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Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14

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Journal of Electrostatics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/elstat

EHD in thermal energy systems - A review of the applications,


modelling, and experiments
Saman Rashidi a, Haniyeh Bafekr b, Reza Masoodi c, *, Ehsan Mohseni Languri d
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91775-1111, Iran
b
Electrical Engineering Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
c
School of Design and Engineering, Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN 38505, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) is recognized as a technology with high energy efciency, which can be
Received 9 June 2017 used in various thermal energy systems. Researchers performed many experimental and numerical
Received in revised form studies on this topic to investigate its potential applications in thermo-uid systems. This survey reviews
15 August 2017
the existing researches performed on different applications of EHD in thermal energy systems containing
Accepted 22 August 2017
boiling, condensing, drying, evaporating, and solar energy systems. Capability, limitations, and applica-
tions of this technique in each system are investigated and listed, pursued by a number of conclusions
and suggestions.
Keywords:
EHD
2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Thermal energy systems
Energy efciency
Numerical
Experimental

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. EHD theory and advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Applications of EHD in thermal systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Applications of EHD in boiling systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2. Applications of EHD in condensation systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3. Applications of EHD in evaporating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3.1. Applications of EHD in drying systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4. Applications of EHD in solar energy systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5. Applications of EHD in other thermal systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. Summary and concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1. Introduction and economical advantages. These technologies actually decrease


the thermal resistance in thermal systems. All these techniques are
Using energy efcient technologies is one of the hot research divided into two groups of active and passive methods.
subjects in the thermal engineering eld, which enhances the The passive methods are related to amendments of the system
effectiveness of the thermal systems and has considerable technical conguration, which do not require any input energy during the
process. Examples of such passive techniques are applying rough
surfaces [8], applying porous material with large values of thermal
* Corresponding author. conductivity [17,88], applying nanouids [16,89], installing
E-mail address: masoodir@philau.edu (R. Masoodi).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2017.08.008
0304-3886/ 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2 S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14

turbulators or swirl ow tools [13], and applying corrugated sur- exchanger. They found that the heat transfer enhances by applying
faces [5,90]. Gawande et al. [42] reviewed the effect of rough sur- vibration to the uid due to the mixing of uid. Accordingly, this
faces, which are used for improving the thermal performance of method (creating vibration) has an ability to convert the mechan-
solar air heaters. They concluded that multi V-rib with a gap has ical energy into thermal one and to enhance the thermal efciency
better performance among others rough surfaces for Reynolds of a system. Martynenko and Kudra [73] investigated the transport
number in the range of 2000e20,000. Kareem et al. [55] reviewed phenomena of electrically-induced in drying process by EHD. They
the numerical and experimental works performed to improve the observed that transport phenomena in EHD are not well identied,
thermal performance in the corrugations, especially in corrugated which limits practical applications of EHD for drying of
tubes. Their review study showed that helically coiled corrugated biomaterials.
tubes have better thermal performance as they have the inuences There are many types of research that show the excellent po-
of curvatures and corrugations simultaneously. Kim et al. [60] tential of EHD as an energy efcient technology to improve the
reviewed published papers about micro/nanostructured walls, effectiveness of the thermal systems [2,6,49,53]. It appears that the
which are used to increase the boiling thermal performance. They literature lacks from a critical review study to analyse published
reported that the micro-porous structures on walls play important researches in this regard. This study can give a deep insight to re-
roles to enhance the boiling thermal performance. Sheikholeslami searchers involved in this eld and is very useful for future works.
et al. [100] focused on research performed on passive techniques In the current survey, previous studies about EHD applications in
applying swirl ow devices to improve the thermal performance of different thermal systems including drying, evaporating, boiling,
heat exchangers. They concluded that the use of coiled square wire condensing, and solar energy systems have been reviewed. Some of
turbulators causes a signicant improvement in thermal perfor- the applications of each thermal energy system reviewed in this
mance of the system. Abou Elmaaty [1] reviewed recent progress in paper are summarized in Table 1.
wavy plate heat exchangers. They reported that the wavy plate heat
exchanger operates effectively for both single-phase and two-
2. EHD theory and advantages
phase ows but the two-phase ow still requires a considerable
research. Ravi and Saini [92] reviewed various methods applied to
Generally, EHD is an interplay occurring between an electric
increase the performance of double pass solar air heaters. These
eld and the owing of a dielectric uid. This interplay creates an
methods were applying packed bed materials, extended surfaces,
electric body force, which causes additional uid motion and
and corrugated/grooved absorbing walls. Their literature review
consequently, it leads to a higher heat transfer coefcient. The
indicated that for packed beds used in double-pass solar air heaters,
electrical force density, fe, inicted on the uid can be calculated as
mass ow rate and porosity of the porous media are signicant
follows:
factors that have considerable inuences on the efciency of these
devices. Muhammad et al. [77] reviewed the recent developments    
1 1 v
and applications of nanouids used in at-plate and evacuated tube fe rc E  E2 V V rE2 (1)
1
2 2 v r T
solar collectors to enhance the thermal performance. They reported 2 3
that the thermal conductivity of nanouids is a signicant factor
that affects the thermal performance of solar systems. where E, r, rc, and indicate the electric eld intensity, the uid
On the other hand, active methods need external forces density, space charge density, and the permittivity, respectively.
including electric eld, magnetic eld, acoustic or surface vibration. The rst term of this equation is Coulomb force, which acts on the
Kabeel et al. [52] reviewed the inuences of magnetic eld on ow free charges in the uid. Coulomb force exchanges momentum to
and thermal elds of uids. Their review showed that there are neutral uid molecules, which causes a bulk movement of uid
many applications to utilize magnetic eld for heat transfer [73]. This process is recognized as ionic wind or corona wind, which
enhancement. They stated that more research should be performed leads to an increase in heat transfer rate. The second term in above
about the experimental investigation of magnetic eld in the uid. equation is created by the gradient in the dielectric permittivity at
Laohalertdecha et al. [68] reviewed research works on EHD single the interface between phases. Finally, the third term indicates the
and two phases heat transfer. They just focused on heat transfer electrostriction force linked to non-uniformity of the electric
around horizontal and perpendicular surfaces. They found that AC permittivity. In a thermal system with phase change, exerting an
electric eld has more inuence on the enhancement of heat electric eld creates a dielectrophoretic force due to the difference
transfer during the boiling process in comparison with the DC in electric permittivity of uid and vapour.
electric eld. This happens because AC electric eld is associated Some advantages of utilizing EHD technique are reducing the
with the bubble oscillation during the boiling process. Duan et al. size of thermal systems, improving the control of thermal charac-
[38] performed a numerical work to study the thermal efciency of teristics by monitoring the electrical field intensity, appropriate for
planar elastic tube bundle by ow-induced vibration used in a heat use in particular environments containing zero gravity

Table 1
Applications of each thermal system.

Name of system Applications

Boiling systems Cooling of electronic equipment, Fast growing microchips, HVAC&R, power, process, automotive, refrigeration, and aerospace industries, cryogenic
power cables and components, metallurgical quenching, zero-gravity thermal systems, ssion and fusion reactor heat transfer technology, large
power generation plants, micro-electronics thermal equipment, etc.
Condensation Refrigeration, heat recovery systems, air conditioning, etc.
systems
Drying systems Food industries (Drying of different materials containing cookie dough, chopped onion, potato slab, apple slice, radish, spinach, and okara), drying of
filter paper, wool, paper towel, and biomass materials, etc.
Evaporating Nuclear reaction, fast cooling in materials processing, electronic device cooling, chemical distillation activities, etc.
systems
Solar systems Solar heaters, solar chimney, solar still, solar ponds, solar heat exchanger, etc.
S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14 3

environments, and simplicity in setting up due to the minimal re- voltage. This is the main reason for enhancing the boiling heat
quirements, which are an electrode and compact transformer [83]. transfer. Ogata and Yabe [81] repeated this experiment but
It is worth mentioning that liquids with larger permittivity are the considered a mixture of uorocarbon (as dielectric liquid) and
best working uids for the current level of EHD service [83]. ethanol as a conductive liquid. They found that the increment ratio
of boiling heat transfer by using an electric eld is about 8.5 times
3. Applications of EHD in thermal systems more than the case of no electric eld. They reported that the
number of bubbles increases by breaking up large bubbles under
3.1. Applications of EHD in boiling systems the inuence of electric force created by EHD. Moreover, vapour
bubbles are moved and spread over the heat transfer surface under
Imposed electric field affects the boiling heat transfer by two the inuence of this force. This creates more turbulence in the ow
mechanisms, which are the electroconvection inuence and the eld and causes an increase in heat transfer during the boiling
EHD inuence on bubble formation and movement. Boiling is an process. This can be considered as a reason for enhancement.
efcient mode of heat transfer with numerous applications in in- Seyed-Yagoobi et al. [99] investigated experimentally the effects of
dustrial activities such as fast growing microchips industries, EHD on the enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer in the
where it is necessary to remove a considerable amount of thermal smooth tube and equipped tube with ns. They reported that the
energy from small heated areas such as cooling of electronic consumed power for EHD in all the tests was about 0.01% of the
equipment. During boiling process, a large amount of thermal en- heat generation power in the boiler. This indicates that the EHD
ergy is transferred despite rather low-temperature differences. consumes negligible power. Moreover, Seyed-Yagoobi et al. [99]
Researchers developed various methods to improve heat transfer observed a slightly better enhancement in heat transfer for a n-
rates in two-phase (gas and liquid phases) ows (Nucleate boiling). ned tube in comparison with a smooth one. It should be noted that
EHD, using an electric field in a dielectric liquid, is recognized as a using ns affects the distribution of electric field intensity and
promising active method to improve two-phase heat transfer in electrical force on the bubble. Due to the field trap inuence in a
nucleate boiling. The details of the EHD convective boiling heat nned tube, the bubble is compressed by the electrical force at the
transfer mechanisms are reported by Ref. [30]. n bottom. This leads to absorbing more thermal energy and a
Some researchers performed experimental and numerical better enhancement in the heat transfer. Note that the eld trap is a
studies in this regard [51]. presented the surface wave model for region on a heated rough wall in which the electric eld opposes
EHD coupled lm boiling. When interface between liquid and departure of bubbles growing on that wall Kweon and Kim [62].
vapour phases in boiling is subjected to an electric eld, waves are investigated experimentally the effects of a non-uniform DC elec-
created at interface. These waves increase uctuations resulting tric eld on nucleate boiling improvement and bubble dynamic
instability and the formation of columnar structures and subse- characteristic in saturated pool boiling. They found that the boiling
quently, affect the boiling process. The effects of these waves on characteristics are mainly affected by the electric eld intensity and
boiling process are coupled with the effects of electric eld as they the level of non-uniformity. Pascual et al. [84] investigated exper-
are created under the inuence of electric eld. Note that electric imentally the inuence of EHD on bubble dynamics in nucleate
eld increases lm boiling heat transfer and Jones and Hallock pool boiling on a heated wire. They used DC electric eld. They
model can be used to explain this phenomenon. This model has concluded that use of an electric eld enhances the natural con-
some applications in metallurgical quenching, cables used in vection portion to the total heat ux for a xed heat ux. Moreover,
cryogenic power, zero-gravity thermal devices, and ssion and they observed that the forced convective heat transfer and latent
fusion reactor thermal systems [51]. It should be noted that these heat portions decrease by using an electric eld. The presence of an
applications are just authors' assumptions and they are not estab- electric eld leads to decrease in the number of active nucleation
lished in the industry. For more information about this model, sites and the mean bubble diameter. Bryan and Seyed-Yagoobi [20]
readers are referred to the paper of Jones and Hallock [51]. Yabe and studied experimentally the effects of heat and mass uxes on the
Maki [115] performed experimental and theoretical works to EHD improvement of boiling heat transfer of R-134a in a horizontal
evaluate the enhancement inuences of an EHD uid jet on boiling smooth tube. They found that by increasing the heat ux, the uid
heat transfer. Their results indicated that the boiling heat transfer lm is thinner and the vapour bubbles formed on the surface are
increases for both regimes of nucleate and transition boiling by being pressed to the surface due to the EHD forces. This causes a
using the EHD uid jet. Utilizing EHD uid jet leads to critical heat reduction in the heat transfer coefficient. Moreover, they concluded
ux enhancement of about two times. Moreover, they reported that that the EHD improvement in the boiling heat transfer reduces as
the bubble detachment period reduces due to the inuence of EHD the mass ux increases. Note that the uid momentum increases in
uid jet. Note that critical heat ux is an important point on the the axial direction by increasing the mass ux. This diminishes the
boiling curve. In practice, the transition from nucleate boiling to inuences of EHD forces as these forces were acted in the radial
lm boiling may occur suddenly by increasing heat ux. In this direction in this paper. Note that direction of EHD force depends on
situation, the temperature difference is raised rapidly. The point of different parameters that are reported in Eq. (1). Madadnia and
transition from nucleate boiling to lm boiling is called the point of Koosha [72] investigated experimentally the effects of an electric
departure from nucleate boiling (DNB). The heat ux associated field on the behaviours of isolated bubbles on a horizontal cylin-
with DNB is called the critical heat ux (CHF). Accordingly, CHF is a drical boiling chamber for a nucleate pool-boiling regime. They
signicant parameter in the boiling process [29]. studied experi- found that density of active nucleation sites have a critical role, as
mentally the inuence of an electric eld on pool boiling of R114 bubble behaviour in the nucleate pool-boiling regime, which has a
along with a nned tube. He showed that the boiling hysteresis is high sensitivity to change of electric field. Liu et al. [71] investigated
eliminated by activating rather a low value of the electric eld [80]. experimentally the inuence of electrode polarity on EHD
studied experimentally the inuence of an imposed electric eld on improvement of boiling heat transfer inside a vertical tube. Their
the enhancement of nucleate boiling heat transfer on an upward- results indicate that positive high voltage caused more heat
facing horizontal wall. They considered a mixture of R-113 and transfer improvement. In the other words, a smaller value of mean
ethanol as a liquid. They found that the number of boiling bubbles electric field intensity is needed to achieve a maximum heat
enhances considerably and these bubbles are forced to circulate transfer improvement in comparison to the negative voltage. Cot-
near the heat transfer surface with an increase in the supplied ton et al. [31] performed an experimental work to investigate the
4 S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14

effects of EHD on tube side boiling of liquid HFC-134a in a single-


pass heat exchanger. They observed an increase in the pressure
drop and heat transfer by using the electric field. They reported that
EHD interfacial forces have a considerable effect on the ow char-
acteristics that can affect the enhance in pressure drop or heat
transfer. Zu and Yan [119] studied numerically the inuences of
EHD on bubble deformation subject to pseudo-nucleate boiling
conditions. An air bubble restricted by uid CCl4 was placed on a
horizontal superheated surface initially. They investigated the ef-
fects of electric field on the dynamics of this bubble. They observed
that the bubble pulls and pushes in axial and negative radial di-
rections, respectively by using electric field that elongated the
bubble in the axial direction (see Fig. 1). Note that the coordinate
system is shown in Fig. 1, where r and z are the radial and axial
directions, respectively. Moreover, they showed that using an
electric field to nucleate boiling causes an increase in the move-
ment of the vortices around the bubble and the surfaces because Fig. 2. Streamlines (DV 30 kV) (Reprinted from Ref. [119] with permission from the
the heat and uid elds are considerably affected by the electric publisher).

body force (see Fig. 2). Such vortices have a potential to increase the
heat transfer rate near the surfaces and interface region between
investigated experimentally the combined inuences of EHD and
the liquid and gas. Fig. 1 shows the effects of electric elds on the
wall roughness in pool boiling and critical heat ux for R-123. They
bubble shapes by time. Moreover, Fig. 2 discloses the streamlines
concluded that the combined inuences of EHD and wall roughness
and created vortices by the electric field (DV 30 kV) for this
cause a significant augmentation of boiling heat transfer. Siedel
problem.
et al. [101] investigated experimentally the inuences of electric
Hristov et al. [48] investigated experimentally and theoretically
field on nucleate boiling along an artificial nucleation site (a pol-
the inuences of EHD on nucleate boiling and the critical heat ux
ished copper wall). They considered N-pentane as uid. They re-
in pool boiling of liquid R-123 along a horizontal smooth surface.
ported that the single-phase convection heat transfer and the
They considered two arrangements for electrode containing par-
bubble growth increased by applying an electric field. Gao et al. [41]
allel rods that generate a non-uniform electric field and a mesh that
studied experimentally the inuences of the EHD (non-uniform
generates rather uniform electric field with more blockages to
electric field) on bubble formation in pool boiling along a small
bubbles. They concluded that the bubble detaches from surface
heater. They reported that the outer diameter of bubble and de-
sooner in the presence of an electric eld. Moreover, they observed
parture frequency reduce the intensity of electric field enhances.
more enhancements in heat transfer for a non-uniform field
They observed that the electric force causes a decrease in the latent
compared to the uniform one. Note that the third term in Eq. (1) is a
heat transfer, while electroconvection enhances the tangible heat
force caused by the non-uniformity of the electric eld. Di Marco
transfer. Such effects lead to an increase in the boiling rate. It should
and Grassi [37] studied experimentally boiling in microgravity
be noted that the electrical conductivity of the uid depends on the
under the inuence of an electric field. They performed a com-
temperature of the uid. Due to the high-temperature gradient in
parison between boiling efciency in normal and decreased gravity.
the thermal boundary adjacent a heated wall, the electric charges
It should be stated that the buoyancy is the basic force to lift the
are induced in the thermal boundary layer. Under the action of an
bubbles away from the wall. They found that the boiling heat
electric field, the movement of charges creates a movement of the
transfer drops in microgravity but the efciency of the system can
uid, named electroconvection. Gao et al. [41] presented a table in
be restored by using an electric field above 5 kV. Ahmad et al. [2]

Fig. 1. Effects of electric elds on the bubble shapes during the time (Reprinted from Ref. [119] with permission from the publisher).
S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14 5

their paper and summarized the results of some previous experi- transfer occur simultaneously but bubble formation and departure
mental studies about the effects of enhancing electric field intensity are controlled by an electrical eld. In this regime, the wall tem-
on pool boiling. The results of this summary are presented in perature increases as the electric field intensity increases. This
Table 2. As presented in this table, there are some differences be- means that heat transfer is deteriorated under the inuence of
tween the results of several experimental studies. This could be due electric field. For the high-superheat regime (Tw-Tl>30  C), the
to the various shapes and placements of the electrodes. Moreover, bubbles merge form a big vapour block or a vapour column when
this table conrmed that the enhancement in boiling heat transfer the electric eld is not employed. In this case, the heating wall is
with increasing electric field intensity is in common between the fully covered by bubbles. This prevents the uid ow to heat the
results of several experimental studies. However, Pascual et al. [84] wall. However, Quan et al. [86] observed that big vapour blocks
and Chen et al. [24] did not mention this point in their reports. broke into small vapour slugs by exerting electric field due to the
Mcgranaghan and Robinson [74,75] studied experimentally the acting the electric force. The creating small vapour slugs could
effect of EHD on the boiling heat transfer of HFE7000 in a tube-and- enhance the disturbance to the surrounding uid and in this case,
shell heat exchanger. They concluded that for small values of uid can ow back to the heating wall easily and as a result, the
voltage, about 3 kV, the thermal efciency and pressure drop en- heat transfer is enhanced. Finally, EHD improvement of boiling heat
hances slowly, while at intermediate values of voltage, in the range transfer can be justied by two main mechanisms containing a
of 4e7 kV, the thermal efciency and pressure drop enhance deletion of boiling hysteresis and enhancement of nucleate boiling
rapidly. After 7 kV, the rate of enhancement in the thermal ef- heat transfer coefcients by up to an order of magnitude. Generally,
ciency and pressure drop began to reduce because there is a an imposed electric field enhances the bubble formation and in-
negligible availability of liquid in the domain for redistributing. creases dynamic movement. Change of bubble dynamics and
Note that more liquid evaporates at the entrance region of the tube bubble characteristics are accountable for the improved boiling
by using an electric eld with higher strength. Accordingly, the heat transfer. It should be stated that a remarkable rise in wall
liquid level for rest of the regions decreases and in this case, it is temperature above the saturation point can occur before the
more difficult for the EHD effect to redistribute liquid for boiling. beginning of boiling. This temperature overshoot, which is named
Quan et al. [86] performed an experimental study to investigate boiling hysteresis, is conspicuous when highly wetting dielectric
the inuence of a DC electric field on pool boiling heat transfer uids (e.g. refrigerants) are employed. This phenomenon precedes
along smooth and rough walls. It is worth mentioning that creating the initiation of boiling bubbles for the transition from natural
the ribs on a heating wall has a potential to affect the distribution of convection in the liquid pool to nucleate boiling. Hysteresis as an
electric field intensity and this leads to affect the electrical force on unfavourable phenomenon prevents high heat ux systems from
the bubble. This has an inuence on the formation of the bubble. thermal stabilization. As a result, elimination of boiling hysteresis
Their results indicated that for the low-superheat regime (Tw- can be important as it reduces the degree of the superheat required
Tl<20  C, where, Tw and Tl are the wall temperature and the liquid to start the nucleate boiling. Finally, by using a sufciently intense
temperature, respectively.), electroconvection is the important electric eld, boiling hysteresis can be completely eliminated [29].
mechanism for heat transfer improvement. This deletion is due to agitation inside the thermal boundary layer,
In this regime, the heat ux increases as the electrical filed in- which is induced by the electric eld. Table 3 summarizes research
tensity increases. This means that heat transfer is improved under on applications of EHD in boiling systems.
the inuence of electric field. For the moderate-superheat regime Most of the previous numerical investigations are limited to
(20  C < Tw-Tl<30  C), electroconvection and nucleate boiling heat simulate the effects of EHD on bubbles without considering the

Table 2
Summary of various results in pool boiling with enhancing electric field intensity (Reprinted from Ref. [41] with permission from the publisher).

Bubble dynamics Authors

Ogata and Yabe [80] Karayiannis Kwen and Kim Pascual et al. [84] Madadnia and Siedel et al. [101] Chen et al. Gao et al. [41]
and Xu [54] [62] Koosha [72] [24]

Type of liquid R113 (R11)Ethanol R-123 Rod R-113 Plate R-123 Mesh R123 Wire n-Pentane Mesh R-113 Mesh R-113 Needle
Electrode/heater Mesh electrode, large electrode, electrode, electrode, platinum electrode, electrode, copper electrode, electrode, small
conguration heating wall Tube bundles heating wire heating wire Heating wire cylinder brass block heating wall
Number of Bubbles   Single bubble Single bubble Single bubble
enhancing?
Growth period Not mentioned Not mentioned  Not mentioned Not mentioned
enhancing?
Waiting period Not mentioned Not mentioned  Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned 
enhancing?
Departure  Not mentioned  Not mentioned  Not mentioned 
frequency
reducing?
Departure Not mentioned  Not mentioned
diameter
reducing?
Dynamic contact Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not
angle mentioned
enhancing?
Movement of triple Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not
line studied? mentioned
Bubble was  Not mentioned  
suppressed?
Increased boiling Not mentioned Not
heat transfer? mentioned
6 S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14

Table 3
Research on applications of EHD in boiling systems.

Authors Type of research Type of uid

Jones and Hallock [51] Experimental and theoretical Freon-113 and a conducting mixture of Freon-113 and methanol
Yabe and Maki [115] Experimental and theoretical R-113
Cooper [29] Experimental and theoretical R-114
Ogata and Yabe [80] Experimental Mixture of R-113 and ethanol
Ogata and Yabe [81] Experimental Mixture of uorocarbon and ethanol
Seyed-Yagoobi et al. [99] Experimental Liquid R-123
Kweon and Kim [62] Experimental Freon-113
Pascual et al. [84] Experimental (high-speed video images) Liquid R-123
Seyed-Yagoobi [99] Experimental R-134a
Madadnia and Koosha [72] Experimental Liquid R-123
Cotton et al. [31] Experimental HFC-134a
Liu et al. [71] Experimental Liquid R-123
Zu and Yan [119] Numerical (volume of uid method) liquid CCl4
Hristov et al. [48] Experimental and theoretical Liquid R-123
Ahmad et al. [2] Experimental Liquid R-123
Di Marco and Grassi [37] Experimental FC-72
Siedel et al. [101] Experimental N-pentane
Gao et al. [41] Experimental Liquid R-113
Mcgranaghan and Robinson [74] Experimental HFE7000
Mcgranaghan and Robinson [75] Experimental HFE7000
Quan et al. [86] Experimental Liquid R-113

bubble deformation. Buoyancy is the main force that affects boiling in lm condensation of a stagnant pure vapour along perpendicular
heat transfer directly. Accordingly, the potential of EHD boiling heat walls under the inuence of an electric eld. They concluded that
transfer in microgravity should be investigated more in future. The the EHD effects around the interface between liquid and vapour
polarity of the electric eld directly affects the performance of a phases manifests as a condensate spraying into the vapour phase.
boiling system. Coulomb force is greater for a negative polarity in This enhances the surface of condensation and reduces the width of
comparison with a positive one [117]. This force increases the condensate lm. A lm with smaller width has more inuence on
electroconvective movements and consequently, causes an condensation heat transfer improvement. Trommelmans et al. [110]
enhancement in heat transfer rate. As a result, for a negative po- examined experimentally condensation heat transfer enhancement
larity, the heat transfer improvement is higher in comparison with of non-conducting liquids, containing R-11, R-113, and R-114, by
a positive one. When designing a thermal boiling system by using using an electric eld along a horizontal wall. They presented some
EHD technology, the electric eld distribution has to affect the ow correlations for the improvement of the heat transfer coefcient by
characteristics of regimes, which are prone to higher heat transfer using an electric eld. Bologa et al. [14] improved the vapour
rates. condensation heat transfer in the presence of a non-condensable
gas by using an electrical eld. They reported that for a gas con-
3.2. Applications of EHD in condensation systems centration lower 10%, a uniform electric eld should be utilized,
while for larger values of concentration, a corona discharge should
Condensation heat transfer has various industrial applications be utilized. Cheung et al. [26] studied experimentally the inuences
such as power, HVAC, chemical, petroleum processing loss heat of EHD on the external condensation of R-134a on smooth vertical
recovery, and aerospace industries. Condensation denes as a and horizontal tubes. They observed about 7.2 fold augmentation in
procedure through which a change of phase occurs from the vapour the heat transfer rate with an EHD power consumption of 0.06%.
state to the liquid when the vapour temperature decreases below They found that the EHD power used in EHD enhances as the heat
its saturation temperature. Using high voltage can lead to phase ux increases. Moreover, they concluded that EHD has a consider-
redistribution, and subsequently, change the heat exchange and able capability to improve the external condensation heat transfer.
pressure drop characteristics during the condensation procedure. Da Silva et al. [34] enhanced the condensation heat transfer of R-
This causes a large enhancement in condensation heat transfer [15]. 134a along horizontal tubes by using the EHD. They concluded that
Choi [28] studied experimentally the effects of EHD on the the optimum heat transfer improvement is about 3-fold, with a
condensation of Freon-113. The results of this research showed that corresponding EHD energy consumption of less than 1%. Gidwani
the condensation heat transfer enhances considerably as the elec- et al. [44] examined experimentally EHD-enhanced condensation
tric eld enhances due to the formation of instability waves at the of alternative refrigerants containing near-azeotrope R-404a, R-
interface of uid lm. Holmes and Chaoman [47] investigated 134a, and Zeotropic mixture R-407c in the corrugated and smooth
experimentally condensation of Freon-114 under the inuence of a tubes. They observed a heat transfer improvement of about 18.8
strong non-uniform intermittent electrical eld. They used voltages fold, with a related pressure drop about 11.8 fold in smooth tubes
of about 60 kv and found that the heat transfer coefcient enhances for Near-azeotrope R-404a. They reported that Zeotrope R-407c has
about 10 times in comparison to the case of without eld. Seth and the smallest heat transfer improvement among all refrigerants
Lee [98] investigated experimentally the inuence of a uniform considered in this study, with a maximum of 3.9 and 2.9-fold im-
electric eld on lm condensation heat transfer along the external provements inside the smooth and corrugated tubes, respectively.
surface of a horizontal tube in the presence of non-condensable gas. Finally, they concluded that the EHD improvement of condensation
They showed that the presence of non-condensable gases in the heat transfer rates enhances the mass ux and average vapour
bulk R-113 vapour causes a reduction in the lm condensation heat quality reduce or saturation temperature increases. Butrymowicz
transfer. However, using an electric eld may recover the negative et al. [22] used a new conguration of the tube-electrode system
inuence of noncondensable gases in this regard. Didkovsky and including the horizontal finned tube with a rod type electrode
Bologa [36] examined experimentally heat exchange and ow eld located under the tube. They performed an experiment and
S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14 7

investigated the effects of EHD on condensation heat transfer of


HCFC-123 in the tube. They reported that for this tube-electrode
conguration, the condensation heat transfer enhances about
27%e110% based on the electrode potential by using EHD tech-
nique. Brand and Seyed-Yagoobi [18] investigated experimentally
the capability of EHD induction pumping of a dielectric micro uid
lm to improve the external horizontal condensation heat transfer.
They concluded that this system is suitable for enhancing the
condensation heat transfer in heat exchangers. Wu et al. [114]
improved experimentally the external condensation of R-134a by
EHD for a seven-tube bundle heat exchanger. Both horizontal and
vertical bundle arrangements were considered in this research.
They concluded that EHD have a more considerable effect for the
vertical bundle arrangement. Sadek et al. [93] increased the in-tube
condensation inside a horizontal and single-pass heat exchanger.
They found that the heat transfer coefcient and pressure drop
increase by a factor about 3.2 and 1.5 times, respectively for a Fig. 3. Different modes of condensation in the tube: a) drop mode, b) jet mode, c), d),
e) jet-cone mode, f) curtain mode (Reprinted from Ref. [23] with permission from the
supplied voltage equal to 8 kV. Laohalertdecha and Wongwises [67]
publisher).
evaluated experimentally the inuences of EHD on heat transfer
improvement and pressure drop during two-phase condensation of
pure R-134a in a horizontal micro-fin tube for a large value of mass follows [82]:
ux. They reported that the highest pressure drop and heat transfer
improvement created by EHD are near 50% and 1.15%, respectively. 1. Decreasing the thickness of condensed film by stripping the
Omidvarborna et al. [82] examined experimentally the inuence of uid from the condensation wall
EHD on condensation of R-134a in the presence of non- 2. Shifting the film condensation to pseudo-dropwise
condensable gases. They reported that the inuence of electrical condensation
field on the improvement of condensing heat transfer coefficient 3. Dispersing the condensed liquid by applying electrostatic
considerably decreases at larger densities of noncondensable gases. atomization
Cotton [32] investigated experimentally the inuences of AC and 4. Disturbing the reposition of noncondensable gases at the
DC supplied voltages on condensation heat transfer in a horizontal interface between liquid and vapour
annular duct. The results of this research indicated that the growth 5. Providing the disturbances and waviness into the condensed
of the droplets and the incidence of spouts are considerably related film
to the supplied voltage. Bryszewska-Mazurek and Mazurek [21]
investigated experimentally the effect of electric eld on HFC- Table 4 summarizes previous research performed on applica-
245fa condensation on a vertical cylindrical wall of a heat pipe. tions of EHD in condensing systems. As presented in this table,
The thermal conductivity of heat pipe enhances near 6e8% based most of the previous studies in this regard are performed experi-
on the intensity and type of high voltage. Moreover, their results mentally. More numerical studies are needed to benchmark the
indicated that the straight polarity of the electrode has the better ability of numerical methods in this eld. Moreover, most of the
results. Sadek et al. [95] investigated experimentally the inuence previous experimental studies have focused on external conden-
of pulsed electric fields on condensation heat transfer and pressure sation in a chamber or vessel and practical experiments on internal
drop in horizontal tubes. They reported that for a constant mass condensation are less investigated. Finally, most of the research
ux, the condensation heat transfer improvement due to the sup- performed in this eld used DC voltage, while a pulse supplied AC
plied voltage reduces with the pulse repetition rate, while the voltage provides a wider range of heat transfer in comparison with
pressure drop enhances with this parameter. Butrymowicz et al. DC [32]. Moreover, two-phase ow characteristics can be controlled
[23] increased experimentally the condensation of R-123 in hori- by retouching the pulse repetition rate and the duty cycle of the AC
zontal tubes by using EHD method. Fig. 3 shows the schematic voltage. More works on AC voltage is needed in this eld.
modes of condensation in the tube containing drop, jet, jet-cone,
and curtain modes. Moreover, Fig. 4 discloses the characteristics
of ow condensation for different values of voltage in the tube. As 3.3. Applications of EHD in evaporating systems
shown in this gure, the ow characteristics shift from droplet
mode to curtain mode by increasing the supplied voltage. The au- The omission of thermal energy from surfaces with high values
thors of this research stated that the efciency of EHD for of temperature is one of the most important topics in the thermal
enhancing the condensation rate in tubes is directly related to the systems, such as combustion or nuclear reaction, material pro-
conguration of the tube and the potential of utilized electrode. cessing, or electronic equipment. Applying the heat exchange with
Omidvarborna et al. [83] studied experimentally the inuences a change of phase, such as evaporation, is recognised as the most
of applied EHD on condensation of R-134a inside a double pipe heat promising method in this regards. Accordingly, researchers tried to
exchanger. They concluded that the highest ratios of heat transfer enhance the evaporation rate in many thermal systems by using
improvement are about 14% and 31% for electrodes with a diameter various techniques. Use of electric field is a novel method to achieve
of 4 mm (with 10.7 mm distance between electrodes) and 6 mm this target that causes a small energy consumption. Some re-
(9.7 mm distance between electrodes), respectively. searchers studied experimentally and numerically this technique,
Generally, there is a signicant limitation for enhancing where their studies are summarized in this section.
condensation heat transfer due to capillary inuences, which have Barthakur [12] improved experimentally the evaporation of
a major role on condensate drainage. The EHD technique may be NaCl solutions by EHD. They observed that the evaporation of NaCl
used to enhance condensate drainage. The physical processes solutions are about 3.5e3.9 times quicker when subjects at the
happening during the EHD condensation are summarized as same time to 1.83  1012 negative and 0.94  10l2 positive ions
8 S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14

Fig. 4. Characteristics of ow condensation for different values of voltage (Reprinted from Ref. [23] with permission from the publisher).

Table 4 ndings of tests on the EHD improvement of evaporation of a uid


Research on applications of EHD in condensing systems. fall on a hot wall (See Table 5). It should be stated that they dened
Authors Type of research Type of uid the enhancement rate of evaporation by the ratio of evaporation
time for the case of with electric eld to the case of without electric
Choi [28] Experimental Freon-113
Holmes and Chaoman [47] Experimental Freon-114 eld. As presented in Table 5, the largest this ratio occurs for
Seth and Lee [98] Experimental Freon-113 ethanol (about 20 times), after that water (about 3 times), and
Trommelmans et al. [110] Experimental R-11, R-113, and R-114 cyclohexane (about 1.3 times).
Trommelmans et al. [110] Experimental Freon-113 Yamashita and Yabe [116] investigated experimentally EHD
Bologa et al. [14] Experimental R-l 13 and hexane in
improvement of evaporative heat transfer for a dropping lm and
the presence of
non-condensable gases: its long-term inuence on heat exchangers. They found that
air, helium or carbon working of EHD heat exchangers for thousand hours demonstrates
dioxide that they do not maintain important damage, and accordingly are
Cheung [26] Experimental R-134a
appropriate for industrial targets. Moghaddam and Ohadi [76]
Da Silva et al. [34] Experimental R-134a
Gidwani et al. [44] Experimental R-134a, R-404a, and R- investigated the inuence of electrode conguration on the ef-
407c ciency of an EHD narrow-lm evaporator. Their results showed that
Butrymowicz et al. [22] Experimental HCFC-123 splayed electrode conguration considerably increases the pump-
Bryszewska-Mazurek and Experimental HFC-245fa ing power of this system via enhancing the breakdown voltage
Mazurek [21]
threshold. Posew et al. [85] improved the evaporative heat transfer
Brand and Seyed-Yagoobi [18] Experimental/ R-123
Theoretical of R-134a ow through smooth and micro-fin tubes by applying the
Wu et al. [114] Experimental R-134a EHD. They observed that the highest ratios of heat transfer
Sadek et al. [93] Experimental HFC-134a improvement are 1.15 and 1.25 for micro-fin and smooth tubes,
Laohalertdecha and Wongwises Experimental R-134a
respectively. Table 6 provides some data about previous experi-
[67]
Omidvarborna et al. [82] Experimental R-134a
mental works performed on evaporation enhancement by EHD in
Cotton [32] Experimental R-134a tubes. According to Table 6, most of the experimental works in this
Sadek et al. [95] Experimental R-134a eld are performed on smooth tubes with small values of mass ux
Butrymowicz et al. [23] Experimental R-123 and there are few articles about rough tubes with large values of
Omidvarborna et al. [83] Experimental R-134a
mass ux.
Laohalertdecha et al. [69] investigated the inuences of EHD on
the pressure drop of R-134a during evaporative heat transfer in the
cm2s1 in comparison to the free evaporation control solutions smooth tube and enhanced tube by micro-n. They reported that
Takano et al. [108]. increased evaporation from a uid fall on a hot the pressure drop related to the incorporating an uncharged elec-
impenetrable wall applying a static electric eld. They reported the trode (0 kV) is 80% and 100% for micro-fin and smooth tubes,
S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14 9

Table 5
Findings of tests on EHD improvement of evaporation of a uid fall on a hot wall (Reprinted from Ref. [109] with permission from the publisher).

Fluid Electrical conductivity (U m1) Dielectric constant (F m1) Electrical relaxation time (t(s)) Enhancement ratio at 300 V (Surface temperature)

Water 4  106 6.95  1010 1.74  104 (400  C)


KCI solution (0.01 N) 1.28  100 e e e
Ethanol 1.35  107 2.22  1010 1.64  103 20 (300  C)
RI13 2.20  1011 2.13  1011 0.97 e
Carbon tetrachloride 2.20  1013 1.98  1011 90.1 e
Toluene 1.0  1012 2.11  1011 21.1 e
Cyclohexane 1.9  1012 1.78  1013 9.37 1.3 (300  C)
Hexane 1.7  1016 1.67  1011 9.82  104 e
o-Xylene <1.0  1013 2.27  1011 2.27  102> e
n-Butane <1011 1.70  1011 1.70> e

respectively, compared with the case of no electrode. Huang and Lai this table, many experimental investigations are performed on
[50] increased numerically water evaporation in a rectangular duct applications of EHD in evaporating systems but a few numerical
by the EHD. Fig. 6 shows the effects of supplied voltage on uid ow studies are performed on EHD liquid evaporation that is associated
and vapour concentration for a constant value of cross-ow speed with heat and mass transfer.
(ui 1 m/s). Note that Vo used in the gure caption is supplied
voltage. This gure shows the effects of corona wind on the uid
ow. As shown in Fig. 6, the recirculating ow between the water 3.3.1. Applications of EHD in drying systems
level and the wire is negligible and the streamlines are almost Drying can be considered as an important application of the
parallel for small values of supplied voltage. However, the recir- evaporating process. Drying is recognized as a signicant and usual
culating ow becomes stronger by enhancing the supplied voltage. unit operation applied in many industries containing food and
The recirculating cell develops over the whole water level with a bioprocessing sectors. Industrial drying contains the elimination of
more increase in the voltage; subsequently, this causes high a liquid from a solid by using mechanical, electrical or thermal
evaporation rate. Finally, the vapor concentration contours disclose energies. Conventional drying processes are based on all three
that the vapor is frequently bounded to the boundary layer for a modes of heat transfer containing conductive, convective, and
small electric force. However, the boundary layer is disturbed as the radiative applying superheated steam [105,109], microwave
supplied voltage enhances. This causes a high vapour concentration [25,27], infrared drying [70], heat pump drying [39,40,45], solar
gradient at the interface between the water level and air. This convective dryers [66], and freeze drying either single or com-
creates a considerable enhance in the evaporation value. pound. More than 85% of drying in the industrial processes is
Diao et al. [35] studied experimentally the inuence of R141b convective drying by using air with high temperature or gases
and R123 as working liquid on the thermal efciency of the evap- produced in combustion process [118]. Forced convection drying
orator with capillary wick fabricated by multi-layered sintered applies large air speed that consumes a large amount of energy [3]
copper mesh exposed by various electric field intensities. They and has a negligible yield [111]. One technique to decrease the
reported that the highest evaporative heat transfer improvement amount of energy consumption and also to improve the perfor-
factors are about 1.32 and 1.5 for R123 and R141b, respectively. mance of such system is EHD drying [107]. This technique can be
Heidarinejad and Babaei [46] applied large eddy simulation tur- used for heat sensitive materials of biological origin [73] and is
bulent model to study the inuences of EHD on water evaporation environmentally friendly. In EHD drying, a corona discharge is
improvement in a duct. They concluded that the amount of water created using one or several electrodes located in airow in order to
evaporation enhances by using the electric field. However, the in-
uences of electric field reduce at large values of the Reynolds
Table 7
number. Smith et al. [106] investigated experimentally the inu- Research on applications of EHD in evaporating systems.
ence of EHD on the evaporator thermal performance of a reux
Authors Type of research Type of uid
thermosyphon. They observed that the evaporator unit of a reux
thermosyphon under the inuence of an electric field has a high Barthakur [12] Experimental NaCl solutions
Takano et al. [109] Experimental See table
sensitivity to the electric field intensity and the used heat load.
Yamashita and Yabe [116] Experimental HCFC123
Finally, using an electric field is a new technique to enhance the Moghaddam and Ohadi [76] Experimental HFE-7100 liquid
evaporation rate in different uids. Generally, interactions between Posew et al. [85] Experimental R-134a
electric and ow fields induce a secondary ow that can increase Laohalertdecha et al. [69] Experimental R-134a
the level of heat and mass transport and evaporating rate by Huang and Lai [50] Numerical Water
Diao et al. [35] Experimental R123 and R141b
generating turbulent ow. Table 7 summarizes research performed
Heidarinejad and Babaei [46] Numerical Water
on applications of EHD in the evaporating systems. As presented in Smith et al. [106] Experimental HFE-7000

Table 6
Some data about previous experimental works performed on evaporation enhancement by EHD in tubes (Reprinted from Ref. [85] with permission from the publisher).

Authors Type of liquid Geometry Electrode shape Provided energy for the system

Singh et al. [102] R-123 Smooth stainless steel pipe Tubular stainless steel Water with high temperature
Singh et al. [103] R-134a Smooth stainless steel pipe Tubular stainless steel Water with high temperature
Salehi et al. [96] R-404A Micro-fin copper pipe Tubular stainless steel wire Electric heater
Salehi et al. [97] R-134a Smooth and corrugated copper pipe e Electric heater
Bryan and Seyed-Yagoobi [19] R-134a Smooth copper pipe Tubular brass rod Water with high temperature
Cotton et al. [31] R-134a Smooth stainless steel pipe Tubular stainless steel Water with high temperature
10 S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14

disrupt the primitive air stream. Note that primitive airow spacing and height, corona polarity, conveyor moving velocity,
speeds means the velocity at the inlet of a dryer system. The ionic material characteristics, etc. An accurate tune of these factors is
air ow considerably affects the boundary layer and amplies necessary to optimize the operating condition of the system.
convection heat transfer between the air and the drying production Moreover, the author stated that the drying rate can be consider-
for low primitive airow speeds. Bajgai et al. [9] Kudra and Mar- ably increased by enhancing the supplied voltage. Ramachandran
tynenko [61], and Martynenko and Kudra [73] reviewed and Lai [87] investigated experimentally the inuences of porosity
electrically-induced transport phenomena in EHD drying. Singh on the efciency of EHD enhanced drying. They used 5-mm drilled
et al. [104] performed a review of EHD drying under large values of glass beads as a porous medium. They concluded that the drying
voltage electric eld used in the special elds of food and bio- rates of 5-mm drilled beads are ever more than 3-mm solid beads.
processing. They reported that electrode arrangement has a sig- Dalvand et al. [33] used response surface methodology to optimize
nicant inuence in specifying the performance of the EHD drying an EHD drying system. They used voltage, field intensity, air speed,
unit. Accordingly, the multiple-needle electrode arrangements had and a number of discharge electrodes as inputs of their optimiza-
a superior performance in comparison to the wire or single needle tion process where humidity ratio, energy performance, and energy
ones. They reviewed more than fty references in these two elds. consumption were selected as the responses. Bardy et al. [11] per-
Therefore, this survey just reviews papers outside the elds of food formed transient exergetic performance and humidity loss analysis
and bioprocessing. for forced convective drying in the presence and absence of EHD
Alem-Rajabi and Lai [7] studied experimentally EHD-drying improvement. Their experiment and calculation indicated that both
process of partially moist glass beads. Their experiments indi- transient and overall exergetic performances are considerably
cated that electric eld can increase the drying rate of partially higher for drying in the presence of EHD in comparison with the
moist media. Moreover, the efciency of this drying system grad- drying without EHD.
ually reduces by further receding the liquid level in the beads. Lai Finally, EHD drying is recognized as an energy efcient and
and Sharma [64] and Balcer and Lai [10] examined experimentally environmentally friendly technique. Drying rate in EHD drying is
EHD enhanced drying process by using a multiple and single needle premier, usually from 1.3 to 4.52 times faster, and also drying time
electrodes. They reported that the drying rate depends on the is reduced about 15e40%, based on the type of material, humidity
electric field intensity and the speed of the cross-ow. For the case amount, and operating conditions [61]. Most research performed in
of without cross-ow, the drying rate enhances linearly as the EHD drying have used single electrode, while application of mul-
supplied voltage enhances. Moreover, the results indicated that a tiple electrodes is limited in this eld. However, for industrial ap-
single electrode is more efcient in drying than multiple ones. Lai plications, multiple electrodes should be applied to meet the needs
and Wong [63] evaluated experimentally EHD enhanced drying by of mass production. The design, implementation, and examination
using a needle electrode. They found that wire electrode is superior of this technique should be extended for more complex biological
in EHD drying in comparison with the needle one at smaller values matrices. Usually, the material involved in this eld has a porous
of supplied voltage. Ahmedou et al. [3] investigated experimentally structure. Previous research was limited to the regime of surface
and numerically the EHD drying process based on the creation of an drying in which the porous structure is kept fully saturated. How-
electric wind using the corona discharge. They concluded that the ever, future research should be focused on EHD drying for the cases
drying process has lower performance for a large value of air speed. of partially wetted porous materials. Compatibility of materials and
Air blowing at the surface of the food is a common method to create electrical eld and optimization of the operating parameters con-
the convective heat transfer and complete the drying process. taining corona polarity, voltage intensity, cross-ow speed, and
Usually, large air volumes with high velocities should be blown to electrode gap are necessary for commercialization of this
complete this process and this needs high energy. One promising technique.
alternative technique to enhance heat and mass transfers in the
drying process is EHD. There are three main methods in which EHD 3.4. Applications of EHD in solar energy systems
can improve convective heat transfer. These methods are per-
formed by a ow of corona wind, by electrophoresis, and by Solar energy is recognized as one of the renewable and clean
dielectrophoretic forces. Note that the corona wind is a technique resources of energy. All required energy of humans can be provided
for inducing forced convection by ionic injection and subsequent by the solar irradiance reaching the earth's surface with negligible
acceleration between two electrodes. Electric wind or corona is the environmental effects. Fossil fuel decit, pollution, and global
motion of uncharged air particles due to collisions with ionized air weather change crisis in the recent years shows the important role
particles moving in an electrostatic field to generate a tangible of these kinds of energy. It is important to convert the received
wind. This wind creates forced convection on the surface of food solar radiation into electrical energy or store it in the form of
and leads to higher drying rate. As shown in Fig. 5, the corona thermal energy. Many solar energy systems including the solar
discharge can be generated by using a large amount of voltage collector, solar pond, solar chimney, solar heat exchanger, solar still,
between two electrodes with various radii (e.g., between a plate and solar heater are available to perform this conversion. Unfor-
and a pin). A space charge is created and electric charge ows be- tunately, these systems have a low performance. The performance
tween two electrodes. The gas movement is generated by ions. Ions enhancement is essential from the viewpoint of energy manage-
are created in the corona discharge around the sharp electrode, ment. Some researchers applied various methods to enhance the
which drifts to the ground. A secondary ow forms by an electric performance of solar systems.
field with high intensity. This EHD formed secondary ow is Kasayapanand and Kiatsiriroat [57] used the EHD technique to
recognized as corona wind or ionic wind. This secondary ow increase the heat transfer rate in a solar air heater. They optimized
causes an extra mixing of liquids and destabilization of the electrode conguration to achieve the best heat transfer improve-
boundary layer and subsequently causes a signicant enhancement ment consolidating with the created pressure drop. They concluded
in the humidity removal rate. that the heat transfer rate increases due to electric field, which
Lai [65] examined experimentally the efciency of EHD happens by enhancing the supplied voltage. Kasayapanand and
enhanced drying system by using a prototype. The results of this Kiatsiriroat [58] enhanced the heat transfer in double pass ow
research indicated that the drying improvement by corona wind in solar air heater by using the EHD technique. They optimized mass
real applications depends on many factors containing electrode ux ratio to achieve the best heat transfer improvement. They
S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14 11

Fig. 5. Variation of ow and vapour concentration fields with supplied voltages (a) V0 14 kV, (b) V0 15 kV, (c) V0 16 kV, (d) V0 17 kV, (e) V0 18 kV, (f) V0 19 kV, (g)
V0 20 kV (Reprinted from Ref. [50] with permission from the publisher).

efficiency [56,91]. Most of solar systems are involved with con-


verting the solar radiation to thermal energy or storing thermal
energy. Accordingly, the heat transfer rate is a key factor that affects
the thermal efficiency of these systems. As a result, providing a high
efficiency technology to enhance the heat transfer rate in these
systems is suitable to solve the problem of low thermal efficiency of
these systems. The EHD technique, as a technology with high en-
ergy efciency, can be employed to enhance the heat transfer rate
using an electric field. Table 8 summarizes research performed on
applications of EHD in solar energy systems. The research per-
formed in solar energy systems only covered two types of the solar
energy system (solar air heater and solar chimney). This topic can
be extended for other solar systems containing solar still, solar
Fig. 6. View of a corona discharge with a pineplate arrangement (Reprinted from thermoelectric devices, solar heat exchangers, solar water heaters,
Ref. [3] with permission from the publisher). etc.

3.5. Applications of EHD in other thermal systems


found that smaller value of duct height imposes more strength to
the electric field, which causes higher thermal efciency. Moreover, Some researcher used this technique in other thermal systems.
the optimum mass ux ratio is about 20%e30%. Kasayapanand [59] Wangnipparnto et al. [113] and Wangnipparnto et al. [114] inves-
improved numerically the thermal performance of an inclined solar tigated experimentally and mathematically the effects of electric
chimney by the EHD method. Kasayapanand [59] found that the fields on the efciency of a thermosyphon heat exchanger for small
volume ow rate increases by using this technique. He concluded values of Reynolds number. They reported that the heat transfer
that the volume ow rate improvement depends on the number of coefficient increases about 15% at an applied voltage of 17.5 kV and
utilized electrodes. Nasirivatan et al. [79] examined experimentally Reynolds number of 58. Moreover, the power consumption corre-
the inuence of electric/corona wind on the efciency of solar sponding to the rate of heat transfer enhancement is in the range of
chimney. They reported that the heat transfer through the corona 0.5e20%. Nakhla et al. [78] investigated melting efciency
wind increases the velocity from 0.7 to 1.2 m/s in a chimney. Note improvement of latent heat saving module applying solid extrac-
that the EHD active force leads to enhanced thermal performance tion EHD. They found that the time needed for melting 7 mm width
and indicator of uid ow. Ghalamchi et al. [43] investigated of the phase change material decreases about 40% by using 8 kV
experimentally the inuence of the EHD with different electrode voltage potential in comparison with 0 kV case. Table 9 summarizes
congurations on the efciency of solar chimney. They used par- the research performed on the applications of EHD in other thermal
allel, symmetric, and radial congurations. They reported that the systems.
parallel conguration of six electrodes and 3 cm distance between Finally, it should be stated that the proper control of heat
them creates the best efciency. transfer is more important for many industrial and process appli-
Generally, solar energy systems suffer from low thermal cations in comparison with just enhancement of heat transfer rate.
12 S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14

Table 8  The multiple-needle electrode arrangements had a superior


Research on applications of EHD in solar energy systems. performance in comparison to the wire or single-electrode ones.
Authors Type of Type of solar system  Interactions between electric and ow fields induce a secondary
research ow that can increase the level of heat and mass transport and
Kasayapanand and Kiatsiriroat Numerical Solar air heater evaporating rate by generating turbulent ow.
[57]  EHD can be used to recover the low performance of solar energy
Kasayapanand and Kiatsiriroat Numerical Double pass ow solar air systems.
[58] heater
 EHD can be utilized to improve the melting rate in a phase
Kasayapanand [59] Numerical Solar chimney
Nasirivatan et al. [79] Experimental Solar chimney change material and enhance the efciency of a thermal storage
Ghalamchi et al. [43] Experimental Solar chimney system. The power required for this technique is very low in
comparison with other active enhancement techniques.

As an example, suitable control of cooling rate during quenching Recommendations for design and future research:
procedure of liquid metals is necessary for controlling the crystal-
lization and phase change and hence the development of new  The pressure drop penalty created by EHD technique should be
materials [94]. In refrigeration devices, suitable control of heat coupled with EHD heat transfer enhancement. This helps to
transfer in the evaporator leads to a control on the heat load evaluate the performance of the thermal system, properly.
without affecting the compressor performance [94]. Moreover,  When using the EHD technique, the long-term effects should be
controlling the heat transfer in the boiler will potentially lead to considered as a continuous use of this technology may affect the
control the superheated vapour and subsequently, achieve the electrical or thermal characteristics of the uid.
optimum efciency and maintain the life time of the turbine [94].  Usually, EHD uses refrigerants as the working uid. Some of the
More details on other applications of heat transfer control are refrigerants such as CFC and HCFC cause ozone layer depletion,
available at Aihara [4]. EHD can be employed as an active promising and global warming. The importance of maintaining the ozone
method to control the heat transfer without any change in the layer raises concerns about the usage of them. Replacement of
initial ow conditions. these refrigerants with HFCs and PFCs, which are not-ozone
depleting and have lesser global warming potentials, is a very
important point to consider the standards of environmental
issues.
4. Summary and concluding remarks  The capacities of the EHD technique are not limited to improve
heat transfer. The capacity of this technique to actively control
This paper reviewed the existing researches performed on heat transfer needs more attention.
different applications of EHD in thermal energy systems containing  Most of the research in this eld (application of EHD in thermal
boiling, condensing, drying, evaporating, and solar systems. The systems) are experimental. However, interactions between the
following results can be concluded: electric, ow, thermal, and moisture concentration fields are
interesting phenomena that can be simulated by numerical
 The inuence of EHD on heat transfer enhancement is higher in methods. Note that the interactions between electric, ow,
a non-uniform electric field. concentration, and temperature fields can be numerically
 The combined inuences of EHD and boiling surface roughness determined by computational uid dynamics technique (CFD).
cause a significant augmentation of boiling heat transfer. The cornerstone of CFD is the fundamental governing equations
 The number of boiling bubbles enhances considerably and these of uid dynamics containing the continuity, momentum, con-
bubbles are forced to circulate near the heat transfer surface centration, and energy equations. These equations are the
with an increase in the supplied voltage. This is the main reason mathematical statements of four fundamental physical princi-
for enhancing the boiling heat transfer by EHD. ples containing mass conservation law, concentration conser-
 The polarity of the electric elds directly affects the perfor- vation law, Newton's second law, and energy conservation law.
mance of a boiling system. These equations are solved as the coupled equations by nu-
 The EHD effects around the interface between the liquid and merical methods in CFD. EHD creates an electric force (see Eq.
vapour phases manifest as a condensate spraying into the (1)), which can be placed in the momentum equation as this
vapour phase. This enhances the surface of condensation and balance equation arises from using Newton's second law to uid
reduces the width of condensate lm. A lm with smaller width motion and is related to the net forces acting on a part of the
has more inuence on condensation heat transfer improvement. uid. Accordingly, there is an interaction between ow and
 The EHD enhances the condensation heat transfer as mass ux electric elds. As a result, the ow eld is under the inuence of
and mean vapour quality decrease or saturation temperature electric eld. Moreover, other elds are under the inuence of
increases. electric eld as ow, concentration, and thermal elds are
 Drying rate in EHD drying is premier, usually from 1.3 to 4.52 coupled together.
times faster, and also drying time is reduced about 15e40%,  For the application of EHD technology in a boiling system, it is
based on the type of material, humidity amount, and operating better to employ the electric eld in the regimes of ow, which
conditions. are prone to higher heat transfer rates.
 Two-phase ow characteristics can be controlled by manipu-
lating the pulse repetition rate and the duty cycle of AC voltage.
Table 9
Research on applications of EHD in other thermal systems.
However, more research on AC voltage is needed.
 Compatibility of materials and electrical eld and optimization
Authors Type of research Type of thermal system of the operating parameters containing corona polarity, voltage
Wangnipparnto et al. Experimental Thermosyphon heat intensity, cross-ow speed, and electrode gap are necessary for
[112,113] Theoretical exchanger commercialization of the EHD drying technique.
Nakhla et al. [78] Experimental Thermal storage system
S. Rashidi et al. / Journal of Electrostatics 90 (2017) 1e14 13

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