Enhancement

Breakpoints

19 45
Enhancement
The default stretch in Imagine is a linear stretch. Each BV from the original
image is equally assigned to the monitor displays value range of 0 to 255.

(BV) Range

Monitor
0 Brightness Level 256
25 135
Enhancement
Linear Histogram Stretch
(Imagine default stretch)
Enhancement
Look Up Table (LUT)
Enhancement
Breakpoints

19 45
Enhancement
Breakpoints
Breakpoints can be used to emphasize portions of the histogram
that depict various landscape features
Enhancement
Breakpoints
Enhancement
Haze
Haze is scattered light.

Scattering increases as
wavelength decreases.

Compare the histograms of all

bands.

Deep water and deep shadows will

have NIR and MIR minimum values
near zero (0).

Histogram plots will usually show

increasing offset from 0 as
wavelength decreases.
Haze Removal
Deep Water Subtraction Method

BAND 4

Subtract this value (6)

Haze Removal
yblue = b0 + b1 x1

yblue = b0 + b1 x1 Regression Method

Haze Little or no haze

Select pixels from each image for all land cover classes, develop regression band by band
Spatial filtering
Lillesand and Kiefer, 3rd edition, pg 553

Moving (Roving) Window

Spatial filtering
Lillesand and Kiefer, 3rd edition, pg 553

Low pass filters

Low pass filters emphasize low frequency features

Considered smoothing filters
The average, majority, median of an odd-sized window
Spatial filtering
Low Pass Convolution Filter
p1 p2 p3
p4 p5 p6 1/9p1 + 1/9p2 + + 1/9p9
p7 p8 p9
Spatial filtering
High Pass Convolution Filter
(Slide 26)
Original Low Pass
 Band Transformations
Band Ratios
RVI = NIR/Red
Since vegetation has high NIR reflectance but low red reflectance, vegetated areas will
have higher RVI values compared to non-vegetated aeras. Another commonly used
vegetation index is the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) computed by

NDVI = (NIR - Red)/(NIR + Red)

Band Ratios
Principle Components Analysis
data dimensionality reduction

Axis of maximum variance

PC1

Band 2

Axis orthogonal to PC1

PC2

Band 1
PCA 2-d Case (Say, band 1&2)

-Assign a set of new axes

-Set the origin at the mean
-Negative values (shaded) now
-Translate the origin
-Eliminate negatives
PCA 2-d Case (Say, band 1&2)
-Assign a set of new axes
-Set the origin at the mean
-Negative values (shaded) now
-Translate the origin
-Eliminate negatives
PCA
The General Case
While the plot of the data may be roughly an ellipsoid it
also might not be. The work of Kauth and Thomas
argues that the data plot resembles a fuzzy tasseled cap
rather than an ellipsoid. Furthermore there is the
problem of determinining the ellipsoid if one does exist.
There is needed a more general method for determining
the axes of the new coordinate system. The general
method involves the covariances between the variables.
This amounts to the intercorrelations among the original
variables. The process for computing the covariances is
described below.
 PCA

Once the covariance matrix has been determined the next question is how are the new
coordinate axes to determined from it. The answer is that there are certain vectors,
called characteristic vectors or eigen vectors, that give the direction of the new axes.

Source: http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/princmp.htm
 PCA
The covariance calculation begins with pairs of x and y, takes their differences
from their mean values and multiplies these differences together.

The first Principle Component is the best linear combination of the original
variables that would account for more of the variance in the data than any
other linear combination of variables.

PC1 = ax1 + bx2

 K-T
Kauth and Thomas define their tasseled cap
transformation relying upon the diagram to the
right. One component of their transformation is the
weighted sum where the weights are statistically
derived. In the original formulation the weights are
not all equal. Later analyses simplified the
transformation to be the sum of the channel
readings and the result is characterized as
"brightness." The second component is
perpendicular to the first and its axis passes
through the point of maturity of the plants,
corresponding to points A4 and B4 in the previous
diagram. The third component corresponds to an
axis perpendicular to the first and second and
passing through the point which represents
ripened wheat, the "yellow stuff." The fourth
component represents projection onto an axis
perpendicular to the other three. Kauth and
Thomas call it "non-such" and treat it as random
noise.

Source: http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/tassel.htm
Tasseled Cap Transformation
A set of standard coefficients that result in a new (rotated) coordinate
system in terms of which the soil line and the region of vegetation are
more clearly represented (Mather, 1999)
Remote Sensing of the Physical
Environment
General Concepts
Definition
Mapping the Earth
Scale
Resolution
Light
Sensors
Methods and Techniques
Basic Processes
Enhancement
Feature Space
Classifications
Accuracy Assessment
Applications
Vegetation
Water
Urban
 Remote Sensing/Image Processing Basics
Enhancement

Visual (LUT) PROCESS Rectification

Haze Removal Band Transforms

LP/HP Filters

Feature Space Analysis

Classification

Unsupervised PROCESS Supervised

Iterative Hybrid
Knowledge-based

Accuracy Assessment

Kappa Coefficient PROCESS Contingency Table

Remote Sensing of the Physical
Environment
General Concepts
Definition
Mapping the Earth
Scale
Resolution
Light
Sensors
Methods and Techniques
Basic Processes
Enhancement
Feature Space
Classifications
Accuracy Assessment
Applications
Vegetation
Water
Urban