THE IMPROVEMENT OF ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF DRASTIC

METHOD TO ANALYZE VULNERABILITY OF GROUNDWATER

POLLUTION IN BANDUNG CITY
Adi Mulyana Supriatna1, Suprihanto Notodarmojo2,
Program Magister Teknik Lingkungan Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jalan Ganesha No. 10 Bandung 40132
E-mail: 1adimulyanas@gmail.com 2suprihantonotodarmodjo@gmail,com,

Abstract : Protection of groundwater resources can be made by creating a vulnerability map of groundwater
pollution. The information obtained regarding the potential distribution of groundwater pollution vulnerability in
a region can be used as a reference in sustainable development. DRASTIC method is one of the instruments to
evaluate the susceptibility of groundwater pollution. This method is quite popular and widely used by
researchers because it is well used on a regional scale. However, seven parameters (groundwater depth,
precipitation, aquifer media, soil media, topography, vadose zone, hydraulic conductivity) were used as the basis
for the analysis did not add land cover parameters as aspects of human activities that could potentially increase
vulnerability. Based on the above, the development of assessment criteria method is to include the land cover
parameters. In addition, adjustments on the parameters and weights associated with the condition of the study
area in the city of Bandung. Development of assessment criteria conducted using Analytc hierarchy proccess
(AHP) method with questionnaires distributed to stakeholders (academics, government and society) amounted to
30 samples. Result of analysis about the effect of land cover to the pollution susceptibility get the lowest weight
that is equal to 0,065 while the highest is the parameter of media of aquifer constituent with weight 0,208. In
addition weight changes also occur on some parameters and sub parameters that are analyzed.

Keywords: Vulnerability Map, DRASTIC, Land Cover, AHP

INTRODUCE groundwater pollution vulnerability methods, the

Management and protection of groundwater can be
done by creating a map of groundwater
susceptibility. This map provides information on
the extent of vulnerability level of groundwater
pollution of a region, so that it can be used as
consideration for decision making in a region in the
framework of sustainable development. According
to Elfarrak, et al, (2013) Groundwater vulnerability
maps are a fundamental document for regional
development, since it is essentially possible to
guide the development project footprint that may
have a negative impact on the quality of
groundwater resources.
The susceptibility of groundwater pollution is the
ease of groundwater polluted due to the nature of
the groundwater system depending on the
sensitivity / sensitivity of the system to the impact
of human and natural activities (Widyastuti, 2006).
Meanwhile, according to Hendrayana (2011) the
susceptibility of groundwater pollution is divided
into two: intrinsic vulnerability (natural) which is a
function of hydrogeological factors such as the
aquifer characteristics, the type of soil above the
aquifer, and the type of geological material.
Specific vulnerability (combined) is a potential
human activity that affects the potential of
groundwater sources in the dimensions of space and
time. There are several methods that can be used to
estimate the vulnerability of groundwater pollution
in a region, such as ISIS, GOD, AVI, SCHMIDT,
SINTACS and DRASTIC. Among the existing
DRASTIC method is a popular and widely used
method by researchers in Indonesia, it is also the
first method of groundwater susceptibility
estimation with PCSM systems.
The research location is in Bandung, the capital of
West Java Province was originally designed for
around 600.000 people, currently based on data
from BPS Bandung in 2016, the population reached
2.5 million people with a high enough density of
14,381 / km2, while the growth rate The population
of Bandung in 2010-2015 reached 0.72%. This is
certainly followed by an increase in land use
change in the city of Bandung. The condition of
urban land in Bandung several years back to change
both to the positive and negative. Land cover
change is a potential for free groundwater pollution,
since land use is one source of pollutants of
groundwater (Widyastuti, 2006).
This study aimed to develop criteria for assessing
the vulnerability of groundwater pollution
DRASTIC method by adding aspects of human
activities to increase sensitivity, so that the
groundwater pollution vulnerability map is more
dynamic.
METHODOLOGY
The development of assessment criteria for shallow
water pollution susceptibility analysis based on
DRASTIC method will be started with literature
study then continued with primary data collection

23-89
by interviewing stakeholders. The results of the structured and logical method. The procedure of
development of the criteria for the assessment of data processing in figures 1.
the vulnerability of groundwater pollution, then
applied by making a map of vulnerability of
groundwater pollution in Bandung.
Collecting data
In the analysis of the development of pollution
pollution assessment criteria the required data is the
primary data collected through the distribution of
questionnaires by way of interviews to stakeholders
(stakeholders). Stakeholders who will be
respondents in this study are the academics,
government and society (Verdiana, 2011).
Number of Samples
The number of respondents in the AHP method
does not have a specific formula, but there is a
minimum limit of two respondents (Saaty, 1993).
On the one hand the number of good samples for
analytical and statistical studies amounted to at
least 30 samples (Roscoe, 1975). So in this study
the sample will be taken at least 30 people.
Table 1. Respondent Figure 1. Flowchart of data processing with AHP
No Responden Instansi Jumlah RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1 Expert Perguruan Tinggi Determination of pollution vulnerability assessment
10 criteria of groundwater pollution is obtained by
(ITB, UPI, Unpad)
collecting expert opinion based on Hierarchical
2 Governmet Dinas Lingkungan
Process Analysis approach (AHP) starting from
Hidup, Badan 10
Geologi, PUSAIR data retrieval to data analysis. Factors analyzed for
the susceptibility of groundwater pollution are
3 Community praktisi AMDAL 10 derived from the DRASTIC method which stands
Distribution of Questionnaires for seven factors considered important in free
groundwater evaluation: D = groundwater depth, R
In this research, the distribution of questionnaires = Recharge rate of rainfall, A = Aquifer media, S =
will use two ways: 1). Interviews directly and, 2). Soil texture, T = slope of the slope (Topography), I
No interviews. = Impact of the vadose zone and C = hydraulic
Analysis method conductivity, while additional parameters Others
that are considered important are land cover (land
After getting various research data, be it primary cover). The parameter is hereinafter referred to as
data or secondary data next step that is analyze data subscript w, while its derivative is called the
with relevant methods. Primary data which is the subscript r.
result of interview with stakeholders in the form of
questionnaire will be analyzed by AHP method, it Subscrip Weight w
aims to know the weight / value of land use aspect Based on the results of analysis, the most influential
on additional criteria for DRASTIC method. factor in the subscript w is the parameter of aquifer
Development of Criteria for Vulnerability media with the weight of 0.208 followed by the
Assessment of Groundwater with Analysis groundwater depth parameter (0.177) and hydraulic
Hierarchy Process (AHP) conductivity (0.162), while the additional parameter
ie the land cover becomes the least weighted
Development of the vulnerability assessment parameter with a value of 0.069. For more details
criteria for shallow groundwater pollution can use can be seen in Figure 2.
AHP method. The AHP method can evaluate the
relationship between assessment criteria with each
other, but it can also be used to see the value of
each criterion that is compared with the help of
expert choice 11 software. The AHP process is a

23-90

Figure 2. Weight of subscrip w
Weight of subscript r
Groundwater depth
The classification of groundwater depth is divided
into four classes namely <5 m, 6-10 m. 11-15 m
and> 15 m. Based on the analysis, the depth of
groundwater in the class <5 m received the highest
weight with the value (0.585) followed by the class
of 6-10 m with value (0,247) and class 11-15 m
with value (0,110), while class> 15 m got the
lowest weight with a value of 0.057. Results. For
more details can be seen in figure 3.
Figure 3. Weight of groundwater depth
Rainfall
Rainfall classification is divided into three classes:
<1200 mm / year, 1200-2400 mm / year and> 2400
mm / year. Based on the results of the analysis,
rainfall in the class> 2400 mm / year has the highest
weight compared to other grades with a value of
0.659, followed by the class 1200-2400 mm / year
and the low one is weight <1200 mm / year. For
more details can be seen in figure 4.
Figure 4. Weight of Recharge
Aquifer media
The classification of aquifer constituent media is
divided into five classes adapted to the geological
conditions of Bandung, the five classes are the
formation Ql (clay tuff, sandstone & conglomerate),
Qvu (volcanic breccia), Qyd (tuff sand), Qyt (tufan
sand, lapili , andesite, basalt) and Qyu (tufan sand,
breccia, lapilli, lava agglomerates). Based on the
results of the analysis, the Qyd formation becomes
the class that is considered to have the highest
23-91
susceptibility of groundwater pollution with value
(0.343), the next sequence is Qyu formation with
value (0,235), then the formation of Qyt with value
(0.202), then formation Ql with value (0.140) and
which gets the lowest weight of the formation Qvu
with value of 0.079. For more details see in figure
5.
.Figure 5. Weight of Aquifer Media
Soil
The classification of soil texture is commonly
divided into three classes: clay, sand and dust.
Based on the analysis, soil texture with the type of
sand got the highest weight with a value of 0.658
means sand is the texture of the soil most
susceptible to groundwater contamination, followed
by silt with a value of 0.262 and the lowest weight
of clay with a value of 0.080. For more details can
be seen in figure 7.
Figure 6. Weight of soil
Topography
Slope classification is divided into four classes, ie
<8%, 8-15%, 16-25% and> 26%. Based on the
results of the research grade slope <8% got the
highest weight with value (0,589), then slope grade
8-15% with value 0,248, then class 16-25% with
value 0,110 and which have lowest weight that is
class> 26% with a value of 0.054. For more details
can be seen in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Weight of Topography
Impact Zone
The classification of the influence of the
unsaturated zone is similar to the classification of
the aquifer composite media ie Ql formation (clay
of tuff, sandstone & conglomerate), Qvu (volcanic
breccia), Qyd (tuff sand), Qyt (tufan sand, lapili,
andesite, basalt) and Qyu (Tufan sand, breccia,
lapili, lava aglomerate). Based on the results of Qyd
formation analysis and Qyu into a class considered
to have the highest susceptibility of groundwater
pollution with value (0.254), the next sequence is
Qyt, (0.196), then the formation of Ql with value
(0.167) and which received the lowest weight of the
formation Qvu with a value of 0.130. For more
details see in figure 8.
Figure 8. Weight of impact zone
Hydraulic Conductivity
The faster the hydraulic conductivity the higher the
susceptibility of pollution. The classification of
hydraulic conductivity is divided into three classes:
<2.59 m / day, 2.59-8.64 m / day and> 8.64 m / day.
Based on the results of the analysis, hydraulic
conductivity at speed> 8.64 m / day received the
highest weight with a value of 0.661, followed by
the grade 2.59-8.64 m / day with the value of 0.254
and the lowest was <2.59 m / Day with a value of
0.085. For more details can be seen in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Weight of hydraulic Conductivity
Land Cover
The classification of cover is divided into five
classes based on SNI 7645-2010 modification that
is agriculture, non-agricultural vegetation,
settlement and related land, livestock and water.
Based on the results of analysis, the type of
settlement of settlements and associated land gets
the highest weight with the value (0.398), followed
by the type of livestock cover with value (0,245),
then agriculture (0,150) and waters (0,134), while
the weight the lowest is non-agricultural vegetation
with a value of 0.072. For more details can be seen
in Figure 10.
23-92
Figure 10. Weight of Land Cover
CONCLUSION
The development of the criteria for assessing the
vulnerability of groundwater pollution of the
DRASTIC method by adding the important land
cover parameters to get the lowest weight compared
to the other sub criterion parameters w with the
value (0,065). In addition, the weight changes occur
in other parameters, if the DRASTIC method of
groundwater depth parameter and the influence of
unsaturated zone has the highest weight, while from
the results obtained that the parameters of the
aquifer media got the highest weight.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aller, L., Bennett, T., Lehr, J., Petty, R. and G, Hackett. 1987.
DRASTIC: A Standardized System for Evaluating
Ground Water Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic
Settings. National Water Well Association, Dublin Ohio
/ EPA Ada, Oklahoma. EPA-600/2-87-035
Cavallin,A. And Giuliano, G. 1992. A procedure for evaluating
aquifer vulnerability on a regional scale using
computerized system a case study. ITC Journal, Vol. 2,
p. 154-157.
Elfarrak H, Hakdaoui M, Fikri A. 2014. Development of
Vulnerability through the DRASTIC Method and
Geographic Information System (GIS) (Case
Groundwater of Berrchid), Morocco. Journal of
Geographic Information System. 6 : 45-58
Hendraya H. 2011. Kerentanan Airtanah terhadap Pencemaran
dan Pemompaan Airtanah. Lecture Note. UGM
L. Saaty, T. L. Pengambilan Keputusan bagi Para Pemimpin. PT.
Pustaka Binaman Pressindo, Jakarta.
Porcel R A D, Schuth C, Leon-Gomez H, Hoppe A, Lehne R.
2014. Land-Use Impact and Nitrate Analysis to
Validate DRASTIC Vulnerability Maps Using a GIS
Platform of Pablillo River Basin, Linares, N.L., Mexico.
International Journal of Geosceinces. 5 : 1468-1489
Roscue, J T. 1975. Fundamental Research Statistic for the
Behavioral Sciences. New York : Holt, Rinehart and
Winston. Inc
SNI 7645-2010 tentang Klasifikasi Penutup Lahan
Widyastuti M. 2006. Pengembangan Metode DRASTIC Untuk
Prediksi Kerentanan Airtanah Bebas Terhadap
Pencemaran di Sleman. Majalah Geografi
Indonesia. Vol 20 : 32-51