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TableofContents Section11.1UnderstandingIntegration
Section11.2GeometricApplications
Preface Section11.3TheSystematicApproachtoIntegration
Section11.4EngineeringApplications
1.WhyStudy
Section11.5HumanApplications
Calculus
2.Numbers Section11.4EngineeringApplications
3.Functions
4.TheDerivative CantileverBeam
5.Differentiation
6.Applications A structural beam in Civil Engineering is designed to support load over a span. A
specifictypeofbeamisacantileverbeamwhichisbeamwithoneendcompletely
7.FreeFalling
fixedsothatitcannotmove.Apictureisshownbelow:
Motion
8.Understanding
Derivative
9.Derivative
Approximations
10.Integration
Theory
11.
Understanding
Integration
12.Differentials

InverseFunctions
Exponents
Exponential
Functions
Applicationsof
Exponential
Functions
SineandCosine
Function
SineFunction
SineFunction
Differentiation
and
Integration
Oscillatory
Motion Ifaload/forceisappliedattheendofthebeam,thebeamwillbenddownwards.
MeanValue Try this with a ruler in your hand to see how it bends. When a load is applied at
Theorem the end the beam will experience the highest stress at the end where it is fixed.
TaylorSeries The stresses it experiences are proportional to how high the load is and how far
the load is from the fixed end. In engineering, the term 'Bending Moment' is
MoreTaylor
calculatedfromtheproductoftheloadmultipliedbythedistance.Thegreaterthe
Series
bendingmoment,thegreaterthechanceitwillbreak.Therefore:
Integration
Techniques BendingMoment=LoadXDistance

Links In the example below of a single load at the end of the beam , the bending
Contact momentatthefixedendwouldbeLoadtimesthedistance,d.

Howwouldwefindthebendingmomentforthecaseshownbelow?

Hereadistributedloadisincreasingalongthespanofthebeamwithatriangular
distribution. Triangular distributed loads are found commonly when a liquid is
exerting pressure on a wall with the pressure increasing with the depth . An
example would be the walls of your swimming pool. As the water goes deeper,
theyexertalinearlyincreasingpressureonthewallsofthepool.

Sinceourdistributedloadischangingwiththespanofthebeam,weneedtoapply
oursystematicapproachtointegrationtosolvetheproblem.

Step1Determinetheformofthefunctionalrelationshipbetweentheinteracting
conditions. This is synonymous with writing the equation, where every dimension
isassumedtobeaconstant:

In Civil Engineering, a distributed load is expressed as a constant in units of load

per unit distance. For the case where the loading is a uniform rectangular
distributedloadoverthespanasshownbelow:

Wecanwrite:

Load=someconstant*distance

Theconstantisinunitsofload/distanceanditsvaluedependsonthemagnitudeof
thedistributedload.Thereforetheconstantmultipliedbydistanceequalsthetotal
loadactingoverthatdistance.

Step 2 Identify which dimension is changing with respect to another dimension

anddeterminetheindependentvariable.

In our triangular distributed loading case the constant changes linearly with
distanceor:

Step 3 Write the differential dF, as a product of f(x) and an infinitely small
changeintheindependentvariablex,dx.
Substitutingbackintoourequationforbendingmoment:

Step 4 Integrate both sides of the function from some value x=a to x=b to
calculatethenetchangeinthedependentdimensionF.

In the triangular loading case, c(d) just equals some constant, c multiplied by d.
We could certainly have parabolic and even exponential distributed loading
functions. But for triangular loading, we just need to replace c(d) with constant
timesdor:

Questions

Determinethebendingmomentforthisparabolictypeofloading:

Nextsection>Section11.5HumanApplications

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