very close todayI think theres going to be a storm.
Stuffy: a stuffy room
It gets very hot and stuffy in here in summer.
Suffocate(v2): Can I open a window? It's suffocating in here!
Suffocating: SYNONYM stifling
The afternoon heat was suffocating.
Stifling: a stifling room
It's stifling in herecan we open a window?
Oppressive: SYNONYM stifling
oppressive heat
Heavy(16): It's very heavyI think there'll be a storm.

Airy: The office was light and airy.

Dry the seeds in a cool, airy place.

Atmosphere(3): a smoky/stuffy atmosphere

These plants love warm, humid atmospheres.

Airing: to give the sheets/blankets/clothes an airing

Open the windows and give the house a good airing.
Air(v)= air sth out: The rooms had all been cleaned and aired.
Leave the window open to air the room.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

==================================================================
#Enviroment
Eco: eco-friendly
eco-warriors (= people who protest about damage to the environment)
eco-terrorism (= the use of force or violent action in order to protest about
damage to the environment)
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Atmosphere: the upper atmosphere

pollution of the atmosphere

Smog: attempts to reduce smog caused by traffic fumes

Air quality

Green(v): an attempt to green industry bosses

Green audit
Living roof= green roof: The firm designs and installs green roof systems.
Green roofs reduce the amount of storm water running off into drains.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Trophic level

Climate change: the threat of global climate change

Global warming
Greenhouse effect: The destruction of forests is contributing to the greenhouse
effect.
We are all beginning to experience global warming due to the enhanced greenhouse
effect.
Greenhouse gas: a government commitment to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases
HFC
HCFC
CFC choloflorocarbon
Exhaust: car exhaust fumes/emissions
Exhaust pipe= tail pipe: My car needs a new exhaust.
Zero-carbon:SYNONYM carbon neutral
a zero-carbon house that uses no energy from external sources
Carbon-neutral: SYNONYM zero-carbon
All of these fuels are renewable and carbon neutral.
a carbon-neutral house that uses no energy from external sources
buildings designed to be carbon neutral
Carbon footprint: Flying is the biggest contribution to my carbon footprint.
an analysis of the carbon footprints of leading companies
Companies are measuring their carbon footprints.
a carbon footprint calculator
Ecological footprint: the ecological footprint of the average Canadian
Ecological footprints are measured in global hectares.
Carbon credit(1): The sale of carbon credits can finance renewable energy
projects.
Carbon credit(2): Wind energy companies sell carbon credits to consumers.
Carbon offset: carbon offset initiatives for air travellers
carbon offset projects
Wind energy companies sell carbon offsets.
The country can trade carbon offset to rich polluters.
Carbon trading = emmission trading: a global carbon trading system
Carbon trading has not been very effective so far in addressing global warming.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Overfishing: a shortage of tuna, caused by overfishing

Overgraze
Ecocide
Ecoterrorism. ecoterrorist

Ozone-friendly:
Enviromentally friendly: environmentally friendly packaging
Eco-friendly: eco-friendly products
Eco-tourist

Ecological: the ecological movement

Ecological(2): We risk upsetting the ecological balance of the area.
an ecological disaster (= one that alters the whole balance of ecology in an area)
Ecosystem: Islands often support delicate ecosystems that evolved without any need
for defence.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Pollution(3): noise/ light pollution.

Light pollution

Unpolluted: the unpolluted air of the mountains

Otters need secluded, unpolluted stretches of river with plenty of fish.
The air was fresh and unpolluted.

Enviromentalist
Preservationist
Conservastionist: a meeting of local conservationists
Conservancy: SYNONYM conservation
nature conservancy
Conservation: SYNONYM conservancy
to be interested in wildlife conservation
Road development in the area has been severely affected by the conservation
programmes of the council.

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#Trash and recycling

Waste(n3): household/industrial waste

toxic wastes
waste disposal (= the process of getting rid of waste)
Waste(adj3): waste plastic
Waste water is pumped from the factory into a nearby river.
Effluent
Dross: The fire burns away the dross leaving the pure metal.
Slag
Detritus: organic detritus from fish and plants
Leavings. see more at: reminaClassify.

Trash:
Grabage(1): garbage collection
Don't forget to take out the garbage.
Refuse: SYNONYM rubbish
domestic/household refuse
the city refuse dump
refuse collection/disposal
Rubbish: a rubbish bag/bin
a rubbish dump/heap/tip
The streets were littered with rubbish.
garden/household rubbish
Tip(n7)
Tip(v): No tipping. (= for example, on a notice)
Fly-tip
Dumping ground: The citys canals are used as a dumping ground for a range of
toxic pollutants.
Dumping: a ban on the dumping of radioactive waste at sea
Dump(v): Too much toxic waste is being dumped at sea.
The dead body was just dumped by the roadside.
Dump(n): a rubbish dump
(North American English) a garbage dump
the municipal dump
a toxic/nuclear waste dump
Dumper
Landfill: The map shows the position of the new landfills.
a landfill site
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Garbage(2): Throw it in the garbage.

Grabage can= trash ban= dustbin

Garbage man= garbage collector= dustman= dustbin= refuse collector.

Garbage truck= dustcart

Septic tank
Midden

Sewage: a ban on the dumping of raw sewage (= that has not been treated with
chemicals) at sea
sewage disposal
Sewage plant= sewage treatment plant= sewage disposal works.
Waste-disposal unit= waste disposer= garbage disposal unit= disposal.
Sludge: industrial sludge
the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer on farm land
Lagoon

Bottle bank

Reprocess: All these countries reprocess nuclear fuel.

The firm reprocesses recyclable materials.
Commercial reprocessing plants were built.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Recycle(v): Denmark recycles nearly 85% of its paper.

recycled paper
Reclaim(4): 80% of aluminium could be reclaimed.
SEE ALSO recycle
Recycling: the recycling of glass
a recycling plant
Recyclable: Glass products are completely recyclable.
Paper is easily recyclable.
See: renewable etc at EnergyFuel
Returnable: returnable bottles
OPPOSITE non-returnable
Reusable: reusable plastic bottles
See: single-use, disposable at: use.
Renewable: renewable sources of energy such as wind and solar power
Renewables: renewables such as hydro-electricity and solar energy
investment in renewables

Inorganic: inorganic fertilizers

Rocks and minerals are inorganic.

OPPOSITE organic
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Scavenge: scavenge something (from something) Much of their furniture was

scavenged from other people's garbage.
scavenge (through something) (for something) Dogs and foxes scavenged through the
trash cans for something to eat.
Scavenger

Gasman

===================================================
#Rains
Driving: a day of strong winds and driving rain
Pluvial

Fall(n2): a heavy fall of snow

a rock fall
Precipitation: There is heavy precipitation in some parts of the country.
Acid precipitation may cause a reduction in forest productivity.
an increase in annual precipitation
Annual precipitation ranges from 500 to 2 200 mm.
In these areas precipitation was formerly too low to support growth.
Rainfall: There has been below average rainfall this month.
an average annual rainfall of 10 cm
Drought; two years of severe drought
one of the worst droughts on record
The countrys entire grain harvest has been hit by drought.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Shower(3): scattered showers

April showers
We were caught in a heavy shower.
snow showers
wintry showers (= of snow)

Keep off

Rainout
Raindate: July 15 is our annual fun day (rain date July 22).
He will announce a rain date by Monday.
Be rained out= be rained off: The game has been rained off again.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Rainbow
Brolly= umbrella
Thundercloud
Thunderbolt: The news hit them like a thunderbolt (= was very shocking).
lightening.
Lightning strike
Rainwater: a barrel for collecting rainwater
She saw her reflection in a pool of rainwater beside her.
Raindrop: She listened to the raindrops pattering on the tin roof.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Dry; weeks of hot dry weather

the dry season
I hope it stays dry for our picnic.
Rattlesnakes occur in the warmer, drier parts of North America.
OPPOSITE wet
Wet(2): a wet day
a wet climate
It's wet outside.
It's going to be wet tomorrow.
It was the wettest October for many years.
The weather will be wet and windy in the south.
Rainy: a rainy day
the rainy season
the rainiest place in Britain
Showery: a showery day
Wintry: wintry weather
a wintry landscape
wintry showers (= of snow)
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

It's tipping (it) down

I's chucking it down
Bucket down: SYNONYM pour
It's bucketing down.
Pour: pour (down) The rain continued to pour down.
It's pouring outside.
(British English) pour with rain It's pouring with rain.
(North American English) pour (down) rain It's pouring rain outside.
Teem: SYNONYM pour
The rain was teeming down.
It was teeming with rain.
Pelt: By now the rain was pelting down.
I drove home with the rain pelting through the window.
Raindrops the size of golf balls were pelting down on her.
It's raining cats and dogs
The Heavens opened
Piss down
Downpour: We got caught in a torrential downpour.
For the past six hours the downpour had been continuous and torrential.
The suddenness of the downpour had caught the three of them by surprise.
Cloudburst
Come down: The rain came down in torrents.
Torrential: torrential rain
Rainstorm: We drove for five hours through a rainstorm.
We sheltered from the rainstorm in a little hut.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015
Drizzle: It was drizzling outside.
When they left it was beginning to drizzle.
Sprinkle: SYNONYM drizzle
It's only sprinkling. We can still go out.
Sprinkle(n): Weve only had a few sprinkles (of rain) recently.
Drizzle(n): A light drizzle was falling.
The forecast for tomorrow is mist and drizzle.
Spit(v6)

Catchment area.
Monsoon

Hailstone: Britains biggest recorded hailstone weighed 5 oz.

We struggled up the hill in a wind full of dust and hailstones.
Hail(v): It's hailing!
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Sirrus
Sirrostratus
Sirrocumulous
Nimbus
Nimbostatus
Stratocumulus
Stratus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulus
altocumulus
altostratus

Scud: Puffy white clouds were scudding past.

Cloud(v4): It was beginning to cloud over.
Cloudless: a cloudless sky
Cloudly: OPPOSITE clear
a grey, cloudy day
Clear(adj7): a clear blue sky
On a clear day you can see France.
Starry: a beautiful starry night
Starless: a starless night

Cover(n7): Fog and low cloud cover are expected this afternoon.
In this area there is snow cover for six months of the year.

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#Weather
In all weathers: She goes out jogging in all weathers.
Element(6): Are we going to brave the elements and go for a walk?
to be exposed to the elements
Condition(5): The plants grow best in cool, damp conditions.
freezing/icy/humid, etc. conditions
 Conditions are ideal (= the weather is very good) for sailing today.
treacherous driving conditions

Weather balloon
Weather centre= weather bureau
Weather vane= weathercock
Windsock
Weather station
Weather forecast= forecast: Theres a good weather forecast for tomorrow.
The news will be followed by the weather forecast for tomorrow.
Weatherman= weathergirl

Climatic: climatic changes/conditions

Meteorological: meteorological conditions/data
Geophysics
Clime: I'm heading for sunnier climes next month.
Climate: a mild/temperate/warm/wet climate
the harsh climate of the Arctic regions
Climate(2): They wanted to move to a warmer climate.
Microclimate
Continental climate
Tropical: tropical fish
tropical Africa
a tropical island
The tropics
Sub-tropical= semi-tropical: subtropical vegetation
a subtropical climate

Equable: an equable climate. see here: temperate

See: capricious
Inclement: Walkers should be prepared for inclement weather.
Inclemency X clement.

Indian summer

Exosphere

Gradient

Ridge(3): a ridge of high pressure over the Atlantic

Trough
High(n2): A high over southern Europe is bringing fine, sunny weather to all
parts.
High pressure: The rain will be followed by warmer, drier weather as areas of high
pressure move in.
Low pressure.
Low(n): Another low is moving in from the Atlantic.
Anticyclone: The anticyclone brought bright sunshine and calm conditions to most
areas.
Depression(5): an atmospheric depression moving east from the Atlantic

Twister: SYNONYM tornado

The twister, reported to be about 100 yards wide, caused major damage to the high
school.
Tornado: Tornadoes ripped into the southern United States yesterday.
She burst in to the room like a tornado.
Hurricane: hurricane-force winds
Hurricane Betty is now approaching the coast of Florida.
Cyclone: The cyclone struck the village late last night.
Typhoon
Blizzard: blizzard conditions
The blizzard struck the north-east yesterday, causing serious damage.
a raging/howling blizzard
Snowstorm: It is accepted that exceptional snowstorms can occur without strong
winds.
We fought our way through a raging snowstorm.
Hailstorm: Hailstorms are more common in summer.
The pilot flew through a hailstorm and lost his way.
Sandstorm
Duststorm
Electrical storm= electrim storm
Firestorm: (figurative) a firestorm of criticism
Windstorm
Tempest: The screaming tempest whipped into the house, hurling furniture across
the room.
Storm: fierce/heavy/violent storms
A few minutes later the storm broke (= began).
I think we're in for a storm (= going to have one).
storm damage
Storm(2): a thunderstorm/snowstorm/sandstorm
Rainstorm
stormy: a dark and stormy night
stormy weather
stormy seas (= with big waves)
Wild: SYNONYM stormy
a wild night
The sea was wild.
Waterspout
Eye(7): the eye of a stome/ turnado/ hurricane etc.
Eyewall.
Eddy(n)
Eddy(v): SYNONYM swirl
The waves swirled and eddied around the rocks. see: whirl
Vortex: SYNONYM whirlpool, whirlwind
Whirlpool: SYNONYM eddy
(figurative) She felt she was being dragged into a whirlpool of emotion.
Maelstorm= whirlpool
Cloud storm: Above the mountains, storm clouds were gathering.
(figurative) The storm clouds of revolution were gathering.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Blow itself out. See: abate, sit through, sit sth out.
Rise(8): SYNONYM get up
The wind is risingI think there's a storm coming.
Pick up.
Brighten(5): According to the forecast, it should brighten up later.
See here: break through
Break(v12)
Keep up: The rain kept up all afternoon.
Close in; the weather closed in.
Set in: The rain seemed to have set in for the day.
Threatening: The sky was dark and threatening.
Lower(v2): Huge clouds lowered over the bay. see: loom
Clear(v7): The sky cleared after the storm.
The rain is clearing slowly.
Clear up: I hope it clears up this afternoon.

Hard(10): It had been a hard winter.

There was a hard frost that night.
COMPARE mild. temperate
Sharp(11)
Squall(n): A sudden vicious squall knocked her to the ground.
We got caught in a sudden squall of rain.
Squally: squally showers
Howling: a howling gale/storm/wind
Blustery: blustery winds/conditions
The day was cold and blustery.
Gusty: a gusty morning
gusty winds
Fierce(3): fierce wind
the fierce heat of the flames
Tempestuous: SYNONYM stormy
tempestuous seas
Turbulant: The aircraft is designed to withstand turbulent conditions.
a turbulant sea/storm (= caused by turbulent water/air)
They jumped off the cliff into the turbulent waters below.
Flurry: snow flurries
flurries of snow
Rough(6)
Nip(v): nip (at something) The icy wind nipped at our faces.
nip something growing shoots nipped by frost
Storm-tossed: the storm-tossed sea
a storm-tossed boat
Foul(6): a foul night
Angry(3): the angry sea with its terrible waves

Soft(6): SYNONYM light

A soft breeze rustled the trees.
Gentle(4): a gentle breeze
the gentle swell of the sea
Cook over a gentle heat.

Fine(6): a fine day/evening

I hope it stays fine for the picnic.
Fair(6): SYNONYM fine
a fair and breezy day
The day was set fair with the spring sun shining down.
Glorious(4): They had three weeks of glorious sunshine.
Temperate (of a climate)

Gale: The gale blew down hundreds of trees.

gale-force winds
(British English) It's blowing a gale outside (= a strong wind is blowing).
Gust(n): A gust of wind blew his hat off.
The wind was blowing in gusts.
Gust(v): winds gusting up to 60 mph
The wind gusted through the branches.
The Beaufort scale: The storm measured 10 on the Beaufort scale.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Wind chill: Take the wind-chill factor into account.

Freshen: The wind will freshen tonight.
a freshening onshore breeze
Fresh: SYNONYM brisk
a fresh breeze
The winds are likely to get fresher towards the end of the day.
Breeze: a sea breeze
The flowers were gently swaying in the breeze.
A light breeze was blowing.
Breezy: It was a bright, breezy day.
the breezy east coast
Brisk: a brisk wind/breeze
Bracing: bracing sea air
Crisp: a crisp winter morning
The air was crisp and clear and the sky was blue.
Frigid: frigid air
They travelled over frigid lands.
Bitter: bitter cold
a bitter wind
It's really bitter out today.
Zephyr
Ozone
Fraught= draft: There's a draught in here.
A cold draught of air blew in from the open window.
I was sitting in a draught.
She shivered in the icy draught. see here: weather strip
Drafty: a draughty room/corridor
Fohn
Mistral
The Gulf Stream
Chinook
Trade winds
Antitrade winds.
Sou wester.
Sirocco
Thermal(n)
Front(12): a cold/warm front
Frontal: a cold frontal system
Leeward X windword.
Prevailing: The prevailing wind here is from the east.
Chill factor

Calm(3): a calm, cloudless day

See here: airless.
Windy: a windy day
Its too windy to go out in the boat.
Its getting very windy.
OPPOSITE windless
Still(n2): a still summers day
the still night air
Off-shore X on-shore.
Eolian

Bolt of lightning
Thundery: thundery rain
 a thundery sky
Thunderstorm: He slept well, unaware of the thunderstorms which filled the night.
The church was struck by lightning during a violent thunderstorm.
Sheet lightning= forked lightning.

Overcast: an overcast sky/day

Today it will be dull and overcast.
The sky was overcast and we needed to use artificial light.
Dull: SYNONYM overcast
It was a dull, grey day.
Grey(3): grey skies
I hate these grey days.
Sullen: a sullen grey sky
Gloomy: SYNONYM depressing
a gloomy room/atmosphere
It was a wet and gloomy day.
Sunless: SYNONYM gloomy
a sunless day
the sunless side of the house
OPPOSITE sunny
Sunny: a sunny day
sunny weather
The outlook for the weekend is hot and sunny.
a sunny garden
Italy was at its sunniest.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Bleak: a bleak winters day

Filthy(4): Isn't it a filthy day?
Damp: The cottage was cold and damp.
It feels damp in here.
damp clothes
Wipe the surface with a damp cloth.
See here: moist.
Dank: a dark dank cave

Arid: arid and semi-arid deserts

Nothing grows in these arid regions.
The pioneers hoped to transform the arid outback into a workable landscape.
Barren
Bleak

Snug: SYNONYM cosy

a snug little house
I spent the afternoon snug and warm in bed.
Toasty
Warm(adv): SYNONYM warmly
Wrap up warm before you go outside!
Warmly: They were warmly dressed in coats and scarves.
Warmth: She felt the warmth of his arms around her.
The animals huddled together for warmth.
He led the child into the warmth and safety of the house.
Lukewarm: SYNONYM tepid
Our food was only lukewarm.
 Heat the milk until it is just lukewarm.
Tepid: SYNONYM lukewarm
tepid tea
a tepid bath
Hand-hot. see here: sizzling
Thaw(v): It's starting to thaw.
Thaw(n): The river doubles in size during the spring thaw.
The plants will be ready for use when the spring thaw arrives.
The river often floods during the thaw.

Antifreeze: Lack of antifreeze is a major cause of highway breakdowns.

Check the antifreeze to make sure there is enough in the system.
De-icer.

Cool(1): a cool breeze/drink/climate

Cooler weather is forecast for the weekend.
Let's sit in the shade and keep cool.
Store lemons in a cool dry place.
Cool(v): Glass contracts as it cools.
Melt the chocolate and allow it to cool slightly.
cool something The cylinder is cooled by a jet of water.
The evening breeze cooled her face.
Cool down= cool off: We cooled off with a swim in the lake.
Cool sth down= cool sth off: Drink plenty of cold water to cool yourself down.
Freeze(v3): Every time she opens the window we all freeze.
Two men froze to death on the mountain.
freeze somebody Two men were frozen to death on the mountain.
Freeze(n4): A freeze warning was posted for Thursday night.

Raw(7): a raw north wind

It had been a wet raw winter.
Arctic: TV pictures showed the arctic conditions.
Sub-zero
Freeze(v3): It may freeze tonight, so bring those plants inside.
Freeze(n3): Farmers still talk about the big freeze of '99.
Brass monkey: it's brass monkey (weather)
Jack Frost: Jack Frost was threatening to kill the new plants.
Icy: SYNONYM freezing
icy winds/water
My feet were icy cold.
The door opened and an icy blast of wind swept through the room.
Glacial: SYNONYM icy
glacial winds/temperatures
the glacial waters of the Arctic
The dining room was glacial.
Nip(n2): There was a real nip in the air.
SEE ALSO nippy
Cool(n): the cool of the evening
Cold(n): He shivered with cold.
Don't stand outside in the cold.
She doesn't seem to feel the cold.
You'll catch your death of cold (= used to warn somebody they could become ill if
they do not keep warm in cold weather).
Chill(n): There's a chill in the air this morning.
A small fire was burning to take the chill off the room.
Bite(7): There's a bite in the air tonight.
Nippy
Keen(9)
Parky: Dont forget your glovesits a bit parky out there!
Biting: He shivered in the biting cold.
The biting January wind drove the snow before it.
Cutting= biting
Piercing
Stone-cold: The soup was stone cold. see here: piping hot
Cold(2): a cold drink
Hot and cold food is available in the cafeteria.
cold chicken for lunch
Coldness: the icy coldness of the water
OPPOSITE warmth
Perished: We were perished.
Frozen: I'm absolutely frozen!
You look frozen stiff.
Perishing: SYNONYM freezing
It's perishing outside!
I'm perishing!
Freezing(adv): It's freezing cold outside.
Ice-cold: ice-cold beer
My hands were ice-cold.
Freezing(adj1): It's freezing in here!
I'm freezing!
My hands are freezing!
Freezing(adj2): freezing fog
freezing temperatures
Chill(v): They were chilled by the icy wind.
Let's go home, I'm chilled to the bone (= very cold).
Cold snap= cold spell. see here: heatwave.
Cold(1): I'm cold. Turn the heating up.
to feel/look cold
cold hands and feet
a cold room/house
hot and cold water in every room
Isn't it cold today?
It's freezing cold.
to get/turn colder
bitterly cold weather
the coldest May on record
(British English) The water has gone cold.
Chill(adj): the chill grey dawn
a chill wind
Their breath steamed in the chill air.
Chilly: It's chilly today.
I was feeling chilly.

Ice-bound: an ice-bound region

Snow-bound: The skiers were snowbound in the resort for several days.
Snow-covered= snow-clad: snow-covered fields
Snow-capped
Ice cap
Whiteout
Snow up= snow in: We were snowed in for two days.
Be snowed up (road)
Snowline
Snowfield
Ice field
Ice floe: In spring the ice floes break up.
Ice sheet
Ice shelf:

Pack ice
Ice berg: The ship struck a hidden iceberg.
Snowball: a snowball fight
Children were throwing snowballs at the passing traffic.
Snowdrift: The car got stuck in a snowdrift.
Glacier
Glacial: a glacial landscape
glacial deposits/erosion
Snow-blind
Snow-bound(2): They were stranded for hours on the snowbound motorway.
Icicle

Snowman
Snowflake: A single snowflake landed on her nose.
Snowplough
Snowblower
Salt(v3)
Snowcat
Snowchains
Snowgun= snowcannon
Snowshoe

Ice up= ice over= ice sth up= ice sth over: It was a memorable flight because the
wings iced up.
Parts of the river were iced over during the cold spell.
Freeze over: The lake freezes over in winter.
Freeze: Water freezes at 0C.
It's so cold that even the river has frozen.
freeze something The cold weather had frozen the ground.
+ adjective The clothes froze solid on the washing line.
OPPOSITE thaw

Snow(n): Snow was falling heavily.

We had snow in May this year.
The snow was beginning to melt.
Children were playing in the snow.
20 cm of snow were expected today.
The snow didn't settle (= stay on the ground).
Her skin was as white as snow.
Snow(v): It's been snowing heavily all day.
It snowed for three days without stopping.
Snowy(1): snowy fields
snowy peaks
Snowy(2): a snowy weekend
The weather in January is often cold and snowy.
Snowfall: a heavy/light snowfall
an area of low snowfall
What is the average annual snowfall for this state?
Powder snow
Sleet: The rain was turning to sleet.
The wind was blowing hard and bringing with it sleet.
Sleet(v): Its sleeting!
Rime= Frost(1): It will be a clear night with some ground frost.
a sharp/hard/severe frost
There were ten degrees of frost (= the temperature dropped to -10C) last night.
frost damage
Frost(2): The car windows were covered with frost.
Frost(v1): frost something (over/up) The mirror was frosted up.
frost (over/up) The windows had frosted over.
Hoar frost
Frosted: the frosted garden
Gelid: a gelid pond

Slush: In the city the clean white snow had turned to grey slush.
There was dirty brown slush all over the roads and pavements.
Dry ice

Hazy: a hazy afternoon/sky

hazy light/sunshine
The mountains were hazy in the distance.
The room was hazy with smoke.
Haze(n1): a heat haze
See: haze(v), mist(v) at: Smoke
Foggy: foggy conditions
a foggy road
He was driving much too fast for the foggy conditions.
Fog: Dense/thick fog is affecting roads in the north and visibility is poor.
freezing fog
Patches of fog will clear by mid-morning.
We get heavy fogs on this coast in winter.
The town was covered in a thick blanket of fog.
The fog finally lifted (= disappeared).
Pea-souper
Fogbound: a fogbound airport
fogbound passengers
She spent hours fogbound in Brussels.
Mist: The hills were shrouded in mist.
Early morning mist patches will soon clear.
The origins of the story are lost in the mists of time (= forgotten because it
happened such a long time ago).
(figurative) She gazed at the scene through a mist of tears.
Misty: a misty morning
She peered through the misty light at the approaching car.
Scotch mist: What do you think this is? Scotch mist?(= used to say that you should
have seen something which is obvious)

Mist(v3)
Vapour= vapor: water vapour
The particles then form a vapour.
There was a hissing sound, and clouds of vapour were emitted.
Vaporous: clouds of vaporous air

Moist: warm moist air

a rich moist cake
Water the plants regularly to keep the soil moist.
 Her eyes were moist (= with tears).

Balmy: SYNONYM mild

a balmy summer evening

Sultry: SYNONYM muggy

a sultry summer afternoon
The weather was still very heavy and sultry.
We went out into the still, sultry heat of the afternoon.
Muggy: SYNONYM close2
a muggy August day
Sticky: a sticky, humid afternoon
Sweaty: sweaty feet
He felt all hot and sweaty.
Soupy

Humid: These ferns will grow best in a humid atmosphere.

The island is hot and humid in the summer.
They were not prepared for the humid heat of the tropical forest.
The day was hot and humid.
The weather had become very humid.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Dew: The grass was wet with early morning dew.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Banana belt
Isobar
Isotherm

Heat(1): He could feel the heat of the sun on his back.

Heat rises.
The fire gave out a fierce heat.
SEE ALSO white heat
Heat(2): to increase/reduce the heat
Test the heat of the water before getting in.
Set the oven to a low/high/moderate heat.
SEE ALSO blood heat
Heat(3): You should not go out in the heat of the day (= at the hottest time).
to suffer from the heat
the afternoon/midday heat
The heat in the factory was unbearable.
SEE ALSO prickly heat
Hot(1): Do you like this hot weather?
It's hot today, isn't it?
It was hot and getting hotter.
It was the hottest July on record.
a hot dry summer
Be carefulthe plates are hot.
All rooms have hot and cold water.
a hot bath
a hot meal (= one that has been cooked)
I couldn't live in a hot country (= one which has high average temperatures).
Cook in a very hot oven.
Eat it while it's hot.
I touched his forehead. He felt hot and feverish.
SEE ALSO baking, boiling hot, piping hot, red-hot, white-hot
Hot(2): Is anyone too hot?
I feel hot.
Her cheeks were hot with embarrassment.
Hot(3): London was hot and dusty.
a long hot journey

Piping hot. (of food), see here: stone-cold

Steaming hot
Baking hot: We waited for hours in the baking sun.
Scorching: SYNONYM baking
They walked all day in the scorching heat.
Blazing hot: blazing heat
a blazing hot day
Roasting: a roasting hot day
Blistering: SYNONYM baking
a blistering July day
blistering heat
Boiling: SYNONYM baking
You must be boiling in that sweater!
a boiling hot day
Its boiling hot in here!
OPPOSITE freezing
Sizzling: sizzling summer temperatures
Searing: the searing heat of a tropical summer
searing pain
He spent several days wandering in the searing heat of the outback.
Burning: the burning sun
her burning face
Scalding: scalding hot coffee
Torrid: a torrid summer
Dog days: the dog days of summer. see: high noon, high summer.
High(n3): Highs today will be in the region of 25C.
Heatwave
Scorcher: Its a real scorcher today!
Hot spot: Fire crews worked to douse hot spots left by two fires that consumed
acres of forest.
White heat
White hot
Red-hot: Red-hot coals glowed in the fire.
They heated up the pokers until they were red-hot.
Swelter: Passengers sweltered in temperatures of over 90F.
Broil: They lay broiling in the sun.
Fry(2): You'll fry on the beach if you're not careful.

#Sea
Rough(5): It was too rough to sail that night.
We had a rough passage across to the island.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

=============================================================
#Sun and moon
Rise: The sun rises in the east.
OPPOSITE set
Break through: The sun broke through at last in the afternoon.
 At last the moon broke through the clouds and they could see their way.
Out(14): the sun/star came out,
Come out: The rain stopped and the sun came out.
Come up: We watched the sun come up.
Close in: They huddled around the fire as the night closed in.
Descend: SYNONYM fall
Night descends quickly in the tropics.
descend on/upon somebody/something Calm descended on the crowd.

Go down= set
Go in:
Afterglow: the lingering sunset which left a distinctive purple afterglow
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Wane X wax
Midnight sun

Beat down: The sun beat down on the desert sand.

Moonless: a moonless night/sky

Sunburst

=============================================================

#Machines
Coolant
Cooling tower
Cooler: the office water cooler
(especially North American English) They took a cooler full of drinks to the
beach.
Ice pack
Ice bucket
Gas-cooled: gas-cooled nuclear reactors
Air-cooled: an air-cooled engine
Air-conditioned: air-conditioned offices
The restaurant is fully air-conditioned.

Heating: Who turned the heating off?

What type of heating do you have?
a gas heating system
heating bills
Space heater
Storage heater
Heat exchanger
Heated: a heated swimming pool
OPPOSITE unheated
Heater: a gas heater
a water heater
Immersion heater
Stove: a gas/wood-burning stove
Central heating: gas-fired central heating
Hearth: A log fire roared in the open hearth.
The cat dozed in its favourite spot on the hearth.
Hearthrug
Convector heater
Geyser
Fire(4): a gas/electric fire
Shall I put the fire on?
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Humidifier X dehumidifier
Ionizer
Warmer: a plate warmer
SEE ALSO leg warmer
Warming pan
Hot-water bottle
Water cooler. see: water dispenser.
Draught excluder= weather strip
Register(n4)= vent
Radiator: a central heating system with a radiator in each room
Radiator(2)

Thermostat
Thermometer
Thermo: thermonuclear
thermometer
Thermodynamic: thermodynamic stability
the thermodynamic properties of gases
Thermal: thermal energy
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Room temperature: Serve the wine at room temperature.

Thaw(4): I could feel my ears and toes start to thaw out.

Toast(v3): He sat toasting his feet in front of the fire.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Scorch(4): scorched grass

The leaves will scorch if you water them in the sun.
Wildfires have scorched over two million acres of forest.
Roast(4): She could feel her skin beginning to roast.
Heat(v): Heat the oil and add the onions.
The system produced enough energy to heat several thousand homes.
Heat up= warm up: SYNONYM warm
The oven takes a while to heat up.
Warm(v): warm something/somebody/yourself (up) I'll warm up some milk.
Come in and warm yourself by the fire.
The alcohol warmed and relaxed him.
warm (up) As the climate warms (up) the ice caps will melt.
Heat sth up= warm sth up: SYNONYM warm
Just heat up the food in the microwave.
See this at: eat cook.
Overheat: The engine is overheating.
overheat something It's vital not to overheat the liquid.
Unfreeze. see: COMPARE defrost, de-ice, thaw

Chill(v2): Let the pudding chill for an hour until set.

chill something This wine is best served chilled.
chilled foods (= for example in a supermarket)
chilled champagne
Once home, put chilled foods in the refrigerator as soon as possible.
Range: = stove
Cook the meat on a low heat on top of the range.
Stove= cooker: She put a pan of water on the stove.
(North American English, British English) Most people don't want to spend hours
slaving over a hot stove (= cooking).
SEE ALSO stave
Cooker= stove= range: a gas cooker
an electric cooker
SEE ALSO pressure cooker
Primus stove
Aga
Stovetop= hob: stovetop cooking
Jet(n2): The pipe burst and jets of water shot across the room.
to clean the gas jets on the cooker
Ring; SYNONYM burner
to turn off the gas ring
Hotplate
Griddle
Grill(2)
Hob(2)
Furnace: It's like a furnace (= very hot) in here!
SEE ALSO blast furnace
Grill(1): Put it under a hot grill to brown for two minutes.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Slow cooker
Hotpot
Toaster

Steamer
Splashback
Cookerhood
Flue: a blocked chimney flue

Chambre