#Group wokring on issues.

#Interiors Vs exteriors
#Heads of states
#Control and rule
#Government type .
#Organaizing country
#Government machines
#Prison

================================================================

Official: official responsibilities, he attended the party with his official

capacity, he made an official visits to Tokyo.
Official(2): an official inquiry has been launched into the cause of the death, I
intend to lodge an official complaint.
Official(4): the official opening.
Unofficial(2): unofficial visit to Tokyo.
Ex cathedra: the pope was talking ex cathedra.
Capacity= role: acting in her capacity as a manager, we were simply involved in an
advisory capacity on the project.
Private(6): a politicians private life
Private(2): a private conversation
They were sharing a private joke.
Senior defence officials held private talks.
Personal(3): The letter was marked Personal.
I'd like to talk to you about a personal matter.
I try not to let work interfere with my personal life.
She's a personal friend of mine (= not just somebody I know because of my job).
Please keep personal phone calls to a minimum.
Personally(5): Have you had any dealings with any of the suspects, either
personally or professionally?
State(5): The president was driven in state through the streets.
State(adj2): The Queen is on a state visit to Moscow.
the state opening of Parliament
the state apartments (= used for official ceremonies)
Extraordinary: an envoy extraordinary
Tribune
Hat(2): I'm wearing two hats tonightparent and teacher.
I'm telling you this with my lawyer's hat on, you understand.
SEE ALSO old hat
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Private(5): private doctors

(British English) If I can afford it, I think I'll go private (= pay for medical
care rather than use the government service).
See here: state-owned.
Public(3): public money/spending/funding/expenditure
He spent much of his career in public office (= working in the government).
(British English) the public purse (= the money that the government can spend)
The rail industry is no longer in public ownership (= controlled by the
government).
OPPOSITE private
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

===============================================================
#Group wokring on issues.

High commission: the United Nations High Commission for Refugees

High commissioner: the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
Royal commission: a Royal Commission report
the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice
A Royal Commission has been set up to examine environmental pollution.
Commission: the European Commission
(British English) The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the
disturbances at the prison.
a commission on human rights
Commissioner: the Church Commissioners (= the group of people responsible for
controlling the financial affairs of the Church of England)
European Commissioners
Working party= working group: The government has set up a working party on prison
overcrowding.
Working paper
Task force: a drug task force
The government has set up a task force to improve standards in schools.
Committee: She's on the management committee.
The committee has/have decided to close the restaurant.
a committee member/a member of the committee
a committee meeting
The player was fined by the disciplinary committee.
Subcommittee: the House of Representatives subcommittee on taxation
Counsil(3): the Medical Research Council
In Britain, the Arts Council gives grants to theatres.
Counsil(4): The King held a council at Nottingham from 14 to 19 October 1330.
SEE ALSO Privy Council
Council of war: She called together senior managers for a council of war.
Court of enquiry

Rapporteur: the UN special rapporteur on human rights.

Tsar(2): a drugs tsar
(North American English) a drug tsar
Assessor: The government appointed independent assessors to review the viability
of the remaining coal mines.
City father. see: statesman.
Solicitor(2)
Statesmanship
Statecraft: He had little real experience of statecraft.

Memorandom(3): a detailed memorandum to the commission on employment policy

Succession(3): He became chairman in succession to Bernard Allen.

She's third in order of succession to the throne.
a line of succession
=============================================================

#Interiors Vs exteriors

Internal(4): SYNONYM domestic

 internal affairs/trade/markets
an internal flight (= within a country)
OPPOSITE external
Intramural: Jeff played intramural basketball in high school.

Home(adj): SYNONYM domestic

products for the home market
home news/affairs
OPPOSITE foreign, overseas
At home: The president is not as popular at home as he is abroad.
On the home front: On the home front, its been a busy year for the President.
Intergovermental: an intergovernmental conference
International: international trade/law/sport
an international airport/school/company
international relations
a pianist with an international reputation
Multinational: multinational companies/corporations
A multinational force is being sent to the trouble spot.
the huge profits made by multinational drug manufacturers
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Home-grown: The team has a wealth of home-grown talent. see: homespun.

Mother country(1)
Mother country(2)
Home(3): I often think about my friends back home.
Jane left England and made Greece her home.
Jamaica is home to over two million people.

Nation state:
Nation: SYNONYM population
The entire nation, it seemed, was watching TV.
Nationality(2): Kazakhstan alone contains more than a hundred nationalities.
Citizen(2): the citizens of Budapest
When you're old, people treat you like a second-class citizen.
SEE ALSO senior citizen
COMPARE subject
Burgher
Citizenship(2): an education that prepares young people for citizenship
Country(3): They have the support of most of the country.
The rich benefited from the reforms, not the country as a whole.
SEE ALSO mother country, old country, up-country
Populace: He had the support of large sections of the local populace.
The populace at large is/are opposed to sudden change.
People(3): the French people
the native peoples of Siberia
SEE ALSO townspeople
People(4): the life of the common people
It was felt that the government was no longer in touch with the people.
SEE ALSO little people
People(6): The king urged his people to prepare for war.
the story of the Zulu leader who died while attempting to free his people
Local(n): The locals are very friendly.
Shes beginning to sound like one of the locals.
Citizenry
Parish(3)
City(4): The city turned out to welcome the victorious team home.
Folk(4): country folk
townsfolk
 farming folk
Civic: a sense of civic pride (= pride that people feel for their town or city)
civic duties/responsibilities
The competition would be an opportunity to foster civic pride.
Voting should be a matter of civic duty.
Civil: civil unrest (= that is caused by groups of people within a country)

Counsin(3): our American cousins

International(3): an English course for internationals
Alien= non-citizen: an illegal alien
COMPARE resident alien
Foreign: a foreign accent/language/student
a foreign-owned company
foreign holidays
You could tell she was foreign by the way she dressed.
Foreigner: The fact that I was a foreigner was a big disadvantage.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

National: national and local newspapers

national and international news
national and regional politics
a national election
These buildings are part of our national heritage.
They are afraid of losing their national identity.

National(n): Polish nationals living in Germany

Nationality: to take/have/hold French nationality
All applicants will be considered regardless of age, sex, religion or nationality.
The college attracts students of all nationalities.
She has dual nationality (= is a citizen of two countries).
Naturalize: a naturalized American who was born in Poland
He was naturalized as a British citizen in 1940.
See: internationalize.
Subject(6): a British subject
Come from: She comes from London.
Where do you come from?
Compatriot: SYNONYM countryman
He played against one of his compatriots in the semi-final.
Countryman: SYNONYM compatriot
The champion looks set to play his fellow countryman in the final.
Stateless: The children of illegal immigrants will in many cases be born
stateless.
Citizen: She's Italian by birth but is now an Australian citizen.
British citizens living in other parts of the European Union
Citizenship: French citizenship
You can apply for citizenship after five years' residency.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Civil(2): a civil marriage ceremony

Civilian: He left the army and returned to civilian life.
COMPARE military
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015
Produce(6): He is the greatest athlete this country has ever produced. see: sbs
favourite son. at: fame.
Patriot: I wouldnt say Im a great patriot, but I would never betray my country.
Patriotic: a patriotic man who served his country well
patriotic songs
The party framed its message in unashamedly patriotic language.
Flag-waving.

==============================================================
#Heads of states
Head of state: The Queen was joined by the US President and other heads of state
from around the world.
She was sworn in as the countrys first civilian head of state in three decades.
Visiting heads of state usually stay in the palace.

Tsar: Tsar Nicholas II

Emperor
Emperial: the imperial family/palace/army
imperial power/expansion
Potentate

Presidency: the current holder of the EU presidency

She hopes to be the first woman elected to the presidency of the United States.
He was a White House official during the Bush presidency.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Chief Executive
Monarch: a new law which limited the power of the monarch
Queen Victoria was Englands longest reigning monarch.
The constitutional monarch , as head of state, has limited powers.
Monarchical
Monarchist: He was known to have monarchist tendencies.
Royalist(adj): SYNONYM monarchist
to have royalist sympathies
COMPARE republican (1)
Royalist(n): SYNONYM monarchist
an ardent royalist
COMPARE republican

Governor(1): the former governor of the colony

a provincial governor
Governor(2): the governor of Arizona
the Arizona governor
Governor Bev Perdue
Governer general.
Ruler
Ruling(adj): the ruling party
He has been elected head of the countrys new ruling body.
Majority leader
Majority rule: Black majority rule in South Africa took many years to achieve.
Minority government
Minority leader.
Coalition: to form a coalition
a two-party coalition
a coalition government
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Sovereign(n): The Tongan sovereign is head of state and exercises executive power.
The islands are ruled by a governor, representing the British sovereign.
Majesty(3)
The privy council
The privy purse.
Crown(2): land owned by the Crown
a Minister of the Crown
Who's appearing for the Crown (= bringing a criminal charge against somebody on
behalf of the state) in this case?
Crown(3): She refused the crown (= refused to become queen).
his claim to the French crown
Crown(v3): crown somebody Queen Elizabeth was crowned in 1953.
crown somebody + noun The prince was soon to be crowned King of England.
Enthrone: The painting depicts the enthroned Madonna and Child (= sitting on a
throne). see: ordain(v)
MAtriarch
Patriarch

Regency
Regent: the Prince Regent
Crown prince.
Crown Princess(1/2)
Royal(adj): the royal family
the royal household
by royal appointment (= a sign used by companies that supply goods to the royal
family)
COMPARE regal
Kingly=regal.
Regal: regal power
the regal splendour of the palace
She dismissed him with a regal gesture.
Her height gave her an almost regal appearance.
her rather regal bearing
COMPARE royal
See here: queenly, princely

Royal(n): The Queen will be joined by other royals at this evening's performance.
Royalty: The gala evening was attended by royalty and politicians.
We were treated like royalty.
Hollywood royalty (= very famous film/movie stars)
She behaved as if she were in the presence of royalty.
Prince(1): the royal princes
the Prince of Wales
Princely(3)
Princess(1): the royal princesses
Princess Anne
Princess(2): the Princess of Wales
Princess Michael of Kent
Queenly: She gave a queenly wave.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015
Prince(2): Prince Albert of Monaco
Prince consort: Prince Albert, the Prince Consort
Princeling:
Queen(1): to be crowned queen
kings and queens
the Queen of Norway
Queen Victoria
Queen(2)= queen consort.
Queen mother: Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

================================================================

#Control and rule

Govern: The country is governed by elected representatives of the people.

He accused the opposition party of being unfit to govern.
Misgovern
Reign(v): the reigning monarch
Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901.
reign over somebody/something Herod reigned over Palestine at that time.
Rule(v): rule something At that time John ruled England.
The family ruled London's gangland in the sixties.
(figurative) Eighty million years ago, dinosaurs ruled the earth.
rule (over somebody/something) Charles I ruled for eleven years.
She once ruled over a vast empire.
(figurative) After the revolution, anarchy ruled.
Accede(2): Queen Victoria acceded to the throne in 1837.
Accession: the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne
Charles Is accession to the throne
on her accession to the leadership , , ,
Ascend(fig): (figurative) to ascend the throne (= become king or queen)
Assumption: their assumption of power/control
the assumption of responsibility by the government for the disaster

Misrule: The regime finally collapsed after 25 years of misrule.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Power(2): to take/seize/lose power

The present regime has been in power for two years.
The party came to power at the last election.
They are hoping to return to power.
a power struggle between rival factions within the party
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Administration(4): the Obama administration

Successive administrations have failed to solve the country's economic problems.
Polity

==================================================================

#Government type .
Polity.
Regime: a fascist/totalitarian/military, etc. regime
an oppressive/brutal regime
Reign of terror: His 12-year reign of terror left thousands dead.
Jackboot: to be under the jackboot of a dictatorial regime
 It was only a matter of time before the heel of the jackboot smashed down.
Junta: The civilian junta appointed a prime minister.
Nazi(n/adj) (of a ruler/ government)

State(4): matters/affairs of state

people who are financially dependent on the state
a state-owned company
They wish to limit the power of the State.
State(adj): state education
families dependent on state benefits (= in Britain, money given by the government
to people who are poor)
state secrets (= information that could be harmful to a country if it were
discovered by an enemy)
National(adj2): a national airline/museum/theatre
Parastatal

Opt-out: Nurses and health workers voted against the opt-out.

an opt-out school

Rule(5): under Communist/civilian/military, etc. rule

majority rule (= government by the political party that most people have voted
for)
The 1972 act imposed direct rule from Westminster.
SEE ALSO home rule
Governance: He emphasized the companys commitment to high standards of corporate
governance.
The aim is to include representatives of all ethnic groups in the governance of
the new state.
The government is stressing the link between aid and good governance in poor
countries.
Self-government: Senegal achieved self-government in 1958 and full independence in
1960. (degree of autonomy)
There have been demands for a wider measure of regional self-government.
Self-rule: Protesters demanding self-rule clashed with police.
Home rule: Civil unrest was created by Irish demands for home rule.
Regionalism: Regionalism is on the rise in Europe.
the cause of English regionalism
Self-determination= dependance.
Autonomy.
Soveriegnty(2): The declaration proclaimed the full sovereignty of the republic.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Mother country.
Imperialism(1): Roman imperialism
Imperialism(2): cultural/economic imperialism
Imperialist(adj1): an imperialist power
imperialist ambitions
Imperialist(adj2): culturally imperialist attitudes
Expansionism, expansionist.
See: control: hegemony.

Divine right
Birthright: The property is the birthright of the eldest child.
Education is every child's birthright.
They believe that success is their birthright.
Bill of rights: It was argued that the civil and political status and rights of
the citizen must be enshrined in a bill of rights.
Unchallenged: He is in a position of unchallenged authority.
Uncontested: an uncontested election/divorce
These claims have not gone uncontested.
Undisputed.
Sovereign(adj2): a sovereign ruler
Parliament must always remain sovereign.
Sovereignty(1): The country claimed sovereignty over the island.
the sovereignty of Parliament
(figurative) the idea of consumer sovereignty
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Autocracy= autarchy= autacky (1/2)

Absolutism
Dictator
Tyrant: SYNONYM dictator
The country was ruled by a succession of tyrants.
(figurative) His boss is a complete tyrant.
Dictatorial: a dictatorial ruler
a dictatorial regime
Dictatorship
Tyranny: SYNONYM dictatorship
Any political system refusing to allow dissent becomes a tyranny.
Tyrannical= tyrannous: SYNONYM autocratic, dictatorial
tyrannical power
a tyrannical government
He was brought up by a cruel and tyrannical father.
His reputation as a tyrannical captain made it hard to find a crew.
Totalitarian: a totalitarian state/regime
During the 1930s the state became even more totalitarian.
The country was closed to outsiders for many years under a totalitarian
dictatorship.
The overthrow of ruthless, totalitarian regimes doesnt always result in peace.
Totalitarianism
Autocrat: SYNONYM despot
He governed as an autocrat.
Despot: an enlightened despot (= one who tries to use his/her power in a good way)
It is the story of a military coup which brings a brutal despot to power.
Despotic: despotic power/rule. see: tyrannical.
Despotism.
Strongman: The country has been under the control of military strongmen for a long
time.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Gerontocracy, gerontocratic
Thechnoracy
Thechncracy
Plutocracy
Meritocratic: a meritocratic system
Meritocracy.
Oligarchy
Episcopacy
Matriarch. see: henpecked, wear the trousers.
Patriarch
Matriarchal: The animals live in matriarchal groups.
Patriarchal:
Matriarchy.
Anarchy
Rudderless: At no time should a government be rudderless, without a leader.
 Without his wife he felt lost and rudderless.

Authoritarian: authoritarian regime/ government/ state, my dad was an authoritarian

figure, the school was very authoritarian and exam-oriented.
Autocrat. Autocratic: autocratic manager.

Democracy(1): parliamentary democracy

the principles of democracy
Democracy(2): Western democracies
I thought we were supposed to be living in a democracy.
Democracy(3): the fight for justice and democracy
Democrat
Democratic(1): a democratic country
a democratic system
democratic government
They are aiming to make the institutions of the EU truly democratic.
Exercise your democratic right to vote.
Democratic(2): democratic participation
a democratic decision
Democratic(3): a democratic society
democratic reforms
Democratize, deomcratization.
Popularly: SYNONYM democratically
a popularly elected government
Bureaucracy: the power of the state bureaucracy
living in a modern bureaucracy
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Social democracy.

Monarchy: plans to abolish the monarchy

rebels trying to overthrow the absolute monarchy
the arguments for abolishing the monarchy
Monarchy(2): There are several constitutional monarchies in Europe.
COMPARE republic

Constitutional monarchy.

Republic: newly independent republics

the Republic of Ireland
Republican(n)
Republican(adj): Monarchy: plans to abolish the monarchy
rebels trying to overthrow the absolute monarchy
the arguments for abolishing the monarchy
Monarchy(2): There are several constitutional monarchies in Europe.
COMPARE republic
Republic: newly independent republics
the Republic of Ireland
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Police state
Collectivism
Collectivise.
Big government. see: Paternalism
Orwellian
See: care: the nanny state.
Dirigisme
Statism

Cracy: democracy
bureaucracy
Crat: democrat
bureaucrat
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

==================================================================

#Organaizing country
Zilla= zillah
Jursidction: Practice varies between different European jurisdictions.

Trust territory.
Trusteeship: a period of trusteeship
Burundi was formerly a Belgian trusteeship.
See: control: legation, mandate.
See: control: tutelage

County town= county seat

Council: a city/county/borough/district council

She's on the local council.
a council member/meeting
Council chamber.
Councillor= councilor: Councillor Ann Jones
Talk to your local councillor about the problem.
Councilman
Councilwoman.
Assembly: state/legislative/federal/local assemblies
Power has been handed over to provincial and regional assemblies.
The national assembly has voted to adopt the budget.
the California Assembly
the UN General Assembly
assembly elections
an elected assembly
Assemblyman , Assemblywoman
AM= assmebly member: Peter Black AM
Labour AMs
Alderman
Public servant: pay increases for public servants
a long and outstanding career as a public servant
Presidium

District council
City coucil
County council: a member of Lancashire County Council
County councillor
Municipal council
Local council
City hall: Protesters marched to City Hall.
Government compound
Mayor office
Courthouse.
Corporation(3): the Lord Mayor and Corporation of the City of London
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

County clerk
Gubernatorial: a gubernatorial candidate
gubernatorial duties
Provost
Mayor
Prefect
Premier
Premiership: during Gordon Browns premiership
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

Direct rule
Central government
Decentralize: decentralized authority/administration
OPPOSITE centralize
Devolution.
Regionalism: Regionalism is on the rise in Europe.
the cause of English regionalism
Autonomous: SYNONYM independent
an autonomous republic/state/province
a federation of autonomous groups
Sovereign(adj): SYNONYM autonomous
a sovereign state
to be given sovereign rights

Centralization: the centralization of political power

Centralize: a highly centralized system of government
Centralism
Unitary: a single unitary state
(British English) a unitary authority (= a type of local council, introduced in
some areas from 1995 to replace existing local governments which consisted of
county and district councils)
Subsidiarity. see: separation of powers, federalism.

Commissioner(3): the agriculture/health, etc. commissioner

Commissioner Rhodes was unavailable for comment.
SEE ALSO High Commissioner
Secretary
Private secretary
PPS: parlimantary private secretary.
Minister

Department

Conservancy: the Thames Conservancy

Texas Nature Conservancy
The Commission on Civil Rights.

=============================================================
#Government machines
Machine(3): machinery (of something) the machinery of government
machinery (for doing something) There is no machinery for resolving disputes.
The bumblebee has developed complex machinery for collecting pollen.
They are faced with the task of dismantling the state machinery in order to create
more democratic structures.
Mechanism(2): mechanisms for dealing with complaints from the general public
 The college has established an effective student support mechanism.
Regime(2): Our tax regime is one of the most favourable in Europe.
Apparatus: the power of the state apparatus
Bureau(3): an employment bureau
a convention bureau (= an office that provides information and services for people
organizing conferences)
(especially North American English) a visitors bureau (= an office that provides
information for tourists)
Bureau(4): the Federal Bureau of Investigation

Bureaucracy(1): unnecessary/excessive bureaucracy

We need to reduce paperwork and bureaucracy in the company.
Apparat
Apparatchik: party apparatchiks
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

The secret service

Secret service.
Security service.
State room

Town planning= planning.

Job center
Settlement house: He volunteered to work at an inner-city settlement house.
the settlement houses in slum areas of London in the 1880s
See: community center.

Partisan(n): By the end of 1944 German forces had driven the Italian partisans out
of the region.
See: unconver: underground resistance
See: secret: resistance, fifth coloumn
Guerrilla(n)= guerilla(n): urban guerrillas (= those who fight in towns)
guerrilla war/warfare (= fought by guerrillas on one or both sides)
a guerrilla movement
Freedom fighter
Rebel: rebel forces
Armed rebels advanced towards the capital.
Some parts of the country fell into rebel hands.
Insurgent(n): SYNONYM rebel
an attack by armed insurgents
Rbellious: rebellious cities/factions
Rebellious back-benchers are threatening to vote against the government.
Insurgent(adj): SYNONYM rebellious
insurgent groups/attacks
Militant: Student militants were fighting with the police.
Militant(adj): militant groups/leaders
Some trade unions have a more militant approach to pay negotiations.
a militant feminist movement
Militia
Militiaman

Counter-revolution: to stage a counter-revolution

the forces of counter-revolution
Counter-revolutionary(adj): the suppression of the counter-revolutionary rebellion
Counter-revolutionary(n)
Revolution: a socialist revolution
the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789
to start a revolution
a country on the brink of revolution
Revolutionary(adj): a revolutionary leader
revolutionary uprisings
Revolutionary(n): socialist revolutionaries
Like the French revolutionaries, his main concern was to unify the country.
The revolutionaries tried to encourage soldiers to mutiny or desert.
Insurgency: SYNONYM rebellion
The 23-year insurgency had cost an estimated 21 000 lives.
The government faces continuing insurgency in the north-east.
Counter-insurgency: counter-insurgency operations
Rebellion: SYNONYM uprising
The north of the country rose in rebellion against the government.
The army put down the rebellion.
Revolt: SYNONYM uprising
the Peasants Revolt of 1381
to lead/stage a revolt
The army quickly crushed the revolt.
the biggest back-bench revolt this government has ever seen
Attempts to negotiate peace ended in armed revolt.
(formal) The people rose in revolt.
Insurrection: SYNONYM uprising
an armed insurrection against the regime
Uprising: SYNONYM rebellion, revolt
an armed uprising against the government
a popular uprising (= by the ordinary people of the country)
to crush/suppress an uprising
Rising: SYNONYM revolt, uprising
The rising was crushed by government troops.

Revolt(v): SYNONYM rebel, rise (12)

The peasants threatened to revolt.
revolt against somebody/something Finally the people revolted against the military
dictatorship.
The peasants revolted against high taxes and the losses of the war.
Rebel(v): He later rebelled against his strict religious upbringing.
Most teenagers find something to rebel against.
In 1215 the barons rebelled against the king.
The colonies rebelled and declared their independence.
Rise(12): SYNONYM rebel
The peasants rose in revolt.
He called on the people to rise up against the invaders.
RELATED NOUN uprising

Disorder: an outbreak of rioting and public disorder

Twenty people were arrested after a night of civil disorder.
COMPARE order
Disturbance: serious disturbances in the streets
He was charged with causing a disturbance after the game.
Unrest: industrial/civil/social/political/popular unrest
There is growing unrest in the south of the country.
See: crime: public nuiscance. disorderly conduct.
Court(4): the court of Queen Victoria
He was presented to the queen at court.
Court(5)
Courtier

Order(9): a change in the political and social order

the natural order of things
He was seen as a threat to the established order.
A new order seems to be emerging.
The old order in Europe saw rapid change in the late 1980s.

Enterprise(3): grants to encourage enterprise in the region

an enterprise culture (= in which people are encouraged to develop small
businesses)
SEE ALSO free enterprise, private enterprise

============================================================

#Prison
Behind bars: The murderer is now safely behind bars.
Inside(adv2): He was sentenced to three years inside.
On the outside: Life on the outside took some getting used to again.
Keep/ put sb under lock and key.

Imprison: SYNONYM jail

They were imprisoned for possession of drugs.
(figurative) Some young mothers feel imprisoned in their own homes.
Jail: SYNONYM imprison
He was jailed for life for murder.
Incarcerate: SYNONYM imprison
Thousands were incarcerated in labour camps.
Wall sb up
Lock sb up= lock sb away. lock-up
Send sb up
Send sb down
See: force: pick sb up, banf sb up etc.
Detain: One man has been detained for questioning.
Citizen's arrest. see: vigilante.
Confine(2): Keep the dog confined in a suitable travelling cage.
Here the river is confined in a narrow channel.
The soldiers concerned were confined to barracks (= had to stay in the barracks,
as a punishment).
Confinement: her confinement to a wheelchair
years of confinement as a political prisoner

Life sentence: Hes currently serving a life sentence for murder.

Lifer: There are many more lifers in jail than there used to be.
Condemned cell. see: death row,
Solitary confinement= solitary: to be in solitary confinement
Jailbird
Old lag

Intern: They were interned by the government for the duration of the war.
Internee: The play is based upon his experiences as an internee
Detainee: The detainee can make a formal complaint after release.
Detention: a sentence of 12 months detention in a young offender institution
police powers of arrest and detention
allegations of torture and detention without trial
a detention camp
Remand(n): He is currently being held on remand.
a remand prisoner
I was in prison on remand for three weeks.
Remand(v): The two men were charged with burglary and remanded in custody (= sent
to prison until their trial).
She was remanded on bail (= allowed to go free until the trial after leaving a sum
of money with the court).
After his arrest, he was remanded to Brixton prison.
Bondage: SYNONYM slavery
(figurative) womens liberation from the bondage of domestic life
Prison(2): the prison service/system
The government insists that prison works and plans to introduce a tougher
sentencing policy for people convicted of violent crime.
See: force: apprenhend, arrest, sieze etc.

Jailhouse: He became something of a jailhouse lawyer.

The jailhouse housed the sheriff and his family as well as the prisoners.
Two prisoners die in jailhouse fire.
Jail= gaol: She spent a year in jail.
He has been released from jail.
a ten-year jail sentence
Britains overcrowded jails
Nick(n): He'll end up in the nick.
She was questioned at the local nick.
Slammer: Hell end up in the slammer one day.
Clink(n)
Lock-up
Prison: SYNONYM jail
He was sent to prison for five years.
She is in prison, awaiting trial.
to be released from prison
a maximum-security prison
the prison population (= the total number of prisoners in a country)
the problem of overcrowding in prisons
Ten prison officers and three inmates needed hospital treatment following the
riot.
Penitentiary= pen: The execution was carried out at the state penitentiary in Fort
Madison.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015

House arrest: to be under house arrest

She was placed under house arrest.
Protective custody

Glasshouse
Boot camp
Prison camp
Concentration camp: a Nazi concentration camp
Forced labour(1/2): The mines were manned by forced labour from conquered
countries.
Hard labour: He was sentenced to ten years hard labour.
Drunk tank: He spent the night in the drunk tank.
The police left the teenagers in the drunk tank.
Remand center.
Detention center(1)
Detention center(2): They are confined in a detention centre for asylum seekers,
and forced to prove their refugee status.
Reformatory
Rehab
Correctional: a correctional center/institution/facility (= a prison)
Secure training center STC
Young offender institution
Attendance center: He went to the youth court and got 24 hours at an attendance
centre.

Work release
Furlough(n/v)
Open prison= minimum security prison
Supermax
Halfway house.

Warder= wardress
Warden(2)
Screw(6)
Prison visitor

Slop out

Do time
Serve(10): prisoners serving life sentences
She is serving two years for theft.
He has served time (= been to prison) before.
Serve sth out
POW
Prisoner of conscience. martyr, apostate. prosecute.
Prisoner(1): The number of prisoners serving life sentences has fallen.
They are demanding the release of all political prisoners.
Prisoner(2): He was taken prisoner by rebel soldiers.
They are holding her prisoner and demanding a large ransom.
(figurative) She is afraid to go out and has become a virtual prisoner in her own
home.
(figurative) He was a prisoner of his own ignorance.

Stretch(n3): He did a ten-year stretch for fraud.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th edition Oxford University Press, 2015