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S A N S KR IT G R A MMA R

FO R B E G INN E R S ,

IN

D E V A N AG A R i A N D R OMA N LE TTE R S THR OUG HOU T,

BY

F . M A X M UL L E R , M A . .
,

R
FO MEM E R
E IG N RE B OF T H E F N C H I N ST I T UET ,

SECON D REV ISED A CCEN TUA TED .

LO N D O N :

L O N G M A N S, G R EEN ,
A N D CO .

1870 .
 QB x f o r h :

T . C O MB E ,
M A
. .
,
E . B . G A B D N E R ,
~
E PI C KARD
A N D . H ALL ,

P RIN T ER S TO U IV E R I
N S TY .
 PR E F A C E

TO THE FIR ST ED ITIO N .

TH E p e ent r
g s r a mm ar , w h i ch i s
ch ie y i nt e n ded f o r be g i nn e r s i s ,

be l ieved to con ta i n a l l th e i n f o r m ati o n th at a s t u de nt o f Sa n s kr it

i s l ikel y to w ant d u r i ng th e r s t t w o o r th r ee y e ar s o f h is r ea di ng .

Rul e s r efe r r in g to th e l an gu ag e o f th e V eda s h a ve bee n e nt ir el y

e xcl u ded fo r i t i s n o t des ir abl e th at th e di fcu l tie s o f th at a nc ie nt
,

di a l e ct shou l d be appr o a ch ed by any o n e w h o h as n o t ful ly m as te r ed

t h e gr a mm ar o f th e o r din ar y Sa n skr it s u ch as i t w as x ed by Pan in i
a nd hi s s u cc e s s o r s A l l al l u s i o ns to co gn ate fo r m s i n G r eek La t in
.
, ,

o r G oth i c h ave l i k e w i s e bee n s u pp r e s s ed be c au s e h o w e v e r i n te r

, , ,

es ting an d u s efu l t o th e a dvan c ed s tu den t th ey ar e ap t to dep r ive ,

t h e beg i n n e r o f th at c l e a r a n d r m gr as p o f th e gr a m m a t i c a l sy s te m
pe cu l i ar to th e l ang u ag e o f an c ie nt Indi a w hi ch al on e can fo r m a ,

s ol id fo u n d a t i o n f o r th e s tu dy b oth o f S an s kr i t an d o f C o m p ar ative

Ph i l o l o g y .

T h e t wo p r in c ip al obj e cts w h i ch I h ave kep t i n view w h il e co m

p os i ng th is gr am m ar h ave b e en c l e ar ne s s a nd cor r e ctn es s With
,
.

r e ar d to cl e ar n e s s m ch ief m o de l h as bee n th e r a m m ar o f Bo pp
g y , g
w ith r e g ar d to cor r e ctn e ss th e gr am m ar o f C o l ebr ooke
,
If I m a y .

hope w i thou t p r e s u m pti o n to h a ve s im pl ied a fe w o f th e intr i ca c ie s

, ,

of S ans kr it gr am m ar w h i ch w er e bu t p ar ti all y cl ear ed up by Bopp ,

B enf e y Fl ecch i a an d oth e r s I ca n h ar d l y a tte r m y s el f to h ave

, , ,

r e ach ed w ith r e ar d to cor r e ctn e s s t h e hi h s t a nd ar d o f C o l ebr o o ke s

, g g ,

r e a t tho u h u nn i s h ed w o r k I c an o nl y s a i n s el f defe n c e th a t i t
g g y
-
, .
,

i s far m o r e di fc u l t to be cor r e ct o n eve r y m i nu te p o i n t if o ne e n dea ,

vo u r s to r e a r r a n e as I h ave d o n e th e m at e r i a l s co l l e ct ed b y Pan
- i ni
g , , ,

a nd t o a d ap t th e m to th e r amm at i c al s y s te m c ur r e n t i n E u r o pe
g ,

th an if o n e fo l l o w s s o cl o s el y as C ol ebr ooke th e sys te m o f native ,

r am m ar i an s an d a d o p ts n e ar l y th e w hol e o f th eir t e chni ca l te r mi

g ,

no l o T h e m m t i c l y t e m e l b o r a t ed by n a t ive r amm ar i ans

gy .
g r a a a s s a g
i s i n its e l f m o st per fe ct ; an d tho s e w h o h a ve te s ted Pani ni s w o r k

, , ,

w i l l r e a dil y a d m it th at th e r e i s n o r a m m ar i n a n
y l an u ag e th a t
g
g
a 2
iv PR E FA C E TO TH E

coul d vie w ith th e w on de r ful m e ch ani s m o f h i s eight b ooks o f

r amm at i ca l ru l e s B u t u n r iv a ll ed as th a t s ys t em i s i t i s no t
g .
,

s ui t ed t o t h e w ant s o f E n g l i s h s tu de nt s l e as t o f al l to th e w an t s ,

o f beg i nn er s W h i l e av ail i ng m y s e l f th er efor e o f t h e m ate r i al s

.

coll e cted i n th e g r a mm ar o f Pan ini and i n l at er w or k s s u ch as th e ,

Pr akr i ya Ka u m u di t h e S idd hanta K a u m u d i th e S ar as v a t i Pr ak r i y a

- -
, , ,

a n d th e Ma dh av i y a d h atu vr i t ti I h a ve a b sta i ned a s m u ch as p o s

- -
, ,

s ib l e fr o m i n t r o d u c i n an m o r e o f th e pe c ul i ar s y s t e m an d o f
, g y
th e t er min ol og y o f I n di an g r a mm ar i a n s th an h as al r ead y fo u n d
*

a d m i tt an c e i nto o u r S an s kr i t r a mm a r s ; n I h ave fr eq u e ntl y

g a
y ,

r ej e ct ed th e r a m m ati cal o b s er va t i o n s s u pp l ied r ea dy to h an d

g
i n th ei r w o r k s i n o r der n o t to o ve r w h el m t h e m e m o r y o f th e
,

s tu de n t w i th too m an y r u l e s a n d too m a ny e x c ep t i o n s W h e th er .

I h ave a l w ay s bee n s u cc e s s fu l i n dr a w i ng a l i n e be t w ee n w h a t
i s e s s ent i a l i n S an s k r i t g r a m m ar a n d w h at i s n o t I m us t l e ave ,

to th e j u dg m e nt o f tho s e w h o e nj oy t h e g oo d for t u ne o f bei ng

e ng a g ed i n th e p r act ic a l t e a chi ng o f a l ang u ag e th e s tu de nt s
o f w h ich m ay be cou nted n o l o ng e r by t e n s b u t by h un d r ed s ,

I o nl y w i sh it to be u n de r s too d th at w h e r e I h a ve l eft o u t r ul es

Th e f e w al t er a t i o n s t h at Ih ave m ad e i n t h e u s u al t er m i no l o gy h ave b een m ad e

s o l el y wi h t a vi ew o f fac i l i t at i ng t h e w o r k o f t h e l ear n er . T h u s i n s t e ad o f num b e r i ng

t h e t en cl as se s o f ver bs I ,
h ave c al l e d e a ch by i t s r s t ver b . Th is r e l i e ves t h e m em o r y
o f m u ch u nn eces s ar
y t r o u l e, b as t h e ver y n am e i nd i cat es t h e ch ar a ct er o f e a ch cl as s

and t h o u g h t h e n a m es m ay at fi r s t s o un d so m e w hat u n co u th , t h ey ar e a ft e r al l the o nl

y
n am es r e co by nat i ve gr amm ar i ans Kn o wi ng r o m m y e x p er i e nce as a n ex am i ner ,
gn i z ed . f

h o w d i f cu l t i t i s t o r em e m b er t h e me r el y nu m er i cal d i s t i n ct i o n e t w e en t h e r s t, s e co nd , b
or t hi r d p r et e r i t es , or th e r s t and seco nd f
p o s s i bl e t o t h e
u t u r es , Ih ave k ep t as m u ch as

t erm i n o l o gy wi t h wh i ch cl as si cal s ch o l a s ar e fa m i l i a ca l l in g t h e t en s e co e s p o nd i ng t o
r r ,
rr

t h e G r e ek I m p e fe ct I m p er fe c t ; t h t c o r es p o n di ng t o t h e P e fec t R ed p l i ca t ed P er fect ;
r ,
a r r ,
u

t h t co r e s p o n d i ng t t h e A o r i s t A o i s t ; a n d t h e m o o d c o es p o n d i ng t o t h e Op t at i ve
a r o ,
r rr ,

Opt at i ve Th e n am es o f Pe i p h as t i c P e fe ct a nd Pe i p h a s t i c Fu t u e t el l t h eir o w n
. r r r r r r

sto r y; and if I h ave r e t a n ed i t h e m e r el y n u m e r i c al d i s t i nct i o n b twe e en th e Fi r s t a nd

S e co nd A o r i s t s , i t w a s b ecau s e th i s d i st i n ct i o n s eem ed to b e m o r e i nt el l i gi b l e t o a

cl a ss i cal s ch o l ar t h an t h e si x o r s even f or ms o f th e s o - cal l ed m ul ti f or m Pr et e r i t e . If i t

w er e p o ss i bl e t o m ak e a ch ange i n t h e est abli sh ed gr am m a t i cal n o m encl a t u r e I sh o u l d ,

m u ch p efer t o cal l t h e F i s t t h e S ec o n d an d t h e S e co n d t h e F i s t A o r i s t ; t h e fo m e
r r ,
r r r

b ei ng a s e co nd a y an d co m p o u nd t h e l at t er a p i m ar y an d s i m pl e t e nse B ut F i r s t
r ,
r .

an d S e co n d A o i s t s h ave b eco m e al m o s t p r o p er n am es an d w i l l n o t eas i l y yi el d t h e i r

r
,

p l ce t o m er e a g u m ent
a r .

t I n t h e U n i v e s i t y o f L ei p i g al o n e a s m any as ft y p p i l s at t end ever y y ear

r z ,
u

the cl a s s e s o f Pr o f
es s o r B ro c kh au s i n or d er t o ac qu i r e a k n o wl e d g e o f the el e m e n t s o f
S ans kr i t , p i
r ev o us to t h e s t ud y o f C o m p ar ati ve P h i l o l o gy u nd er Pr o f e s so r C u r tiu s .
 FIR S T EDITI ON .

or e xc ep ti o n s co nta i n ed i n oth e r g r am m ar s wh e th e r native o r

, ,

E u r o pe a n I h a ve d o ne s o a ft e r m at u r e co ns ide r at i o n de l ibe r a te l y
, ,

p r efe r r i ng th e l e ss co m pl e t e t o th e m or e co m p l e te bu t a t t h e sa me , ,

t im e m o r e be w il de r i ng s ta te m e nt o f t h e a no m a l ie s o f t h e S ans k r i t
,

l an gu a g e . Th u s to m e nt i o n o n e o r t w o c as e s w h e n g ivi ng th e
, ,

r u l e s o n th e e m p l oy m e n t o f th e s u fx e s s a t a n d m a t I h a ve
l eft o u t th e r ul e th at b as e s e n di ng i n m tho u g h th e m be pr e c eded ,

by oth e r v o w el s th a n a a l w ays take va t i ns te a d o f m a t I did s o

, .

p ar tl y b e cau s e th er e ar e ve r y fe w b as e s e ndi ng i n m p a r t ly be ca us e , ,

if a w o r d l ike ki m vd n s ho u l d occ u r i t w o u l d be ea sy t o dis co ve r

-
,

th e r e as o n w hy h e r e too 1) w as pr efer r ed t o m v i z i n o r de r to a v oid , .

th e cl as hi ng o f t w o m s A g a in w h e n g ivi ng th e r ul es o n th e

.
,

fo r m ati on o f de nom i na t ive s I p as s ed o ve r fo r ver y m u ch ,

th e s a m e r eas on th e p r oh ibit i on g ive n i n Pan I I I I 8 3 vi z th at

,
. .
, , , .

b a s e s e n ding i n m ar e n o t all o w ed t o for m de no mi n at ive s I t is .

tr u e n o d o u b t th at th e o m is si on o f s u ch r u l e s o r exc ep t i o ns m ay
, ,

be s a id t o i nv o l ve a n a ctu al m i s r ep r e s e ntati o n an d th a t a p u pi l ,

m ig ht be m i s l ed to fo r m s u ch w o r d s a s ki m m d n a nd [r i m ya m - -
.

B u t th i s c a n not be av o ided i n an el e m e n tar y gr a m m ar ; an d

th e s tu dent w h o i s l ike l y t o com e i n co ntact w i th s u ch r e con
dit e for m s w i ll n o d o u b t be s u fc ien tl y a dv anc ed t o be a bl e to
,

con s ul t f o r hi m s el f th e r u l e s o f Pan i ni and th e e x pl anat ions o f h i s

com m en t ato r s
M y o w n fear i s th at i n w r i t i ng an el e m en t ar y g r am m ar I h ave
, ,

er r ed r a th er i n g iving too m u ch th an i n g ivi ng too l ittl e I h ave .

th e r efor e i n t h e t ab l e o f cont e nts m a r ke d w i th an a st er i sk all

su ch r u l e s a s m a b e s a fel y l eft o u t in a r st co ur s e o f S a n s k r i t
y
r am m ar a n d I h a ve i n di ff er e n t p l a c e s i n fo r m ed th e r e a de r
g
w h eth er c er ta i n p or t i o ns m i g ht be p a s s ed o ver q u i ck l y o r s ho u l d ,

be c ar efu l l y co m m itt ed to m e m o r y H er e a n d th e r e as fo r i ns ta nc e
.
,

in 10 3, a few e xt r a cts ar e i nt r o d uc ed fr o m Pan in i s im p l y i n ,

or de r t o g ive th e stu de nt a fo r e t as t e o f w h at h e m ay e xpect in

t h e el ab or at e w or k s o f n at ive g r a m m a r i ans w hil e l i sts o f ve r b s ,

l ike t h o s e co nta i ned i n 33 2 o r 4 6 2 ar e

g ive n a s eve r y b o dy ,

w i l l s e e fo r th e s ake o f r efe r e nc e o nl y
,
T h e s o m e w h at e l a b or at e .

tr e atm ent o f t h e n om i na l b as es i n i a n d 22 fr o m 2 2 0 to 2 2 6 , ,

In t h e s ec o n d e d i ti o n al l t h es e p ar a ra
g ph s ar e p i
r nt e d i n s m al l e r t y pe .
 vi P R E FA C E TO TH E

b ecam e n e c e s sar y p a r tl y b e cau s e i n n o g r am m ar h ad th e di ffer ent

,

p ar adi g m s o f th i s cl as s been cor r e ct l y g iven p ar t l y be c au s e i t ,

w a s i m p o s s ibl e t o br i ng o u t c l e ar l y th e p r i nc ip l e o n w h i ch th e
pe cu l i ar i t ie s an d app ar en t ir r e gu l ar it ie s o f th e s e n ou ns ar e b a s e d
w itho u t e nt e r i n g fu ll y i n to th e sy st e m at i c a r r ang e m e n t o f n a tive
r a m m ar i a n s O f p o r t i o n s l i ke t h i s I w i l l n o t s a in deed
g .
y ,

n 9 u EA A bu t I fee l t h a t I m ay say 11% : 3 rmt

,
a ou RF ,

-
ah aa q z ; an d I k n o w th at tho s e w h o w i ll t ake t h e tr o u b l e t o

exam in e t h e s am e m as s o f eviden c e w h ich I h ave w eigh ed an d

e x a m in ed w ill be th e m o s t l en ien t i n th eir j u dg m en t if h er e a fte r
, ,

th ey s hou l d su cc eed bett e r th an I h ave don e i n u nr ave l li ng th e ,

in tr i cat e ar g u m e ntati on s o f n ative s chol ar s

B u t w h i l e a c kn o wl ed gin g m y o bl i g a ti o n s to th e g r e at g r a m
m ar i an s o f I n di a i t w o u l d b e u ng r at eful w er e I no t to
,

a ckn o w l ed e a s fu l l y t h e a s s i s t a n c e w h i ch I h a ve de r ived fr o m
g
th e w or k s o f E u r ope an s cho l ar s M y r s t a c qu ai nt an c e w i th t h e .

e l e m ent s o f S anskr i t w as ga in ed fr o m Bo pp s g r am m ar Tho s e .

onl y w h o k n o w th e w or k s o f h i s p r ede c e ss or s o f C ol ebr oo ke , ,

C a r ey W i l ki ns an d Fo r s t er ca n app r e c i at e t h e a dv a nc e m ade
, , ,

b y Bo pp i n ex pl aini ng th e di fc ul tie s an d i n l ig ht in g u p if I , ,

m ay s ay s o t h e d ar k l an e s an d all ey s o f th e S a nsk r it l ang uag e

, .

I d o u b t w h e th er S an s k ri t s chol ar s hi p w ou l d h ave o ur i s h ed as
i t h a s if st u de nts h ad bee n obl ig ed t o l e ar n th eir gr a m m ar fr om
,

For ster o r C ol eb r ooke an d I be l ieve th at to Bopp s l ittl e g r am m ar

,

i s d u e a g r e at p o r ti o n o f th at s u cc e s s w h i ch h as a tt e n ded th e s t u dy
o f S anskr i t l it er atu r e i n Ger m any C ol eb r ooke C ar e y W il ki n s .
, , ,

a nd Fo r s t er w o r ked i n depen de n tl y o f e ach oth e r E a ch der ived .

h i s i n fo r m a t i o n fr o m n a t ive t e ach er s an d fr o m n a t ive g r am m ar s .

A m ong th es e fo u r s chol ar s W i l ki ns s ee m s to h a ve b e e n th e r s t ,

t o co m p o s e a S an s kr it g r a mm ar f o r h e i n fo r m s u s th at th e r s t ,

pr in t ed s h eet o f h i s w or k w a s de s tr oy ed by r e i n 1 7 9 5 T h e .

To th o se w h o h ave t h e s am e f a i th i n t h e acc u r at e a nd n ever s w er vi ng ar g u m en

t at i o ns o mm ent at o r s , i t m ay be a s avi ng o f t i m e t o b e i n o r m ed t h at i n
f S ansk r i t co f
f
t h e n ew and ver y u s e ul edi t i o n o f t h e S i d d h ant a-Kau m u d i by S r i Tar anat h a t ar k ava -

p p
ch a s at i t h er e ar e t w o m i s r i nt s wh i ch h o el ess l y d i s t u r b t h e o r d er o f t h e r u l es o n t h e
p
p O np W W

p ro er d e cl en s i o n o f n o u ns i n t an d 72 a e I 3 6 , 1 7, r ead
g . i ns t ead o f ; .

this is c o r r ect e d i n th e C o r r i g en d a ,
a nd the r i gh t r ead i n
g f
is o u nd in th e o l d edi t i o n .

On th e s am e p g a e, 1
. I 3, i nser t 7 a ft er f '
T-
, o r j o in W W .
 FIR ST EDITION . vi i

w ho l e g r a m m ar , ho w eve r w as n o t pu b l is h ed t ill 1 80 8 In th e , .

m e a n t i m e Fo r s t e r h ad ni sh ed h i s gr a m m a r a nd h a d actu a l l y ,

del ive r ed hi s M S to th e C o u nc il o f t h e C o l l eg e o f For t Willi am

.

i n 1 80 4 . B ut it w a s n o t p ub l i s h ed ti l l 1 8 1 0 T h e r s t par t o f .

C o l ebr o o ke s gr am m a r w a s p u bl i sh ed i n 1 80 5 and th e r efo r e s ta nds

,

r s t i n p o i n t o f t im e o f p u bl i ca t i o n U n fo r t u na te l y i t w as no t .

ni s h ed be c au s e t h e g r a mm ar s o f Fo r s te r a nd C ar ey w e r e th e n
,

i n co u r s e o f p u bl i ca t i o n a nd w o u l d as C o l ebr ooke i m ag i ned s u pp l y

, , ,

th e dec ien t p ar t o f h i s o w n C ar ey s g r am m ar w as p u bl is h ed i n

1 80 6 . A m o ng t h e se fo u r p u b l i cati o n s w hi ch as r s t a tt e m p ts at ,

m a ki ng th e an c ie nt l a ng u ag e o f I n di a acc e s sibl e t o E u r o pe a n
s chol ar s ,
de s er ve th e h ig h e st c r edi t C o l ebr o o ke s gr am m ar i s ,

a ci l e r i nc e s s de r ived at r s t h an d fr o m th e be st n a t ive
f p p I t i .

r a m m ar s a n d evi n c e s a fam i l i a r i ty w i th t h e m o s t int r i ca te rm

g , p
hl em s o f H i n d u g r am m ar i an s s u ch as f e w s chol ar s h ave ac q u i r ed
a ft e r h i m N 0 o n e c an u n de r s t an d an d a pp r e c ia te t h e m er its o f th is
.

r am m ar w h o h as n o t p r evi o u s l y a c qu i r ed a k n o w l ed e o f th e r am
g g g
m at i cal sy s t e m o f Pan in i a nd i t i s a g r e at l o s s to Sa ns kr i t s chol ar
,

shi p th at s o v al u abl e a w o r k s ho u l d h a ve r e m ai n ed u n n i s h e d .

I o w e m o s t i n dee d t o C ol ebr ooke a nd Bo pp bu t I ha ve der ived

, , ,

m any u s efu l hi nt s fr o m oth e r g r am m ar s a l s o T h e r e ar e s o m e p o r .

ti on s o f W il s on s g r a m m ar w hi ch sh o w th at h e consu l te d n ati ve

r a mm ar i an s a nd th e fa ct th a t h e p o s s e s s ed th e r e m a in in p o r tion
g ,
g
o f C o l ebr o o ke s MS g ive s to h i s li s t o f ver b s w i th th e e xc ep ti on

.
, ,

o f th e B h c l a ss w h i ch w a s p u bl i s h ed by C ol ebr ooke a pe cul i ar

, ,

int e r e st Pr o fe s s or B e nfey i n h i s l ar g e g r a m m ar per for m ed a m o s t

.

u s eful t as k i n w o r ki n u i n depe n de n tl y t h e m at e r i al s s u pp l ied by

g p
Pani n i a nd B h attoj i di ks h i t a and hi s s m all e r g r am m ar s too p u b ,

l i s h e d b oth i n Ger m a n a nd i n E ng l is h ha ve r e n de r ed g oo d s e r vi ce ,

to th e c au s e o f s ou n d s chol ar s h ip T h er e ar e be s ides th e gr amm a r s .

,

o f Boll er i n Ger m an o f O pp er t i n Fr e nch o f W es t er g aa r d i n D an is h

, , ,

o f Fl ecchi a i n I t al ian e ach s u ppl yi ng s o m e th i ng t hat coul d n o t be

,

fo u nd el s ew h er e an d conta in ing s u gg es ti o n s m an y o f w hi ch have

, ,

pr o ved u s eful to th e w r it e r o f th e p r e s ent g r a m m ar .

B u t w h i l e th u s r e n de r in g fu ll j u s ti c e t o th e ho n e s t l a bo u r s o f
m y p r ede c e ss or s I a m b o u n d to s ay a t th e sa m e t i m e th at w i th
, , ,

S ee W i l s o n

s S ans cr i t an d E ng l i s h D i c t i o n ar y, r st e d i t i o n, p efr a ce , p . x lv .
 viii P R E FA C E T O T H E

r eg ar d to d o u bt fu l o r di fc ul t fo r m s o f w hi ch th e r e ar e m any i n
,

th e gr am m ar o f th e S an s kr it l an g u ag e n o t o n e o f th e m can b e ,

appe a l ed to a s a n u l t i m a t e a u tho r i ty E ve r y g r am m ar co n t a in s
.
,

a s i s w e l l k n o w n a nu m be r o f fo r m s w h i ch occ u r bu t r ar e l y if eve r
, , ,

i n th e li t er ar y l a n g u ag e I t i s n e c e s s ar y ho w eve r f o r th e sa ke o f
.
, ,

s y s t e m a t i c co m p l e t e n e ss to ive th e s e fo r m s an d if th ey a r e to be
, g
ive n a t all th ey m u s t be ive n o n co m pe t e n t au tho r i ty N w i t
g , g o .

m i ght be s u pp o s ed th at a m e r e r e fe r e n c e to a ny o f th e n u m e r o u s
r a m m ar s al r e a dy p u b l is h ed w o u l d b e s u fc ie n t f o r th i s p u r p o s e
g ,

a n d th a t th e l i s t s o f ir r e u l ar o r u n u s ual fo r m s m i ht s afel y b e
g g
copied fr om th eir p a g es B u t th i s i s by n o m e ans th e cas e E ve n
. .

w i t h r e g ar d to r e g u l ar fo r m s w ho eve r s ho u l d tr u s t i m pl i c i tl y i n t h e
,

cor r e ctn es s o f a ny o f t h e g r a m m ar s h i th er to pu b l i sh ed w o u l d n ever

, ,

be c er ta in o f h avi ng t h e r i ght fo r m I d o n o t s ay th is l i ghtl y o r

.
,

w i thou t bei n g a b l e to p r o du c e p r oo fs W h en I beg a n to r evi s e m y

.

m anu s c r ip t g r a m m ar w hi ch I h a d co m p o s ed f o r m y o w n u s e m a ny
e a n d w h e n o n p o i nts o n w h i ch I fe l t d o u b t fu l I n
y ar s a o
g , c o ,

s u l t e d oth e r r a mm a r s I s oo n di sc o ve r ed ei th e r th at w ith a s tr a n e
g ,
g ,

ki nd o f s equ ac i ty th e y al l r epe ated t h e s am e m i stake o r th at th ey

, ,

v ar ied w ide l y fr om e ach oth er w ithou t ass i gn i ng any r e as on o r

,

a u tho r i ty . I n eed no t s ay tha t t h e gr am m ar s w h ich w e p o s s e s s

d iffe r ve r y m u ch i n th e de g r ee o f th ei r tr u s t w o r th in e s s ; bu t w ith
th e e xc ep t i o n o f t h e r s t v o l u m e o f C o l eb r ooke a nd o f P r o fe ss or
B e n f ey s l ar g e r Sa n s k r i t g r a m m ar i t w o ul d be i m p o s s ib l e to a ppe al

to any o f m y p r ede c e s s or s as an au tho r ity o n d ou b tfu l p o i nt s .

For st e r an d C ar ey w h o evide ntl y d epe n d al m o s t e nt ir e l y o n

,

m at e r i als s u pp l ied to t h e m by n at ive a s s i s tan ts give fr eq u e n t l y ,

th e m o st difcu l t for m s w i t h pe r fe ct accu r acy w h il e th ey go w i l d l y ,

w r o ng i m m edi a t el y a ft e r w i tho u t i t w o u l d s ee m a ny p ow e r o f
, , ,

con tr ol l i ng th eir au thor itie s T h e fr equ e n t i naccu r a c ie s i n th e

.

r amm ar s o f W i l ki n s a n d W il s o n h a ve bee n p o i nt ed o ut b y
g
oth e r s ; a nd how eve r u s efu l t h e s e w o r ks m ay h ave b e e n fo r
p r a cti c al pu r p o s es th ey w e r e n ev er i n t en ded a s a u tho r it ie s o n
,

co nt e st e d p o i n ts o f S an s k r i t gr am m ar .

N oth in g r e m a in ed i n fa ct i n o r de r to a r r ive a t any s at i s f acto r y

,

r e s u l t bu t to col l at e t h e w ho l e o f m y g r am m ar
,
w ith r e g ar d n o t
,

onl y to t h e i r r eg u l ar bu t l ike w i s e t o t h e r eg u l ar fo r m s w i th Pan i n i ,

an d oth e r n a t i v e gr am m ar i an s a n d to s u pp l y f o r e a ch d o u b t fu l c a se
, ,
 F IR S T E D I T IO N . ix

an d fo r r ul es th a t m i g ht to di ffer fr o m thos e o f any o f my

se em

p r ede c es s o r s a r efer e nc e to Pan in i o r to oth er na tive au t ho r ities

, .

T h i s I h a ve d on e and i n s o d o ing I h ad to r e w r i te n e ar ly t h e
,
-

w ho l e o f m y g r a m m ar bu t tho ug h th e t i m e and t r o ub l e e x pe nded

o n t h is w o r k h a ve bee n co ns ide r a bl e I be l ieve th at th ey ha ve no t ,

b e en be sto w ed in vai n I o nl y r e gr et th at I di d no t g i ve th e se
.

au tho ri ta t ive r efe r e nc e s th r o u ho u t th e w ho l e o f m w o rk

*
be
g y c a u s e , ,

even w h er e th er e c a nn ot be any differ en ce o f o pini o n s o m e o f m y ,

r e ade r s m i ht thu s h ave b e e n s aved th e t i m e and tr o u bl e o f

g
l oo kin g th r o u g h Panin i to n d th e S utr as tha t be ar o n eve r y
for m o f th e San s k r it l ang u ag e .

By th is pr oc e s s w h i ch I h ave a d op t ed I b e li e ve tha t o n m any ,

p o int s a m or e se tt l ed a n d au thor i tat ive ch ar a ct e r h as been im p ar ted

to th e gr am m ar o f S an sk r it th an it p os s e s s ed befo r e ; bu t I d o by
n o m e an s p r e t e n d to h a ve ar r ived o n al l p o i nts a t a c l ear an d

deni te v i ew o f th e m e anin g o f Pani ni an d hi s su cc e s s o r s Th e .

r amm a ti c al sy s t e m o f Hi n du r a mm ar i a n s i s s o pe c ul i a r th a t r ul es
g g ,

w h i ch w e s ho u l d g r o u p to g e th er ar e s c atte r ed ab o u t i n di ff er en t
,

p ar ts o f th ei r m anu al s W e m ay h ave th e g en er a l r ul e i n th e l as t
.
,

and t h e e xc ep ti on s i n th e r s t b oo k and e v e n t h en w e ar e b y n o ,

m e ans c e r tain th a t e xc ep ti o ns t o t h e s e e xc ep t i o n s m ay n o t occu r

s o m e w h e r e el s e I s h al l g ive b u t o n e i n s tan c e
. T h er e i s a r oo t .

m j dg r i w h i ch fo r m s i t s A o r i s t by a ddin g {i i sh a m i 3
1
; ,
t
,

Her e th e s i m p l es t r ul e w o u l d b e th at na l 1 5 { MI befor e {i t 73 s
be com es g 7 ( Pan V I 1 '
. . T h i s how eve r i s p r eve nted by anoth er
, , ,

r ul e w h i ch r equi r e s th a t nal a: fr i s ho u l d ta ke G u na befo r e {sh a m

( n
P a v1 1
.
3 . T
,
h i s w o u l d g ive u s w m a d
j g a r i s h a m B ut -
.

no w com e s a n oth er
g e n e r al r ul e ( Pa n V I I 2 I
) w h i ch p r e
. s c r ibe s .
,

Vridd hi o f nal v o w el s befor e {i i sh a m i e W a d d sha m

j g , . . .

A g ai ns t thi s ch a ng e ho w ever a n e w r u l e i s c it ed
, ,
V II 3 .
,

an d th i s s e cu r e s f o r 31 1 1 r z a s pe c i al e xc ep t i o n fr o m Vr idd h i an d
'

1j g
d ,

l e ave s i t s b as e ag a i n as mu j dg a r A s s oo n as th e b as e h as be en
r

.

ch ang ed to s nug j dg a r it fall s u n der a n e w r u l e ( Pan v1 1 2 a nd . .

,
,

i s fo r c ed t o ta ke Vr iddh i u nt il th i s r u l e i s ag a in nu ll ied by Pan V II

,
. .

2 4 w h i ch d o e s n o t al l o w Vr iddhi i n an A o r is t th a t ta kes i nt e r m e
, ,

di a t e i li ke m mfni aj dg a r i sh a m
,
T h er e i s an e xc ep ti on how ev er
. , ,

Th ey h ave bee n gi ven i n t h e s eco nd edi t i o n .

b
 P R E FA C E TO TH E

to th is r ul e al s o f o r b as e s w i th s hor t a a be g in nin g an d endin g

,
, ,

w i th a co n s o n ant m ay o p ti o n all y take Vr idd h i ( Pan V II 2

,
T h is . .
,

O p t i o n i s a ft e r w ar d s r e s tr i cted a n d r oot s w ith s ho r t 3 0 ,

beg inni ng =
,

w i th a co ns o n an t an d en din g i n g r l ike m j dg a r h av e n o o p t i o n , ,

l eft bu t ar e r e str i ct ed a fr e s h t o Vr idd h i ( Pan V I I 2

,
Ho w eve r . .
, ,

even this i s n o t y e t th e n al r e s ul t O u r b a s e mrgj dg a r i s afte r .

a

all n o t to t ake V id dh i a n d h e n c e a n e w s pe c i al r u l e Pa
r ( n V I I 2 5)

. .
, ,

s ettl e s th e r i a s pe c i al e xc ep ti on fr o m
p o i nt b
y g r an t i n
g to a n ;j g
d
Vr iddh i an d th e r eby e s tab l is h i ng i t s Gu n a N o w o n der th at th e s e
, .

m an ifo l d ch a ng e s an d ch a nc e s i n th e fo r m a t i o n o f th e F ir s t A o r i s t o f
311
; j gy
d i ho l d h i pi ed m m i w h c e l eb t e th e m
7 '
u v n a n
s a e s r a
g r a r a o r a s ,

i n th e fol l o w ing co u p l e t

n h

i
t wt
i } P asan t
'

g u s u e

a

fs i m
r s m
a in: m =1: u

Gu n a Vri ddh i G u n a Vr iddh i p r oh ibi ti on o pti on aga i n Vriddh i

, , , , , ,

an d th e n e xc ep t i o n th e s e w i t h th e ch a n e o f T i i n t o a s e m iv o w el
, g ,

i n th e r s t i n s ta n c e ar e th e n i n e r e s ul t s
, .

A n oth e r di fc u l ty co n s i s ts i n th e w an t o f cr i ti c al accu r acy i n

th e edi ti ons w h i ch w e p o s s e ss o f Pani ni t h e S iddh anta Kau m u di ,
-
,

t h e L ag hu K a u m u d i th e S ar as v ati an d V o a d ev a
-
F ar be i t fr o m
, p ,
.

m e to w i sh to de tr a ct fr o m th e m er i t s o f n at ive edito r s l ike ,

D h ar an i dh ar a Kasi n at h a Tar an at h a stil l l e s s fr o m t ho s e o f

, , ,

Pr o fe s s or B o eh t l i ng k w h o p ubl i s h ed h i s te xt an d n ot e s n ear l y
,

t h i r ty y e ar s a g o w h e n f e w o f u s w e r e ab l e to r e a d a s i n g l e l in e o f
,

P an in i B u t d ur i ng tho s e th ir ty y e ar s con s ider ab l e p r o g r e s s h as

.

b e en m a de i n u nr a vell in g t h e m y s t e r ie s o f t h e g r am m at i c a l l i t e r atur e
o f India T h e co m m entar y o f S ay an a t o th e R i g veda h as s how n u s
.
-

h o w p r act i c al l y t o a pp l y th e r u l e s o f Pani ni a nd t h e tr a n s l a t i o n o f
t h e L ag h u K a u m u d i b y th e l at e D r B al l a n tyn e h a s e n a b l ed e v e n
-
.

beg inn e r s to nd th ei r w ay thr o u g h th e l abyr i nth o f n at ive gr a m m ar .

T h e t i m e h as com e I be l ieve f o r n ew an d c r itical edit i on s o f Panin i

, ,

a n d h i s co m m e n t ato r s A f e w i ns t anc e s m ay s u f c e t o s ho w th e
.

i ns e cu r ity o f o u r or din ar y edit i on s T h e com m en t ar y to Pan V II . . .

a s w e l l as t h e Sa r as va t fl 1 1 2 5 I g i v e s th e B e n edi ct ive A t m ane p ad a

.
, ,

H m wa r ts h i s h t a an d W
T? s ta r ts hi sh ta ; y e t a r efer enc e t o Pan V I I . .

2, 39 a n d 4 0 s ho w s t h a t t h e s e fo r m s a r e i m p o ss ibl e
, A g a i n if .
,

a
P i i(
n n V I I I . i s r l
ig ht an d h o w c o u l d th e I nfalli b e be w o g r n ?
 F IR S T E DITIO N . xi
in us n i g m z f a g r a g d m i ni w i th a de nt al n i n t h e l as t syll ab l e ,

it i s c l e ar th at h e e xt e n ds t h e p r oh ibit i on give n i n V I II 4 34 .
, ,

w i th r e ga r d to U p as ar g as to o t h e r co m p o u n d s , I t i s u s el e ss t o .

inqu ir e w h e th e r i n d o i ng s o h e w as r i ght o r wr o ng fo r i t i s a n ar t i cl e ,

o f faith w i t h eve r y Hin d u gr am m ar ian th a t w h ateve r w o r d i s us ed

by Pani n i i n his S utr as i s co ip s o cor r e ct O th e r w is e t h e r u l e s
, .
,

affe cti ng co m p o u n d s w i th Up a s ar g a s a r e by n o m e ans ide n ti ca l w i th

tho se th at a ffe ct o r din ar y co m p o u nd s ; and thou g h it m ay be ri g ht to

ar u e onf o r t i e m fr o m W ITF r a d m i ni t o W

H FW r a d m i ni i t
g p g a g g ,

w ou l d n o t b e r i g ht to ar g u e fr o m W a r a d na t o 1mm r a d na
g y p y ,

t h i s bei ng n e c e s sa r i l y mump r a yd na B u t as s u m i ng w mfwf a a g r a

.

d m i n i t o b e co r r e ct i t i s q u i t e cl e ar th a t t h e co m p o u n d s W
g ,

s va r g a kd m i n a u ,
a w fm w r i s h a d m i n a u {F
g a rm n h a r ikd m d ni a nd , ,

a m h a r i /c i m ezz a g ive n i n t h e c o m m e n t ar y to V I I I 4 1 3 a r e al l
f , .
, ,

w r on g , thou gh m o st o f t h e m occu r n o t onl y in th e p r in t ed edi ti o n s

o f Pan i n i and th e S iddh an ta K a u m udi b u t m ay be t r ac ed back to
-
,

t h e M SS o f th e Pr ak r iy a Kau m u d i th e s ou r c e tho u gh by n o m e ans

.
-
, ,

t h e m o de l o f th e S iddh ant a K au m u d i
, I w a s gl ad to l e ar n fr om
-
.

my fr ien d Pr o fe s s o r G o l d s t uck er w h o i s p r ep ar i n g an e di ti o n o f t h e
,

K asika V r i t t i a n d w hom I co n s ul t ed o n t h es e for m s th at th e M SS

-
, ,
.

o f vam an a w h i ch h e p o s s e s s e s c ar efu ll y a v o id th e s e fau l ty e x am p l e s

,

to Pan V I I I 4 1 3
. .
,
.

A fter th e s e e x p l an ati o ns I n eed h ar dl y ad d th at I am n o t s o san

u in e as to su pp o s e th at I co ul d h ave e s c a ped s cot fr ee w h er e s o m an y
g
m en o f su per i or kn o w l edg e an d ta l en t h ave fail ed to d o s o A l l I can .

sa i s th at s h al l be tr ul y th an kfu l to a n cho l w h w i ll t ake

y , I y s ar o

th e tr o u b l e to p o i nt o u t a ny m i stake s in to w h ich I m ay h ave fall e n ;

and I ho pe th at I s h al l n eve r s o f a r fo r e t t h e r e a r d d u e to t r u th
g g
a s t o a tt e m p t t o r ep r e s ent s i m p l e co r r e cti o n s to u ch in th e de c l e ns i o n
g ,

o f n ou ns o r th e conj u g at i o n o f ver b s as m att er s o f o pini on o r s o far , ,

l o w e r th e ch ar a ct er o f tr u e s cho l a r s hi p a s to appe al o n s u ch m atter s , ,

fr om t h e ver di ct o f th e fe w to t h e o pin i on o f th e m an y .

He ar in g fr o m m y fr ie n d Pr o fe s s or B uhl e r th a t h e h a d n i s h ed
a S an s kr i t Syn t ax b a s ed o n th e w o r k s o f Pa
,
n in i a n d oth e r n ative

g r am m ar i an s w hi ch w i l l s oo n be p u b l i s h ed
, I g l a d l y o m i tt ed th at ,

p or t i on of m y g r am m ar T h e r u l e s 3 n th e der iv a t i on o f n ou n s by
. ,

m eans o f Kr i t Hu adi an d Ta d d h i t a s u fxe s d o n o t p r o p e r l y b el o n g

, , ,

to t h e s ph er e o f an e l em ent ar y g r am m ar I f t i m e and h eal th p er m i t . ,

b 2
x ii P R E FA C E TO TH E F I R S T ED ITI O N .

I ho pe to p u bl i s h h e r e a fter ep ar a t e tr eat is e t h e ch ap te r o f
,
as a s ,

th e Pr akri ya Kau m u d i be ar ing o n th i s s ubj e ct

-
.

In th e li s t o f ver b s w h i ch I h ave g iven as an A ppen di x ,

pp 2 4 4 2 8 5 I h ave ch iey foll o w ed th e Pr akr i ya Kau m u di and

.

,
-

th e Sar as vati Th es e gr a m m ar s d o n o t conj u g at e ever y ver b t h at

.

occu r s i n t h e D hat u p at h a bu t tho s e o n l y th a t s e r v e to il l u s tr at e

,

c er ta i n g r amm at i c al r ul es N o r d o th ey a d op t l ike th e Siddhanta

.
,

K au m u di th e o r de r o f t h e ver b s as gi v e n i n Pan ini s D h at u p at h a

, ,

bu t th ey g r o u p th e v er b s o f e ach cl as s acco r di ng to th ei r v o i c e s ,

tr eatin g tog eth er tho s e th at take th e te r m i n at i ons o f th e Pa r as m ai

p ada tho s e th at take th e t er m ina t i ons o f th e A t m an ep ad a an d
, , ,

l as tl y tho s e th at a d m i t o f b o t h v o i ce s
,
In e a ch o f t h e s e s u bdi
.
-e

vi s i on s ag a in th e s ingl e ver b s ar e s o ar r a ng ed as be st to i l l u str a te

, ,

c e r ta in gr am m at ica l r u l es In m aki ng a new s el e cti on a m ong

.

t h e ve r b s s el e cted by Ram ach an d r a an d A n u bh t i s v ar p ac h ar a

y ,

I h ave g ive n a p r efe r e nc e t o t h o s e w h i ch occu r m o r e fr equ e ntl y

i n S ans kr i t l iter a tu r e a nd t o t h o s e w h i ch ill u str a te s o m e p o ints
,

o f gr am m ar o f pe cu l i ar inter e s t t o t h e s tu de nt In thi s m a nn er .

I h o p e th a t th e A ppe nd i x w ill s e r ve t w o pu r p o s es : i t w il l n o t
o nl y h el p th e s tu dent w h e n d ou btfu l as to t h e e x act fo r m s
,

o f c e r ta i n v er b s bu t i t w il l l ikew is e s er ve as a u s efu l p r acti cal

,

e x er cis e to t h o s e w h o ta ki ng e ach ver b i n t u r n w ill t r y to

'

, ,

a cco u nt f o r th e e x act fo r m s o f i t s per s o n s m oo d s an d t en s e s b y a

, ,

r efer e nc e to th e r u l e s o f t h i s r am m a r I n s o m e ca se s r efer e n c es
g .

h ave b e en added to g u ide th e stu den t i n oth er s he h a s t o nd by ,

h i m s el f th e p r e per w a r r anty f o r e ach p ar t i cul ar for m .

My kin d fr ie n d s Pr o fe s sor C o w el l and Pr o fe s s or Kiel hor n h ave

r evi s ed s o m e o f t h e p r oo f s h ee t s o f m r a m m a r f o r w h i ch I b eg t o
y g
-
,

e xp r es s to th e m m y s i nc er e th an k s .

F . MA X M ULL E R .

PA R I S ,

5 t h A p r i l, 1 86 6 .
 P R E FA C E

TO THE S EC O N D ED ITIO N .

TH E p r incip al al ter ati ons in th e ne w editi on o f m y S ans kr i t gr am ma r

con si st i n a nu m ber o f a ddi t i on al r efer enc e s to Pan ini i n all cas e s ,

w h e r e an a ppe al t o h i s a u thor i ty s ee m ed l ike l y t o be u s efu l a nd i n ,

t h e in tr o d u ct i o n o f th e m ar k s o f th e ac c e nt I h ave a l s o b e en ab l e
.

t o r e m o v e a n u m be r o f m i s t ak e s an d m i s p r i nts w h i ch i n spi te o f a l l ,

th e c ar e I h ad t aken h ad b een over l oo ked i n t h e r s t edi t i on M os t

, .

o f th e s e I h a d cor r e ct ed i n th e Ger m an tr a ns l at i on o f m y gr am m ar ,

p u bl i sh ed a t L eip z ig i n 1 8 6 8 so m e m or e h ave n o w b e en cor r e cted .

I fee l m o s t g r at eful t o s ever al o f m y r e vi e w er s f o r ha vin g p o i nted

o u t th e s e o ve r s ig ht s a n d m o st o f all to Pan di t R aj ar am aas t r i
, ,

w ho s e l i st o f n ot e s an d qu e r ie s to m y gr am m ar h as b e e n o f th e
r e at e s t v a l u e to m e I t s e em s al m o s t hopel e s s f o r a E ur o pe an
g .

s cho l ar t o a c q u ir e th a t fam il iar i ty w ith th e i ntr i ca te s y s te m o f

Pan in i w hi ch th e Pan di ts o f th e o l d school i n Indi a s til l p oss e s s ;
a nd al tho u h s o m e o f t h e i r r e n em e n ts i n t h e in t e r p r eta t i o n o f
g
Panin i s r u l es m ay s e em too s u b tl e y e t th er e can be n o d o u b t that

,

t h e s e l ivi ng g uides ar e i n val u ab l e to u s i n e x pl o r ing t h e g i g ant i c

l ab yr inth o f a n c ien t S an sk r it gr am m ar .

T h er e i s ho w ever o n e di fcu l ty w h i ch w e h ave to conte n d w i th

, , ,

a n d w h i ch d o e s n o t e x i s t f o r t h e m T h e y keep tr u e thr o ug ho u t to
.

o n e sy s t e m th e s y s t e m o f P an
, i n i w e h ave t o tr ans fer th e fa cts o f
th at s ys t em into o u r o wn s ys te m o f gr am mar W hat acc iden ts ar e .

l ike l y to h a ppe n d ur in g th i s p r oc es s I s h all t r y to il l u s tr a te b y

o n e i n st a n ce Ra
.
j ar am aas tr i o bj e cts to th e fo r m
g gp
a u ns u a s th e

l o cat i ve pl ur al o f m p u m d n Fr o m hi s p o in t o f view h e i s per fe ctl y

.
,

r i ht i n hi s o bj e ct i o n f o r a cco r di n
g , g to P a n i ni th e l oc a t ive p l u r al h as

A n u svar a am su B u t i n o u r o w n S an s kr i t gr am m ar s w e r s t
, p .

h ave a g e n e r al r ul e th at q s i s ch ang ed t o I t s h a ft e r any v o w el

e xc ep t a an d an cf i n s p i t e o f i nt e r ve ni ng A nu svar a ( s ee
,

a nd i t h as ev e n bee n m a in ta i n ed th at th er e i s s o m e kind o f
p hy siol og i ca l r e as on fo r s u ch a ch ang e I f th e n aft er h avi ng l a id .
,
x iv P R E FA C E TO TH E S E C O N D ED ITI O N .

d ow n th i s r ul e w e y et w r it e m h w s i m p l y co m m i t a r am
, p s u e , g
m at i cal bl u nder ; an d I b e l i ev e th er e i s n o S an s k r i t g r a m m ar e xc ep t ,

C o l ebr o o ke s i n w h i ch th at b l u n der h as n o t been comm itted In

, .

or der to av o id i t I w r ot e ,p u ns u th u s by th e r e t e nt i o n o f th e
, ,

dental a 72 m a king i t g r am m at i c all y an d p hy s ic all y p o s s ibl e f o r

,

th e a s t o r em ain u n chang ed It m ay be obj e ct ed th at o n th e sam e

.

r o u n d I o u ht to h a ve w r i tt e n I ns tr gm p uns d G e n gm: u ns a b
g g .

p , .
,

& c ; bu t i n t h e s e c as e s t h e a s i s r a di c al a n d w o u l d th e r efo r e n o t be
.
,

l i ab l e t o b e ch ang ed int o i t s h a ft e r a v o w el a n d A nu s var a ( Paa vm .

3 , P r o fe s s o r W ebe r h a d evide nt l y o ve r l oo ked th e s e s i m p l e

r ul e s o r h e w o u l d h av e b e e n l es s fo r war d i n b l am i n g D r K e l l er
, .

f o r h a vi ng fo ll ow ed m y e xam pl e i n wr i t in g p u ns u i n s te a d o f ,

m I r a m m ar ( a s m a s e e n fr o m m n ot e

g p h su . n P an in i s
g y be y
appe n ded to 1 0 0 )th e r u l e o n th e ch an e o f s i n to i s h i s s o ca r e
g a t
full y w or ded that i t u s t e xcl u de s th e ca s e o f p a ms u al tho u gh th e ,

s u o f th e l o c p l u r i s p r e c eded by a n A n u s va I h av e n o w by
g . . ra .
,

m a king i n m y s e con d edit i on th e s am e r e s er v a t i on i n t h e g e n e r al

r ul e been ab l e t o co n fo r m t o P a n in i s a u tho r i ty an d h av e w r i tt e n

, ,

am s u in s t e ad o f a
g p , g s; p u ns u tho u h e v e n th u s th e fact r e m a i n s
g ,

th at if t h e d ot i s r e al l y m e ant f o r A nu svar a an d if th e g s u i s th e ,

t er m inat i on o f t h e l ocat ive p l ur al th e a 9 w oul d b e s ou n ded as

, .

sh a ccor din t o th e e n e r al t e nde ncy o f t h e a nc ie nt S ans k ri t

1 , g g
p r o nu n c i a t i o n .

I h ave m ent i on ed th i s o n e i n s tanc e i n or de r to s ho w t h e pe cu l i ar

di fcu l t ie s w h i ch th e w r it er o f a S anskr i t gr amm ar h as to con t e n d
w i th i n t r y in g to com bin e t h e t e ch ni c al r ul e s o f P anin i w ith t h e
m o r e r a t i on al p r i ncipl e s o f E ur o pe an gr am m ar an d I h o p e i t m a
y
convi n c e m y r e a der s and per h ap s ev en Pr ofes s or W eber that w h er e
, ,

I h av e devi at ed fr om th e o r d in ar y r u l e s o f o u r E u r ope an gr am m ar s ,

o r w h er e I s e e m t o h a ve p l a c ed m y s el f at v ar i an c e w i th s o m e o f th e

n at i v e a u tho r i t ie s I h a ve n o t d on e s o w i tho u t h avi ng c ar efu l l y

,

w ei g h ed th e a dv ant ag e s o f th e o n e ag a i n s t t ho s e o f th e oth e r
sy s t e m .

F . MA X M ULL E R .

PA R K S EN D , OX F OR D ,

A ug u s t , 1 8 70
 TA B LE OF C ON TE N TS .

PA G E PA G E
CH A P TE R I TH E A LPH A B E T
. .
26 . Mo no ph t h o ngs and di p h t h o ngs 12
Th e D evan agar i l et ter s 2 27 . N asal i z e d vo wel s 12
1 . Th e D evana ar i al
g ph ab et 3 28 . L i gh t a nd h eavy vo wel s 13
2 . D i r e ct i o n o f S ansk r i t al p h ab et 4 29 . A c u t e, g r ave, a nd ci r cu m ex ed

3 . H o w t o wr i t e t h e l ett er s 4 v o wel s 13
4 . S o u n ds p r es ent ed by
re th e D e 3o . G u na a nd Vri d dh i 13
vanag ar i a l p h a b et R
V
3 1 . G u na o f d, d 13
5 . N um b er o f l et t er s O
I

32 . C o m b i nat i o n o f vo w el s at the
6 Th e l et t e r Z
? end a n d b e i nn i n f w o r ds
V
. O g g o .

Ji h am l i d U dh m a i N h i at u s
I

7 . v y a an p a n ya U o 13
8 S igns o f nas al s and h ei s u b s t i
. t r 33 . Vo wel s m eeti ng t h e s am e vo wel s 13
t ut e 0
!
Vo wel s a and ( 3 fo ll o w ed by ,

9 . Th e t h r ee n a s al sem i vo wel s
5
C d i ff er ent vo w el s 14
C o ns o nant s wi t h o u t co r r espo nd 35 . Vo wel s d and d, fo ll o w ed by
i ng nas al s 6 d i ph t h o ng s 14
i
1 I . A nu s var a b efo r e eh, 8 , h 5
0 3 6 . Vo wel s 3
'

, r , f o ll o wed by di s
N am es f l e t t er s s i m i l ar vo w el s 15
1
o '

1 3 . Vo wel s i g ns , i ni t i a l , m ed i al , and 37 . Vo w el s e a nd 0 , fo ll o wed by any

n la
z
x vo w el e x cep t (i 15
C o ns o nant s fo ll o wed by vo w el s
l
x 3 8 . V o wel s ( ti a nd am, fo l l o w ed by
I 5 . Vir am a l
x an
y vo w el s 16
I 6 . C o m b i nat i o n o f co n so nan t s
l
x 39 . T r e at m ent
3/ o f n al a nd v 16
Th e s i g n f o r r
o
o 40 . Th e h i at u s o ccas i o ne d by S andh i 17
1 8 T h e Vi r a
. ma u s e d as a st e p -
g p
a
o
o 41 . Vo wel s e an d 0 b e o r e f 17
192 Th e s i g ns fo r a p au s e o
o 42 . U nch ang eabl e or Pr agrihya
20 Th e A vagr ah a
. . L i st o f co m vo w el s 17
p o un d co ns o n an t s
0
0 43 .
Irre
g ul ar S andhi pr epo s i t i o ns
21 . N u m er i cal g ur es 9 e nd i n g i n d or d, f o l lo wed by
R u l es o f pr o nunci at i o n 10 e or o 13

44 . Pr e p o s i t i o ns e nding in d or ( 2,

C H A P TE R II R U LE s
. OF S AN D H I . fo l l o wed by {i 18

2
3 . O bj ect an d u s e o f Sandhi 11 a 45
. Th e 0 o f o s h th a z a nd 0 l m}; 18
2 4. D i s t i nct i o n b t we
e en E x t er nal y 46
; . I r r eg u l ar c o m p o u nd s 19
I nt n
b

al 0 of i nd ecl in ab l e wo r ds
x

and er nal S andhi 11 3k

47 . Th e 19
25 . C l as si cat i o n o f vo wel s , l o ng, at 4 8 . Mo n o syl l ab i c i nd ecl i nab l e wo r ds 19
p r o t r act ed p ar t i cl e d
\r

sh o r t , 12 se 4 9 . S and h i o f the 19
x vi TA B LE OF C ON TE N TS .

PA G E PA GE
Par t i cl es by S and h i
u naect e d 19 8 3 T h e o nl y
. n al s i b il ant i n p a u s d ,

3e 5 1 . Pr o t r a ct ed vo w el s u naff ect ed by Vi sar g a and i t s m o d i cat i o n s

, 31

S a nd h i 19 8 4 Vi sa r g a
. b efo r e a s o n an t l et t er

5 2 . T bl e h wi ng t h e c m b i n at i o n
a s o o ch ang e d to an d e x cep t i o n s 32

o f n l wi t h i ni t i l v w l s
a a o e 20 85 . Fin al r a di cal 7
'
33

53 . C o m bi n t i n o f nal and i ni t i l
a o a 86 . Fi n al 7
'
b efo r e i ni t i al 7
'
34
c o n s o nant s 21 87 P r o no u n s s a h and es ha h s ah 34
.
, y
54 . Th e el even n al c o n s o nant s 21 88 . B ho h 34

N wo r d end s i n t wo c o ns o n an t s 22 89 E x c ep t i o ns i n co m p o u nd wo r d s 34
55 . o .

56 . C l as si cat i o n o f c o ns o nant s ,
a c 9 0 . N o u ns e n di n
g i n r ad i cal r 36

co r d i ng t o t h e i r pl ace 22 91 . In i t i al chh a nd m e d i al ch h 36
C l ass i cat i o n o f co ns o nant s ,
ac 2
9 . I ni t i l a s

ch ang ea bl e to ch h 37

co r d i n
g t o t h e i r qu al i t y ,
i . e .
93 . F in l h a ,
h
g , dh dh bh t h r o w
, , ,

c o nt a c t , a p pr o a ch o p eni ng ,
23 i ng t h ei r as pi r at o n i ba ck o n
5 8 . S ur d a n d s o nan t c o ns o n ant s 23 i ni t i al 9 , d , d , I) . 37

59 A . s pi r at ed an d u nas pi r at ed co n 94 . T ab l e s h o w i n g t h e co m b i na
s o nant s 23 tio n o f n al w i t h i ni t i al co n

60 . Ch anges o f pl ace ,
an d c h anges s o nan t s 38
of qu al i t y 24 95 . N a ti , o r ch ang e o f 72. i nt o
61 C h anges o f pl ace aff ect D ent al s , an d 8 i nt o sh 41
A nu svzi r a,

an d Vi sar g a 24
9 6 , C h ange o f 72 in t o 41
62 .
Fin al t b efo r e P al at al s ch , ebb, Tr ip n o ti an d ks h u bh nd ti 42
! 24 Ta b l e
j,j ,
h i t ,
5 42
Fi n b efo r e j j h 7i 8 C h ang e i nt o in m

63 . al 72
.
, , ,
24 9 8 , o f 71. n a co

64 Fin al t b efo r e 1 t h 4 gl b 73 o u nd 42
.
, , , , ,
.
p
( R O I) 8 h
) 99 . Op t i o nal ch anges o f 72 i nt o n i n .

65 . F i nal befo r e 4 db 23 ( no t eh) , ,

. 25 t h e p r ep o s i t i o n 9273 46
66 . C h anges o f qu al i ty 25 mo , Ch ange o f 8 i nt o sh 47
67 . F i nal [7 t t 1) b efo r e nas al s
1, , , ,
26 10 1 . C h ange o f 3 i nt o sh in the re

at 68 . Fi nal k y t 19 b efo r e maya o r

, , , d u pl i cat i ve syl l ab l e 48
m d tr a 27 10 2 . C h ang e o f 3 i nt o sh a t er pr e f
at 69 . Ini t i l h ft n l k t t p
a .
a er a , , , ,
27 p o s i t i o ns 48

7 0 . Fin l t b f l
a e ore 27 10 3 E x
. t r a ct s r o m P i ni o n cer
n f
71 . Fi n l n b f l
a e ore 27 t ai n ch a nges o f 8 i nt o s h 48

7 2 . Fi n l a ft h tv w l 77. a er a s or o e 27 10 4 , Ch ang e o f 8 i nt o sh in co m

73 . F i n l b ef e t h ts nd
a or e rs a p o u nd s 5O
s eco nd s 28 10 5 . C h ang e o f d h i nt o dh 5O

74 . Fin al 71 a nd 7} b efo r e s 28 1 0 6 . RU LE S O F I NTE R NAL S AND H I 51

75 . Fin al 71. b efo r e s

or s
( no t s h ) 28 :
k 10 7 . F i n l v wel
a o s . No h i at u s 51

76 . Fi n al t
,
b efo r e 3 29 4 ; 10 8 . Fin l a nd a ( 2, f o l l o w ed by
77 . A nu s vr a and nal m 29 vo wel s 52

7 8 . M in p a u s d , and b efo r e co ns o 1 0 9 . Ver b al b ases in d 52

n ant s 30 at 1 10 . Fi n al u , 72, ch ang ed to

79 . Fi nal m b efo r e hm, h m , hy , h l , l w 30 9 1

v:
I
n al 22

u : 72) :

80 . Sa m b efo r e lo r d ,
emit s /qt 30 ch ang ed t o v3y, fr 52
81 . Sa m befo r e r aj ,
sa m r dj 31 1 1 1 . F i n al {2, b e o r e f co ns o nant s,

82 . Vi sar ga and nal s or r 31 ch ang e d t o tr o r 227

'
53
xvi ii TA BL E OF C ON TE N TS .

PA GE PA G E
74 as 1 9 4 . Op t i o nal fe m i ni n e co m p o u nd s 88
74 as 1 95 . P a thi n, r i bh u h s h i n , m a thi n 89
1 7o . B a s es in 8 B . b as es e nd i ng in A ha/ n 89
r a d i ca l s ; p i n dagva s , sa
p i s, as 1 9 7 . A ha n at th e en d o f co p o u nd s
m 9O
s u tn s 74 as 1 9 8 . A ha n at t h e e nd o f co m p o u n d s 9O

as 1 71 . P ip a yh i s 75 1 99 . 90

y , 1 7 2 . As i s

, j
sa a s ; l i st o f bas es in s 76 as 20 0 . M a g ha va n 9O

as 1 73 . t a s, s r a s 77 as 20 1 . P as ha n , a/r
y a ma n 90

4e 1 74 . B ases end i ng i n 5, s h , chh , h sh , h 77 as 20 2. H am 91

D i s, d r i s , sp r i s 77 B as es i n i n , d ha n i n

1 . 20 3 . 91
2 . N as

77 20 4 . p
Pa r t i ci l es i n vas 92
V 77 P ar t i ci p l es i n i va s

3 i s . 20 5 . 92

4 D hr i s h. 77 20 6 . B a ses i n i y a s , g a/r i y as 93

5 D vi s h . 77 as 20 7 . Mi s cel l an eo us D OU D S wi th
6 P vd ch h . 77 ch ang ea bl e b as es , p ad 93

7 Ta h s h . 77 as 20 8 . V ah 94
8 Li h , g u h
. 78 20 9 . Svna/ vd h 94
D u h u s h n ih 78 as 2 1 0 A n adu h 9 4:
9 ,
. .

IO . D ru h , mu h, sn i h, sn a h 78 21 1 . AP 94
1 1 . N ah 78 as 21 2 .

1 75 . Tw as d h 78 as 213 D i v.
,
d y u 95

y;
. 1
76 . 78 as 2 1 4 A s a/n
. a n d o t h er Met ap l as t a 95

4 1 77 . Uh th a s d s

79 2 1 5 . II . B as es e nd i n
g in vo wel s,
I 7 S . P r a s am

79 su b di vi d ed 96
I 79 . I . 2 . N o u ns wi t h ch ang ea bl e 21 6 . II . 1 B a s es en d n i g i n any vo wel
b ases ; A n o u ns . wi t h t wo ex c e pt of 97
b ases ad a t ,
79 21 7 . B as es in a t an d a m. 97
1 80 . P r ach J
80 2 1 8 . B ase s in o 97
1 81 . B . N o u ns t
wi h t h r ee bases , as 2 1 9 . D ye

p va ty a ch 81 as 2 20 . B as es in i an d 22
1 82 . B a s es in a t an d am t ; ad a t 82 1 . Mo n o s yl l ab i c b as es in i a nd

x 1 83 . Th e n as al i n th e no m . an d ace . 22, b e i ng b o t h m as c . and f em .

d u al o f neu t er s , a nd in the A B y t h e m s el ve s ; d hi , kr i , 222
. 98
f m i ni n b
e e as e 83 as 22 1 . B A t t he end o f c o m p o u nd s
. 98

at 1 84 . Th e n asal in pa r p
t i ci l es o f re as 222 . 2 . P o l ysyl l ab i c bas es i n i a n d 12,

d u p l i cat e d ve r bs 83 b ei ng bo th m as c . a nd f em . 100

y: 1 85 . B r i h a t, p r i s h a t 84 as 2 23 . Th e ve fu l l er f m i ni n
e e t er m i
I 86 . M a ha t . 84 n at i o ns
.
103
1 87 . B as es i n ma t an d va t 84 224 . 1 . Mo no syl l ab i c b as es i n i and

a: t 1 88 . B h a va t, Y o u r H o n o u r 85 22, b ei ng femi nin e o nl y ,

dhi ,
1 89 . A r va t an d a r va n 86 bh i 2
2
* 1
9 0 . 86 225 . 2 . P o l ysyll ab i c b as es in i an d

1 9 1 . B as e s i n cm , m a n , va n ; j
vd a n , 12, b ei ng fem i ni ne o nl y ,
na d i ,

n d m a/ n 86
1 92 . B ra h ma n , d i va n 87 at 2 26 . C o m p o u nd s end ing i n m o no .

at 1
93 . F em i n i n e s o f b as es o f n o u ns in s yl l ab i c fe mi ni ne b ases i n i

a n , va n, m an 88 a nd i 2, 8 1 t 105
 TA B LE O F C O N TE NTS .
x ix :

PA G E 24 0 :

as 2 2 7 . C o mp o u nds endi ng i n p o l y C HA P TE R VI .
-PB O N O UN B .

s yl l ab i c fe m i ni n e b as es i n i p r o no u ns
26 1 . P er s o nal 1 27

a n d 12, ba hu s r ey a s i 262 . S a lt , s d , ta t 1 28
2 28 . S tr i 263 . S y a h, sy d , ty a t 1 28
2 29 . A ti s tvi 2 64 . Po s s es s i ve p r o no u ns 1 28
2 3o . Ba s es i n i a n d u , m as c . fe m . n eu t .
2 65 . R ee x i ve pr o no u ns , sva y a m 1 29
231 . Ka ti 266 . A rm a n 1 29
2 32 . S a khi 267 . S va h, sva, s va/ m 1 29
2 33 . P a ti 268 . D em o ns t r at i ve p r o n o u ns ,esha h ,
2 34 . A lcs h i , a et h i , d ad hi , s a h th i es hd , e ta t 1 29
2 35 . B a s es i n r i , m as c fe m . . n eu t .
, 2 69 . A y a m i y a m , i d s/ m
, 1 29
n a tr i , p i tr i E n a m , en am , en a t 1 30
p 2 7 0 .

2 36 K r e s h ta A sa u , as a/u , a d a h 1 30
2 71
.
.

23 7 .
2 7 2 . Ya h, y d , y a t 131
2 38 . II . 2 . B a ses end i n
g i n a and d, 2 73 . K a h, kd , hi m 1 31
kan ta h, t a, ta m 1 14 2 74 . Pr o no u ns m o d i ed by a h 1 31
2 39 . B a s es i n a, m as c . and f em .
, 2 75 . C o m p o u nd 1 32
vi s va md

1 15 2 7 6 . T d va t Ar e 1 32
2 40 . H d hd 1 16 2 77 . 1 32
2 78 Pr o no m i nal j
ad e ct i ves , s a r va ,
CHA P TE R I V A D JE C TIVE S
.

vi s va ,
.

&c 1 33
.

2 4I D cl n i n f dj t i v
e e s o o a ec es 116 A 1 34
79 y h, a ny d , a ny a t
.

2 n a .

2 42 F m t i n f f m i ni n b e
. or a o o e e as 117 2 80 U bh a n , u bhe,
. n bhe 1 34
P my a h, fem p r i y a
'

2 43 . . 117 2 81 . Ubh a y a h, y i , ya m 1 34
as 2 44 . P d ch a h a h, p d ch i hci

117 2 82 . P ei r va an d i t s o pt i o nal f o rm s 1 34
2 45 . F em i ni n es f o r m ed by i 117 2 83 . P r a tha ma a nd i ts o pt i o nal
as 2 46 . E x cept i o nal fem i ni nes in i 117 no m i n at i ve pl u r al 1 34
as 2 47 . I rr e
g u l ar f m i ni n
e es 117 2 84 . D vi t i y a an d i t s o p t i o nal fo r ms 1 35
as 2 48 . F o r m at i o n o f f e m i ni ne sub
2 85 . A d ver b i al d ecl ens i o n 1 35
s t a nt i ves 1 18
2 49 . D egr ees o f co m p ar i s o n 1 18 C H A P TE R V II . C ONJU G A TI O N .

2 50 . T ar a an d t a/ma , h o w a d d ed 1 18 2 86 . A ct i ve an d p ass i ve 1 37
25 1 . i y a s and i sh tha h o w a dd ed , 118 2 87 . At m ane p ad a
Par as m ai p ad a and 1 37
252 . E x cep t i o nal c o m p ar at i ves an d 2 88 Par a s m ai ad a a nd A t m anep a d a
.
p
su pe r l a t i ve s 1 19 i n d er i vat i ve ver bs 1 38
28
9 P as s i ve 1 38
C HA P TE R V N AL S
.

U ME R
Th e t h i r t e en t enses an d mo o ds 1 38
. .

2 90 .

2 5 3 C ar di n al s
. a nd d ecl ens i o n o f 291 . S i gn i cat i o n o f t en s es a nd

car d in al s, eha 1 20 m o o ds 1 39

2 54 Dm 1 24 N um b er s and e s o nrs 1 40
p
.
292
o
.

2 55 . T r i , t i s gi '
1 24
2 56. C ha tu v, cha tas r i 1 24 CHA P TE R V II I THE TE N
. C LAS S E S .

25 7 . P a nch a n , s ha s h , a sh a n t 1 24 2 93 . S p eci al an d
g en er a l ten s es , in
as 2 58 . C o nst r u ct i o n o f car d i nal s 1 24 t h e t en cl ass es 1 40
2 59 . O r d i na l s 1 25 2 94 . Sp e ci al or m o di ed ,
g e ner al o r

26o . N u m er i cal ad ver bs an d o t h er u nm o di ed t e n s es 1 40

d er i vat i ve s 1 26 2
95 . D i vi s i o n o f ve r blb a a s es 141

C 2
x x TA B LE OF C ON TE N TS .

P AG E P AG E
2 96 . I . Fi r st d i vi s i o n ; B h , T u d, 3 2 7 S t r o.n
g a nd w eak t er m i na
D i v, C h u r cl as s es ti o ns 160
2 97 . I I S eco nd d i vi s i o n,
. an d s ub 3 2 8 . W eak eni ng o f b as e 160
d i vi s i o ns 32 9 . B a s es e n d i ng in d and di p h
2
9 8 . 11 a . Su , Tan , Kr i cl as se s 1 43 t h o ng s , h o w c h an
g ed 16 1
2 99 . 11 6 . A d, E u, Ru d h cl a s s es 1 43 330 . B ases en d i n
g i n i ,
3
7 , x i ,
a ,
22, {3
7

h o w ch ang ed 16 1
CHA P TE R I X A U G ME NT R E D U .
,
P L I OA

T I O N A N D TE R M I N A TI O N S ,
. CHA P TE R XI .
-
IN TE R ME D I AT E i .

3 o
o . A u gm ent and r ed u p l i c at i o n 1 45 33 1 . W h en it mu s t b e o m i t t ed ,
0
3 1 . A ugm ent a 1 45 wh en i t m ay be o m i t t e d,
30 2 . R ed u p l i cat i o n i n t h e p e fect
r , wh en i t m u s t be i ns e r t ed 162
an d in th e E u ve rb s 1 45 as 33 2 . L i s t o f ver b s i n wh i ch t h e i n t er
G n l l f r edu l i cat l o n 1 4 6 m e d i at e i m u s t b e m i t t ed 163
30 3 e e .r a r u es o
p '
o

3 0 4 A s p i r at e d i ni t i al s
. 1 4 6
3 33 . V er b s c
i n w h i h t h e i n t er m e
30 5 . G u t t u r al i ni t i al s 1 46 d i a t e i mu s t b e o m i t te d i n
30 6 . D ou bl e i n i t i al s 1 46 c er t a i n t e ns es 165

3 0 7 . I ni t i al si bil ant fo l l o wed by a

3 34 . S p eci al r u l es fo r t h e r edu
p l i
t enu i s 1 46 ca t ed p er fect 16 7
3 0 8 Th e vo we l o f th e re d u pl i cat i ve S p e c i al r u l es fo r t h e 2 nd p er s
33 5
.
. .

syl l a bl e i s sh o r t 1 46 si n
g P ar
. o f t h e r ed
. er f . p . 167
3 0 9 . Me d i al e an d a i ar e re d upl i
33 6 . T ab l e s h o wi n
g w h en i nt e r m e

c at e dby i , 0 a n d am by v. 1 46 d i at e i m u s t be o m i t t ed 168
31 0 . F i nal 6 , a i , o ar e r e du p li cat ed 337 . Op t i o nal i ns er t i o n o f i 168
by a 1 46
3 38 . N e c es sar y i ns er t i o n o f i 170
31 1 . I r r e u l ar
g r e du pl i cat i o n by 3 39 . Th e i nt er m edi at e i n eve r li bl
a e

S am pr asr ana 1 47 t o G u na 171

3 1 2 S h o r t i ni t i al a 147 In s er t i o n o f l o ng i 171
3 40
.
.

3 1 3 . I ni t i al a f
o llo w ed by t wo co n
34 1 . Op t i o nal i ns er t i o n o f l o ng i 17 1
s o n ant s 1 48
34 2 . P er i p h r a s t i c p er fect 172
3 1 4 . Ini t i al ri 1 48
343 . P er i p h r as t i c p er fect o f i nt e n
3 1 5 . S h o r t i ni t i al i and a 1 48 s i ve s an d d es i d er at i ves 172
31 6 . S p e ci al r u l es o f r ed u pl i cat i o n . 1 48 P ar a di g m s o f th e re d u pli cat ed
as 3 1 7 . 1 48 p er fect 172
as 3 1 8 . M d, hd 1 48

as 3 1 9 . H a n , h i , j i , ch i 1 48 C H A PTE R X II ST R E N G TH EN I N G
. AN D

3 2 0 . T er m i nat i o n s 1 49 W E AK E N IN G .

3 2 1 . T er m i nat i o ns o f r st an d se
344 . T wo cl a ss es o f t er m i nat i o ns ,
c o nd d i vi s i o ns 1 49 s t r eng t h en i n or w eak e ni ng
g
3 22 . R egul ar co n u j g at i o n 150 a ver b al b as e 175

as 3 4 5 S p eci al for m s o f s t r eng th eni ng

CHA P TE R X G E N E R AL TEN S E S
.

b as es
.

a nd weak eni ng c er t a i n
.

177
3 3
2 . G e ner al o r u nm o di ed t enses 15 9
32 4 . R ed u p l i cat ed p er fect 159 CHA P TE R X II I A O R I S T .
2
.

32 5 . Ver b s whi ch m ay fo r m t h e r e 3 4 6 . F i t nd
rs nd a i t s eco ao r s 1 79
d u pl i cat e d p e fe ct r 15 9 F f m f th t i t 179
34 7 . o ur or s o e rs ao r s

3 2 6 . T h e p er i ph r as t i c p er fe ct 15 9 348 . R l f th t f m
u es or e rs or 1 80
 TA B LE OF C ON TE N TS .

PA G E AG E
P

as 3 4 9 . R ul es fo r d es i d er at i ves , i nt en 383 C o nd i t i o nal

.
1 93
s i ves , GI G . 181 384 . p
P er i h r as t i c f u t ur e 1 94

35 0 . R ul es fo r t h e s e o ndc fo m r 1 81 8
3 5 . B n d i t ive
e e c 1 95

35 1 . Ter m i nat i o ns b egi nni ng wi t h 3 8 6 . Ba e nd i ng i n my

s s e 1 95
s t o r s th 1 81 38 7 . W eak e ni ng i n b ened i ct i ve Pa

3 5 2 . R o o t s i n a and d iph t h o ngs 1 81 r as m a i

p d a,
s t r e n t h e ni n
ga
g i n

as 3 5 3 . M i mi , d i l i
, ,
1 81 b ened ict ive A t ma nepad a 195

as 3 5 4 . H am . 181 3 8 8 . I nt er m edi a te i 1 95

as 3 5 5 . G ram 181 as 38 9 . W e ak eni ng o f bas e b efo r e y 196

as 3 5 6 . Yam 1 81 as 3 9 0 . Ver b s e nd i n
g i n i ,
u, 3i , ri 1 96

35 7 . Ru l es fo r t h e t hi r d f o rm 1 82 as 3 9 1 . V er b s end i ng i n n 1 96

as 3 5 8 . M i mi l i
, ,
1 82 as 3 9 2 . V er b s end i n
g i n d . 1 96

as 3 5 9 . Ya m , va/ m, n am 1 82 as 39 3 . V er b s wh i ch t ak e S am p r a s

3 6 0 . R u l es fo r t h e fo ur th f
or m 1 82 r an a 197
1 82 39 4 O th er bs wh i ch ta ke S am
'

as 3 6 1 .
as . ver

s 6
a 3 2 . D uh,d i h, l i h , g u h 1 82 p
r a s t r an a 1 97
P ar ad i gm s 1 82 as 39 5 . Sag g ch an ed to f i s h 197

36 3 . S eco nd a o r i st 1 86 39 6 . B e ned i ct i ve A t manep ad a 1 98

R o o t s en di ng i n a, e, i , r i ; d r i s 1 8 7

6
3 4 .

6 R o o t s wi t h p e nul t i m at e nasal 1 8 7 CH A P TE R XV P AS S IV E
3 5
. .
. .

36 6 . I rre
g f u l ar
m or s 1 87 39 7 A t m ane
p ad a t erm i n ti a o ns 1 98

as 3 6 7 . V er b wh i ch t
s ake th e s eco n d 3 98 . Sp eci a l t ens es o f p ass ive 1 98
ao r i s t 1 87 as 399 C au s at i ve ,
d eno mi n a i ve, t in
as 3 6 8 . V er b s wh i ch t ak e t h e seco nd t ens i ve b as es 1 98
ao r i s t i n t h e Par . o nl y 1 88 40 0 . W e ak eni ng o f b a se . P ar a di g m 1 99
s 6
a 3 9 . Th e Ta n ver bs 1 88 40 1 . G ener al t ense s o f p assi ve 1 99

37 0 . R edu p l i cat ed c
se o n d ao r i s t 1 88 40 2 . Th e ao r i st p as si ve 20 0

as 3 7 1 . 3773, d m
. ,
8m ,
ham ; .
i
sv , d he 1 89 40 3 . Th e 3r d p e r s si ng a o r i st p as si ve 20 0
. .

37 2 . Sh o r t eni ng o f b as es e nd i ng in as 4 0 4 . A o r i st o f ver b s endi ng i n a 20 0

a
y 1 89 as 4 0 5 . A o ri st o f ver b s en di ng i n ay 20 0

373 . B as es t h at c anno t b e sh o r t ened 1 8 9 as 4 0 6 . A o r i st o f i n t en si ve and d e si

3 74 . C o m p ensat i o n b et w een b as e d er at i ve b a se s 20 0
a n d r ed u p l i cat i ve s yl l ab l e 1 89 3* 20 1
Vo wel s o f r ed upl i ca t i ve s yll abl e 1 90 as 4 0 8 . Ve b s r en di ng i n am 20 1

as 3 7 6 . Ver b s b eg i nni ng and endi ng 40 9 . P ar a di gm 20 1

w i th d o ub l e co ns o nan t s 1 90 41 0 . F u t ur e , co ndi t i o n al , a nd be n e

as 3 77 . Ver b s wi th p enul t i m at e r i r i ,

1 90 di ct i ve p as si ve 20 1

3 78 . Ver b s b egi nning w i t h vo w el s 191 41 1 . Th ei r o p t i o nal fo r m s 20 1

as 3 7 9 . I rr e
g ul ar r ed u pl i cat ed ao r i s t 191 s
a 4 1 2 . A o r i st p assi ve o f i nt r ansi ti ve
P ar a d i g m 191 ve r bs 20 3
W h en t h e d i ff er e nt f or ms of as 4 1 3 . Opt i o nal fo r m s 20 3
th e ao r is ts ar e u sed 191
C HA P TE R XV I P A RTI C I PLE S G E RU ND S
.
, ,

C HA P TE R XIV .
F U TU R E ,
C O ND I T I O NA L ,
A N D I N I N ITIVE F .

PE R I P H R A S T I O F U TU RE A N ,
D B E N E D I C TI VE .

41 4 . Par t i ci l e p p r e sent Par as m a i

3 1
8 . F utur e 1 92 p ad a 20 3

38 2 . C h anges o f t h e h as 1 92 41 5 . P a r t i ci l e p fu t ur e Par asm ai p ad a 20 4

 xxi i TA B L E OF C ON TEN TS .

P AG E
4 1 6 . P a r t i ci le p o f r e du pl i cat ed p er as 44 7 . G er u n d o f cau sat i ve s

t
f e e Par a sm ai p ad a as 4 4 8 . G hu ver bs ,
m a, s tha, g d ,
92
7 ,
as Par t i ci l e p o f r edu p l i cat e d p er h a, so , t ak e n al d 21 1
f e et t
wi h i .
as 4 4 9 . Ve b s en ding i n nasal s
r 21 1
41 8 . P ar t i ci l e p o f r e du p l i cat e d p er as 4 5 0 . Ver b s e n d i ng i n 7 2 21 1
f eet At m an ep a d a as 4 5 L Ve j s d. W e . 21 1
41 9 . p r t At m anep ad a
P ar t i ci l e p es en as 4 5 2 . M 2, m i , d i , l 2 21 1
420 . p f
P ar ti ci l e u t u r e At m an ep ad a
42 1 . Par ti ci p l e p re s ent an d fu t u e r C H A P TE R XVII V . E RB AL A D JE C T IV E s .

p assi ve j
4 5 3 Ver b al . ad e ct i ves , Kri ty a 21 1
P a st p ar ti ci p l e p a s s i ve an d
42 2 .

454 . A dj e ct i ve s i n t a vy a 21 2
r und
g e
45 5 . A dj e ct i ve s i n an i y a 21 2
G er u n d in tva
423
45 6 A dj e ct i ve s i n y a 21 2
.

as 4 2 4 . I . Th e t er m i n at i o n s ta h a nd
as 4 5 7 . E x cep t i o nal ver b al j
a d ect ve s i
t
tva, w i h i nt er m ed i at e i
i n ya an d ty a 2 1 L
as 4 2 5 . P e nu l t i m at e u

wi t h o p t i o na l as 4 5 8 Ve r b s c h an i n n al h and
.

g g c
G u na 20 7
i nt o 12 an d g 21 4
as 4 2 6 T va w i t h i nt er m edi at e i a nd
.

459 . Inni t i v e i n tu m O 21 4
G 11 1 .

46o . Ver b al a dver bs in am 21 4

as 4 2 7 . Tva w i t h i nt er m e d i at e i a nd

wi t h o u t G u na
C H A P TE R XV III C A U S ATI V E V E R S B
b efo r e th
. .

as 4 2 8 . N as al l o st , p h; va ii ch ,
4 6 1 C u l b . h w f m da sa 21 5 as e s, o or e

II Th e t er m i n at i o n s ta h an d
as 4 6 2 . G u na or Vr i ddh i 21 5
as 4 2 9 . .

tva, w i t h o u t i n t e r m e d i at e i 46 3 . E x cept i o nal cau sat i ve b ase s ,

I .

as 4 30 . Fi n al n a s al d r o pt b efo r e ta h
as II .

a nd tva 464 . C o nj u gat i o n o f cau s at i ve ver b s 219

46 5 P a s s i ve o f cau s ati ve ver b s 21 9

Fi n al n d r o p t an d vo w el l engt h
.

as 4 3 1 .

en ed n al ch h , v, r ch h , an d r v 46 6 . G e ner al t e n se s o f th e p as s i ve 21 9

as 4 3 2 . R o o t s ch ang i ng v to 22 20 8
C H A P TE R X IX D E S I D E R ATI VE V E B
as 4 33 . Fi n al a i ch an
g ed20 8to d or 2 . BS .

as 4 3 4 . D O, s o , m a, s th a, d h a, h a ch an e
g 46 7 . D es i d er at i ve b as es , h o w for m e d 2 20
t h ei r n al i nt o i 20 8 46 8 . D e s i d e r at i ve b ase s ,
ho w co n

as 4 3 5 . So an d ch ho t ak e i or a . 20 8 j u gat ed 220

as 4 3 6 . Ex cep t i o n al o r m s f 20 8 46 9 . D e si d er at i ve b ase s ,
wi th or

as 4 3 7 . Ve r b s wh i ch t ak e Sam p r as wi t h o u t i nt e r m e d i at e i 2 20
r an a 20 8 as 4 7 0 . S t r eng t h e ni ng o f b as e 2 20

as 4 3 8 . Ve b s r wh i ch l o se p enu l t i m at e as 4 7 1 . E x c ep t i o n a l s t r eng t h e n i n
g or

n asal w eak e ni ng 220

C au s al ve rb s 20 9 as 4 7 2 . D e s i d er at i ve b ases ,
t r e at e d as

4 4o . D e si d er at i ve ve rb s 20 9 B h ve rb s 22 1

441 . In t en s i ve ve r bs 20 9 4 73 R e.d u p l i c at i o n o f d e s i d er at i ve
442 . P ar t i ci l es i n p na h 20 9 b as e s 2 22

as 4 4 3 . A dj ect i val p ar t i ci pl e s 21 0 as 4 7 4 . B a s es in a v an d av 222

Va t ad d ed t o p a r t i ci p l es SW d m i h

4 44 . 21 0 as 4 7 5 .
,
s vn ,
t , p
r u , p
n ,
c yn 2 22

445 . G er u n di n ya 21 0 4 76 . I nt er nal r e d u p l i cat i o n 222

4 46 . G e r u n d i n ty a 21 0 as 4 7 7 . E x cep t i o nal fo r m s 22 2
 TA B LE OF C ON TE NTS .

PA G E AG E
P

CHA P TE R XX .
INT EN S I V E V E B BS .
5 0 8 C o nj un ct i o ns
.
2 33

4 78 M . ea ni ng o f i nt ens i ve or fr s 5 0 9 . I nt j er e c t i o ns 23 3

qu ent a t i ve ve r bs 223
Ve r b s wh ich m ay f m i nte n
CH A P TE R XX II I C O MPO U ND . W OR D S .

4 79 . or

s i ve b as es 223 5 10 . Ma nner o f co m p o und i ng no mi

4 80 . T wo k i nd s o f i nt e ns i ve b as es .
n al b as es 23 3

At m anep ad a 223 as 5 1 1 . T r e a t m en t o f f m i ni n b
e e as es 234

481 . Int ens i ve b

i n ya , h o w
as es 512 . Six cl ass es o f co m p o u nd s 23 4

f o r m ed a nd c o nj u g at ed 2 23 I . Ta t p u r u s h a , d ete r mi na t i ve

Par as ma i p ad a b as es , h o w fo rm co m p o u nd s 23 4
4 82 .

ed an d co n u gat ed j 224 I b Kar m a dhr aya,

. a pp o s i
8 C o nj ugati o n o f Par as m ai pada t i o nal d et e r m i n at i ve co m
4 3 .

b a s es 2 24 p o u nd s 23 4
I D vi gu, nu m er al d et er
4 84 . R e d u p l i ca t i o n o f i nt ens i ve b as es 224 c .

as 4 8 5 . Ver b s whi ch i n s er t n2 2 25 m i nat i ve co m p o u nd s 23 4

as 4 8 6 . Ver b s endi n
g i n na sal s 2 25 II . D va nd va , co l l ect i ve co mp . 23 5

as 4 8 7 . 7 049,
.
j a bh ,
d a h , da/ri w, bha j ,

III . B ah u vr i hi , p o ssess i ve co m

p a s? 225 p o u nd s 23 5

4 88 . Ch a r , p ha t 22 5 IV .

A vyayi bh zi va, ad ver b ial co m

as 4 89 . V erb s t
wi h p enu l t i m e 225 p o u nd s 23 5

4 90 . Ver b s en d i n g i n vi 2 26 513 . I . D e t e r mi nat i ve co m p o un d s 235

as 491 . E x ce p t i o nal i nt e ns i ve b as es 226 as 514 . E x cep t i o na l d e t er m i nat i ve

492 . S eco nd ar y and t er t i ar y b as es 226 co m p o u nd s 23 7

as 5 5 1 . I nve rt ed d et er m i nat ive co m

CHA P TE R XX I D . E N OMI NA TIVE V E RB S .

p o u nd s 23 7

as 5 6 I . D et er mi nat i ve co m p o u nd s e nd
49 3 . C h ar act er o f d eno m i nat i ve
i ng i n ve r b al b as es 23 7
ve rb s 22 7
I Ib A pp o s i t i o nal d et er m inati ve
5 7 . .

4 94 4 9 5 D en o m i n at i ves i n ya , Pa
m po u n d s
.

23 7
,
co
r as m ai ad a 227
p I nv er t ed de t er mi nat i ve co m
as 518 .

s
a 49 6 . C h a nges o f b ase 227
p o u nd s 238
4 97 . D eno m i nati ves i n ya At m ane ,
I
'

N u m er al d et er mi nat i ve
519 . c.

p ad a . 2 28
co m p o u nd s 238

as 4 9 8 . Th e Kan d vt d i v er bs 228
Mo d i cat i o ns o f t h e n al l et t er s
as 5 20 .

as 4 99 D m i nat i ves i n s y a
e no 229
.

o f d e t er m i nat i ve co m p o un ds 23 8
as 5 0 0 D eno m i nat i ve s i n h amya 2 29
.

5 2 1 . II C . o l l ect i ve co m p o u n ds ,
I ta
5 0 1 . C o nj u g at i o n o f d eno m i nat i ves 229
r et ar a an d Sam h r a 24 0
as 5 0 2 D eno m i n at i ves i n a
y a 229
P r eced enc e f wo r ds 240
.

as 5 22 . o
as 50 3 . D en o m i nat i ves wi t h o ut af xes 23 0
N o u n s e ndi n i i 24 0
as 5 23 .
g n r
as 5 24 . N a m es o f d e i t i e s 65 c . 240
C HA P TE R XXII P R E PO S I T I ON S . AND
as 5 2 5 . Mo di cat i o n s o f t h e nal l ett e r s
PA R TI CL E S .
o f co l l ect i ve co m p o u nds in
50 4 . Pr e p o si t i o ns , Up a sa/r g a 230 the s i ngu l ar 24 1

50 5 . Pr ep o s i ti o ns , G a ti . 23 0 as 5 26 . I di o m at i c e x p r es s i o ns 24 1

50 6 . P r e p o s i t i o ns ,
K a r map r a va ch a '
5 27 . III . P o s ses s i ve co m p o u nd s 24 1
n i ya 23 1 as 5 28 . Mo d i cat i o ns o f t h e nal l e t ter s
5 0 7 A dver b s
. 23 1 o f p o ss ess i ve co m p o u nds 24 1
xxi v TA B LE OF C ON TE N TS .

P A GE
5 29 . IV . A d ver b i al co m p o u nd s 24 2 Tan Cl ass ( Tanv d i , V I II Cl as s) 27 2
as 5 30 . E x cep t i o n al co m p o u nd s 24 3 Par asm ai p a d a an d At m anep ad a
as 53I Mo d i cat i o ns o f t h e nal l et t er s Ver b s 27 2
o f ad ver b i al co m p o und s 24 3 Kr i C l ass ( Kr yzi d i

, IX Cl as s) 27 3
I . Par a s m ai p ad a and A t m an ep ada
Ve r b s 27 3
II . Par asm ai p ad a Ver b s 27 4
A P PE N D IX I .
III A t m anep ad a V er b s 27 4
AG E
.

L I ST OF V E RB s 2 44285
Ad Cl as s (A d i d i
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II 27 5

B h C l as s ( B h vai di I C lass)

, 24 5
I Par a sm aip ada Ver b s
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I I At m anep ad a V er b s 27 9
I Par asm aip ad a Ver b s
. 24 5
.

I I A t m anep ad a V er b s
. 26 0
III . Par as mai p ad a an d At m anep ada

I II . Par as m ai p ad a and At m anep ad a V er b s 28 0

Ve b s r 26 3 E u Cl as s ( Ju h o t yd i ,
I II Cl as s ) 28 1

Tu d Cl as s ( Tu d d i , VI Cl ass ) 26 5 I . Par as m ai pad a Ve b s r 28 1

I . Par as m ai p ad a and A t m anep ad a II . A t m anep ad a V er b s 282

V er b s 26 5 III . Pa r asm ai p ad a an d A t man epad

II . V bs
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III At m an ep ad a Ver b s
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,
2 84

D i v C l ass ( D i vid i I V C l as s) , 26 7 I Par as m ai p ad a

. a nd At m anep ad a
I . P ar as m ai p ad a V er b s 26 7 Ver b s 28 4

II . A t m an ep ad a Ve b sr 26 9 II . Par asm ai p ad a Ve b s
r 284

II I . Par as m ai p ada and At m an ep ad a I II . A t m anep ad a V er bs 285

Ver b s 26 9
C hu r C l as s ( C h u r d i C l as s) , X . 27 0
Par as m ai p ad a V er b s o nl y 27 0 A PP E N D I X II .

Su Cl as s ( Svdi V C las s) , 27 0
I . Par as m ai p ad a and At manep ada ON TH E A CC EN T I N SAN S K RIT 28 6 29 2
V er b s 27 0

II Par asm ai p ad a Ver b s
I ND E X OF N C UN s 29 3 29 7
. 27 1
I II . At manep ad a Ver b s 27 1 IN D EX OF V E RB S 29 7 30 0
 TH E DE V A NA G A R I LE TT E R S .

V OW E L S . CON SO N AN T S .

I nit ia l . Med ia l . Ini t ia l . Med ia l . E qui va l ent .

d

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1 S o met im es p i n t h e Ve d a by a
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2
S o m et i m es r epr e s ente d i n t h e Ve d a by $3 R , ,
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 C H A PTE R I .

TH E AL PH A B E T .

1 . SAp ro p erl y wri tt en w i th t h e D e v an ag ari al ph ab et ; bu t th e

N S K R IT is
B eng ali G r an th a Tel u g u and ot h e r m o d e rn In di an al ph ab e t s ar e co mm o nl y
, , ,

e m p l o y e d fo r wri t i ng S an s k ri t i n t h e i r r e s p e ct i v e p ro v i n c e s .

N ot D v ndg i m n t h n
e e a i f t h godar po ibl y f t h Brah m n A mor
ea s e ar o e s, o r , ss , o e a s . e

c rr n t tyl f writing
u e s d by H i d
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use n us a n ans a s e e s e a

g g ua m p l oy d i c ll d i m pl y n
e e e i ,
W h y t h l ph b t h o l d h v b n c l l d n
s a e s far . e a a e s u a e ee a e ar ,

is u nk n o w If d ri v d f om n .
g c ity i t m i gh t m t h t f writ i g r t pr cti d
e e r na a r a , ,
ean e ar o n as s a se

i n c iti ( Pa v
es . N th ority h y t b
n . 1 . 2, d d c d f o m ny nc i nt o au th or f as e ee n a u e r a a e au or

th m pl oym t f t h word D v ndg t In t h L l i t vi t

e e en o e
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fro m S n kri t i to C hi 76 wh r l i t f l p h b t i gi v n t h D
'
a s n nese ndg i i e e a s o a a e s s e ,
e eva ar s

no t m nti o d e nl i t b i nt n d d by t h D v
ne , u es s l ph b t (S H i tory f An c i nt
e e e e e a a a e . ee s o e

S krit Lit r t r p
an s A l bi ni i n t h
e a u e, t h c nt ry
.

pe
k f th N g l ph b t
ru , e 1 1 e u ,
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as c rr nt i M l v ( R i n d M m oir
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e e s ur

e, .

B gh m ( bh g d dm
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a r a, a e o e s s e a ve a e o
'
o e e o e s

i m port n t c i ti a f o n d d by t h Gr k es ch Al x n dri d C
u e m N ic
e ( S ee s, s u as e a a a au casu or aea . ee

M o n M m o ir i n P i n p A nt i q i ti
as

s e s d Th om v l r pp 34%
se

s Co l d u es , e . as , o . I . . u

D v nag ri h v b n m nt
e a a

n
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ee ea as a e u a e o e r

N i n cri pti o n h v b n m t wi th i n I d i nt ri o 3 t t h ri f B ddhi m Th u s e

o s s a e ee
9 e n a a e r o e se .

li t th nti c p ci m f wri t in g t h i n cri pti o n bo t

ear es au e s e f k i ng P i y d
en s o i A k ar e e s s o r a ar s or so a, a u

2 5 0 B Th. c . w i tt n i t w d iff r n t l p h b t
es e ar e Th
r l ph b t wh i c h i f o nd i n t h
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i n cri pti o n f K p d i g i i
s d wh i ch i n t h m i i t h
o a ur m r t h t f t h A i ni n c o i n
,
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i wri tt n from ri gh t t l ft
s e It i c l l y f S m i ti c ori g i n n d m o t cl o l y
o e . ne gi d with
s ear o e , a s se co n e

t h Ar m i c br nch
e a f th
a l d S mi t i c a Ph ni ci n l ph b t Th Ar m i c l tt r h w
o e o e or e a a a e . e a a e e s, o

e v r wh i c h w k now f om E gypti n n d P l myr ni n i n cri ption h v xp ri nc d f rth r

e , e r a a a e a s s, a e e e e e u e

ch g i nc th y rv d t h m o d l f t h l ph b t f K p dig i i nd w m t h v
an es s e e se e as e e or e a a e o a ur r ,
a e us a e

r c o r t t h m or pri m it iv typ f t h nc i t H br w c oi n d f t h Ph ni c i n
e u se o e e e es o e a en e e s an o e e a

i cri pt io n i n ord r t
ns xpl in om f t h l tt r f t h K p digi i l ph b t
s e o e a s e o e e e s o e a ur r a a e .

B t wh i l t h tr n i t i o n f t h S m i t i c typ
u e e i to th i
a s nci t Indi n l ph b t n b
o e e es n s a en a a a e ca e

prov d with c i n tic pr c i io n t h con d In di l ph b t th t wh ich i fo nd i th

e s e e s ,
e se an a a e ,
a s u n e

i n cri pti o
s f Gi n n d wh i ch i t h
n o r l o rc f ll oth r In di n l ph b t w ll
r ar , a s fe ea s u e o a e a a a e s , as e as o

th o f Ti b t d B rm h h n t y t b n tr c d b ck in ti f ctory m nn r t y
se o e an u a ,
as o as e ee a e a a sa s a a e o an

S m iti c prototyp ( P i n p Indi n A ti q i ti b y Th om v l

e e . r se p
s T d m it a n u es as , o . II . . o a ,

h ow v r t h i n d p nd nt i v n t i on f n t i v Indi n l p h b t i im po i b l
e e , e e e e n e A l ph b t w r o a a e a a a e s ss e . a e s e e

n v r i nv nt d i
e e th e l ne f th t w rd
, n Th y w r f orm ed g r d ll y
e u su a se d p
se o ly a o . e e e a ua ,
an ur e

p W
h W k Wa h yll b i c i d o g p h i c t g T h r n r er ,
s a or e ra , s a es . e e ar e o

su ch tr c f th growth fa es o l ph b t e Ind i n o i l ; n d i t i t b h op d th t n w
o an a a e o n a s a s o e e a e

d i c o v ri
s m y t il l bri g t l i gh t t h i t rm d i t l i k b y wh i ch t h
e es a s n o l ph b t f G i e n e e a e n s e a a e o r nar ,

nd th ro
gh i t t h m o d r D v ag i m y b c n c t d w t g S tc
a u e i h
e n n f t h le and in m i i ar , a e on e e o e o e ea e

a l ph b t a e s .

B 2
 4 TH E AL P HA B E T . 2

2 . S an s k r i t i s w ri tt en fro m l e ft
to righ t .

N ot S mk i t e m n wh t i r d r d t
a s r p rf ct B t S k i t i n t c ll d
a ea s a s en e e or e e . u a ns r s o a e

so bc t h Brah m
e au s e till l b c e t h t E rop n wh an s , o rb c m c q i nt d s es s , e au s e e r s u ea s o e a e a ua e

wi th i t c o i d r d i t t h m o t p rf c t f l l l g g
,
ns e e S kyi t m e t wh t i r d r d s e e o a an ua es . a zs a ea n a s en e e

t f cr d p rpo ; h c p ri d cr d A v l th t i p ri d
o r sa e u s es cri c i l v i ct i m
en e u e , sa e . es s e a s u e , a sa a

th t i prop rl y dr d m wh h p d th ro gh l l t h i ni ti tory r i t
a s e es s e ,
a mi l dan o as as s e u a e a es o r s z s c r as ;

a l l th c ll d mk i t H c t h l ng g wh i ch l o w t f
es e ar e a e sa s r cr d ct th
a . en e e a ua e a ne as or sa e a s
,
e

nc i nt i di o m f t h V d w c l l d S kgi t th cr d l ng g Th l o c l pok n e a

a e o e e as , as a e a zs a, o r e sa e a ua . e s e

d i l ct r c i v d t h g n r l n m
a e s e e f p dk i t
e Th i d i d n t m n ori g in l l y v l g r b t
e e e a a e o r r a . s o ea a u a , u

d ri v d co nd ry con d r t li t r l l y wh t h o rc typ th i o c typ '

e e , se a se - a e, e a a as a s u e or e, s s ur e or e
,

(p kr i t ) b i ng t h S mk rit cr d l ng g ( S V h i P ak it Pr k as

d
'

ra z e e a s a. o r s a e a ua e. ee ar ar u c s r r a- a a, e .

C ow l l p x v i i )
e ,
. .

T h f orm r xpl n t i o n f p dkmt i n t h

e e n
e f tha t r l orig i l c ontin ti on f
a o r

a e se se o
i
e na u a , na ua s o

th ld l
e o g g i
an t n b
ua l b c ei t i t rpo l t t h id f c o nt i t i o n
s un e a e, e au s e n e a es e ea o nu a .

If p dkr t h d t b t k n i n t h f ori g i l n d t r l l g g c l l d wo l d
'

r z a a o e a e e s ens e o na a na u a , a an ua e so a e u

m h
e an , as b n w l l h own by D A l wi ( A n Intro d ction t li h h ay
as ee e s Gr m m r
s u o ac c an a s

a a ,

p l xxx ix ) t h orig i l l ng g n d mh kt w o l d th n h v t b t k n i t h n f
.
,
e na a ua e, a s s a u e a e o e a e n e se se o

r d f l it r ry p rpo Th i vi w h ow v r f t h m ni ng f th

e ne or e a u tw n m
s es . i s e , e e ,
o e ea o es e o a es , s

oppo d t t h v i w f th o wh fr m d t h n m nd i r nd r d im po ibl by t h
se o e e o se o a e e a es, a s e e e ss e e

ch r c t r f t h V d i c l n g g
a a e o e e a w

In wr i t i ng t h e D ev an a ari al p h ab e t t h e di s ti n ct i v e p ort i o n o f ea c h
3 .
g ,

l e tt e r i s wri tt en fi r s t t h en t h e p e rp e n di c u l a r an d l a s t l y t h e h ori z o n tal li n e

, , .

E x . o r
,
a n, E li /c; e , {4 , E r ich ; 1
,
l , y ; a, u, u g h ; t ,
a &c .

B eg in n er s wil l n d i t u s eful to trac e t h e l e tt e r s o n tr an s p ar en t p ap er ti ll ,

th ey kn o w th em w ell , an d c an w ri t e th em u en tl y an d correctl y .

4 . Th e f o ll owi ng ar e th e s o u nd s wh i ch ar e r ep r e s e n t e d i n t h e D e v an aga ri

H ar d a nd So f t a nd
H ar d , as p i r a te d S o ft, as p i r ate d
( te nu es ( t enu e s
,

( me i an ) d (me d i ae
,
N as al s S l b l lants

as p i r a t es .
) as p i r a tes

4
I . G u tt u ral s ,
3E k 151 Ht

11

g

Hg h 3 it?
x (X)
2 . Pal at al s , ch 3 chh a 71

31 s
3 . Li ng u al s , z ! 3 d
1
mn 1? 8 h E
m mi i f ?
4 D en t al s , at 2% d Wn

. It
a It s

5 L a
.b i al s, up a b Hm :
4 '

S u 3 22

9 W
U n m o di fi e d Nas al o r Anu s v ara m
o

3 or m .

U nm o di e d Si bi l an t o r V i s arg a , It .

1 In t h e Ve da

3
'

d an d
'

db, i f b tw e e en t wo v ow el s , ar e in c rte ai n s ch ool s wri tt en

3 I an d SEE l b .

2
E h is no t prop rl y e a li q u i d, bu t a s of t br th i ng ea .

3
a v is s om t i m c e es all e d D ento l ab i al - .

4
T h e s i g ns f o r t h e g u tt r u al an d l a i alb si b l nt i a s ha v b c om ob ol t
e e e s e e, an d ar e r pl c
e a e d
by t h e t wo d ot s 25 ,
.
 8 , TH E AL PH A B E T .
5

S t u de nt s ou ld
c au ti o ne d ag ai ns t u s i ng t h e R o ma n l e tte rs in s te ad o f
sh be
t h e D e v an ag ari wh e n b egi nni ng to l ear n S a n s k ri t T h e p arad ig m s s h o ul d .

b e i m p res s e d o n th e m e m ory i n t h e ir re al a n d n at i v e f orm ot h e r wi s e t h e ir ,

r s t i m p re s s i o ns wi l l b e co m e u n s e tt l e d and i n di s t i nct A ft e r s o me p ro g re s s .

h as b e e n m ad e i n m as t e ri ng t h e gr am m ar and i n readi ng S an s kri t t h e R o m an ,

al p h ab e t m a b e u s e d s afe l a n d wi t h a d v a n t a e
y y g .

T h e re a r e ft l e tt e r s i n t h e D e v an a ari al p h ab e t t hi t v
5 .
y g r
y s e e n ,
-

co n s o n an t s and th i rt een v o wel s rep re s enti ng e ver y s o u n d o f th e Sans kr i t ,

l ang u ag e .

6 . O ne l e tt e r, t h e l o n g a; f
I, i s m e r el y a
g r amm at i cal i nv e n ti o n ; it
ne e v r occ u r s i n th e s p o k en l ang u ag e .

7 . o u nd s
T wo t h e g
s u tt u ral an d l ab i al
,
s i bil ant s ar e n o w w i t h o u t ,

d is t i nct i ve r ep re s e n t a t i v e s i n t h e D ev an ag ari al p h ab e t Th ey ar e c all e d .

Ji h vd mzi l iy a t h e to ngu e root s i bil an t f o r m e d n ear t h e b ase o f t h e to ng u e ;

,
-
,

an d U a d bmd ni a i l n d u t h l ab i al s i b il an t T h ai d t o h ave
p y e a a s e,
. . e
y
, ar e s .

b ee n rep re s en t e d by t h e s ign s X ( c all e d h avin g t h e s h ap e o f t h e

th u n d erb o l t) an d 2% ( c all ed G aj a /cumbh dkri ti h avi ng t h e s h ap e o f an ,

e l ep h an t s t wo fro n t al b o n e s
) [ S ee V 0 a d e va s S an s kri t G ram m a r I

p . 1 8 ; ,
.

H i s tory o f A n c i en t S an s kri t Li t e r at u r e p S o m e t i m es t h e s ig n x ,
.
,

c all ed A r d h a vz s ar g a h al f V i sarg a i s u s ed fo r b oth B u t in co mm o n

-
'

,
-
, .

w ri t i ng th es e t wo s i g n s ar e n o w r e p l ac e d by t h e t wo d ot s t h e D vi vi nd u , ,

( d
'

vz ,
t w o vi nd u d o t
) , p r o p e rl
y ,
t h e s i n o f t h e u n m o di e d V i s ar a
g , g Th e .

o l d s i n o f t h e V i s arg a i s d e s cri b e d i n t h e Ka t an t r a as li ke t h e u re 8 4 ;
g
g
i n t h e T ant r abhi dh an a a s li ke t w o 3 t h s I n di an A n t i q ui t i e s
( S e Pr i n s e
'
e p ,
.
, ,

vo l I p 7
. . .

8 Th e re ar e ve di s t i n ct l e tt e r s fo r t h e ve n as al s a ri ii m v
.

f i \ a n , , , ,

m as th e re w e r e ori gi n al l y ve di s t i n ct s ign s f r t h e ve s i b il an t s W h
( , en o .
,

i n t h e m i d dl e o f w or d s th e s e n a s al s a e f o ll o we d by co n s o n an t s o f th e ir o w n
,
r

cl as s , by k H 9 g h ,i i by c k ch h j j h
z, , n by t ( h d db , n by t M , , , , , , , ,

d d h ; m by p p k b
,
th ey ar e o ft e n fo r t h e s a ke o f m ore e xp e di ti o u s
, , , ,

w ri t i ng r ep l a c e d b y t h e d o t wh i ch i s p ro p e rl y t h e s i gn o f t h e u nm o di ed
, ,

n as al o r A nu s v a ra Th u s we n d .

i n s t e ad o f a h ki td .

i ns t ead o f i 1 m a ch z t d M
l

k
c .
a 2.

i ns t ead o f W kundi td .

fqm in s t e ad o f W na ndi td .

o f Hi m ka mp z td
'

Th e p ro nu nci a ti o n rem ai n s u n affect e d by th i s s tyl e o f w ri ting i . t em

m u s t b e p ro n o u n c e d a s if i t w e re wri tt e n wfg m a i z ki t d & c , .

T h e s am e app l i e s to n al I!m a t t h e e n d o f a s e n t nc e Th i s e . to o ,
6 THE AL P HA B E T .
9

th o ugh fre qu en tl y wri tt en and p ri n t e d wi th t h e d o t ab o v e t h e li n e i s to ,

b e p ro n o u n c e d a s I 772 I i s to b e p ro n o u n c e d ( S P r f c
t W a h am ee e a e.
,
.

to Hi t o p ade sa i n M M s H an db oo k s fo r t h e S tu dy o f S an s k ri t p
,
. .

, .

N ot A cc ord i ng t t h K m a
e l 3 m i p
1 i m y b pro no n c d oA n v a r ;e au r as na n aus c

a e u e as us a

cf S r v t i P k iya d B o mb y
. a as a pp -
nd 3 W
ra r SW ,
W e . I a , . 12 a 1 .

s i enn a an I wanna m a ss i f !R afa as I .

Et Ia Th e Kau m ar as ar e th e

o o r f K m ar t h r p t d th or f t h Kat t
f l l we s o u a, K l ap g r m m r ( S
e e u e au o e an r a or a a a a . ee

C ol brook S kri t Gr m m r Pr f c ; n d p g 3 5 not ) S v v m n i q ot d by

e e, ans a a , e a e a a e 1 , e .

ar a ar a s u e

mi t k s a th e th or f th i g mm r n d d i tinction i om tim m d b tw n t h
as e au o s ra a , a a s s s e es a e e ee e

K maau d t h f ol l o w r
r as an f t h K l ap gr mm r e e s o e a a a a .

B s i d e s t h e ve n as al l e tt e r s e x p r e s s i n t h n l o n d m o di d
9 e .
g e a s a s u as e ,

by gu tt u r al p al a t al li ngu al d e n t al an d l ab i al p ro n u n i a t i o n th e r e ar e s t ill
, , , , c ,

th ree n as ali e d l e tt ers t h e i g i or g i 37 7 5 wh i ch ar e u s ed t o

z , , , ,

, , , ,

rep re s en t a nal R m i f foll o w e d by an i ni ti al g y a l , an d m o di e d , ,

by t h e p ro n u n c i a t i o n o f t h e s e th r ee s em i v o w el s ( P a n V I I I 4 . . .
,

Th u s in s t ead o f i In t a m yd ti we m ay w ri t e nimt a
y d t i ;

i n s t e a d o f Ti 8 3 % mml a blz a t e w e m ay w ri t e au t a ; l a bh a t e
i n s t e ad o f R afa t a mva h a t i we m ay w ri t e 11%n t aii va h a t z

O r in co m p o s i t i o n ,

uwi s a rh ydnam o r s ay y d n a m;
m s a ml a bd h am o r s all a bd h a m ;

13 3 3 f? !s a m va h a ti or Hg !s aiiva h a t i .

B u t n ev e r if t h e 3 m s t an d s i n t h e b o dy o f a w or d s u c h as m c m l
1 y a ; , a

n o r i f t h e s e m i v o w e l r ep r es e n t s an ori i n al v o w el e R i v eda x 1 2 -
g g g 3 3 ,
. . .
, .

H3 3 W 3 8 a m u d r a m c h a ng e d to @11 m m vcir a n

1 3 , .

5) IO Th e o nl .
y co n s o n a n t s wh i c h h a v e n o corr e s p o n di n
g n as al s ar e I
;

m s t s h 11 s h A nal I m t h er ef or e b ef or e any o f t h e s e l e tt e r s at
g
i
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L , .
, ,

t h e b eg i nn i ng o f w or d s c an o nl b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e n eu t r al o r u nm o di
y ,

e d n as al t h e A n u s v ar a , .

Ti ( R f? t a m r a ks h a ti O r i n co m p o s i ti o n {im s az m ks h a ti . , .

7? 3
1m t a m z i zz o ti '
. sa r i zz o ti .

m t t a m s i z a /cci r a m W ms h zh vq ti
' '
3 .
sa .

?!t a
Ti R I F ms ar a tz nt r s a nz s ar a ti
'

. .

7i z t i t a m h a r a ti . sa mbar a ti .

1 1 . In t h e b o dy o f a wo d th e r o nl y l e tt er s whi c h c an be p re c e de d by

t ion wh i ch h l t l y b n r print d co t i n t h t xt crib d ith r t va s

Th i s e di , as a e ee e e ,
n a s e e as e e e o r

h r lf i
e se S r v t i t h g o d d f p ch ( M S B d l
, . e . a as t A abh t i v p
, e ach ary ess o s ee . o . or o nu -s ar a a,

wh o v r th t m y b
e e d c o m m nt ry Th c o m m nt ry p i t d i t h B om b y d i ti on i
a a e an a e a . e e a r n e n e a e s s

c l l d N W T in MS B dl 38 B EN T i
a e , orIn M S B dl 38 M h i dh . o . 2 .
,
. e . . o . 2 . a ar a o r

M h i d a b h tt i
a i d t h v wri tt n t h S v t i n ord r th t h i c h il dr n m i g h t r d i t
sa a a s sa o a e e e r as a a e a s e ea ,

and t pl Is t h Lord Th d t g iv n i 6 34 t h pl c B n r ( S v aj dh nM
o ea s e a, e . e a e e s I , e a e e a es,
'
i ar a a
 1 6 . THE AL P H A B E T .
7

A nu s var a ar e as w al l
a g
s h T h u s i iw a a lz $1
, ,
i d h a ml z s h i w i fe y a d m
, .

: z , ,
'

g : s i mh a b B e fore t h e s e mi v o wel s 1 1 y E PI l { 22 t h e I: m i n t h e bo d y
.
, , , ,

o f a w or d i s ne ve r c h ang e d i nt o A nu s v a
,
ra Th u s 1 1W } g a mya t e an: na mr a lz .
, ,

E ra: a ml a lz In a z yo l ( R v I 4 3 4 8 w ) t h e 7h s ta nds p e d ant e b u t

. z . .
, , .

,

t in F
R d mya tz ( S
'

no M . ee

1 2 W i th
. xc ep t i o n o f Ji h vdmz i l iya X x ( to ng u e root l e t te r) Up a dl
th e e -
,

to e b r e a t h e d u p o n ) A nusvdr a 7h aft e r s o u n d
md ni y a X (I ( b ( )

) V i s a r
g a la ,
-
,

e m i s s i o n s ee T ai tt Br a III p 2 3 a ) and R ep ka r ( bu rri n g ) all l e tte r s

( , h m .
- . . .
, ,

ar e n am e d i n S an s k ri t b y a d di n g kd r a (m aki ng) to t h e i r s o u n d s Th u s .

as a i s c al l e d m : a kdr a ll ; Hi Ica m : ka kd r a lz 8 0 , , L .

1
3 T h.e v o we l s i f i ni t i al ar e wri tt e n
, , ,

at an
r i , w a , as (E )
, 3 as , 2 Q I n ,
a ; , , , , , , , ,

a, d, i, 5, i 4
T, 3 , u, 21, e, 0, an ;

if th ey f ol l o w a co ns o n an t t h ey , ar e w i r tt e n t
wi h t h e f ll wi ng o o s ig ns
S
r, f , 1, , , o , , ,
,2 a

a, d, i , ri , (If), u, d, e, ai , 0 , an .

Th er e i s o ne e x c ep t i o n If t h e v o w el a ( 2 f o l l o w s t h e co ns o nan t g r i t
.
'

re t ains i t s i ni ti al f orm an d t h e r i s wr i tt e n o v e r i t E x
,
ni r z i t i lz . .

.

In c e rt ai n w ord s wh i c h to l er a t e a n h i at u s i n t h e b o d y o f t h e w o r d th e ,

s e co n d v o wel i s w ri tt e n i n i t s i n i t i al f or m E x I m g o ag r a adj p re ce d e d . .
,
.

b y co w s i ns t ead o f r s a g o g r a or Tram: g a vdg r a ; r im g o a va m co ws and

'
'

, ,

h or s es ; n3 7 ! p r a ij g a
y o k e f a n s t i t
, a ii s i e v e
'

, .

I4 E ve ry co n s o n an t i f wr i tt en by i t s el f i s s u pp o s e d to b e fo ll o we d by
.
, ,

a s h ort a Th u s a: i s n o t p ro n o u n c e d b ut [a t 1 1 no t y bu t ya B u t i i k
.
, .

o r an ot h e r co n s o nan t i f f o ll o w d b n v o w l x c ep t a i s p ro n o u n c e d
y e
y a
y , e e ,

w i t h o u t t h e i nh e r e n t a Th u s .

an M , fa: I n
, as A2, m am klz , (g m) 3 1 m, as Ice, a ka i,
'

, ,
g ,
1
at Ico , a? la w .

Th e o nl y p e cu l iari ty i s th at s h ort f z i s app aren tl y w ri tt en b efo r e t h e c o n '

s o n an t aft e r wh i c h i t i s s o u n d e d T hi s aro se f ro m t h e fac t th a t in t h e .

earli es t f or m s o f t h e In d i an al p h ab e t t h e l o n a n d s h ort i s w e r e b ot h

g
wri t t e n o v e r t h e co n s o n an t t h e s h ort 2 i n cli ni ng to t h e l e ft t h e l o n g i
'

, ,

i n cl i ni ng to t h e ri g h t A ft er ward s th ese to p m ark s wer e f o r th e s ak e o f

.
-
,

d i s t i nct n e s s dr aw n a cro s s t h e to p li n e s o as to b e co m e i an d
,
i n s t e ad -
,

of a s In di a n A n t i q ui t i e s e d T h o m as vo l I I p
( S e e Pr i n s e

? an d p , .
, . . .

I5 If a co ns o n an t i s to b e p ro n o u nc e d w i t h o u t any v o w el a ft e r i t t h e
.
,

co ns o n an t i s s ai d to b e fo l l o we d by V i r d ma i e s to pp ag e wh i ch i s m a rk e d , . .
,

by T h u s a k m u s t b e w ri tte n HQ ; Icd r ar g ; 3
g
,
'

16 If a co n s o nan t i s f ol l o we d i m m e d i a t el y b y an oth e r co n s o n a nt t h e
. ,

t wo o r th ree or f o u r o r ve o r m ore co n s o nan t s ar e w ri t t en i n o n e g ro u p

 8 TH E AL P H A BE T .
1 7

( samy g )
o a T h u s a t ka i s wr i tt en E ma; a lp a i s w ri tt e n war ; kdr ts nya i s
.

wri tt en mi d i Th es e g ro u p s or co mp o u nd co n s o nant s m u s t be l e ar nt by
.

p racti c e It i s e asy h o weve r to di s co ve r s o m e g eneral l aws i n t h ei r form a

.
, ,

t i o n Th u s t h e p e r p end i cul ar an d h ori z o nt al l i n es ar e general l y d ro p t i n

.

o n e o f t h e l e tt e r s : +a a t va ; q +
i
=

s ki m; i +a= =n c h
y ;
a lcf a;

a ktva ; ktya .

1 7 . Th e 9
*
f o ll o wi ng con s o n an t i s
a w i r tt en by a sh ort tran s ver s e
s tro ke at th e f oo t o f th e l e tt e r ; a s
+ t =
m or 3 % km ;
1
3 +t =
a gr a ;

w +t = a or 3 h a; dr a ; sh im .

Th e
g p r e c e d in
g a co ns o nan t i s w r i tte n b
r y p l a c e d a t t h e to p o f t h e .

co ns o nant b efore whi c h i t i s t o b e s o u n d e d Th u s g+ a HIE: ar ka a nd . : .

+n
\
m =var s h m a T h i s s i gn f o r t 7 i s p l ac e d to t h e ri gh t o f a ny ot h e r
\
.
'

m ark s at t h e t 0 p o f t h e s a m e l e t t e r E x ct r /ca m ; m a r kez z a ;

g
. .

ar kend .

k f o l l o we d by I t s h i s w ri tt en a a ks h a
3
5 or .

f o l l o we d by 5 ? i i i s w ri tt e n a a
qj j .

i s s o m e t i m e s w ri tt en j h
.

t 7
\
f o ll o we d by

r i tt en 5 m E M
S u a nd a 22 i s w
'

, .

3 d fo l l o we d by 3 u an d as 22 i s wri tt e n da d it
g E

.
,
\

3 s p ar t i c u l arl y i n co m b in at i o n w i t h oth e r l e tt e r s i s f r e q u e n tl y wri t te n

1 , ,

E sa V
l W a
i
X V rd
.
; ; .

1 8 Th e
.
(s
si
g p
n g )
e e
o w h i c h p
f V i r dma
i f l a c e d at t h e f oot o f a ,

co ns o n an t sh o w s th at i t s i nh eren t s h or t a i s s t o pp ed i s s o m e ti m es wh en i t
, , ,

i s di f cu l t to wr i t e ( or t o p ri n t ) t wo o r t h ree co ns o n an t s i n o n e g ro u p p l ac e d ,

aft e r o n e o f t h e co ns o n an t s th us at i n s t e ad o f 3%ymz kte

1
9 T h e p.ro p e r u s e o f t h e V i r am a h o w e v e r i s a t t h e e n d o f a s e n t e nc e , , ,

o r p ort i o n o f a s e n t e nc e t h e l a s t w or d o f wh i ch e n d s i n a co n s o n ant .
,

A t t h e e n d o f a s e nt en c e or o f a h al f ve r s e t h e s ig n I i s u s e d ; at t h e ,
-
,

e nd o f a v e r s e or o f a l o ng er s en t enc e t h e s ig n II ,
.
,

20 T h e s i g n 3 ( A vag r a h a o r A r d d hd kd r a ) i s u s e d i n m o s t e d i t i o ns t o
.

m ark t h e eli s i o n o f an i ni t i al 61 a a ft e r a n al 0 or E 3 E x #1 s
so
p i ,
. .

S t t!156 p z f o r It Wt t e ap i

:
f o r Ih wfq s o q
a


ap i, i . e . HQ
s as ap i ; .

L is t f
o Co mp o und Co ns o na nts .

a Ic lca , -

all ? kkh a ,
a l k ch a , a; k t a ,
r k '
t y a, - - - -
a; k t
- -
r a ,
k t- r
-
y a,

E k -
t v a , a;
k -
n a , gq k -
n -
y ,
a 7 5 1 k -
m a , W k -
a
y , a 0 1 ai (P m 1
, E 5
0 1 a n

l

l a k k k h I h m H y I h -
E l -
h v
gt
-
v i v r s y a c s a -
y , : a s sr
- - - -
g . c a , a , a -
s a ,
c s a , ,

a t [ch ya , q Ich r a ;
- - w g ya , :n g r a , w g r y a
- - - n g h na , g 1 g h n y a ,
- - -

w g h ma , u : g h ya , a g h r a ; -
t k t
a -
k-
t y

a -
k - a
y
g
-
-
g t a
- -
-
a ,
a, , ,
10 TH E AL P H A BE T . 22

t d f I! f
Th u s cI s k h an s or e o e o , o ne.
A
t t d f 3 d v f E l dv

i tw
s an s or o a u, o .

3 t d f 3 t f t g h t
s anh s or r o r a a ,
r ee .

8 t d f 3 h f m h tvd h f o r
s an s or c o c a r a , u .

4 t
' d f Up f p h
s an v s or o a c a, e .

Th i m i l ri ty b c o m
e s a m or vi d nt by c m p ri ng t h l tt r d m r l
e es e e e o a e e e s an nu e a s as u sed in
an ci t i n cri pti on S W p k Mm oir
en s s .l Prop g t io d C h iffr
ee oe c e, e sur a a a n es es I n d i en s ,

i n Jo rn l A i ti q ri tom ; P i p I di n Anti q iti b y Th om as , vo l

u a v s a u e, 1 se e, e I r n se s n a u es . II .

P 7 3 C h i p fro m
0 G rm n W ork h op v l
s a p 89 e a s , o . II . . 2 .

P r o nunci a ti o n .

22 . Th e S an s kri t l e tt e r s sh oul d be p ro n o u n c ed i n accord an c e wi th th e

tran s cri p t i o n gi ven p ag e 4 T h e . f o l l o wi n g rul e s h o w ev er ar e to

be , ,

o b s e rv e d

1 Th e v o w el s s h o u l d b e p ro n o u n c e d li k e t h e v o w el s i n I t al i an
. Th e s h ort 11 a .
,

h o w ev e r h as r at h e r t h e s o u n d o f t h e E ngl i sh a i n A m e ri c a

.
,

2 Th e a s p ir a ti o n o f t h e co n s o n an t s s h o u l d b e h ear d di s t in ctl y
. Th u s I? kh .

i s s ai d by E ngli s h s ch o l ar s w h o h av e l e ar n t S an s kri t in I n di a to s o u n d
, ,

al m o s t li k e [ch i n i nk h orn In t h li k e t h i n p oth o u s e 1i p h l ik e p h

in to p h eavy It
g h li k e g h i n l o
g h o u se Vt d h l i k e d h i n

m adh o u s e

H hh li ke hh i n H o bh o u se Thi s n o d o u b t i s a .

, ,

s o m ew h a t e x a
gg e r a t e d d e s cr i p t i o n b u t i t i s w ell i n l e arni n
g S an s k ri t ,

to di s tingu i sh fro m t h e rs t t h e a s p i r at e d f ro m t h e u n as pi ra t ed l e tte rs

by p ro n o u n c i ng t h e f orm e r wi t h an u nmi s tak ab l e e m p h a s i s .

3 Th. e
g u tt u r a l 3 n h a s t h e s o u n ?d o f no i n k i n g .

4 Th. e p al a ta l l e t t e r s 3 o h a n d a j h a v e t h e s o u n d o f c h i n

c h u rc h a n d

o f j in jo in
.

5 T .h e lin
g u a l l e tt e r s ar e s aid to b e p ro n o u n c e d b y b r i n i
g gn t h e l o w er

s u rf ac e o f t h e to n u e a ai n s t t h e roo f o f t h e p al at e A s a m a tte r o f
g g .

fa ct t h e or din ary p ro nu n ci at i o n o f t d n i n E n gli s h i s wh a t H in d u s , ,

w o u l d c all l ing u al an d i t i s e s s en t i al to di s t i n gu i s h t h e S an s k ri t d en t al s
,

b y b ri ngi ng t h e t ip o f t h e t o ng u e ag ai n s t t h e v er
y e d g e o f t h e u pp e r

f ro n t t e e th -
In tran s cri b in g E n gli s h w or d s t h e n at i v es n a t u rall y
.

rep re s en t th e E ngli s h d en tal s by t h e i r li ngu al s n o t by th ei r o wn ,

d en t al s e
g f a
iz g D i
. r e k i
. ar
W G a v ar n m en y & c
*
, , .

6 T h e V i s arg a Ji h vci mul i a an d U a d h md ni ya ar e n o t n o w art i c u l a t e d

.
y , p

7 . Th e d en t al F s s u nd s o lik e 3 in si n,

t h e li n gu al El s h l i ke sh in sh u n ,

th e p al at al at 31 li k e ss in s e s si on .

B ii hl er , Ma dras L it erary Journal Febru ary, 1 86 4 , . R aj en dr al al Mi tra , O n th e Ori g i n

o f t h e H i n dvi L ang u ag e ,

J o rnu al o f th e A s iati c S o c i ety B eng al , , 1 86 4 , p .
5 9
0 .
 24 , M I LE S o r SA ND H I .
11

Th e real A nu s vzir a i s s o u nd ed

ve ry s li g h t na s al li ke 72 i n Fre nch bo n
as a , .

If t h e d o t i s u s ed a s a g rap h i c s ig n i n p l ac e o f t h e ot h e r ve n as al s i t
m u s t o f co u r s e b e p ro no u n c e d li ke t h e n as al w hi c h i t re p re se nt s
, ,

C H A PTE R II .

RU E L S or SA ND H I OR TH E C OMB IN A T ION or L E TTE R S .

23 . I n S an s k ri t e very t c
co n s i d ere d as o ne u nb ro ken c h ain
s en en e is
o f s yll ab l e s E x c ep t w h e re. i s a s to p w h i ch w e s h o u l d m ark by
th e re ,

i n t e rp u n ct i o n t h e n al l e tt e r s o f e a ch w or d ar e m ad e to co al e s c e wi t h t h e
,

i ni ti al l e tt er s o f t h e f oll o wi ng w or d Thi s co al es c enc e o f nal and i ni ti al .

l e tt e r s ( o f v o w el s wi t h v o w el s o f co n s o nan t s wi t h co n s o n an ts an d o f
, , ,

co n s o n an t s wi th v o w el s ) i s c al l ed S a ndh i , .

A s c e rt ai n l e tt er s i n S an s kri t ar e i n co m p at i bl e wi t h e ac h ot h e r i e , . .

c annot b e p ro n o u n c ed o n e i m m e di at el y aft e r t h e oth e r th ey h ave t o be ,

m o d i e d o r as s imil at e d i n or d e r to fac ili t at e t h ei r p ro n u n c i ati o n Th e r u l e s .

,

a ccor di n to w hi c h e i t h e r o n e or b oth l e tt e r s ar e t h u s m o di e d ar e call e d

g ,

th e r u l es o f S a ndh i .

ccordi ng to a gen eral ru l e t h e w or d s i n a s ent enc e m u s t th u s b e gl u ed

As a

to ge th e r t h e m ere ab s en c e o f S andh i i s i n m any c as es s u f c i en t to m ark th e

,

s to p s wh i c h i n oth e r l an u a es h av e to b e m ar ke d b to p E
g g y s s x . .

{g ig E g a n: a s tvag ni mci h d t my a m, i nd r as tu d evdnci m ma h a t t a m ah, Le t

t h er e b e t h e g r e at n e s s
'

o f A g ni ; ne e v rt h el es s I n dra i s t h e gr eat e s t o f th e

g o d s .

D i s ti ncti o n between E x ter na l a nd I nt er na l S a nd h i .

24 . It i s e s s en ti al
ord er to av o id co nf us i o n t o di s tin gui s h be tw een
,
in ,

t h e ru l e s o f S an dh i w h i ch d e t e rm i n e t h e c h ang e s o f n al an d i ni t i al l e t te rs

o f w or d s
(p a d a
) a n d b e t w ee n t h o s,e ot h e r ru l e s o f S an dhi w h i c h app l y t o

t h e nal l e tt e r s o f v erb al root s ( d hci tu ) an d n o mi n al b as es ( p r d tip a d i ka ) wh e n

fo l l o w e d by c e rt ai n t e rmi na t i o n s or s u f x e s Th o u gh b oth ar e b as e d o n t h e .

s am e p h o n e t i c p ri n c i p l e s an d ar e s o m e t im es id en t i c al th e ir appli ca ti o n i s ,

diffe r en t For sh ort n e s s s ake i t will b e b es t to appl y t h e n am e o f E x t er na l

.

A cc ording t o S rit gr mm ri
an sk a a an s th e r e al An s v ara i s pron o nc
u u ed in t h e n o o se nl
y,
th e ve n a s al s by th ir r p ct i v org
e es e e an s an d the n o se . S i d dh .
-Kau m t o Pan . . 1. I, 9 .

W m? W u

Th e r l An v ar i th r for
ea us a s e e

e nas i kya , n as al ; t h e ve n as al s ar e

a numz s i ka , n as a li z e d ,

i . e . prono nc d by th ir wn org
u e e o an o f s p ch
ee , a nd u tt r d th ro
e e ugh th e n o se .

C 2
l 2 RU LE S or E XTE R N AL S A ND H I . 25

S a nd hi or P a d a S a nd hi ch an g e s wh i ch t ak e pl ac e at t h e m e eti ng o f
to th e

n al an d i ni t i al l e tt e r s o f w or d s an d t h a t o f I nt er na l S a ndh i to t h e ch an g e s ,

p ro du c ed by t h e m ee ti ng o f radi c al an d f orm ati ve el em en t s .

Th e ru l e s wh i ch app l y to n al an d i ni t i al l e tt er s o f w ord s ( p a d a )appl y wi th ,

few e x c ep t i on s to t h e n al an d i n i ti al l e tt er s o f t h e co m p o n en t p art s o f c o m
,

p o u n d s and li k ewi s e to t h e n al l e tt er s o f n o mi n al b a s e s ( p r d tip a di ka )wh en fo l

,

l o w e d by t h e s o c al l ed P a d a t e rm i n a t i o n s
-
bhyd m t : bh i h W : hh ya h g s u )
-
, , , ,

or b s e co n d ary ( t a d d h i t a )s u f x e s b e gi nni ng wi t h any co n s o n an t s e x c ep t

y y .

Th e ch ang es p ro d u c e d by t h e co n t a ct o f i n co m p a ti bl e l e tt er s i n t h e b o d y
of a w or d sh o u l d p ro p erl y b e treat e d u n d er t h e h e ad s o f d e cl en s i o n ,

co nj u gat i o n an d d eri va ti o n In m an y c as e s i t i s far e as i er to rem em be r

,
.

t h e w or d s r ea dy m a d e fro m t h e di cti o n ary o r t h e gr a mm a t i c al p arad igm s

-
,

fro m t h e gram m ar t h an to a c qu i re t h e co m p l i c at e d ru l e s wi th th ei r
,

n u m e ro u s e x c ep t i o n s w hi ch ar e g e n e ral l y d e t ai l e d i n S an sk ri t g r amm ar s

u n d e r t h e h e ad o f S an dh i It i s eas i e r t o l ea rn th a t t h e p arti c ip l e p as s i v e
.

o f fa l i h to li ck i s m l i dh a h t h an to r e m e m b e r t h e ru l e s a ccor di ng to
g , , ,

h + t ar e c h an ge d

g el i s d r o p t an d t h e v o wel l e ng t h en e d : wh il e i n Q F
qg p a r i vz i h t a h

,

t h e v o wel u n d er t h e s ame c i rc u m s t an c es r em ai n s sh o r t ; p a r i vz i h
,
ta h ,

p a r i v z i d

h t a h p a r i vz i d , d h a h p a r i vz i d

dh a h p a r i vz i dh a h I= n G r e e k
=

.

an d L at i n no ru l e s ar e gi v en wi t h r e g ar d t o c h ang e s o f t h i s ki n d If t h ey .

ar e to b e gi ve n at al l i n S an s k ri t r amm ar s t h e h o l d t v o i d co n f i o n
g y s u o a u s , , ,

be k ep t p e rf e ctl y di s t in c t f ro m t h e ru l es aff e ct in g t h e nal an d i ni t i al l e t ter s

o f wor ds as b ro ugh t t o geth er i n o ne an d t h e s am e s ent enc e .

Cl as sica ti o n f
o V o wels .

25 . V o wel s ar e ort (h r a sva) l o ng ( d ir g h a) and p ro tract ed

di vi d e d i n to sh , ,

( p l u t a
) v o w el s S h ort v o w
. e l s h a v e o n e m e a s u r e
( m d tr ci ) l o n
g v o w e l s t w o , ,

p rotracte d v o wel s th ree ( Pan 1 2 A c o n s o n an t i s s ai d t o l as t h alf

. . .
,

t h e t i m e o f a s h ort v o w el .

I Sh ort v o w el s : s a g i 3 u a ri 5 li
.
a
, ,

, ,
'

2 Lo ng v o we l s : i n (i
.

Q i a s 22 E
g n I! e E a i ah 0
, , o u , o , , , ,
.

3 P
. ro tr a c t e d v o wel s a r e i ndi c a t e d b
y t h e g u r e
33 a t : 3a a n d
3 3 t3 3 i i , , ,

Q3 3 3 3
i E e 2 % , 3 a n 3 S o m e t i,m e s w e n d a 3q a.
3 i i n s t e ad o f , ,

or m d i t d f
3 3 3 u n s e a o a a
,
u 3 , ,
.

26 . V o w el s ar e li k ewi s e di vi d e d in t o
I . M o n o p h th o ng s (s a mdnd ks h a r a): 3 a , an d,
i
{,

Q,
i 3 u, t 11, 53
'

, TE 15 .

2 . D i p h th o ng s ( s a ndh
y a lcs h ar a
) E : e, 3 a i , =3 } 0, o u .

5) 27 . A ll v o wel s ar e li abl e to b e nas al i z ed , or to b eco m e a nunds ika $35 5 3 .

 33 , Ro ws or E XTE R N AL SA ND H I . 13

28 . V o w el s ar e ag ai n di vi d e d i nt o li gh t ( l ag h u ) and h e avy Th is
divi s i o n i s i mp ort an t fo r m e tri c al p ur p o s e s o nl y .

1 . Li gh t v o we l s ar e V a, i
g , 3 u,
'

!
ri f q i , if no t f o l l o we d by a d o u b l e co n s o n an t .

2. H eavy v o w el s ar e an d ,
i i , a 2
2 , a r t, 2 e , i a i , v} o ,
v
aa a n,
a n d any
s h ort v o wel ,
i f fo ll o we d b y m ore th an o ne co n s o nan t .

2 9 V o wel s ar e
.
,
l as tl y , d ivi d e d
ccordi ng to acc e n t i nt o a cut e ( u d zi t t a) a , ,

g r ave
( anu d i t t a
) (
an d ci r cu mex e d s var it a
) ,Th e a c u t e v o w e l s ar e p ro n o u n c ed .

wi t h a rai s e d t o ne t h e g r av e v o w el s w i th a l o w t h e c ir c u m e x e d w i t h an e ve n
, ,

to ne ( Pan 1 2 2 9
. A cc ent s ar e m ark e d i n Vedi c l i t e ra t ur e o nl y
. .
, .

G una a nd V z i d dh i

.

G u na i s t h e s t r engt h e ni n g f i, i i, 3 ii , a 22, wr , a , a: li , by
i
'

30 . o

m ean s p re c edi ng a a wh i ch r ai s es {i an d i ; i t o ( e
o f a , , 3 u an d 3 5 12 t o i t o ,

a r i a,
n d a r i to m g o r 25 1i t o
m a t ( P an 1 I , . . .
,

B y a r ep e ti t i o n o f t h e s am e p roc e s s t h e V ri d dhi ( in cre as e ) v o w el s ar e

f orm e d vi z Q a i i n s t ead o f 2 8 i ii o u i ns t ead o f 3) a i r in s t e a d o f a o r
, .

a
t , , ,

an d a r e ti l i n s t ead o f
; 3
3 al
( P an 1 I I
) . . .
, .

V o w el s ar e t h u s di vi d ed ag ain i nto
1 S i m p l e v o wel s : a m nd
.
: ii t E u 3 2 , a t a l,
i , , ,
1 ,
r , .

2 . G u na v o wel s : ( e ( a i ), B o ( a u
),
ar
g o n G
a ul .

3 V r
.i ddh i vo wel s : an cl Edi a ci u m ci r ,
m il
a .

ak e G u n a o r

3 1 . t
a !a an d
a s ot h er
an a
g r amm ari an s sa
ydo no t , , ,

rem ai n u n ch anged af ter t aki ng G u n a Th u s i n t h e r s t p ers o n s i ng o f t h e . .

redu p li c at e d p erfe ct wh i ch r equ i re s G u na o r V ri ddh i a ba n f orm s wi th

, ,

G u na m j ag h ana o r wi th V ri d dh i i ag h d na I h av e kill e d
, ,
.

C o mbi na ti o n f
o V o we l s at th e end a nd beg i nni ng o f wo r ds .

3 2 g r . rul e A Ssan s k ri t
a all o w s o f n o
e ne al hi atu s
( vi vr i t,t i ) i n a

s en t e n c e If a w or d e nd s i n a v o we l and t h e n ex t w ord b eg in s wi t h a
.
,

vo wel c er t ai n m o di c ati o n s t ake p l ace in o rd er to rem o ve th i s hi a t u s

, .

33 F or t h e p u r
. p o s e o f e x p l ai ni n
g t h e co m b i n a ti o n o f v o w el s t h e
y ,

m ay b e di vi d e d i n to t w o cl as s es :

I Th o s e wh i ch ar e li ab l e to b e c h ang e d i n t o s e m i vo w e l s i t 3 u 3 22 '
.
, , , , ,

a i ii f ? al s o t h e di p h
,
t h o n
g s E e i a i v} o i ?
s o u , , , ,
.

2 Th o s e w h i ch ar e n o t w a $1 d
.
, ,
.

C alli ng t h e f orm e r li qu i d t h e l a tt e r h ar d v o w el s w e m ay sa y : If t h e ,

Th e Pr i t i s k h ya

cal l ths em a dmi n, f o r a d iff e r nt r o
e eas n ; s ee R ig - v e d a-p r at i s akh ya ,
'

ed . M M . .
,
p xx iii
. .
14 R U LE S or E XTE R N AL SA ND H I .
34

sam e v o w el (l o ng or s h ort) occu rs at t h e e n d an d b egi nni ng o f word s, the

re s u l t i s t h e l o ng v o w el ( Pan V I I Thu s . . .
,

3 or 31 + I o r 3 1 sn ci + ci ci " = = = = = .

i i

g or or z .

3 or or ii + ii = zi .

H or HM : o r

E X .
W W m m r u ktvci ap ag a ch ch h a t i u ktvcip ag a ch ch h a t i ,

h avi ng s p o k en h e goes aw a
y .

we? ch a ri ver na d i i a r i sfi

' '
na d i a r

i i , su .

u d o in eu t er r t
as
? 1 3 is
3 3 H k a r t yi : ar t
ij g ( n ) g
i h
: r ,
.

g f i ki nt u u a et i ki n t zi d eti bu t h e ri s es

z .
,

O r i n co m
.

p o u n ds ma h i ,
i sa b m a h i sa h l or d o f t h e e art h , .

ar d v o w el s o o r s h ort ) occ u r at t h e e n d o f a w or d an d t h e
5) 34 If h .
( g
l n ,

n e x t b eg i n s wi t h a l i qu i d v o we l ( e x c ep t d i p h t h o n g s ) t h e r e s u l t i s G u na o f ,

t h e l i qu i d v o w e l ( P a n V I 1 T h us
. . .
,

m i
i

3 or +g or
i = 2 c + = e

m} + ii
-
W l S ( iu )

3 0r 0r a z = o c .

W m + Eq o r ii + r i
Pa
( n
'

or

g ar 1
z = . . .

E x . 71? t a va i nd r a h t a vend r a h, th ine i s In dr a .

In 3 3 1 : t ha t ad uktvci so kt vci , sh e h avi ng p o ke n

s .

i : 11 $113 :
3
s ci ri d dhi h s ar d d h i h, th i s w e al t h .

War W t: ma rt : t ava l i kci r a h th y l e tt er li .

Or co m p o u nd s mm
in wrai th : kci mg a i s h ti b kci my es h ti b an
, ,

o ffe ri ng fo r a c ert ai n b o o n .

f ai r st : W : h i t a r
up a d ea h hi t op a d ea h
g oo d a d v i c e ,
.

5) 35 I f h a r d.v o w el s
( g
l o n o r s h ort ) occ u r a t t h e e nd o f a w or d an d t h e ,

n e x t b e i n s wi t h a di p h t h o n r es u l t i s V ri ddh i T
g g t h e
( Pa n v1 1 h us
,
. . .
,

3 or
'

P W +E =

w o r m + a a a+ di ai = z

=5!or m + a= a
i
=3 or
m + s s c + ci u ci u = = .

E X .
( a : t a va eva : t a va i va , o f th ee o nl y .

in , W W s ci a i /cs hi s h a t s a i ks hi s h a , s h e s aw t .

The l e tt r W5 l i i
e s l ef t o ut , bc e au s e it i s o f no pr cti c a al u til i ty . It i s tr t iea e d l ik e n) o n l y
su b ti t ti
s u ng
Q l fo r
E
7 r in G u n a an d V r i ddh i . Th us 175 +
W li ia nu ba nd h ah b e c o m es
-

W l a nuband h ah, i . e . v
h a i ng l i as i n di c tory l tt r
a e
i
e .

1

S om e gr am m a ri an s c on si de r the S an dh i o f i wi h t r
,
i optio n al , b ut t h y r q ire e u e th e

ort E W l t W

sh e ni n f t h e l o ng a br a hma r s hi h

- -E
g o . X. l or

W br a hma r i s hi h , Brah m a , a B i sh i .
 37 , R ULE S or E XTE R N A L SA ND H I .
15

as W r : l a va o sh th a h t a va us h th a b, t h y li p .

: 11
W W s ci a u t s ukg a va t i s a u ts u k a va t i , s h e
y d e s iro u s .

Or co m p o u nd s ( In + i t w r ci ma
in , y am r i ma i v a r ya m

9 z

a i sva r : c
,

t h e l ord s h i p o f R am a .

{ n W s i t ci a up a mg a m s i t a u a m a m s i m il a ri t
p y y w i t h ,

S i t a t h e wi fe o f R m a ,
.

6 If a s i m p l e l i qu i d v o w e l ( l o ng or s h ort ) occ u r s at t h e e nd o f a
3 .

w or d an d t h e n e x t b egi n s w i t h any v o w el o r dip h t h o ng t h e re s u l t i s

, ,

ch ang e o f t h e li qui d v o wel i nt o a s em i v o wel ( Pan v 1 I Th u s . . .

w or Bu z z: o r zn c i z
y c i .

or g or i i
q

e
g a = r z
g g
i
i

g or i; 3 0r $= g or
1 z z
y z

Iz o r or ? e, a i = e
g , g a z

a o r = t h or
t o , au z
y ,
o y ou

w or m =
t or n = r c i .

{ or
= ft or ii i z r i .

i
i
r i

o
a 3 or a z
g or g r
,
z z r i .

E or or ? e, a i r r e, r ai .

as } or z or o ,
au = r o , r au .

a? o r $11 2 3 or ? ! i
c = vc i .

i i

fa

v
{ e
or z or z

ri vr i
'
a or
'

di 3 i
5 or z .

ve, M i

E or or e, a i = .

or z z ) o r a?
! o , au = vo , va u .

Ex f d adhi a tr a d a d h ya tr a , m i lk h e re

.
3 t: era 2
g a la .

ka r t r i ut a ka r tr u t a , d o i ng m ore o ve r .

g Z fai ma d h u i va m a d h vi va , li k e h o ney
E

3 3? k g: aw: na d i ai d as g a : na dg a i c
l as y a, th e ri ver o f Ai da .

i
In co m p o u nd s v i # 515 na d i ar t /2a m
,
i
na d yar t h a m f o r t h e s ake ,

o f a r ive r .

N ot S o m n t i v gr m m ri n
e l l ow x c pt in c om po nd t h o mi ion f thi
e a e a a a s a , e e u s, e ss o s

S dh i b t th y r q ir i n th t c th t l o g n l vow l b h ort d E w W
an , u e e u e a as e a a n a e e s e ne . x .

ch l i t
a cr m yb W E h kg t
a ra a V a ch k i t
e c a r a ra or a r a ra .

37 . If a G u na v o wel occu rs
-
at the en d o f a w ord ,
an d x begi ns
t h e ne t

wi ht any v o wel o r di p h th o ng ( e x c ep t a) t h e l as t el em en t o f ,
t h e G u n a v o we l -

i s ch ang e d i n to a s em iv o w el I f ci f o l l o w s ci i s eli d e d a nd n o ch an g e ta kes

.
, ,

pl ac e i n t h e di p h th o n g s ee 5) 4 1 ( Pan V I 1 Th u s . . .
,
16 R U LE s or E X TE R N AL SA ND H I .
3 8 ~

E X. Hg m m s a kh e ci a ch chh a
g
'
2 s a kh ag cig a ch chh a , Fri en d co m e ! ,

3% {3 W EEK s a kh e i h a s a khhg i h a Fri en d h ere

:
, ,

m 12f : IW fZp r a bh o ehi p r a bh a veh i L or d co m e n e ar

= =
, ,

m W p r a bh o a us h a l
c h a m p r a bh a va us h a d h am =
, L ord ,

m e di c i ne .

In co m p o u n d s 1 h + i sr m t g o i a h g avi a h Th er e ar e v ari o u s
,
rs z .

e x c e p t i o ns i n co m p o u n d s wh er e Th g o i s tre at e d as r ra g ava .

3 8 If a V r
. i d d h i v o w el occ u r s at t h e e nd o f a w or d - an d t h e n e x t ,

b egi n s wi th any v o wel o r d i p h t h o n g t h e l as t el em ent i s ch anged i nt o a ,

s em i v o w el
( n
Pa V I . I T h u s . .
,

3 ( a i ) any v o wel m ( ci y) : .

3? ( a u) an
y v o w el = :

E x fa ? W .
W z sr i y a i a r t h a h
= r i g ci g a r t h a h .

st? mm r i y a i ri t e sr i y ci yz i t e
= =

.

( a W t w vavau as ta mi t e = r a vci vas t a mi t e aft e r s u n s e t , .

ii mft t au '
i ti t ci vi ti .

In co m p o s i ti o n : 3 + ,
= m na u ar th a m = nci var th a m, f o r t h e s ak e o f
sh i ps .

39 . Th es e t wo c e rt r ul e s
a i n m o d i c a t,
i o n h o w e v er ,
s ar e l i abl e t o
1 Th e na l
.

{y an d
{ v o f
m a y a v w h i c h s t an d a ccor di n
g t o r u l e fo r , ,

e d ro p t b e f or e al l v o w el s e x c e p t it 4 ) o v r
E e 0 ma
y b , , ( 1 n o t h w e e , , ,

i n co mp o s i t i o n Th u s m o s t MS S a nd p r i nt e d e di t i o n s ch ang e
. .

11% W s a kh e cig a ch chh a n o t i nt o m s a /ch ag cig ac h ch h a bu t i nto

, ,

ms W s a kh a ci g a ch ch h a .

8 1} i n to Ha z g b u t i n to W
-
s a kh e i h a, no t s a kh a yi h a , s akh a i ha
{z
'

:3 .

m ( f: p r a bh o ch i , n o t in to m p r a bh aveh i , b u t i n to an ( n r a bh a eh i .

W it at!p r a bh o a us h a d h a m, n o t in to p r a bh a va us h a d h a m, b u t i nt o
IN p r a bh u a us h a d h a m .

2 . Th e n al
{ 3; o f
m ay, wh i ch t
s an d s fo r Q ci i , m ay b e d ro p t b efore all

v o wel s an d it i s u su al to d ro p i t i n o u r e di ti o n s Th u s
,
.

l W : r i ya i a r th a h i s m ore u su al l y w ri tte n farm i tll : sr i yci ar t h a h i ns t ead

o f W i t sr i yci g ar t h a h

.

3 Th.e n al a v of
t d v ,
f o r {a i
c u ,
m a
y b e d ro p t m b efore al l vo w el s , but i s
m or e u s u all y r e t a in e d i n o u r e di t i o n s Th u s .

7% {t ore u su all y w ri tt en 71m tci vi ti an d n o t at i f?!tci i ti

t au i ti i s m ,
.

N t B for t h p t i cl 3 t h dropp in g f t h n l y n d i v i obl i g tory

o e e e e ar e
' '

u e o e a a s a .

It i wi th o t ny r
s on th t th l { 3; f G n nd Vri ddh i n d t h l i v f
u a eas a e na o u a a a e na o

G n u g n r l l
a ar ey d ropt w hei l t h
e an l
{ v f V ri ddh i i g n r l l y r t
,
i d It wo l d b
e e a o s e e a e a ne . u e

m or c o i t nt i th r l w y t r t in t h n l
e ns s e e m i v ow l
e l w y t drop th m
a a s S
o e a e a se e s or a a s o e . ee

R i g v d p at i akh y d M M S utr V
'
- e a- r s
9 3 35 P
a, ean v 7 8 ; . I 3 9. .
, as 1 2 , 1 2, I : . 1. 1, I I. , 1 .
 18 X TE R N AL SA N D H I
'

R uLE s OF E .
43

I r r eg u l a r S a nd h i .

4 3 Th e foll ow in g
. ar e a re qu i re to
few c as e s o f i rr egu l ar S an dh i wh i c h
be s a ed t t . W h en a p rep o s i t i o n e n d in g i n 3 o r an ii i s f o l l o w e d b y a ve rb =

b eg i n n i n g o t h e re s u l t o f t h e c o al e s c en c e o f t h e vow el s i s
wi th ( e o r ,

! } i} ( a
'

I e or =3 0 , no t az or au . P n . V I . 1 ,

E x . I! ( a ?! W p m ej a l e p r ej a t e = .

3 1 ! ( R ?! i t?!ap a es /z a t e up es h a t e .

W W f 1 7 m e s lz a y a t i
'

II 7 es h a y a l z

( =
p
WU ?!
EF F m p ar a elr h a t i

mfa

h
a qfa o s h a ti es / mi l

aq
"

a t: a
p a a
p .

m z g f a q g t p ar a o h a ti :
p ar o h a ti

Th i s i s n ot th e c as e bfr e o e t h e t wo ve rb W s ed h , to g ro w, an d
i t o go , if r ai s e d by G u na.

to E e .
( Pan . V I . 1,

E x . W ? f up a + ed h a t e :

u
p a i d /z a t e .

are af a
r a va + e t i = a va i t i .

In Ve rb s d e i ve d fr rm o n o u n s , an d b e
g i nn i n g w i h I!o r e t
or o, th e el i s i o n o f t h e nal

3
o r 5" go f th e pr p itie os o n is o pti o nal .

44 . If a r o o t b egi nni ng t
w i h a 22 i s p
'

re c e d e d by a r
p pe o s i ti o n en di n
g
in
3 a or =31 d , t h e t wo vo w el s c o al es c e i n to an
; d r i n s t ead o f a
s ar .
( Pan .

V I . 1 ,

E X. m W W t ap a r i c h c h h a ti a
p d r c h c h h a l i .

33 W m a va r i a d t i a var z ai t i .

I! W ut p r a mj a te =
p drj a t
r e .

1m
W un f p ar a r i s h a ti =
p ar dr s h a l i .

In ve rb s r
d e i ve d fr o m n o u n s a nd b e g i nni n
g wi h t a n } th i s l en gth eni ng o f t h e W a o f
th e pr p iti n i pti e os o s o o nal .
( Pan . V I . 1,

In c rt i n c m p e a o o un ds na m, d e bt
t k V ri d d h i i t d f
, a nd $717 t a lz , aff e ct e d, a e ns ea o

G u na i f pr c d d by E e e e ; II
a H I } p + r i m p d m pr i c i p l d b t 3 r a aa = r r aa n a e

t3 m
,

i n} W a a +r ia m a i
yz am m d b
= t c tr ct dzt l i q i d ta n t h r d b e on a e o u a e a o e e

WW :
W : ff ct d by r w L ik wi 3 % ah t h b tit t a e e so r o . e se , e su s u e

pr c d i ng 3 m c m p d Th fa w
i

fo r mi ll , c rryi ng
a , f m v i ddh i w ith
or s r a e e a a o o un . us

3 3: vi s va -i c
ah a z,l th e ace pl r f W . viv vdh i
u . W E : vi v h ( Pa
o

89 a , s s au a . n . V I . 1, ,

var t .
)
45 . If t h e i ni t
i al i l f o in W : o s hl ha z , l l ip, an d ah
a: Z
o ta z , c at , is pr c e ed ed in a co m
p ou nd by 5 R or 331 3 t he
, t w o vo w el s m ay c o al e s e c in t o an o r 35 h0 .
( Pan . V I . 1, 94,
V Ar t .
)
E x . W s i ts : maa: or W : a dh ar a + o s h th alt a d h a m us h aa zz o r a d h ar o s h gha zz ,
t h e l o we l ip r .

FIL
E i ha: @5 332 or
w : s t hd l a + o tulz =
l
s t hd l au t a z o r s t hal o t u z , a l b ig c at .

In n o un s r
d e i ve d fr o m g p r es b, th e rl u e is o pti o nal . Ex . or in p r es lz a
y or

p i
r a s h a, a
y m es s eng e r . EN p r es h a, a
gl ea n r ie , s d er ive d f r o m Hp m an d
g j sh .
 5 L R U LE s or E XTE RN A L S A N D H I . 19

If m o sh lha an d g o tu ar e pr ce e ded by 8
or V I 3 in t h e m i dd l e o f a se n enc e ,t
th e
y f o ll o w t h e g en e rlr a ul e .

Ex . W a a:h mil s : mama + o s h gh alz = ma ma us h gh alz , m y li p .

46 . As i rr eg ul a rc o m p o u nd s t h e fo ll o wi n g ar e m e n i o ne d byt na ti v gr
e am m a ri a ns :

t s va i r am, wi l f ul ne s s , an d q va i r i n, self -wil l e d , r

f o m 8
'

{ I se a

W a ks ka uh i a i , a c o m lep t rm y fr e a , o m W m a ks h a + hi nt
$ 3 : p r a udh a, f r o m W 3 53 1 p r a + d dh alz , f ull -g r o wn .

13 : p r auh alz i nvesti g atio n fro m n , , p r a - -z l l halz .

: p r a is h alz a c ertai n prayer fro m I!

, , ( R : p r a + es h a[e .
( S ee

n p r ai s lz y alz a m es s eng er
"
. , .

"Eh o c b r b r
47 T h e. nal o f i n d e l i na l e wo d s i s no t li a l e t o t h e u l es o f S andhi .
( Pan . I . I, I

Ex . al ? l
a ho ap eh i , H al l o o , g o a wa
y

48 . c
I nd e li na l e s b c o ns is ti ng o f a s in
gl e vo wel , w i th th e e x c pti e on o f W 6 ar e

no b
t li a l e t o t h e r ul es o f S an d h i( Pan I . . . I ,
I4 .
)
EX 3 33 In dra !a ai m u Oh lo d r f U m a!

. 2: i nd r a , O h umes a , o

31 evam, Is i t so i n d ee d ?

49 . If m a ( wh i ch is w i r tt en by In d i an g r amm a ri an s
M (i ii ) is us e d as a pr p iti
e os o n
i
bfr
e o e ve rb s, o r bfr e o e n o uns in th e s en s e o f

so f ar as

( in cl us i vel
y or e x cl us ivel y )or a

l ittl e,

it i s l i a l e t o th e b r u l es o f S an d h i .

Ex .

5 W : W W 6 a d hyayand t : dd hyaya nat ,
'

u nt i l th e r e ad i ng b e g i ns .

W W :
W a elca d es dt :

a i ka d es at,
'

to a c rt i n pl c
e a a e.

"5
" W W
a al o c ki t am : dl o c / nt a m,
'

r g rd d li ttl
e a e a e .

35 1 d a s hna m as hnam, a li ttl e wa m r .

31 f
i ? I f: a 2722
'

eh i , c o me h e r e.

If
31 a is u s e d as a n in t rj cti
e e o n, it is no t b
l i a l e t o S an d h i , cc rdi ng t a o o 48 .

E x .
"H
T Y d rs Hi
t a, eva m ki l a t at , A h , no w I rc e o ll e ct i t i j t
,
s us so .

5 0 . Ce rt ai n p rti cl r
a es e m ai n u naffe cted by S an d h i .

Ex .
i 3: h e i nd r a , O h I n d r a .

5 1 . A pr tr ct
o a e d vo we l r m e ai n s u naff e ct ed b y S an dh i , bc e au s e it i s al ways su pp o se d

to t
s and at the en d o f a s en e t nc e .
( Pan . V I . 1 , L2 5 ; VII I . 2,

EX .
Q II f? d eva d att ci 3 eh i , D evad att a, c o me h e r ! e

D 2
 20 E X TE R N AL SA N D H I

r
r
a
m
h
" ?
m

E
w
a s
w g
a
a
g a e
s wa
E
.

s s
m a
m w m
m
m E
p
s
.
m
y y
y .

g 3
s
w B e
m E
E ?
a

s
e
a
w m
E i
w m w

w
S
a
a
R a a

s s s
w
e
g
N
Y e w
21
W m W
e
E W w
a
f W
E . .
H E
. s a
n W W
\ E w
W i
g
o
S
as a e

e
w
9
.
e s s 5
m w
e e
5 s w W 9
m
?

m w
? ?

?
3
F %
X
m w $
m e a
3 3
i s
5 2

W
?
K

2 M

.

$
N

m
5
s
s
u e
g 3
3
%
3

E
a
w n m k
N u
S k ? m E
.

o .

. m
.
a
3 ma
.

a 2
r
s m 6
8
. .

.
a
N
a
S
e .

a
8 i
ws

M :
3 t F 3
.

2
3
1
.
3
3 @ s
s
a
B 5 D
.
a
s
H
Z s
H
a
a s
s s
a s
E
a s
w
. H e
s

v a
E
 54 . E X TE RN A L S A N D H I . 21

C o mbi na t i o n f
o F i na l a nd I ni t i a l Co ns o na nt s .

53 H e re as i n t h e c as e o f vo we l s t h e ru l e s w hi c h a
.
, pp l y t o t h e nal ,

c o ns o nant s o f w o rd s foll o wi ng e ach oth e r i n a s e n te nc e ar e e q u all y ap p l ic abl e

t o t h e nal c o n s o n ant s o f w o rd s foll o wi ng e ac h o th e r i n a c o m p o u nd Th e .

nal c o n s o n a nt s o f n o m i n al b as es too b e fo re t h e s o c al l e d P ra i a t e rm i nati o n s ,

- -

( m i b h y d m t: b h i lz I:,
b h y al
g )
an a n d b e f o r e s e c o nd ry
, ( t a
z,dd h i t a
) s u f x e s a

begi nning wi th any c o ns o nan t b u t ar e t reat e d a cc o r di n

g t o t h e sa m e

rul es B u t t h e d e ri vati ve s f o rm ed b y m ea ns o f th es e an d oth e r s u f x e s

.

ar e b e s t l earn t f ro m t h e di c ti o n ary i n t h ei r re ad y m ad e s ta t e w h il e -

t h e ch ang es o f n o m i n al an d ve rb al b as e s e n di ng i n c o n s o n an t s b e fo r e ,

t h e t e rm i n at i o ns o f d e cl e ns i o n a nd c o nj u g ati o n a nd ot h e r s u f x e s ar e ,

regu l ate d by d iff erent l aw s an d ar e b e s t ac qui r e d i n l e ar nin g b y h e ar t t h e

,

p ri n c i al
p p ar a d i m s o f n o u n s an d ve rb s
g .

54 I n o r d e
. r t o s i m p l if y t h e r u l es c o n c e rn i n
g t h e c h a n g e s o f n a l
c o ns o n ant s i t i s i m p o rt ant to s tate at t h e o u t s e t th at el even o nl y o u t o f t h e
,

thi rty ve c o n s on ant s c an ever s tand i n S an sk ri t at t h e end o f a w o rd ; V iz

-
.

w k. I
( . are.
a i t. n, 1
1p .
( m,
a l, : 12,
I . Th e re ar e ve cl as s es o f c on s o n an t s c on s i s ti ng o f ve l ett e r s e ach ; ,

th u s gi vi ng twenty ve In every o ne o f th es e ve cl as s es t h e a s p ir at e s
-
.
,

if nal ar e rep l a c e d b y th ei r c o rr esp o n ding u n as p i rate d l ett e r s : l k};

,
i
by Ic g g h by '

a o kh h ow eve r n o t b y i o h b u t b y z t & c
\ t
'

\ , ,

, , ,
.

EX
W ch i t r a l i kh ai n t e r ; vo c fwafa ch i tr a li k T h i s re du c e s

.
p q , . .

t h e tw enty ve l e tt er s to ft ee n -
.

2 . In eve ry cl as s t h e s o n an t 5 )8 l e tt e r s if nal ar e r e l a c e d b y t h e i r c o r
p , ,
\

r es p o n di n g s u r d l etters ; 1 1 g b y 35 k ; g d by 1U & c E X gg h ri d ,
. .
,

h e art ; n o m br i l T h i s r e d u c e s t h e ft een to t e n
. .

3 . N o p al at al { ch c an eve r b e nal ; h en c e t h e o nl y r em ai ni n g p al atal ,

0 h i s r ep l a c e d b y t h e c o rr e s p o ndi n g g u tt u ral 6 k 1 E X m voi ch

th e

1 5 i
"

,
. .
,

s ee c h ; vo c
p m o d /c F i n al
i n . d o e s n o t o cc u r
. T h i s r e d u c e s th e .

t e n to ei gh t I n a few r oot s t h e n al 3 j i s r ep l ac e d b y a li ngu al

.

i n s t ead o f a gu ttu r al .

4 O f t h e s emi vowel s ( qy t 1 l i s t h e o nl y o n e t h at i s f o u nd at
.

Q a , ,
\ ,

t h e e nd o f w o r d s Th i s rai s es th e eigh t to ni n e l e tt ers

. .

5 .
g h c a nn ot b e n al b u t i s c h an g e d i n to ( t,
s o m e t i m e s i n to i k o r 1
1 t ,
'

r
S o m e g amm a i ans all o w t h e r t l t t r n
so ft o r s o na n e e s as al , but t h e MS S . an d e di ti o ns

e
g en r
al l
y h g c
an e h em i n o t h e ot t c rr p d ing h rd l tt r
es on a e e s.

1 Th e
'

o nl
y x c p tei n e o s ar e t ch ni c l t rm ch W
e a e s su as a ch , a vo w el ; m j
a a nt a z , l
e nd i n i
g n a v w l in t
o e d , s ea o f ag a nt a z l .
22 E X TE R N AL SA ND H I .
55

6 . O f th e bil ant s t h e o nl y o n e t h a t i s fo u n d at t h e e n d o f w ord s i s V i s arga

si ,
.

For radi c al { s h c an n ot be nal b u t i s r ep l ac e d b y

,
Th u s fq vi s h ,

b e co m es fag d vi f In a f e w w ord s nal s h i s c h ang e d i n to I5E k

.
.

R a di c al 3 3 c ann ot be n al b u t i s r ep l ac e d b y Z t T hus vi s b e co m es

1 a ,
\
,
.

g vi i In s o m e w ord s n al s i s c h an g e d i n to ask
.

a .

Fi nal r a di c al i s tr eat e d as V i s arg a .

T h e V i s arg a t h er ef or e r ai s es t h e n i n e to t en
,
a n d t h e A nu s va
,
ra to el ev e n ,

l e t t e r s t h e o nl y o n es t h a t c an e v e r s t a nd at t h e e n d o f r e al w ord s
,
.

H e n c e t h e ru l e s o f S an dh i affe ct i ng n al co ns o n an t s a r e r e all y r e d u c e d t o
e l even h e ad s .

55 . It i s i m p ort a n t
to o b s e ve t h a t n o w or d i n S a ns k ri t e v e r e n d s i n r

m or e t h n o ne co n s o n an t t h e o nl y e x c ep t i o n b e i ng w h e n an t r p re c e d es a
a , \

nal r a d i c al t enu i s 3E lc
g t 1 t
1 1 p T h us
, o , ,
.

W + m a bi b/z a r t b i bh a r 3 p s i n g i m p f o f )
2 t o c arry : a ,
. . . . .

m R m a bi bh a r
: 9 a bi bh a r
!
2 p s i ng i m p f o f I bh i to c arry .
,
. . . . r , .

g !E W
ar? s uva ly s s uva l n o m s i ng w e l l j u m p i ng
: : 2 . . .
,

B ut 3 %{ Zr /c s tr e n t h
g ,
n o m s i ng o f ,
. .

W p si n i m p f i t en s o f
$1 r i d /
'

a va r i va r t t

'

3 g n
,
. 7 v z. o r o r z . . . .

i sm a md r z fro m
? mr ij
, ( P a n VIII 2 . . .
,

W eh i km h i s F a: ch i /r i l b e c au s e h e r e t h e r is

T h e no m s i ng o f . . l,

n o t f o ll o w e d b y a t en u i s .

C l as sica ti o n f
o Co ns o nants .

B ef ore w e c an e x am i n e th e ch ange s o f n al an d i ni t i al co n s o n an t s
5 6 .
,

a ccor d in g to t h e ru l e s f e x t e r nal S a ndh i w e h a v e to e x p l ai n wh a t i s m e an t

o ,

b y t h e p l ac e a n d t h e qu ali ty o f co n s o n an t s .

I T h e th ro at t h e p al at e t h e roo f o f t h e p al at e t h e t e e th t h e li p s an d t h e
.
, , , , ,

n o s e ar e c all e d t h e p l ac e s o r or an s o f t h e l e tt e r s ( S e e
g .

2 B y co t ct b e t w e n t e to ngu e an d t h e f o u r p l ac e s
n a e h th ro at p al at e roo f
.
, , , ,

t ee th t h e gu ttu ral p al at al l in g u al a nd d e nt al co n s o n an t s ar e f orm ed

, , , ,
.

L ab i al co ns o nan t s ar e f orm e d b y co n ta ct b e tw e en t h e li p s .

I n f or m i n t h e n a s al s o f t h e ve cl as s e s t h e v eil w hi c h s ep ar a t e s t h e
3 .
g
n o s e fro m t h e p h ary n x i s wi t h d r a wn H enc e th e s e l e tt er s ar e c all e d .

A nunds i lr a i e c o n a s al or n as ali z e d
, . .
-
.

4 Th .e r e al A n u s v ar a i s f or m e d i n t h e n o s e o nl
y an d i s c a l l e d N d s z lcya i e ,
'

, . .

n a s al .

5 T h e V
. i s ar a i s
g s ai d to p ro n o u nc ed i n t h e ch es t (u r asy a )
be th e h t re e or
ve si bil an t s in th ei r r esp e cti ve p l ac e s .

Le c t ure s on th e Sc i nc
e e o f L an g u ag e ,
S co nd S ri
e e es , p . I 45 .
 59 ,
E X TE R N AL SA ND H I . 23

6 T he
. s emi refe r re d to t h e s e ve p l a c s an d t h re e f t h em
v o wel s too , , ar e e , o
,

q y E l a v c an b e n as al iz e d a n d a r e t h e n c a ll e d A nu nd s i ka ( i

, , , , .
,
w

o r Ii 8 3 7 r c a nn ot b e n as al i z e d i n S a ns k r i t

,
l t , , , , , .

57 A ccor
. di ng to t h i r q u al i t
y( p r a y a t na e ff ort )l e t t e r s ar e di v i dee d i n t o *
, ,

1 . L e tt er s f orm e d by co m p l e t e co nt act (sp i s h z a ) o f t h e org an s : as k R kh r

, ,

11
g , u gh, mi ; 3 0 72, s ch /z , H

j , Ej

l l, mi ; 3 d , a dh m a , ,

t, w th 3 d , , v dh, a n ; 11 7 ,
1 mp h W 6 , ,
u bh , R m . T hes e ar e c all e d
Sp a r sa i n S a ns k ri t , if t h ey did
an d , no t co m p reh en d t h e n as al s , wo ul d

corr e p o nd to t h e s cl as s i c al mu t es .

2 L e tt e r s f or m e d b y s l ig h t co n t a ct ( fs h a t sp ri s h ga ): q y t r 8 l a 12 ( no t 3 h )

.
, , , .

Th e s e ar e c al l e d A nt a l s th d i e i n t e rm e di a t e b e tw ee n Sp ar sas and z . .
'

Ush m an s wh i ch h as b e en fr eel y tr ansl at e d by s emi vo wel o r l i qui d

, .

L e tt e r s f orm e d b y s l ig h t o p e n i ng ( fs h a d w i vr i t a ) : X x sh a s
3 . , , ,

T e s e ar e c al l e d Us h m a n at u s s kr i t w h i c h m a
g j ( ) { 72 h ,
.
( ) i n S a n
y b e ,

r end e re d by s i bi l a nt or a tus .

o el s ar e s ai d to be f or m e d b y co m p l e t e O p e ni n
4 V. w g ( v i v t a
)
8 A s e co n d di vi s i o n a ccor di n t o qu al i t i
5 .
g y s , , ,

I Su r d l e tt er s : 3 k l i t /ch w ell a chh

. 3 th a t n t h u p mp h , x X , , , , , , , , ,

m s s h a s x (I)
,
a n d V i s a r g a : 1
,
2 I n t h e i r f or ,m a t i o n t h e g,l ott i s is .

O p en Th ey ar e c al l e d A g lz o s /z a no n s o nant -
.
.
,

2 S
. o n a n t l e tt e r s : 31g U gh j E d a dh a d \ t d h a b R bh , W 75 , , , , , , , , ,

a m a n n m ; g h,
1 1g E l ,
t h e A nu s v ar a 7h a n d al l v o w el s , , , , .

In th ei r f or m a t i o n th e gl ott i s i s cl o s ed Th ey a r e c al l ed G h o s h avat . .

L as tl co n s o n an t s ar e di v i d e d a ccor d i n to q l i t i to
59 y .
, g u a
y n , , ,

I A s p i rat e d ( ma h dp r dzz a ): E M U g h a c h h Q j h 3 1h a dh w i ll a d b
.
, , ,
'
, , , , ,

qi p h u bh ; m s h b h t h V i r 1 d

x x , s a s g q ; ; e s a
g
,
a : 1 a n , , ,

Anu s v ara 7h .

2 U na s p i r at e d ( a lp ap r dz m) : al l t h e r e s t
. .

It will be s ee n t h e r ef or e th a t t h e ch ang e o f 1 c i nto q k i s a ch ang e o f

, ,

pl ac e an d th at t h e ch a nge o f 1 0 h i n to aj i s a ch ang e o f qu ali ty 3 w h il e i n t h e

,

S kri t gr mm ri n c l l th i
an s m a : dbky t l p y t l m o d f t i
a a a s a s an ar a z ra a na z , e o ar cu

l ti o pr p r tory t t h
a n e tt r n c f t h o nd d di ti ngui h it from W 111 1a : vdhy l
a a o e u e a e o e s u ,
an s s a z

p y ra t l m o d
a na z , f rt i c l t i o n t t h c l o
e o f t h tt r n c
a f t h u a o nd wh i ch pro d c a e se o e u e a e o e s u , u es

t h q l iti
e ua f d o n nt es op ir t d n d n p i t d
s ur , xpl i d i 5 8 5 9
s a , as a e , a u as ra e , as e a ne n , .

I S o m gr mm ri n d iff r i n th ir d cri pti on f t h d gr f cl o i ng op i ng f

e a a a s e e es o e e e es o s or en o

t h org ne S om crib t t h m i vow l d l p ri ht i m p rf ct c ont act k h d p ht

a s . e as e o e se e s u zs s a, e e , or a as s a,

l i g h t n n c o nt c t f h dv v t l igh t op ni g ; t t h i b il n t n m p gi M h lf c o t ct
'

s o - a or 3 a z a, s e n o e s a s e aS

s a, a - n a ,
,

i
. e g r. t r O p ni
ea e
g th n i r q i r d f et h m inv o w l v i vz i t a c o m p l
s t O p e i g u w hi l e or e se e s, o r

a,

e e en n e

th y r q ir f t h vow l i th r vi vr i t c ompl t O p i ng
e e u e or e pg i h t
e s e c o nt c t
e S i dd h a, e e en ,
o r as

s a, no n- a . .

p R i g v d prat i s v '
K m v l au . o . I . .
3 I
10n t h A.t h v d -
p at i
e ak h y a- 33 w . X I II . . e ar a- e a- r s a I . . e

o gh t t r d s t t gs k p z i h g m in t d f 2% F i k p ri hg m


u o ea e e s
'
s a s ea o e e S s a .
24 E X TE R N A L S A ND H I . 60

tran s it io n o f
3 ch i n to 1
1g ,
or o f

i t in to a n ,
we sh oul d h av e a ch ange b oth
o f p l a c e an d o f qu al i ty .

60 . Th e ch an g e s w h i ch t ak e pl ac e by t h e co m bi n at i o n o f t h e el ev en nal
l e tt e r s w i th i ni t i al v o w el s o r co n s o n an t s m ay be di vid e d th er ef or e i n to t w o
cl as s es .

Fi n al l e tt e rs ar e ch ange d ,
I . wi h t reg ard to th eir p l ac e s or org an s , 2 . wi h t
regar d to t h ei r qu al i ty .

1 . C h a ng es f
o P l a ce .

61 . Th e o nl y n al to ch ange o f pl ac e ar e
co ns o nan t s wh i h c ar e li abl e
t h e D e n t al s t h e A n u s v r a a n d V i s arg a
,
Th e D e n t al s b e i ng i n co m p a t i bl e
,
.
,

w i t h P al at al s a n d L i n gu al s b e co m e p al at al an d l i ngu al b efor e t h e s e l e tt er s
,
.

A nu s vara an d Vi s arg a a d ap t t h em s el ves as m u ch a s p o s s ibl e to t h e p l a c e o f

t h e l e tt e r by w h i ch t h ey a e f o l l o w e d A ll oth e r ch an g e s o f n al co n s o n an t s
r .

ar e m e r el c h an e s o f q u ali t t h i n t h c f D n t l A n v a r n d
y g y; es e e as e o e a s u s a a , ,

Vi s arg a b e i n g s u p e r ad d e d to t h e ch ang e s o f p l ac e
, .

6 2 Fi n al 7[ 1 b efor e p al at al s ( ch c
j t )

1 ch h j a
h s S i h n d
.

g s a g e , , , , ,

i n t o a p al a t al ( Pa n V I I I 4
. . .
,

E x 7m+ a
.

\
m tat ch a
: t a ch ch a an d t hi s , .

71 + m M ch h i na l l z t a ch ch h i na l l i h e c u t s t hi s
'

ta t
1
: .
,

3 + 3 51f?! ff a t a t t a ch srz no t i h e h ear s t h i s 7

s
' '

z no t z

1 3 g

z ,

3 +m
1 m n t a t +j dy a t e
= l a dy a t e th i s I s b orn Th e nal =
,
.

t i s c h ang e d i n to o h a n d t h e n i n to a a ccor di ng to 6 6
i { ; .

In co m p o s i t i o n E ma + m m m jag a t + j el d j ag aj j et d co n qu e ror o f
; ,
= =
,

t h e w orl d .

Th e s am e c h ang e w o u l d t ak e p l ac e b ef or e an i n i t i al j h ; an d b ef or e an
i ni t i al 3 a t m i gh t b e co m e e i th e r n
i ,
a or
i .

6 3 Fi n al Ti n b efore
.
j j j J h a n a n d y
r s i s c h a n
g e d to ,
p
a l a t al a 25 , ,
.

E x m + f a ma a l d n + j ay a t i
. : tdn j ya a t i h e co n q u er s t h e m:
( n
P a , .

VIII .
4 , 4 o .
)
Not e R ul e s on th e ch ang e s o f nal
i n b for
e e
s h, B
L e h k, an d 3
1

5 wi l l b e g i v en

he r ft r
ea e . S ee 73 74 , .

64 . Fi n al i t b efore {1 , z
\
l h, gd , :
a ah , up ] .
( no t
sh, Pan V I I I 4, 4 3)
. .

is ch an ged i n to a l in gu al .
( Pan V II I 4, . .

E x . 31
1 + a =
1 l at + d ay a t e z t adda y a t e . Th e n al a t i s ch ang e d
i n to 2 t an d t h en i n to l ccor di ng to 66
:
'

\
5 c a .

In C O In
P O S i t i O Il , 71
1 + m = m ta t kd ta m /r d , a g l o ss on thi s .

2 3 11 + a
g e
W : et a t t h a klcur a h
,
et a tl h a klcu r a h, t h e i d o l o f h im .

5 !,

s a
. ccor di ng t o 2
9 , i s g en e r l ly ch
a ang e d to a o kh W t ac hc h hgi no ti
.
 E X TE R N AL SA ND H I . 6 77

b e f ore s o n an t s c h an e d i n to b
3 n . i )
g 1 ,
:

m a r e i o n t h e re ( i n ec t i o nal

+
33
W h a knp : a tr a h a ku ba tr a g , ,

b as e W Ica ku bh ) .

W + W W ap .
g h a l a h a b g h a l a h a w a t e r j ar ,
-
.

W am u + ja a h
p y a bj y
a a h O b t a i n i n
g w a t e r , .

W + m : ap m ay a h a m ma y a h w a t e r
y , .

m l r: a-
g f a t : ka knp bh i h ka ku bbhi h i n s t r u m p l u r , . .

4 i . t b e f o r e s o n an t s c h a n g e d i n t o
g d e x c e ,
p t b e f or e s o n a n t p al a t al s an d ,

l i ng u al s wh en ( accor di ng to ,
6 2 ) i t i s c h an g e d i n to
a an d
g l
e :

F ft
q + m a a qa s a r i t z a t r a s a r i d a l r a t h e ri v e r t h e r e ,
.

3 7 11 + st swa m j a n i or or '

: ag a t
:
j g
a a d a h l d o f t h e w l d =
,
.

1 + v 3 : m a h a t d h a n ah m a h a d d h a n u h a l a r g e b o w ,
.

8 3 + t ma h a t
: bh i h i na h a d bhi h i n s t r u m p l u r , . .

t b e for e s o n an t p al a t al s ch ang e d i n to a 62 :

s ee ,
\

W + W F F f t r s ar i t + ja l a m
= s ar ljj a l a m w a t e r o f t h e ri ve r =
, .

E t b ef ore s o n an t li ngu al s c h an g e d i nt o d 6

x g s ee 2 , :

m a m t :
m el a t d dma r a h e l a dq ld ma r a h t h e u p ro ar o f t h e m ,
.

N t JTh o e x c ption t th i r l b t th y c onn d t T d dh it d riv ti v

er e ar e e e s o s u e, u e ar e e o a a e a es

wh i c h fo nd i
ar e d i ctio n i
u Th n l i t b for t h po
n ar e s . iv f x
us
m t; a e e e s s es s e su es a

aI v t f $ n t ch
K vi v l i d E
' '

I
a , 3 8 n, g a a s o an e . x .

vi dy t v t upo a d f l ig h t ni ng
s s es s e Fi n l { o t wh i ch r pr t Vi g r m i n a 8 oo e es en s s ar a, e a s

m
.
, ,

u nc h n g d b f or t h
a e m T dd h i t
e e Th
e sa + Fi e W i t qj + vi t j
a as . us : as n= e ase z n,
'

in t d fs ea o vi 84 3
W o 71
n
W s ee y t i .
+ m t
.
j y t i h m n : o s a = o s a

in t d fs ea o ti m t 8 4 ( P a o 4 r a ; . n . I .
,

A ddi t i o n al ch ang e s t ake p l ac e i f t h e nal s ur d s as l g I i f {p ar e

67 .

r, , ,

f o ll o w e d by i ni ti al n a s al s ch i e y n and m T h e n as al s b ein g s o n an t
i Q ,
.
,

t h ey re qu i re t h e ch ang e o f a k g l ( t an d i n to 1 g
1 g g d d an d 1 b ; , , ,

, , ,

b ut t h es e n al s o n an t s m ay be fu rt h e r i n fe ct e d b y t h e n as al c h ara ct e r o f t h e
i ni t i al n as al s a nd m ay b e w ri tt e n n m ( P3 V
g qn i n
Q 4
1 I I I :
, ) , , , . .
:

E fat Wm d i nndg a ll ,
"
in di k ndg a h z d ig ndg a h
s
:
x . z or or

a w orl d el ep h an t
-
.

W Ra ! W W ma d /m
'

or ma d h ul i l na r da tz
l i dna r d a tz ma d h uli nna r d a tz , t h e b ee h u m s
'

or .

3 11
1 + aw : = s mg m: or -
ar mm; jaga l
-
i
nd th a h =
j a
g a dnd t h a h or jaga n
nd th a h, l or d o f t h e w orl d .

W

Wi
t i Hql 2
- '

or was? ap na d i a bna d o r

a mna d z , wa e t r ri ver .

m or ma kh a h = p r agmu kh a h o r p r d nmu
'

IITE
E p d /c r

lch a h, f a i ng t h e c eas t .

m + m ?! o r Ha mi l bh ava t ma l a m hh a va dma t a m or bh a
va nma t a m, o u r o p i ni o n
y .
 7 2 , E X TE R N AL SA ND H I .
27

N ot If ord h o
w ul d b g i n wi h t tt r l p l t a a al , o r l i ng u al (E
e a s e a gu u a , n
R 5, or
) ip

then a n l ng i t p l c
a

( t wo l d c h
org n t t h m ti m th t it b c m n l It
u a e s a e or a a e sa e e a e a e a as a .

wo l d b c o m
u 2 i n e Th r e h o w v r n word i n o mm o n
7 , ,
o r b ginni ng e e ar e , e e , o s c use e

wi th 3 W Ill a , or .

6 8 B f or t h . fx W m y e nd b for R TE md t
e t h ch
e su
g in to th n l i n t a a a e e ra e an e e as a s o

optio l b t O bl ig tory ( Pa V 4 4 5 v ert )

na , u a . n. I II. , , .

E x 31 ?
. mi
'

dk + m y m vdn m y m c o n i t i g f p ch v a a = a a ,
s s n o s ee .

s gfa q mat si
g m a m d h l i + md t m m d h l i m d t m m r l y b a u ra a u n ra , e e a ee .

3
1 Ria
l
m t t + md l m t md t m l m nt a ra an ra ,
e e e .

N t N i ty i i l w y W ail? h
o e ne v ti n v r W
-s x h dy v ti
s a a s s anna a , e e s a a a .

6 9 T h i nit i l g h i f bro g h t i nto i m m d i t c o nt ct with n l

. e a
i
, ]
( g u e a e a a a :

t ( Q d ) {p i c o m m o ly n t n c ri l y ch d i to h o t p ir t f
i , g s t n n t h
n , o e es sa , an e n e s a as a e o e

cl
as s o f t h n l l tt r vi i to 3 9 h 3 a
e h \a I dh t e ( Pa V e , 4 z . n , , , . n . III .
,

E x . fua: + s ta n z = fwz smz o r fi rmF em:

-
d h i k+ ha s ti nah= d hig hast i nah or dhigg has .

t i nah Fi e o n t h e el e ph ant s

m
,

W + 7 =
m c ti
2 or
W : p a r i vr dl + h at ah = p a r i vr ddh a tah or p ar i
vr d ddh a t a h t h e ,
m en d i an s ki ll e d .

H ?!t a t + h ut a m thi cri

3
1 + g 3
W o r
g t a d h u t a m o r t a dd h ut a m, s is sa ce d .

3 11 + m or ap + har ana m = a bh a r a nam o r abbh a r aaa m, wat er

fe t ch in g .

7 0 .
i t b ef ore ai l
is no t c h ang e d i n to
g cl , b ut i nt o E l .
( n
Pa V I I I 4, . .

Ex wai l a ba h a m l a l l a bd h a m, h i s i s t t ak en

+ t tat
. a
1 .

l arge f ore
'

]? l a l d ta m
3
3 1 + 3 8 12 W br i h a t br i h a l l a ld l a m, a

h ea d .

Fi n al i n b efore ai l i s ch anged i n to a l bu t th i s 3 1 i s p ro no u nc ed
7 1 .

t h ro u gh t h e n o s e an d i s w r i tt e n wi th t h e A nu s vzi r a d o t o v e r i t
,
It i s u s u al .

i n t h i s c a s e to u n i t e t h e A nu s v ara as a h al f all
m oo n c ed A r d h a ch a nd r a ,
.

E m ma h a n l d bh a h ma h a l l a hha h, l ar g e
A

x .
+E N :

7 2 . Fi n al 3: n, m\ n,

an d
1 n, p re c e d e d by a sh ort v o wel an d f o ll o w e d

y v o w el ,
ar e d o u bl e d .
( Pan V I II
3, . .

Ex .
m + m : w : d h d va n a va h d h dva nna va h, a ru nni ng h o r s e .

m s: i
ll

p r a ty a n ds t e p r a l y a nnds t e, h e s i t s tu rne d
to w ar d th e wes t .

m + amt} : g m sa
g an (i s l e su
g a nnds t e, he t co u n ti ng w ell
si s

If Q n,

u
rn ,
an d
a n ar e p re c e d e d by a l o ng v o wel an d fo ll o w e d b y any

v o w el , n o c h ang e t ak e s p l ac e .

E x .

m + m a h a vl n d h va yasva , c al l th e po ets .

T ch ni c l t rm s l ike W
e ? a e u nt id i , a lis t o f s u f x b gi
es e n ni ng wi h m} , t or W t i ha nta ,

w ord s e ndi n
g i n a s, ar e e x mpt fro m th i r
e s ul e . S ee a s l o W ilki ns , S ans k ri t G s ramma r, 30 .

E 2
 28 E XTE R N AL sA N D H I .
73

73 . Fi nal i n b efor e i ni ti al ai lc lth an d qp r p h rem ai n s u n ch ang ed , , , , .

Fi nal 71; n b efore ach a ch h r e qu i re s t h e i n t erce s s i o n o f

"
e
,
'

\
,

Fi nal i n b efore z \t ( l h re qu i res t h e i nt erc es si o n o f \s h , , , .

F i nal i n b ef ore 11 15 u t h re qu i re s t h e i n t e rc es s i o n o f { 8 ( Pan , \ ,

. .

V I I I 3, .

B ef ore th e s e i n s e rt e d si bil an t s th e ori g in al i n is ch ang e d to Anu s vara .

E x .
m +w z
m m h as a n ch a lcdr a = h as a 7nch a h ar a ,
'
he did it
l au gh i ng .

m + mm d hd van chh dg a h d h dva ms ch h dg a h, a run

n i ng g o at .

m W ch a l a n l l l l bh a h
i ch a l a nz sh l i tl i hh a h, a

m o vi ng i
t ttibh a -
b ir d .

31 3
3 + m ma han {h a lcku r a h ma h d i h s h l h a kkur a h, a
gr ea t

i d ol .

m + 715
- :

p a tan t ar uh = p a t a 7h s t ar nh, a fal ling tree .

N t m o e p r asam,
'
q i t f orm
u e ,
s the no m .
W m as

dn t
b ut h i s n al
i n, b ei ng th e
r pr nt ti on
e es e a o f an orig i n l a
1
3 m, i s no t al l ow d b for e e e
ch,
c h h, t, QM i ,
t,
{ t h to

t k ibil t
a e a s an . E x .
M UTE l - f ? W p r asdn + c h i no ti no t

W p r as

dn

z s c h i no t i .
( n
Pa m m 3, . .

74 F i n al .n a n d m y ] m a
y b e f o ll o w e d b y i ni t i a l s1 s h
a s w
. i t h o u t , ,

cau s ing any ch ange ; bu t i t i s O p t i o nal to add a at; h aft er t h e 35 n an d a

af t e r t h e u n T w a b e co m e s n ( or

{ I r h us ns . k sa nk ch h a ,

$3 n s h a b e co m e s n lcs h a ; { a ns a b e co m e s
f M a ! ns a b e co m e s
g 3 s
es a ;

Ws!nl a ( or nag nl chh a ); 1w ns h a b e co m e s 1133 al s ka ; n s a b e co m es

MM ( Pan V I I I 3 . . .
,

E x m + m o r ur ( o r d n + l d n t or
g
'
.
z
p r e e p r e e =

p r a n k et e
( or p r an kch h et e
) .

W + Ft
m m t t or
W K s ug an + s a r a l i
=

'
s ug a n s ar a t i or =

l
s ug a n s ar a t z .

75 . Th e rul e appli es t o n al i
s am e n be fo r e s r s an d g s , bu t n o t
b e fore s h \ , wh e r e i t r em ai n s u n ch ang e d B efore s1 i t i s r s t c h ang ed
i nt o p al at al 3 73
*
an d i es m ay i a n be ch an g e d to nch
a
g ,

a fi ch ch h 72 , n ch h B e f or e
or
R i
s, n . m ay r em ai n u n ch a ng e d ,

or
a
'

s m ay be ch ang ed i nt o Wants ( Pan V I I I 3 . . .

,

E X. t an sh a g : t dns h a l , th o s e s ix .

or s wi m or W W or
W
t dn t d nch s dr a zl l dn or t d ch chh dr d z l l d n

or

or td nch h dr a zl l d n, th o s e t i g e r s (

. Pen V I I I
3, . .

ow I n t r m
To al l o e ai n u nch ng d b for 31 w a e e e 3

as a me r e mis pri t n in B e nf e
y

s r
l a ge
gr mm r nd h
a l o ng ba ,
a as ee n c orr c t d b
y t h t c
e h o l r e a s a .
 77 , E X TE R N AL sA N D R I .
29

m 4 .

t 2 : W o r m } t an s ah ate t d ns a h a t e o r l d nts a ha te,

h e h ea r s th em .

fg g : 1 Few; or fr ag h i n ( li nks ) su h i ns a or hi nt s u , am o ng
e ne m ie s .
( Th e b as e h i nt s , before the a su o f th e lo c . p l ur .
,
is
trea te d a s a Pada ) S ee 5 3 5 5 .
,
.

76 A. n al { 1 b e f o r e m u s t r e m a i n u n c h a n
g ed ,
an d i m ay b e i nse r t e d
f
m
.

E x .
1
? a fa r: or : s ha l s a r i ta h s h a s ar l i tah o r s ha gt s a

r i t a h s i x ri v e r s
, ( Pan V I I I 4 4 2 ; 3 . . .
, ,

A nus var a a nd F i na l
( 111 .

77 { . m at th e end o f w or d s r e m a i ns un ch anged if fo ll o we d by an
y
in i ti al v o we l .

E Fi l wa ki m a tm Fani a ki ma tr a , W h a t i s t h e r e
x

-
.

B efore co n s o nant s i t m ay, wi t h o u t e x c e p t io n ,

be ch ang ed t o An u s v ara ( Pan . .

V I I I 3, .

Th i s i s t h e g ene r al ru l e . Th e e x c ep t i o ns ar e s im pl y o p t io n al ( Pan . VIII .

4 ,
vi z ~

B efore 35 h 13 kh 1 1 9 agh n th e nal ( m or A nu s v ara m ay be

,
, , , ,

ch ang ed i n t o i t .

B ef ore s h ch h : U Jj h a n t o i n , ,
'

, , ,
.

B efore a; t s ( h { li h u n to
r , , , ,

B efore 1 th { d \ d h
( i n to
i n ,
\
, , , .

B efore qp mp h 1 6 1 6h 31 m t o R m , ,
'

, , ,
.

B efore qy PEI {I} t o i f]

, S ee , 5 6 6 , ,
. .

H en c e i t f oll o ws t h a t nal ( m may b e c h ang ed i n to A nu sv ar a b ef ore all

co ns o nan t s an d mus t b e s o ch anged o nl y b efore 3 1 s i t s h as g h an d gr
, , , , , ,

i e t h e ve co n s o n an t s wh i ch h av e no corr e s p o ndi ng nas al c l as s l e t t e r

. .
-
.

It wo l d b m o t d ir bl if ch ol
u e wo l d n v r v i l t h m l v
s es a e f t h opti o n l
s ar s u e e a a e se es o e a

ch g f n l A n var i nto $3 a a i n Km W h o l d th n b p red

an e o a us a 7 ,
mb r , n, , . e s u e e s a a nu e

of c o m po n d l tt r wh i ch u tro bl om both i n writ i g nd pri ti ng ; d w h o l d

e e s ar e u es e n a n an e s u

avoid th mb ig ity t t h orig i l n t r f th cl n l wh f oll ow d by

e a u as o e na a u e o es e a ss - as a s en e

son t p l t l l i g l nd d nt l Th if f3 t amj y t i h c o q r h i
an a a a s, n u a s, a e a s . us a a , e n ue s er , s

wri tt n W i l l td j y ti i t m y b t k
e f a TI s urfs td j y ti h c o nq r th m
a , a e a en or n a a , e ue s e ,

wh i ch cc ordi ng t 6 3 m t b ch g d i to ma a tah j y ti In t h m m n
, a o us e an e n a a . e sa e a ner

m td d m y ti m y b ith r
,

n a a a tan d m y ti h
a t m th m
e e eif ! a a a , e a es e , or

M t im d m y ti h t m h A l l th i nc rt i nty i t o c r mov d if l { m i
r a a a , e a es er . s u e a s a n e e e na s

al w y ch a
g d si nto A n v ar
an w h e t v r h t h i ni t i l
usc o n o t fa,t h f o ll o w i n g
a e w or d e e e a s n an o e .

E X fam + m .
i W ( or = h i m h a r as h i r i n Ica r o s h i
I ( or = a
\

ki n W h a t d o e s t th o u
W a t? ( o r s a l r u m + ja h i s
"

a t r m h j a h i ( or sa t r a h

ja hi ) , k il l t h e e n em y .
3O E X TE R N AL SA ND H I 8
.
7

+ t fa =
( =r t l na

d i m
or t a r a t i ( or na d i m
'

+ t ar a l i =

na d i n t a r a ti ) h e cro s s e s t h e r i v e r , .

3 1 n
7
5 + ( or g u r um n a m a t i g ur u m n a m a l i z

or
( g ur u n n a ma l i
) h e s al u t e s t h e t e a c h e r , .

+ was i 1 1533 ( o r hi m p h a l a m ( or hi m

q = hi m + p h a l a m =

p h a l a m ) W h a t i s t h e u
, s e

+W m t h i s ?! o r

W s a ( = d s t r a m + m i m d 7n s a t e

sds tr a m m i md ms a l e ( or sds l r a m m i md nz s a t e) h e s t u di e s t h e b oo k

, .

B efore Ky 13 l a v , ,

m + qr fa = ua i ur fa ( or W ) s a l va r a m +
yd l i = s a t var a my d l i
( ij ) w al k s qu i c k l y
'
or s a tc a r a y al i ,
he .

@ 14 3 .

( a n} or vi dyd m + l a bh a te = vid yd m la
hh a l e ( or vi d yd l l a bh a l e) ,
he a c qu ire s wi sd m o .

ta m
+ Qg ri 33 ( or w a s) ta m ved a ve d a
( or t a il ved a ) I
'

kn o w h i m .

B e fore g r a s , ,
s h,
g h:

m + fqr a m d f
igr h a r u na m ro di ti h a r una mr o di ti , h e crie s
p i te o u sl y .

sayydyd m set e = sa yydyd m s et e, h e l ie s

M W\+ on

the co u ch .

1 1 + i z

wr i m mo hs h am s ecc i a = mo hs h a m s evet a , l et a m an
cu l ti vat e s p i rit u al fre ed o m .

H
m +z lr
= =
3 8 f}! ma d h ar a m h as a t i z ma dh ar a m h as a t i , he
l au gh s s we e tl y .

7 8 .
3
1 m at the e nd o f a w ord i n p a us d, i . e . at th e end o f a s e nt e n ce ,

is p ro n o u n c e d as m n o t a s A nu s vir a It m ay be wri tt e n h o w ever fo r t h e

,
.
, ,

s ak e o f b r evi t t e s im pl e d o t n ot e an d i t i s s o w ri tt e n t h ro u h
y w i h t h ,
8 ) g , ,

o u t i n th i s r am m a r E X t i eva m t h u s ( or m eva m )
g . . c
, , \
.

79 F in. a l
{ m b e f or e
g h if
g h b e i m m e di a t el
y f o ll o w e d b y i n,
( m , ,

1 y l m ay b e tr e a t e d as if i t w e r e i mm e d ia t el y f o ll o we d b y t h e s e
,
Q ,

l e tt e rs ( Pan V I I I 3 2 6 ; . Se e h o w eve r 5
.
, ) 77 , , .

E x far t + f at o r fa
i t hi m h nnt e hi m h nu t e o r hi n h nu t e W h a t
.
i g

n ,

d o es h e h i d e

W h i m h y a h o r hi i] h y a h W h at
'
+ r i at o r hi m + h ya h
'

= : =
,

ab o u t s t er d a
y e
y
Fint l
a
-
EIFW F
H 1% W or W W hi m h ma l a y a t i hi mh ma l ay a i i
h i mh m a l a y a t i , W h a t d o es h e m o ve 2
'
or

80 . If hri i s p re c e d e d b y t h e p rep o s it i o n 1111 s a m, a n

a s i s i ns e rt ed ,
an d
{ m c h an g e d to An u s var a ( Pan V I I 1 37 ; . . .
,
V I I I 3, 2 .

E x . E +
Q g s : s am hr i t a h sa ms hri ta h ,
h all o wed .
 33 ,
E XTE R N AL SA ND H I . 31

81 . In a n s a mr j,
a no m .
m s a mr d t, ki ng , 1 m i s ne e v r c h a ng ed .

n m
( Pa . u .
3,

V i s a r ga a nd Fi na l {i a nd

s
g r .

82 . p h o ne t i c c h ange s o f nal s i b il an t s whi c h ar e co ns id e re d t h e

Th e ,

m o s t di fc u l t m ay b e r ed u c e d t o a fe w v e ry s i m p l e ru l e s
,
It s h o u l d o nl y .

b e b orne i n m i nd :

I .
Th at t h ere ar e re al l y ve s ib il an t s an d n o t t h re e ; th at t h e s ig ns fo r t h e ,

u tt u r al an d l ab i al s i b il n t s b e c am e o b s o l e t e a n d w e re r e p l a c e d b
a
g y ,

t h e t w o d ot s w h i c h p ro p e rl y b el o ng to t h e V i s arga o nl y i e t o t h e , . .

u nm o die d s i b il a n t .

2 Th a t al l s i b il an t s an d V i s ar g a ar e s u r d and t h a t t h e ir p ro p e r corre s p o ndi ng

. ,

s o n an t i s t h e
g
83 Th e o nl y s i b il an t wh i ch c an b e n al i n p aneri i s t h e V i s arg a

. If .

V i s arga i s f ol l o we d b y a s u r d l e tt e r i t i s c h ang e d i n to t h e s i bil an t o f t h at ,

cl as s to wh i ch t h e f o l l o wi ng s u rd l e tt e r b el o ng s p ro v i d e d t h ere i s a s i bil a n t , .

It s h o u l d b e o b s e rv e d h o wev e r t h a t t h e g u tt u ral and l ab i al s i b i l a nts ar e

, ,

n o w w ri tt e n b y h an d t h at t h e s am e s ign m ay al s o be u s e d in s tead o f any

,

s ib il an t if f o ll o w e d b y a s i b il an t
, .

E X i nt
.
EETR
'
36171: or
( g i
i nal l y Tl X m m) t a t a h h d m a h t a ta h hdma h

or
( g i i n al l
y t a ta
x h ci m a h
) h en c e l o v e ,
.

W : p ii r na h ch a nd r a h p i r na
a ch a nd r a h
,
th e f ul l
m oo n .

: 3 T!
" m t ar o h chh ay d
'
i ar o s

chh dy d, th e s h ad e o f
th e tree .

ns : sm s:

i r a ts I bh i l a h i a l a ti hh i l as h i a l a ti , th e frigh te ne d
m an i s di s tu rb e d .

W : hh agna h l h a hhur a h hh agnas h i h a hhu r a h, t h e

b ro k e n i d ol .

Hm: Ii W na dy d h ti r am n a dy ds l ir a m, th e b orde r o f th e
ri ver .

Wm: mi : am: In t or
( gi i n all
y m X h a dya h + p d r am na d yd h

p ar am or
( g i in al l y na d ci
y p ci r a m )

,
th e o pp o s i t e sh ore Of a ri ve r .

V i s arg a b efore s ibi lan t s ( Pan V I I I 3 . .

,

g m + fsrsgz =
nsrg z or
g i t: s up t a h + i suh = s up ta si sa l: or
s ap i a h si sa h, t h e ch il d sl e ep s .

m + t m z =
m u s m or m m bh aya la + s h 0 da a h = bh dg a s h
s ho dasa h o r bh aga h
'

s h o aasa
'
h ,
a si x t ee n t h p art .

was : + nz m t s z = or m : mi :
p r a th a m a z l + s a r ga z l =
P mMaW

s ar
g h a o r p r a t h a ma h sar
g h a ,
th e rs t se ct io n .
32 E X TE R N A L SA ND H I . 84

N ot e I If V i s arg a o o
i s f ll w e d by an t
i ni i al Fa t s , i t i s no t ch ang e d in to d en tlR a s,

bu t r e m ai ns V i s arg a ,
as o o
i f f ll w e d by ( Pan . VIII 3 .
,

E x .
5U : rat r W: m sa th ah+ ts ar a ti

sa th a h i s ar a ti , a c
w i k e d m an ch t ea s .

N S: THE : h ah+ ts ar uh = h ah t s ar uh, W h i ch i s t h e h an dl e f th w ord ?

'
7IE : 55: o e s

N ot e 2 c o tr ry Vi rg i fol l ow d by ib il nt with
If , on th e n a , sa a s e a s a a su rd l tt r t h e e e ,

Vi s a rg a i fr q ntl y dropt i M S S ( Pa V
s e ue 3 36 v t ) n . n . III .
, ,
r .

Ex . N ET a? !E d vdh + t h d v dh t h d d or e s a= e s a or ea s t h a,
y o u ar e g o d s;

( l o Em d d ih )
a s ee s s a .

{P
C W =
EF
C

W or {ft W h ar i h+ sp hu r a t i = h ar i h Sp h nr a ti or h ar i
s
p hu r a ti , H a i r pp r a ea s ; ( al s oW h ar i s sp hur a t i .
)
ot 3 If o n ndi g i n {R i W li k { t h vi h a: d h h
N e n u s e n f ol l ow d
s or as , e a or a na , ar e e

by word b g i i g w i th 3E h l i h h E p l p h n d
s e nn n g o v rn d ,
b y t h w or d E
,
( hm y ,

,
a ar e e e es e s, s a

b e su b tit t d f l Vi rg W
s u e or F l : f ql
na sa p i ha
p i b t.i i
p hp i b t i or
'
s ar s a or s ar a ,

h dri k g h
e n ; b t W s F i: n W
ee u ti h th t p i h p i h t v m d h m l t t h gh s a u s ar , a a a a a , e e ee

t n d dri k th o w t r ( Pa V 3
s a ,
n u a e . n . III .
,

84 If nal V i s arg a i s f o ll o we d by a s o nan t l e tt e r co ns o n ant o r v o wel

.
, ,

t h e gener a l r ul e i s t h at i t b e c h ang ed i n to e e h o w ev e r T s ru l e
g r
( S h i .
, ,

a d m i t s h o w e v e r o f t h e f o l l o wi n
, g e x c
, e p t i o n s :

I. I f t h e V i s arg a i s p r e c e d e d b y m d an d f o l l o we d b y a s o na n t l e tt er ,

( v o w e l o r co n s o n an t
) t h e V i s arg a i s d ro p t ,

2 If t h e V i s arg a i s p re c e d e d b a m a n d f o ll o we d b an v o w el e x c e p t E t a
.
y y y , ,

t h e V i s arg a i s d ro p t .

3 . If t h e V i s a rg a i s p r e c e d e d b y 3! a a n d f o ll o w e d b y a s o n a n t c o n s o n a n
= t , ,

t h e V i s arg a i s d ro p t a nd t h e 3 a c h an g e d t o an0 ,
= .

4 . I f th e V i s arg a i s p re c e d e d by y a an d f ol l o we d by E a t h e V i sa rg a i s , ,

dr o p t a c h an e d i n t o a : 0
g ,
}
a ft e r w h i c h a ccor d in g to 4 1 t h e i n i t i,
a l , ,

5! a m u s t be eli d e d Th e s i g n o f t h e el i s i o n i s 8 c all e d A vagr a h a .

.
,

E x a mp l e s o f t h e g e neral r ul e :

m i t h a vi h a ya m h a vi r a ya m t h i s p o e t

,
.

$3 : ? ( WE 3f? !r a vi h u deti r a vi r a d eti t h e s u n ri s e s
'

, .

T : il Ra ! W g au h g a ch ch h a t i g a ur
g a ch c h h a ti , the ox w al k s .

f ang: t W vi s h nu h + a ya ti j vi s h nur ja g a t i , Vi sh n u is V i cto

r o us i .

W E N: W : p a so h ha ndh a h = p ao r ba na h a h, t h e

bin di ng o f th e
c a ttl e .

Q :
53 :
g m : ma h a h ma h a h muh ur muhuh, g rad u all y .

En mfaW c ag a h vd t i c etg a r vd t i , t h e wi nd b l o w s

:
g .

fang: W W si s a h ch il d h as a t i am h as a t i , t h e l a ug h s

.

f3 : W I: ni h d h a na h ni r d h a na h wi th o u t we al th , .

g : l f : duh ni t i h d u r ni ti h o f b ad m ann e r s , .

S T: W : j yo ti h bh i h j y0 ti r hh i h i ns t r u m pl u r =
,
. .
34 E X TE R N A L SA N D H I . 86

fo l l o w s r ul e s affe ct i ng th e Vi s arg a e x c ep t t h e e x c ep ti o nal ru l e s 84

all th e .

2, 3 4 ;,
i e if p r e c e d e d b y
. 3 a a.n d f o ll o w e d b y an
y s o n a n t l e tte r vo w e l =
, ,

o r c o n s on an t t h e 127 i s re t ai n e d ,
'
.

E x .
3H: sa fu p una lt
Hat ap i =
p u na r ap i , eve n a
g ai n .

um; ( a: a p r dt a lz eva p d t a r
r eva ,
ve ry ea rl y .

m; am g Bro th er

g f b/z r d t a lz d eh i bh r d t a r d eh i , , gi ve

g 86 r
. b e foll o w e d by a n ot h e r g 7 ( Pan V I I I 3
N o r c an e ve H en c e

. .
,

nal Vi s arg a wh e th e r e ty m ol ogi c al l y {i s o r g r i f f o l l o we d b y i ni t i al g r

, , ,

a nd t h e r e f o r e b y 84 ch an g e d to i s dr o t an d i t s r c di o w l
g r
p p e e n g v e , ,

l e ngth en e d ( Pan V I 3 . . .
,

EX ,( 13 % f n: vi d h ulz r dj a t e vi d h zl r dj a t e t h e m oo n sh i n e s
a
,
.

ma: m am ( a bh r d t a l r a ks h a bh r d l d r a ks h a Br oth e r p r otec t !

2 z
, ,

m m
'

3
r
g p una r o
g i z
p und r 0 9 5, i ll ag ai n .

Th es e ar e t h e g en e ral ru l e s o n t h e S andh i o f nal Vi s arg a a s ,

a nd
E r .

Th e fo l l o wi ng ru l e s r efe r t o a few e x c e p ti o n al c as e s .

87 p r.o n o u n s a : s a l an d E i : es iz a l
Th e t w o t h i s b e c o m e 8 8 a an d

t l z
, ,
'

( I t cal m b ef o r e c o n s o n an t s an d vo we l s e x c ep t b e fo r e s h o rt 3 a an d at t h e ,

e nd o f a s e nt en c e ( P an V I 1 . . .
,

E X . II: W I!gaf f? s a lt d a d d ti d a dd t i , h e gi ve s
3a .

a:
{ n sa z l i ndr a lz z sa i nd r a lt , t h i s I n d r a T h e t wo . o wel s
v

ar e n o t l ia l e b to S an dh i .

B ut 11 :
W : sa t l a bh a va t : 30 bh a va t, h e w a s .

R: mri t a la s a lz , h e i s d ead .

tak e s p l ac e p arti c ul arl y fo r t h e s ak e o f t h e m e tre

S o m e tim es S an dh i , .

Th u s It E l i s a es /z a b e c om e s o cc as i o n all y s a i s h a h e th i s p er s o n F 313 , ,
. :

8 a i nd r a lz a e ar s as $ : s end r a lz ( P a n V I 1 I
pp 3 . . .
,

Th e p r o n o u n m: s y a l h e f oll o ws t h e s am e r ul e o p t i o n all y i n p o e t ry ( Pan

z
, ,
. .

V I 1 I
.
, 3

88 .
t : bh o lz ,
an i rr egu l ar o c ative o f m bh a va t th o u d r o p s
v , ,
its V i s arg a
b e fo r e al l vo w el s an d al l s o n an t c o n s o n an t s
( P a n VIII
3 . . .
,

E : bh o lc + dna bh o fs d mz O h l o r d !
'
x . t :
,

t : + 31:3 z
x bh o b d evd lz bh o d evd lz , O h g o d s

T he s am e a
pp l i es to th e i nt erj e c ti o n s 3 7 h: 612629 0 11 an d W real l y
i rr egu l ar vo c ati ve s o f n
m bh ag a va t, G o d, an d
W a
g h a va t ,
s i nn e r .

89 Nu m er o u s . e x c ep ti on s wh i ch ar e ,
b e s t l e arn t fr o m t h e di c ti o n ary ,
o ccu r i n c om p o u nd an d d e ri vat i ve w o r d s . A fe w o f t h e m o r e i m p o rt an t
m ay h e re b e m enti oned .
 89 . E X TE R N AL S A N DH I .
35

I . N o uns in
as ,
is , us , f o r mi ng t h e r s t p a r t o
f a C o mp o und .

I. B e fo re r t
d e i va i ves o f Icri , t o d o (e .
g . W ha m , m h i m ), bfr e o et
d e r i va i ves
f 1 mm o ,

ail ? !kdnt a , an"! r b t

to d es ir e ( e .
g . kdma ), b e fo e ka rh s a , g l o
k m b h e
j , u a, ar ,

ma p dt r a , ves s el ,
gun/cu mc o u nter
, , b rd
oa , kar at , e ar , t h n l V i rg
e f b a sa a o as es

in
W oe is ch ang e d to
{ 8. ( Pan V I I I . .
3,

Ex , an: Hit : m : mak i ng ha ppy .

W W C a ha z l + kar ale a h as ka r a i l
'

: 58 ,
s un .

m : z :
W W . ay a z l + kumblt alz ay as ku mbh a z , l r n p t i o - o .

Th r e e ar e s e ve al r wo ds r o f th e s ame k in d wh i h c ar e b t l r t fr m
es ea n o t h e d ic i o na i a t r
y
wh i h t h e c Vi s a rg a is ch an
g ed in t o d en t al s i b il nt a .
( Pan V I I I . .
3 ,

Ex . W
1 ? = 3 a d ha i l +p a d a m = a d h as
p a d am, b el o w t h e fo o t .

WEN: W : d i valz +p a t i lz = di va sp a t i lz , l o d r o f h eave n .

ar e : V l d:
a
W : vdch a lz lo d r o f s p chee .

T: m W : blz dlz + kar a lz = bh ds kar alz , s u n, &c .

2. N o uns in {i ts and
a s, su ch as ( f at : h avi lz , V
3: d h a nulz , & c .
,
bfr e o e wo ds r b e
g i nning
wi h t l R e, ick, an d
h
p , al w a
y s t ak e
R sh .
( Pan V I I I 3
. .
,

E x . F i

. F l 8 % g h e e -d i nk i n
g r .

m g: m W : dya -f kdma: dyus hkd ma lt , f o nd o f li f e .

N o t e W t bkr dtus hp ut r alz , ne ph ew, is u sed i ns t ead o f 8 133 3 : bhr dt ulz p ut r alz , t h e
3
so n o f th e br th r o e .

II . Wo r ds in
W as,
i s, u s, t r ea t ed as P r ep o s i t i o ns .

I . Th e w o d s an: r na ma z , l gt : p a r alz , IC '

tir a z,l if c om p o u nd e d pr p itio n ll y with
e os a
5
'

h i ,

ch an
ge V isa ga in r t E o s .
( Pan V I I I . .
3,
Ex . an: EEK . m nama z l + kdr a = na mas kdr a z , l ado r tia on ( b ut W : W
n a ma b kri tvd h avi ng , p rf rm
e o ed ado r tia on .
)
SI : W W p ur a z Zi n y p ur as kr i tya, h avi ng
k t
- -
a =
'

pr f rr e e ed.

FIR : 3 T3 m ti r alt + kdr = t i r a s kar t, d e s i s i ng

'
p . In
l t : t i r a lz
'

th e ch ang e

is c o ns i d e e d o r pti o nal .
( Pan V I I I 3 . .
,

2 . Th e w o d s r ni z , Zg2du , w hi le, m 2do i lz ,

t r dd a , g: c ha t a lz , i f c o m p o un d e d

wi h wo d s t r b eg i n ni ng t
w i h a k, t
s i le/z ,
1 p or

q h, t ak e
R sh i ns t e ad o f nal V i s ar g a .

( Pan V I I I . .
3,

Ex . f3 : 35TH: f am e: ni z l + kd ma 1
2 = ni s h kdma , l o vel e s s .

Fa: ma : rm : ni zl +p ka l a lz = ni s hp h a l a , f r itlu es s .

d W dvi + kgi t am = avi s hkr i t am, m ad e m ani fe s t

' '
~
.

g :
W d ulz + k t a m d us hkr i t am, b adl
y d o ne , cri min l a .

WE: aha}
W c ha t u z l + ko na m = c h a tus hko zz a m, s q r ua e .

I II . N o uns in
W as ,
is, us, bef or e c er t a i n Ta dd h i t a S u x es .

I . B ef o re t h e T a d dh i t a s u ffix es
m t l
a ,
E
'
va t,
'

W i n
n ,
an d W va l a, t h e nal i s a pp r ea s

as or
sh

E x B3 :m W : t ej alz -J e i n : t ej as vi n, w i h t pl s end o u r
W n mt m
.
r .

T :
j y o t i zz + ma t =
j yo t is h ma t ,
t
wi h l ig h t .

( a: W W ra a j + va l a = r a a sva l a , a
j b uff al o .

F 2
36 E XTE R N AL SA N D H I .
90

2. B ef o re T ad dh it a sufx es b eg i nni ng with 7U , th e

R pr c s, e ede d by {i or 3 a, is ch an g e d

in t o I [ s h, af e
\
t r wh i ch t h 7U b c e e o mes 2 t
\
.

W bri gh tn
.

E x . :
g a r c hi h+ tva m a r c h i s h vam, t es s .

i i W ch a tu h+ t ayam = c h a t us h ayam, t th e aggr eg a e o t f fo u r .

3 . B ef o re t h e T a ddh i t a s uf e s x W p ds a , 3 38 1 ka lp a,

68 h a, an d
'

in c o m p it i
o s on t
wi h t h e
rb W
ve kdmy a ti , n o u ns in
W as rt
e ai n th ir n l R
e a 3, wh i l e no u ns in
is and

c h as an
g e it in t o U s h ( Pan V I I I . .
3,

Ex . W : W W p ag a h+p d am = p ay a s
p ci sam,

b ad m i l k .

W : W p aya h+ p
ka l a m = a
p y a s ka l p a m, a tt
l i l e m il k .

352
W g l o i o r
u s .

I : m W y asah+ kdmy a t i

y as as kdmya t i , h e i s am b it i o us .

ll: b a d g h ee .

t s ar
p h
i + ka lp a m = s a rp i s hka lp am, a tt
l i l e gh ee .

at W =
Y E lit d h anuh+ kah = d h anus h kah, b el o n gi ng t o th e bo w .

at W W d h anuh+ ktfmy a ti = d hanus hkdmya t i , h e d es i r es a bo w .

9 0 . N ou n s ending i n r adi c al g r 85 ) re tai n t h e {7 b efo re t h e g su o f *

th e l o c .
p l ur an d i n c o m o s i t i o n b efo r e n o u n s e ven t h o u h b e inn in
p
.
, g g g w i t h
su rd s .

E x . mg g mvdr su vdr s h u , i n t h e w at e r s .

fag af a

T f : g i r + p a ti h
'
i
g pr a t i h,
l o r d o f s
p ee ch .

In c omp ou nd s h o weve r , ,
li k e Tf : i
g pr a t i h
'

,
t h e O p t i o n al u se o f Vi s arg a i s s an c
t i o ne d ( Pan V I I I 2 7o an d we m ee t t
z nn g i hp a tz h \gf : d h ah
wi h
'

. . r
, , ,

i h, an d
f m d h z trp a ti h ; F ul l : s va h a ti h an d E : s va rp a tz h, l o r d o f
' '

p a t p
h e aven ; m z nrz ah a hp a t i h an d a h arp a t i h l o rd
,
o f t h e d ay .

3
3 a h ar , th e Pad a b as e o f W uhan d ay i s fu rth er irre gul ar b ec au s e i t s nal i s
, , ,
r

tr t d ea e l ik e b efo re t h e Pada term i nati o ns an d i n c o m p o s iti o n b efo re w o rd s be g i nni ng

-
,

with r : h en c e 33 : t: W m a hah+ bh i h = a h o hhi h

3 3: g m g a ha h+ s u
a h a su h WE : ( 13

m a ha h+ r dt r ah = a h or atr ah, d ay
'

an d n i gh t .
( Pan V I I I . . 2,

6 8, vart .
)

9 1 .
a chh at th e b egi nn i ng o f a w or d ,
af e t r a nal sh o rt vow el ,
an d

af e t r th e p a rt i c l e s an d an d m md ,
is ch ang ed to a c h ch h .

E x .
'

acT

B R IT as m t a va ch h d y d t a va c h ch h dyd , th y s h ad e .

311
'

W C
: HT W 97262 c hh i d a t md c h chh i d a t , l et h i m no t cu t .

W d ch chh d a aya t z , h e c o ver s

6% ch h d a aya t i

WT .

A ft e r y th e r l
an o n
g vo w el s t h ios c h an
g e i s o p t i o n al ,
.

W r W r
o h a d a r chh d yet o h a d a r c h chh dy d s h ad e o f B ad ar i s
'

,
.

I n t h e bo d y o f a w o r d t h e c h ang e o f a chh i nto a ch ch h i s n e c ess ary ,

b o th after l ong a nd s h o rt vo w el s .

E x {a r i ch ch h a t i h e wi s h e s
.
a : m l e c h c hh a h a b arb,
ar i an ( n
P a V I .
,
. . .

1:
 93 , E XTE R N A L SA N D H I .
37

9 2 . I ni ti al m,
s no t f o l l o we d by a h ar d co ns o nant may be ch ang ed
,

i nto a c hh , i f t h e nal l e tt e r o f t h e p re c e di n g w o r d i s a h a rd c o ns o na n t o r

{ ii ( for ( Pan V I I I 4,
. .

E x .
m + or vd k + at a m = vd ka t a m or vci kc h ha t a m, a

h u n d r ed s
p ee ch es .

m a .

gr} W or W
g} p ar i vr d t set e = p ar i vr d t ete
or p ar i vr dt chh et e, t h e b egg ar li es d own .

1 + W or ma ha t sa ka tam ma kuc h sa kata m

or ma h a ch ch h a ka a m, a t g r ea t c ar .

3
1 + a w W tat l o lcena t a ch ch h lo lcena , b y t h at r
ve s e .

m + W W or W d h avo a sasa h d h dva sa d : or

d h dva i i ch h a sa h, a ru nni ng h ar e .

33
1 + W : =
m : or m : up + sa bda h = ap ahd a h o r ap ch h a bd a h,
th e s o un d o f wat e r .

93 If {
\
h ,
qg
. h ,
g dh ,
ad h ,
o r 3
1 hh
s t an d at th e e nd o f a s yll abl e wh ic h
b egi n s wi th n 9 , d, a d , o r { I} , and l o s e
\ i : th e i r as
p i r at i o n as n a l o r

oth e r wi s e ,
t h e i n i i al t c o ns onant s 1
1 9 { } ,
a,
:
a d, or
1
'

h ar e ch anged i nt o
h ah, q d k, : 1 M
1 9 , a .

E duh , m ilk er , b e c om es dh u k
x .

3
3 a .

f w vi svag u d h , al l a ttrac ti ng b ec om e s
, W o i vayh ut .

bua h , wi s e,

b ec om es E a; bhut .
 38 E XTE R N AL SA N D H I .

m a
. .

2 a 2 2
;

5 a 2 2
. .

.
s

3
a

s ;

. .

2
2 a
. .

m 2 2
.

. a

. .

3 2

3
9

.
Q E
3
3 a
N
.

5 s 3
N a \
M

s o

aS
s O

s s
2
8
. .

2 2
3
m
2
3 E
. .

2
a
2 2
a a
8 . a

0 s s

. .
a

2
: 3 2
3 n
Q o

8 $
.

3 0

~
m S w
e
e

3 3
. .
9 a. e

2
3

Q
d
Z
E
 94
~
E X TE R N AL S A N D H I
. 39

6 3
9
S 2
w
6

9 8
a
w 2
r 9 o
n
3 e

m

m 3

o
:
m
3
M wV 8
b
.

3
m
.

6 6 6
3 x
3
2 :
m a 8
.
2 m
c

.
8

g
M 3
e
a E c
E
c
o
m o
m
m
m
a
s m
F
a o
o
o 2

3
. 6
.

2
2 0
3
3 6
3
5 E o
n
3
.

$
3 2
3
3 6 6 .
m
m
3 8
3 S 8
2 e :
x
3
6
. .
: :

M 3 3 2
2 5
\ e
z 5
.
3 a
n
8 :
w
.
2 m
3 m .
E
3 w
h
E
v
E
2 E : A
m
3 2 m
m m

m s
2
2
9
w
h
m :
2
m
c
9 E 3 s
0
m
m
a
8 20 m
E m 3 3 3
9 c
o
. .
m
3 3 3
:
o 3 2
m
.

c a 3
c
F
.

3 6 6 n
o
3 a
a
3
.
o
n S

3 E
E 8
.

2
E 5
E
. a
r w 5
2
:

g E e
.

w
c
r m a N
;
m
m .

8
o
2
5
.
a 0

3
W m ,
3 3
"
.
5 5 l f
"
S a
o

F "
o m
. s F Z 6
.
8 0

2
.
8 3 5
 C HA NGE or
i n IN T O ur n .

97 . Th e
n of
g nu, th e si
g n o f t h e Sn c o nj u g ati o n and t h e an o f ,

311 nd
,
th e si
g n o f t h e Kr i c o nj u gati o n ar e

,
no t ch an ge d i nto t an i n t h e t wo
ve rb s Tum) an d
m ks h u hh
( Pa n V I I I 4 . H en ce
m
.
,

trip no ti , h e p l e as e s mf cs h u bh nci t i
I he s h ak e s

g ,
.

an
fa ri no ti , h e h e a rs m o ri sh e s
'
B ut rt p as h nat i he
f .

E ,
n u .

u m ks h u bh dna i m p er s h ak e
g ,
. .

Ta bl e s h o wi ng t h e Ch a ng es o
f n i nt o u )
p .

S i
ar , in s
p i t e o f i n t e rveni ng ch ang e i f th e re fo ll o w
V o w el s : V o we l s , or

( i n c l u di ng h an d A nu s vara),
g Rm
L ab i al s i nto
n c l u di ng
( i
i v )
,

9 8 Th e . ch ange s h ere e xp l ai n e d o f i n i n t h e m i d dl e o f s im p l e w o rds ,

e th e r i t b el o n s to a s u f x o r a t e r m i n at i o n r
( W h g ) a r e t h e m o s t i m p o t a n t t o ,

re m em b er B u t i n i s l ik ewi s e li abl e to b e ch an ge d i nto {Rn wh en i t

.

o ccu r s i n t h e s e c o n d p art o f a c o m p ou n d t h e fi rs t p art o f wh i ch c on tai ns

o n e o f t h e l e tt e r s f f sh an d art i c u l arl y aft e r c e rtai n
E g r or
p , , ,

r
p p e o s i t i o n s H e r e h.o w e v e r t h e
,
r u l e s ar e m u c h m o
,
r e u n c e r t ai n a n d w e ,

m u s t d ep e n d o n t h e di c t i o n ary r ath e r th an o n t h e gr am m ar f o r t h e ri gh t
e m l o y m e n t o f t h e d e n ta l o r l i n u al n as al s Th f l l o w i n r l s ar e t h e
p g e o g u e .

m o st i mp o rtan t :

I Th e ch ang e o f i n i nto {I n d o e s n o t tak e p l ac e u nl e s s th e t w o m em b ers

.

o f t h e c o m o u n d ar e c o m b i n e d s o a s to e x r e s s a s i n l e c o n c e ti o n

p p g p .

H en c e ElTl bdr d h r i a l eath e rn th ong + 3 8 na s a n o s e gi ve s a nffmm

'

, , , ,
'

bdr d h r nas a h if i t i s t h e n am e o f a c e rt ai n an i m al ; a cc o rdi ng t o W il s o n

'

, ,

of a
g o a t w i t h I On
g e a r s ; a cc o r di n
g to ot h e r s o f a r h i n o c e r o s o r a b ir d
, , .

( U a di pS t r a s e d A u fr e ch t s v Pan V I I I 4
-
,
. B u t wi ch a r ma n
,
. . . .
, ,

l eath er + HTFHEET nd s i kd n o s e i es m c h a r ma nds z ka h i f i t m e an s

'

, g v : ,

m
, ,

h avi n g a l eath ern n o s e A n i m p o r t an t e x c ep ti o n i s

. s a r va nd m a n ,

a t e c h n i c al t e r m f o r
p r o nou n s
( a ?! s a r va b e i n g t h e r s t i n th e i r li s t, ) ,

w h i ch P ani ni h i m s el f em l o y s w i th t h e d e n tal n o nl y ( P a I
p n I . . .
,

O th er p r op er n am e s n o t fo ll o wi ng t h e g e ner al ru l e ar e farm tr i n y a na h l ,
a ,

45
In t h e V e da w e nd
m '

t gnp nu hi , RV . II . 1 6, 6 7
5m t p navah, R v . III .
42, 2 .

l Th e S r a sva ci
1& n th t pti c ang e d w h en T r i naya nah i s

h
'
Sa s E IT th e is o n all
y , a n o y
a nam e . H en c e
o
la m t r i nay a na h or fam r i . t r i nay anah .

1 li
c
p 1%
 98 , C HA N G E or
i n IN T O ur n . 43

th ree eyed -
,
n am e o f S i va ;
'
r ag h u na nd a na h ,
nam e o f R i ma ;

E m : s va r bh d na h, n am e o f R ah u , & c .

W o rds to be r e m e m b e re d :
wz m: a gr a ni h fi r s t p ri n c ip al fro m M a yr a fro nt an d a t to lead
, , , , , ,
.

m i d i : g r d m a n i h h e a d ,
bo r o u
g h fr o m a m g r a m a m u l t, i t u d e an d = 0 n i , , ,

to l ead .

3 3 3 : v r i t r a
g h n a h I n d r a , k i ll e r o f V r i t r
,
a ; b u t
T a m il v r i t r h a n a m ace o f a ,
.

n V II I 4 1 2 ;
W vtr a h a n ( P a . . .
,

W o r W r i na a i o r r i na a m o u nt ain s t re am

i i

g g
-
.
,

m i p a r ah na m aft ern oo n fr o m m p a r a o ve r an d m a h a n d ay ; b ut
:
, , , , ,

m : s ar v a h n a h t h e w h o l e ,
d a
y f r o m 11 % s a r v a a l l a n d m ,
a h a n , , ,

d ay ; an d t h e s am e w h e n eve r t h e r s t w o rd e n d s i n ma ( PnN I I I 4 . .
,

Th ere ar e m i nu te di s ti n c ti o n s acc o rdi ng t o wh i ch fo r i n s tanc e , , ,

Ics h r ap d na m i f i t m e an s t h e d ri nk i ng o f mil k o r a ve s sel fo r dr i nki ng

'
,

m il k Elia : W , : Ica ns a h ks h fr ap d na h m ay b e p r o no u n c e d wi th d e n ta l
z ,

o r li n gu al n
(j n o r q ) n ; b u t if i t i s t h e n am e o f a t ri b e wh o li ve o n m ilk ,

i t m u s t b e p ron o u n c ed W : ks h i r ap dna h m ilk dri nkin g ( P a n V II I ,

-
. . .

4 9 ,
a n d I n t h e s a m e m a n n e r d ar bh a v d h a n am a h a
y ,

c ar t i s s p el t wi th lin gu al urn; wh il e i n o rdi nary c o m p o u n ds s u ch as

, ,

W i nd r a vd h a na m a ve h i c l e b , e l o n i
g g n to I n d r a t h e d e n tal
1 n ,

rem ai n s u n ch ang e d ( Pan V I I I 4 . . .

,

2 In a c o m p o u n d c o n s i s t i n g o f m o r e t h an t w o w o rd s t h e n o f any o n e
.

i
w o r d c an o nl y be a ffe c t ed b y t h e w o r d im m e di at el y p r e c e di n g H e nce .

mm mds h a vdp ena by s o w i ng b ean s

-
, bu t mds h a kumbh a -

sa p e n a b y ,
s ow i n
g f r o m a b e a n j ar
( P a n V II I 4
-
. . .
,

3 . In a c o m p o u n d t h e c h an e o f
g n i n to a
t n d o e s n o t t ak e
p l a c e if t h e r s t

w ord en d s i n T 9
L .

Ex
W
. W r ik a y a na m g a y a na m .

S o m e g r am m ari an s r es t ri c t thi s to p r o p e r n am e s ( P an V II I 4 3 . . .
, ,

O r i f i t e n d s i n s h an d t h e ne xt i s fo rm e d by a p ri m ary s u f x l t h i n
,
.

E x f a:
. V I? W ni h + p ana m ni s hp d na m .

:
g 11 13 7 ?
W a y a j a h + p d v a

n a m y ja a s h p d v a n am
( P a n V II I . . .

4 . 35

4 I
. n c om p o u n d s t h e n o f n u n s e n di n
g o in
i n, an d t h e
i n o f c as e termi na -

ti on s ,
if f oll o w e d by
ow el ar e al way s l i abl e t o ch ang e
a v ,
.

W
m

h i d r i

c o i m rm h i t i f i

ai
t vr v p z n e s w n
g a
y f
,
o t e g e n -
ve a r z a r : ,
t r

h i vdp i na h bu t al s o w i h i vdp i na h .

W m m

o r a i fz f a v r i h z v a a
p ni o r v w h i va p a ni n o m p l u r
n e u t

,
. . .

ai m or

a l f mvr i h z vdp ena
' '

o r m i hi vdp e na , i n s t r u m
'

. s i ng .

G 2
 44 C H A N GE or
a n IN T O at 73 .

98 .

Li kewi s e ch W or W
fe m i ni n es vr h i vdp i n i o r vr h i vd i n

su as
p .

( K as -V
ri t t i . V I II .
4,
N o te T h e i n o f c
s e o n d ar y s u f x e s, a tt ch
a ed t o th e en d o
'

f c om p o u n d s, is, u nd e r th e

g e ne a l r c o n di ti o ns, al w ays ch ang e d to Th us m kh ar ap ah (i . e . d o nk ey-k e e p r)e

bc e o m es m Kh p mm : matri bh gi n h
: khdr ap ay anah, t h e d es
'

c en d an t o f ar a a .

c
o a ,

t t h p d by m th r fr m mdt i m th r d w i : bh g h nj ym t w ith
o e
W
o s ses s e a n o e , o r ,
o e , an o a , e o en ,

th dj ct i v l
e a fx t a i
e ( md a t ) i l w y p l t wi th
a su (S
na l 9 8
sa A i
g n s n a , s a a s S e ee a s o . a ,

wh il W b h i t r f G r l r t i i d t b '
h i t t w t l i
e g g g n g ar y a n a n
i n g, n e s s e o a a, a a s e a s s e a , e n a

ordi n y c mp nd W W I g g bh g i t w l d h t h l i g l up} if it w d riv d

ar o ou ,
ar a a n ou a ve e n ua , as e e

f m TIM : g g bh g h t h
ro h r f G rg w ith t h
ar a dj cti v l
a a fx, f m {39 3 1
e s a e o a a, e a e a su e . 1 2 ,

enj yi ng t h
o h r f G rg W rd wh i ch ft r th y h v b n c m p n d d t k
e s a e o a a. n w o s a e e a e ee o ou e a e a e

su fx tr t d i n f ct li k i ng l w rd
ar e ea e n d th r f r f ll w t h
a e
g r ls e o s a e e o e o o e en e a

r l f 96 ( Pan VIII
u e o Ka V i tt i III 4
. . va t ) .
'

s .- r V .
,
1 1, r .

5 . If th e p se cc on d
o m p o a rt
u n d i s m o n o s y ll ab i c t h en t h e c h a n e o f
o f th e g ,

a fi n al n fo ll o w e d by a t e r m i n at i o n al vo w el o r o f a t e rm i n at i o n al
i a n , ,

i s o bl i g at o ry ( Pan V I II 4 . . .
,

e vz i t r a h a n V r i t r a k il l e r ;

Ex
W b
i
t n i t h h t r -
t
g

g a g e] : v n
g rg
'
.
, r a a a u e . r

d i r gh dh n ( Pan V II I 4

. . .
,

r m : sa r dp a h d ri nki n g s u r a; n o m p l u r n e u t ,
g t w rf m s ar dp d ni . . .

.

m i n t: k s h i r a
p a h d r i n k i n g m il k ; i n s t r u m s i n
g, m m ks h r a ena
p . .

z .

6 If t h e s e c o n d p art o f a c o m p o u n d c o nt a i n s a g u ttu ral t h e c h ang e i s o b li g a

.
,

to ry e ven th o u gh t h e s e c on d p art be n o t m o no s yll abi c ( Pan V II I 4 I

,
. . .
,

E x g m : h a r i kdma h l o vin g H a ri ; i n s t r u m s i ng
.
, h a r i kd mena ; . .

b ut W a r a am i ni
g g ( P an V III
3 . . .
,

W sus h kago m a yena , i n s t r u m . s in

g . o f 3
3W sas hkago ma ya ;

( 33 1a sus h ka , d r y, T hi n: go may a d u n g ,
.
)
7 . L i k e wi s e t r p rep o s i ti o n s wh i ch c on ta i n an g r
af e

, th e n o f p ri m ary
a fx es s u c h as W a na
, wwa ni W u a ni y a 33 , , , i n, na
( p
i f r e c eded

by a vow el ) an d m mdna i s c h ang ed t o q 22 b u t

, , ,
u nde r c e rtai n r est r i c

ti on s ( Pan V II I 4
. . .
,

E x . W EI p r a vap a na m Em mi p r a mdna m ; m d
p py a mrdna m .

W hil e i n th es e c as es t h e ch an ge i s p ro n ou n c e d obl i gato ry it i s s ai d t o be ,

Op ti on al afte r c au s ative verb s ( Pan V II I 4 a n d a ft e r ve r b s b e i n

g . .
,

ni n g an d e n di n i n c o n s o n an t s w i t h an vow el b u t 5! a
( P an VI I I =
g y . .

4 , h en c e m u m} an d p r a y dp a na m an d p r a ydp a na m ; W
or

p r a kop a n a m o r p r a k 0p a n a m A g a i n a ft e r ve rb s b e
g i nn i n
g i n a v o w.e l ,

t r t t r b as al i z ati o n c
'

( no t 3 a
) an d =s e n g h e n i n g h e i as e s b y n t h e h an e
g ,

i s n e c e s s ary i t i s fo rb i dd en i n ot h e r ve rb s n o t be g i nn i n g w i th vo w el s , ,

th ou gh th ey r e qu i re n as ali a ti o n h e n c e n W p r a i nga na m z Z

r en a na m b ut 11 l
E it l umei h a mp a na m p r a ka mp a na m .
'

p g 2 :
p ra
 9 8 . C HA N G E o r
i n
'
lN lO mg } . 45

L as t ly t h e re ,
r ro o t
y all th es e r u l e s vi m bh a 5 Mai
ar e s e ve a l s wh i h d e f c ,
z .
, ,

22 ass /ca m m am
m a
h c m m ? bh a m &

1 1 2
t , i 9 y v e]
, ; e n e p r , n a c , a .
,

n e ve r mmfrp r a bh d na m ; uu p r a vep a na m ne ve r nd p r a vep a na m , .

8 A ft e r p r ep o s i t i o n s c o n t ai ni ng a n
. r s u c h as a nt ar g ni r m p a r a , , , ,

V ii p a r i a nd It p m an d a fte r d ur t h e c h ang e o f i n i nto m a tak e s

, , ,
\
l ac e
p
I I n m o s t r oot s b egi nn i ng w i t h n V I II 4 I 4
.
( P a ) . .
,
.

I! Huf f ! m e ta p r a na m a ti p r a na ma t i h e bo w s =
,
.

W W p 2 d a d i h h y '

W ar t n u a t z p a r n a a t e p u s e s a w a , .

via : l l l W a nt a h
'
na y a ti

a nt ar na ya t i h e l e ad s i n , .

u m m m : p r a ndy a ka h p r anaya ka h a l ea d e r =
, .

Th e r oot s w h i c h ar e li abl e to thi s ch ang e o f th e i r i ni ti al 1 n ar e e nte re d i n

t h e D h at u p at h a t h e li s t o f r oot s o f n at ive gr amm ari an s a s be g in ni ng
, ,

wi th m a Th u s w e s h o u l d nd t h e root m a am entered a s mut a nt

\
.
,

s i m l y i n o r d e r t h u s t o i ndi c at e i t s li ab il i ty t o c h an e
p g .

2 I n a fe w r oot s t hi s c h ang e i s o p t i o nal if th e y ar e foll o w e d by Kri t af x e s

.
,

vi z ( Pa n VIII 4. . .
,

nt ni s to ki s s ; u ifu a i o r nfa t aa i p r a ni n s i t a vya m o r p r a ni i ns i t a vya m

'

, z .

m
ni ks h t o k i s s ; , or p r a ni ks h a n a m o r p r a niks h a na m .

1q ni a to bl am e ;

a ni nd a na m o r p r a n nd a na m

r z
, or p .

In a f ew r o o t s t h e i ni t i al r i t ll c h d th r oot s ar e e n te r e d
3 .
3 n e s s s a a n
g e a n e s e ,

i n t h e D h at u p th a a s b egi nni ng w i t h n V iz ( P a v 1 1 65 V a rt
)
i n , . . .
, ,
.

nrz i to d an c e m nat t o f all d o wn ( C h u r

'

,
g .
, ,

e: na na to rej o i c e m nd t h t o a s k

,
.
, .

at? na r a to h o w l
m nad h to b e g

, .
,
.

na kh to d es t r o y 7 w t to l e ad

g ,
1
.
,
.

W m
Q o o o

E
o

t a na m a r z na nd a na m
0

x p ar z na r
.
p .

4 Th e
. r oot m m to d e s t ro y ch ang e s i n i nt o urn o nl y w h en i ts a s is
, ,

n o t c h an e d to s h
g I ! W SW ?! W y n n a .
y a t e p r a nasy a t e ; bu t =

I! 3 9 : m mr a nas h ta h p r a nas h ya h e s t r o y e d P51) V I I I 4 : . . .

,

5 In t h e r oot m a n to b reath e t h e n i s c h ang e d t o u n if t h e ( r i s n o t

.

i ,
r ,

s e ar at e d f r o m t h e b y o r e t h an o n e e tt e r T h u s I! W
p i n m l .
:

m p r a a ni ti p r dni ti h e b re ath e s ; b u t u + a 1 r wfar =

,
=

p a r i a ni t i p a r y a n i t i ( P a tza n j )ali Th e r e d u
p li c a t e d a o ri s t f o rm s .

W p r d ni na t ; t h e d e s i d e r a t i ve w i t h m p a r a i s W O W p a r ani

( P an V II I 4 1
9 . .
, ,

It i s no t t o d an c e, b ut R
i na ; o f t h e Chu r cl as s , an d h en c e rt
w i t en wi h t a

l o ng a . S i dd h . K
- au m . vo l . 11 . p .
4 1 , no t e .
46 C HA NGE OF
n I N TO at n .

6 . root g h a n to ki ll t h e n i s ch ang e d e x c ep t wh ere h h as t o

In t h e , ,

b e c h ang e d to
g h ( Pan V I I I 4 T h u s II { m p r.a . .
,
z

h a ng a t a p r a h a ny a t e h e i s s t r u c k d o w n a nt a r h a n y a te ,

( P a n V I I I 4 bu t u +
.
z i 1 m i f.
p r a g
,
h n a nt i p g
r a h n a n t i t h e y = =
,

kil l A l s o ngmi p r a h a na na m k ill in g

.

v

, .

Th e c h ang e i s o p t i o n al ag ai n wh e re n i s f o l l o w e d by m o r v ( Pan . .

V I II 4 Th u s Fax o r ugm p r a h a nmi o r p r a h a nmi ; m : o r

.
,

Hana: p r a h a nva h or p r a h a nva h .

7 T.h e
n of
3
'

nu o f th e Su an d o f en mi o c o nj u g ati o n i s ch ange d
f t h e Kr i
to i n t h e Ve r b s fg h i , t o s end , an d If !
m i to d e s t r o y ( PanN I I I 4
,
. .
,

E x .
q u r p r a h i nv
'

a nt i W l f p r a mina nt i .

8 Th e n
. t e rm i n ati o n m r d ni i n t h e i m p erati ve i s ch ang e abl e ( Pan
o f th e
'
v
. .

VI II 4 Th u s II W .
, m np r a bh avani p r a bh avd ni : : .

Th n o f t h e p r e p o s i t i o n f? ! ni i f r e c e d e d b y n ma 11f t i &
9 e
.

p p a r c , , ,
.
,

i s c h ang e d i n to I n b e fo r e t h e ve rb s ( Pn V III 4 1 7) 11g g a d to S p e a k

. .
, , ,

T n d to h o t up t to f l l 1 1gp a d to g o t h e ve rb s c al l e d h
g a s u a a
3g u .
, , , , , , ,

7n d to m ea s u r e a me to c h an e @
9
to d t r oy to
W , g 1 30 es g h a n , , , , , ,

k i l l I nyd t o g o 3 1 mi t o bl o w w d
, ,
to e e o r to s l eep m p s d t o
, , , , , ,

e at p
Er va to s o
, w o r to w e ave H
g va h to b e a r
, w sa m to b e t r a n q u i l , , , ,

c h i to c o l l e c t fa d i h to an o i nt
( )
d i v f ,
g , , ,
.

Th e s am e c h ang e t akes p l ac e e ven w h e n t h e au gm e n t i nt e rve ne s .

an V II I 4 I 7 V a
( P rt
) . .
, , .

W p r a n a
y g a d at u m p r a ny a na d at .

99 r.b In p all oth er

s e x c e t th o s e w h i c h f o l l o w r i
g g a d t
veh e c h a n
g e o f ,

t ni aft e r u p r a u p ar i & c i s O p ti o n al , , .
, .

Hf rf o r M i h t i o r h t i

p 'r a n p a c a p r a n i
p a c a .

E x c e p t ag ai n i n ve rb s b egi nn i n g w i t h an Ica o r {i t kh a o r e n di ng i n sh
,

( Pan V I I I 4 . i n w h i c h t h e.

n o f
, f a ni r e m ai n s u n c h an g e d .

m p r a ni /ca r o ti ;
m p r a ni kh d d a t i ; W m a ni
p i nas h l i .

W h ere i t s ee m e d t th i
l i k el y t o b e u s efu l , t h e S an s kr i tr t oo s h ave b ee n g i ve n w i h e r

d i c it i c l l tt r (
a r b dh ) b t
a e l y i th i r D v ag i f m
e s a nu a n P anini i n m r ti g as , u o n n e e an ar or . n e u e a n

t h r t wh i ch c h F r t f m t W t

i f i & i at i i d b t h i
'

e oo
g s t p p an e n n a e r a, ar ,
c .
,
n o a , en o s in ,
u s,

a cc rd i g t t h c m m t ri i ncl d t w r t t h r t
o n o e o md ( n) w h i ch f rm W
en a es , u es o oo s, e oo o s

m h ) wh i ch f rm m m y t h ch ng
,

mi mi t h m e,r d th r t
e
k ea s u es , an W h r e o o e

z ,
o s a a e, e a es . e e

i n th i g mm r t h tr n cri b d f rm f
s ra r t diff fr m it D v nag i rig i n l t h
a e a s e o o a oo er s o s e a ar o a , e

a d d it i l l tto nam y lw y b l k d e p er s d i c iti c l m k

a m pl y d by
a t iv
a s e o o e u o n as a r a ar s e o e na e

g r am m i S m ti m th
ar an s cl t wh i ch c rt i v rb b l ng h b i ndi c t d by
. o e es e as s o e a n e s e o as e en a e

d di ng t h r t v rb f th t c l i n br c k t Th m ( di ) m n dmy t i

a e s e o m
a as s a e s . us sa v ea s s a , or sa

c j g t d l i k div nd n t dm y t
o n u a e e , a o s

a a e .
 100 , C HA N G E OF
s I N TO sh .
47

C h a ng e f i nt o sh
o s
.

A d e nt al s ( c h ie fl y o f s u f x e s a nd
100 . if p re ce d e d
by any vo wel e x c ep t a , m d, o r by Q k, g r , 3 1, i s al way s c h ange d
i nt o t h e l ing u al sh,
p r o vi d e d i t be fo ll o we d b y a
o wel
v ,
o r by t t h , ,

n, m
, y , o r v ; l i ke wi s e by c ert ai n T ad dh i t a s u f x e s , a ka , m ka lp a ,

W p d sa ,
& c .

If an i n s e rt e d A n u s var a f
or th e V i s arga o r s h i nte r ve ne s be t wee n the

v owel an d
th e c h ang e i nto s h t ak es p l ac e ne ve r t h el e s s
e, th e .

E x . u s arp i s i n fl e c t i o n a l b as e ; R EE: s a r p i h n o m s ing n e u t c l a ri ed

, , . . .

b u tte r ; i ns t r u m H5381 s a rp i s h d no m p l u r m s a rp i ii s h i (h er e
. . . i

t h e A nu s vara i n t e r ve n e s ) l o c p l u r g s a rp i hs h u ( h e re t h e . .

Vi s arg a i nt e rve ne s ) o r E f s arp i s hs h u ( h e re t h e s h i n te rve ne s ), .

mg vd ks hu l o c pl u r o f r vd ch s p ee c h
, . .
, .

W g + m g s ar v a sa h e u s a r v a sa lcs h u o m n i p o te n t , .

W g m g chi tr a li kh (k) su c h i t r a l i ks h u
p ai n te r ,
.

r
g i h l l r f n i c h
'
r s u o c
p u o ,
;g r s
p ee . .
,
.

m g 35 312
3 h a ma l su k a m l s h u n ami ng t h e
g o dd e s s La k s h mi a ,
.

rm d h r o hs h y a ti fu t o f g d r u h to h at e ; (h e re g h is c h ang e d t o
, .
,

le an d t h e as p i rat i o n th ro w n o n t h e i ni ti al 3 d )
,
\
.

Wha rf?! p o ks hya t i f ut o f

gp u s h to n o u,
r i s h (h e r e.

s h i s c h an e d
g ,

i nto h)
5 .

65: m : s arp i h ka h s a rp is h ka h adj fo rm ed by Eli ka

'
.
,

h avi ng cl ari e d b u tt e r .

E f: i t: W : s a rp i h t ar a h s arp i s h i a r a h ( h ere th e t o f
t : t a r a h i s ch an g e d i n to
( i a s i n 8 9 I I I I f t h e
p e n u l ti m a te , ,
.

vo w el b e l o ng n o c h ang e tak e s p l ac e ; z m g i s t a r d , ( P i
a n V I II . . .

3,
: Fi

:
W s arp ih ma t s a rp i s h ma t, h avin g cl a r i ed bu tte r .

R Th e s mus t W no t be b c a thr dic l E

aR b l g t a s; h en c e s up i s a u, e a us e e s e on s o

th t M p i ( Pa v 3
e roo Y t m s . dsi h h fr m r t
n . 111 .
,
Th r l e s a ,
o oo e u es

d n t pp l y t n l
o o
R
a h c W e:
o g i ta t ( P an
s; VIII 3 en e a n s a ra . . .
,

1 T h

A n var m t
e b w h t S n k
usri t g r m a m r i n c
us l l m i t m
e t n t r pr a t a s a a a s a nu ,
us o e e s en

a r di c l n l ; h nc v n if w writ g p m
a a as a e l e,p r
l e f e p n m n P d e e u , oc . u . o a ts ,
a ,
a s

b 1531p m i t d n t b c m
as e u p
,
n h ( P
o es a VIII 3o A cc r
e od i ng t Be pp n d u is u. n . .
,
o o o a

oth r E r p n gr m m ri
e u o wh d n t l i m it t h A
ea a v aar t t h i
an s , rt A
d v a
o o o e nu s a o e ns e e nu s r a,

w h
e s l d h v t w it
ou i th r p a h e oi f w w i rh t e epr rv th e R m p u zs u, o r, e s o e se e e s, u as u .

Acc rdi g t P anin i h w v r i t h ri h t f r m Th S a r s v t i p c ri b o e a a r es es

o n p
o g ,
o e e ,
u zsu s e .

g p ak h u s u.
48 C HA N G E or IN T O sh . 10 1

Ta bl e t h e Ch a ng es sh
s h o wi ng o
f i nt o
.

i
A n y V o w el s x c ep t 3 an i
e =
, ,
ch an ge i f th e r e fo ll o w

( in S p it f e o V o w el s o r ,

i ns e rt d An e u s va a , r V i s ar g i b i l
a, o r s t i nt rv an e en i n g , ) i t, { If/l ,

mto
al s of ir ,
y

, 3 1
E n, 3
1 m,

i f i m m e d i a el y t pr c e e di ng , ( sh
1 y ,
i 12 .

10 1 . ru l e p ro d u c e s t h e ch ang e o f R s i nto s h i n root s

Th e s am e

b egi nni ng with i f r e d u p l i c at e d p r o vi d e d t h e vow el o f t h e r e d u p l i c at e d ,

i
s yl l abl e i s n o t 3 an i E X a q s vap to s l eep
=
,
. R e d u p l P e rf W .
s u s h vd a
p ,
. .
,

I h ave s l e p t Fu r s i d h D e s f af m f a s i s hi ts a t i
.
,
T hi s ru l e i s l i abl e to . .

e xc e ti o n s
p .

10 2 A g ai n m an y r o o t s b eg i n nin g wi th { 8 c h ng e i t i nto \s h aft e r

.
,
a

p pr e o s i ti o n s r e q u i ri n g s u ch a c h an e
g v i z W l a ti o v er 3
3 m m a ft e r ,
.

, ,

, ,

s if t : ap i u p o n 3 5 !a bh z to war d s i n f a a i r o u t wi t p a r i r o u n d
fa

, ,
r , , , , , , ,

nfa p m ti to wa rd s Fa vi aw ay : E mfu + afw wr f a a bhi + s t a uti

'

, , , x . = =

a bh i s h ta u ti h e p rai s e s T h e s am e c h ang e t a ke s p l c e e ven aft e r t h e au g m e nt

, . a

h as b e e n a dd e d i n w h i c h c as e t h e , i s r e al l y p r e c ed e d b y an 3 a :

Ex 3
%
.
3a bh a s h g
y a u t h e
p r a i s e d S o m e v e r b ,s a ft e r t h e s e
p p r e o s i t i o n s .
, ,

ke e p t h e sh i n t h e r e d u pli c at e d p e rf e c t : E X r? s i ch t o s p ri nkl e ;
.
,

W a bhi s hi ch a t i h e s p ri nkl es ; W ,
a bh i s h i s h ech a h e h as ,

S r i nkl e d
p I n t h e i nt e n s i ve t
.

? s i ch d o es no t f o ll o w t h i s r ul e ; h en c e

m a a hh i s es i ch ya t e ( Pan V I I I 3 1 1 2 ) b ut i n t h e d e s i d erati ve q s i s . .
,

ch ange d W E EK a bhi s h i s h i lcs h a ti

,
Many oth e r c as e s m u s t be l e arn t .

fr o m t h e di c ti o n ary o r fro m P an ini .

3 In 10r d r t.
g i v n i
o d f e t h m i o t n e a f t h r l c
ea o ll ct d b y t i v
e nu e es s o e u es as o e e na e

g r mma r i n d
a f t h
a c m p l i
s , anc t d m n o r i n w h
e i c h tho r l a e l i d d w n t h a f l ne es e u e s ar e a o ,
e o

l w i ng xtr ct fr m P a i ni h v b n
o e a s o bj i n d th gh th y by n m
n a e xh t t h
ee su o e , ou e o ean s e au s e

su bj ct cc rdi ng t t h vi w f n tiv g r m m i n It
e a o o e e s d h dl y b
o dd d th t
a e a ar a s . n ee ar e a e a

b gi n r h l d t tt m pt t b rd th ir m m ry with th r l th gh gl c
e ne s s ou no a e o u en e e o es e u es, ou a an e

a t th m m y b e f l b y g i vi ng th m n i d
a e u se u f t h i ntri c c i f S n k ri t g r mm
e a ea o e a es o a s a ar .

N ti v g m m i n m r t ll m b i c rb b i i i t h d f d
a e ra ar an s e
y ll v u g n
e a e a n g w
q ll w
o no s a e s e n s , an o o e

by v w l
a by
o d t l c n
e or t ( li k wi W mi t m il f g w i d t w t
a en a o s o n an , e se s , o s e, ,
o s ea ,

g d t t t E f v j t m br c s l p ) i f b i i i t h h

'
w
v s a o as e,
p s t a o g
e n g a e,
a o s ee as e n n s

m
, , , , .

Th th y writus e hi d h m h yhd f a: hmi ( Pa v

e s , s , s . n . 1 . I ,

Th i i n t d s with
s
q p o
t g o ne t l t ff
i s t ,
t c o r W oa ,n ) t o e o , s , o o ve , o

c v r ty i t
o e , d il
s
i a k, t o
g
1r i
so un t g , i n r d r t
se h w
, t h t
o t h i r ion i,t i l

s , o o ,
o e o s o a e a

i n t l i bl t b ch d i nt r ny c i rc m t nc
{
[ s s o
g a e
h
o d e an e o s un e a u s a es .

Th y th n giv t h g n r l r l th t th i i iti l E{h i t b ch ng d i t i n l l

e e e e e e a u e a s n a s s o e a e n o
'

s, a

th v rb x c pt FE R h Ihi v t p it n d hv h k t g ( d cc rdi g t m e
es e e s, e e s , o s , a s as , o o , an a o n o so

i n % h py i
1
nl wh r h i j d c nd ti m
s a ,
i
u es s e e s s en o n e a se o e
50 C HA N G E or IN T O qsh
a s . 10 4

5 . Aft er t h e prep o siti o ns

3
3 m m, vi , l i ft p ar i , 15 5 ? a bhi , f ni , Figsy and m ay t ak e
s h,

x c pt wh n ppl i d t l i vi g b ing ( V 3
e e e a e o n e s I II

m
. .
,

6 A ft r t h pr p fa vi F li k d m t k t h h i t h p t p rt i c i p l i
. e e
y h e
g n t n
.
, n s an a a e s , ou o e as a e

Ht ( V b t f t r t h pr p WF C p i th r g h t v n i n t h p t p rti ci pl
' '

3 a I II .
, u a e e e . ar ou ou , e e e as a e
,

(V 3 W III : W :p i hk h p i k h or ar s a nna or ar s a n na

m
, .

7 . Aft r t h pr p e i n fi ni fa vi t h v rb F
e
SKp he n d.

p h l m y t ka E
( h , , e e s S ur a s u a a e s .

( VI I I 3 .
,

8 . Aft r t h e pr p e e . fa vi ,
W s h a mbh mu s t al w a s
y t ak e
sh. ( VI I I .
3,
9 . Th e ve rb m ft r dr pp i g i t i iti l as, a e o n s n a vo w el , t ak e s t
[ sh aft e r pr p iti e os o ns wh i h c
c au s e su ch ch ng n d ft r E g p dda a e, a a e
g
r ur , if t h e sh i s f o ll o w e d by Ry o r a vo wel

( vm .
3, W a bbi s h
y d t .

t p d duhs h dt
r
y . mgz f ap r dd uss h a na .

10 . Th e ve rb wh en h an g e d t oc t ak es
s h , af e t rg sa , vi ,
M ui r ,
dz

( VI I I .
3, g: s us h ap t ah . d u h s hup t ah .

E x c pti e o nal c wh r
E ases , e e s is u s e d , an d n o t
sh .

1 1 . Th e ve rb i k f l l s c , o o we d by t h e i n t e n s i ve af x (V III .
3 , M i? a bhi s es i

chy a t e.

1 2. Th e verb m
i d h ig ni fyi ng t g ( V s
3 , s o o III .
,
Il i l

p a r i s ed h a t i .

1 3. Th e v rb
e
g h if ch ng d t
g dh
sa
( V , a e o so III .
3 ,
W dhum p a r i s o .

1 4. Th e v rb Fi t mbh
e s
M iv h in s a , s ,
ss , th e red upl i cate d ao ri st ( V I I I 3 .
,

1
5 . Th e ve rb g sa, f o ll o we d by t h e af es o x f th e 1 st fu t r u e, th e c o nd i ti o n al , o r t h e d es i de r a

ti v e ( VI I I .
3, W a bhi s o s h
ya t i . a bhi s us h .

1 6. Th e ve rb s
g s a d, i s va j , in th e r ed u pl i c t a ed p rf ct e e ( V I I I 3, .
W
W
a bh i s h as ad a .

a bhi s h asva e . j
1 7 T h
. e v rbe
n d O p t i a ,
o nal l
y , if pr c e e de d by t h e a ug m e n t ( V I I I 3 .
,
W or

W ny as hi da t o r nya s id a t

10 4 . Th ere ar e m any c o m p o unds c

i n wh i h t h e i ni i al t E s o f th e c
s e o nd wo d is r ch an
g e d

r t w rd x c pt i ) W

s h, if t h e en d s in wel f m l udki ,
to
s o a vo ( e e . E x .
yu d h i s h ghi r a ,
r o
g y
in b ttl a e , an d W s thi r a , r m ;
g s us h i hu, well ; R d us h gh u , i ll ;
W s us h a ma, b e au ti f ul ,

Fi ": vi s h amah c l t fr m F m m h v n ; W t i hy bh m tr ; W
, d if u g i , o sa a , e e r s u , a e e a a

h m n A g ni n d S m ;
W mdtgi hv ri m th r i t r;
W p t r
i h f h
s o a , a t
o v a

s as ,
o e s s s e s as ,
a e s

i t r ; m g h yh h
s s e w t b l ; wh i m

: g i hy m h os cri c m a ,jy ti co -s a e a n s o a ,
a sa e o

cri c ( h r t h n l E f i ti i d r p t ) I n
m
'
shg m h o a ,
a sa e, t a dh e e e a s o o s s o . ur s ,
a

n m f I dr d im i l r c m p i ch r b c m
'

a e o d n
E g d t
a, an
h w h n v
g h s
: t a o o un s, s s an e o s e e e e o es 6 ,
;

a m ba m -
n m
M g u d h m ( Pa

o . t a v 3 ; ac c . ur s a . n . 111 .
,

C h a ng e d h i nt o L i ng ua l dh
o
f D e nt a l
( Q .

10
5 . Th e \ d h
{
o f th e se o nd c p r pl re s . u . At m . is ch g d t g dh i n t h r
an e o e edu pli c t a ed

p rf ct
e e ,
th e ao ri t s , an d in s hi dh va m o f t h e b ene d i ct i v pr vi d d t h dh
e, o e e , or t h e l s hi
l

o f W s h i d hva m, f o l l o w s i m m e d i a el y t an i nect i ve r t nding i n ny v w l b

oo e a o e ut
'
1
3,
31 3 .

( Pan V I I I . .

we Perf

E x .
i
f kn , . c h alcri dhve .

hya ; A o r W } a c hy o dh va m
=
3 c ? . .

B d i d m
gp l u e ne p l o s h h va . .
 10 7 , R U ES o r L I N TE R N A L S A N D H I .
51

B ut
m ks /z ip ; A or . ws a aks hi bd h va m .

W y a
j ; B ene d .
W y a ks h td h vam.

If t h e s ame t rm i n t i
e a o ns a r e pr c e e d ed by t h e i n t rm
e e d ia e t and the
{i be pr
ece d ed by

Hy a ( r l, a,
g h, t h e ch a ng e is o pt i o nal .

m
, ,

Ex .

Q la ; Perf . l u l u vi d hve o r l u l uvidh ve .

la ; A o r a l a vi d hva m o r a l a vi dhva m
Q . .

Q lu; B ene d . M l avis h i d hva m or Ia e i s hi dhva m .

B ut
bud h Aor . a bo dh id hva m .

R u l es o f Int er na l S a nd h i .

6 Th e p h o net i c rul es c o n t ai ne d i n t h e p re c e di ng p ar agr ap h s

10 . 2
3 94)
a
pp l y ,
as h as b e e n s ta t e d , to t h e n al a n d i n i t i al l e tt e r s o f w o r d s
( p a d as
),
wh e n b r o u gh t i n to i m m e di at e c o n t a c t wi th each oth e r i n a s ente n c e , t o t h e

nal a nd i ni ti al l e tt e r s o f w o r d s fo r m e d i n to
c o mp o un ds and to t h e nal ,

l e tt e r s o f n o m i n al b as e s b efo r e t h e Pa d a t e r mi nat i o n s an d b efo re c e r tai n -

,

s e c o n d ary o r T a ddh i t a s u f x e s b egi nn i ng wi th a ny c o n s o n an t e x c e t ,p Ry .

Th e re i s an oth e r cl as s o f p h on eti c rul e s ap p li c abl e t o t h e nal l ette rs o f

n o m i n al ( p r d t ip a d i /ca ) an d ver b al b as e s ( d h d tu) b e f o r e t h e oth e r te r mi n ati o n s

o f d e c l e n s i o n an d c o nj u a t i o n b e fo r e r i m ary o r K i t u f x e s and be fo r e
g p r s , ,

s e c o n d ary o r T a d dh i t a s u fx e s b egi nni ng wi th a vow el o r R y S o me o f , .

th e s e ru l e s ar e g en eral an d d es er ve t o b e rem em b ered B u t in m any case s

, .

th ey ei th er ag ree w i th t h e ru l e s o f E xte rn al S an dh i o r ar e th e m s el ve s li abl e ,

to s u ch n u m ero u s e xc ep ti o n s th at i t i s far e as i e r t o l e arn t h e w o rd s o r

g r am m ati c al fo r m s th e m s el ve s a s w e d o i n G r e ek a n d L at i n t h an t o t r , y t o ,

m as t e r t h e r u l e s acc o r d i ng to wh i ch th e y ar e fo r m e d o r su p p o s e d to be
f o r me d .

Th e fo ll ow i ng ar e a fe w o f t h e p h on e ti c ru l e s o f wh at m ay b e c all e d
I nt er na l S a nd h i T h s t u d e n t w ill n d i t u s e ful to gl an c e at th e m wi t h o u t
. e ,

e n d e a vo u ri n h o w v r to i m r e s s th em o n hi s m e m o ry A ft er h e h as
g e e , p ,
.

!
l e ar nt t h a t fat d a i h to h at e fo r m s i f s : d ves h mi I h at e f wd veks h i th o u
- s
, , , , ,

d vi ddh i H ate !g ; d e i t
h at e s t &f s d ves h i i h e h at e s
,
g a d ve i h e h at e d
,
n , , , , ,

a h at e r fg m d vi s h a h o f a h at e r
,
m d a ts a a m ng
i ,
o h at e rs h e will r e fe r
, , ,

b ack w i th a d van tag e to t h e ru l e s m o re o r l e s s g ene ral wh i ch reg ul at e t h e , ,

ch ange o f n al s h i nto Q k ZJ g d & c ; bu t h e wil l n e ve r l earn hi s , , ,

.

d e cl e n s i o n s an n ug at i o n s p r o p e rl y
j i f i n s t ea d o f a c q u i rin g rst th e
d S q , ,

p a r a d i g m s as t h ey ar e h e e n d e a v o u r s to c o n s t r u c t,
ea c h f o rm b y i t s el f ,

a cc o r di n to o t c r l i d d o n i n th e fo ll o wi ng p arag rap h s
g t h e
p h n e i u
ls
e a w .

1 F i na l V o wel s .

10
7 . N o h ia t us is tlrto e a ed i n t h e m i d dl e o f S ans k i r t w rd o s . W o rd s su ch as

m p r aii g a , fo r e - o k e,
y Fif i ? t i t a ii , s i eve , ar e iso l a t ed e x c pti n Th
e o s . e h iat in m
us co

p o u nd s , s u ch as
SW 31 p ur a g o i ng in f r t
o n , i n na ma -ukt i h, sayi n g o f pr i w hi c h
a se,

H 2
52 RU ES L or IN TE R NA L S A N D H I . 10 8

is pr o du c ed by t h e el i s i o n o f a nal R b f r c rt
s e o e e a i n vo w el s , h as b e en tr t ea e d o f u nd e r th e

h ead of E xt r e n al S andh i . 84 .

10 8 . Final
5 3 a an d
HT c o al e s c e t
wi h f o l l o wi ng vo wel s a cc rdi ng
o t o t h e g e ne r al

r u l es o f S an dh i .

"Sl i t ud a + ami
W t u dd i , I b t
'

a?

ea
f
= .

t u d e, I b t ea ,
A tm .

m ddna + i = Tel d ane, in t h e g ift .

W c hi na = Ej ( l ane, t h e t wo g i f t s .

If we a dm i t th e s am e s et o f t rm i ti
e na o n s af e t rb as e s e n d i ng in c o ns o nan s an d t rt in s ho
V a, it bc e o m es c
n e es s a ry t o l ay d o wn so me rl rq
u es e u ir i ng nal
S a to be dr p t b f ro e o e

c rte ai n vo w el s . Th us if l
i am i s p u t d o wn as t h e g en e r l t rm i ti
a e na on o f th e ac e . s i n
g .
,
as

i n HTE vach -um, '

l
it is ne e s s a c ry t j i t h o en o n e o mi s sio n o f nal "H a o f si va bfr e o e th e

i l am o f th e ac e . s i ng . , in o rd r t rriv t
e o a e a

s i e um . In t h e s am e m an n e r , i f 355 am i s

put do wn as th e t rm i ti
e f th na
p i n g on o e 1 . . s . i m f Par p . .
, an d E e as th t a o f the 1 . p . s i ng .

pr es . At m .
,
we can f rm r g l r y E dv
ol e u a a es h -um a n d fah d ai s he ; bu t we h ave t o l ay
d o wn rl a new u e, a cc rdi g t wh i ch t h l
o f a ? t d n i d r pt o r r rr e na "R a o u a s o ,
i n o d e t o a i ve at

t h c rr ct f rm
e o e t d( ) m o d t d( )
s B y f l l wi g t h
a u a -
y t
a m d p t
an d i n t hi a a e . o o n e s s e a o e s

g r m ma r f g i i ga t w ot f t r m i
v n t i n d t h o n b l
se s oi g t h t d n t te r i v na t t h o s , an us e a n e s u e o a r e a e

a ct l f rm f d cl i n n d c j g ti n by m r l y m ch i c l c m b i ti
ua o s o e ens o a o n u f b a o a e e e an a o na o n o as e

a n d t rm i ti i t i p i b l t d i p
e na o n, w it h s m b r f th
o ss p h ti c r l
e o s e ns e a nu e o es e o ne u es .

A g i n i n t h d cl n i n f b
a , e di g i r d i c l 5" a c rt i p h
e e s o o ti c r l h d t
as e s en n n a a ,
e a n o ne u es a o

b l id d w
e a cc rdi ng t wh ch t h
o i n, a lo
5" a h d t b l i d d b f r c rt i t rm i t i
o e na a o e e e e o e e a n e na o ns

b g i nni ng with v w l Th t h d tiv W

e o e s. t q h kh d hma us l w id t
e f rm
a e

sa

a -e as sa o o

W nkh d hm ( t t h h ll bl w r ) by d pp i ng t h l V T 6 nd n t
sa

a e, o e s e - o s n
e , ro e na ,
a o a

l h d hm i
c a H r t a th
. m r e e,lt i bt i d by d m itti g t w b
oo , e sa e f esuth i f s o a ne a n o as e s or s as or

m ny th r
a o n nd e ig i g t h w k b
no u s, a i n w h i c h t h m a i dr p t t
as s n n ll t h
e ea as e, e s o , o a e

c ll d B h c
so - a e th c wh i ch B pp c l l t h w k t c
a as e s , e as e s ( Pan 4 E ch o a s e ea es as e s . V I .
, a

o f th y t m
es e s h i t d s e t g s d d f
as ct d t hs m a t pr
va n a ct i c l p l i
es a n
n d b t e e s, an e os a a an s, o ou ,

t l o n th
e ar p di gm by h rt with t king y q ti
e ar a s t th m
ea r i n wh i ch
ou as an ues o n s as o e ann e

th b e nd t h t r m i n t i n w r
as e a ri gi ll y c m b i n d g l d t g th r
e e a o s e e o na o e or ue o e e .

9 W i t
10h r g r d .t v rb l b d
e i g i na l g W T a
o m y e p c i al r l h t
as e s e n
v b n o n
'

, an s e a u es a e o e

o b r d cc rdi g t wh i ch l W i i ith r l i d d
s e ve ,
a o n o ch g d t i f t F na e s e e e e , or an e o or o e .

Th r l wi l l b g iv i n t h ch pt r n C j g ti n Th
es e u es e en e a e o on u a o . us

s ir p d + nt i 3 f p t i t h y c l n
un a =

a na n e ea se .

m
,

W R 1 p d + m h p n i m h w c lun n a = u a ,
e ea se .

at g dd + h i 2fg d hi G i v ! = e , e

Fi n l i i
1 10
i f. 3 3 1 ri if f l l w d by v w l
a , ,
a, d i p h th 2,ng g n r ll
,
y o o e o e s or o s , ar e e e a

ch g d t y i n E
an e o , , r .

E x . Hf ? ! i: ma t i + a i : m a ty a i , t o t h e m i n d .

f i r" 33 3 7 3: j ig i + uh j igya h =
, th e
y h ave c q r o n ue e d .

13
Hl t Ti -Eh: bh dnu + o h z bhdnvo h, o f th e tw pl o s en d o u s . r
rq an =
f a t p i tf i + d = p i tr d , by t h e f a h e t r .

n W fa mfa bi bhi + a ti = bi bhy a t i th y f r

,
e ea .
 3 , M ILE S o r NTE R N A L SA N D H I
I . 53

In so me c as es
{i an d
{ f ar e c h ng a ed to iy ; 3 a an d 3 11 to
up ; to r s,
to
a ir an d , a f e t rl ab i al s , to 3
ar .

E x .
W
g : m si sr i + a t h uh = sis ya t h uh yo u ( t wo ) h a ve g o ne .

i n II bht + i = bhi yi , i n f ea r .

3 W W yu + ant i = y uva n t i ,
th y j i e o n .

th y h e ave j o i ne d .

h brave o ug h t f rth
o .

3 +
1 3 g bhzz + i = bh uvi , o n ea rth .

'
1 WE W mr i + a t e = mr i ya t e, h e di e s .

1 W l t 9 34+ a t i
l

:
g r a ti , h e
i s wal l o w s .

mi a waft p ap i i p -- z a
p ur brl
i, l i e a .

W h en ei th r t h e e o ne or th e o th r t e ak es pl c m t b l rnt fr
a e us e ea o m pr
a ad i
g ms an d fr o m
s p ci l r
e a u l es gi ven u nd e r t h e h e ad s o f D cl n i n n d C j g t i
e e s o a o n u a o n. S ee W hi bhya t i
fr o m i nbhi , bu t f i n nf aj i hr i ya ti fr o m g? m .

1 I1 . Fi nal i f f o ll o we d by t rm i n ti
e a o nal c o ns o nan s , t is ch an
g ed to
ir ; a nd aft er

b
l a ial s t o
W ar .

7
1 g ym, t o

sh o u t; P a ss i ve
g i r - a te
y ; Part m : yi mah . .

t o ll ; Pas s ive p ar - ate ;

y Part 1 IE p zi r nah : .

B efo re t h e o f th e P as s ive , In t e n s i ve , a nd B ene d i cti ve , nal {i an d 3 a ar e t

l e ng h e ne d ,
ch fi i!

nal 5
3 ri an g e d to i , n al a n to ir an ( See
,
r or

1 12. 3 !E e, ai , h
o ,
a u, bfr e o e vo wel s an d p t
d i h h o ng s , ar e g e ne all
y r ch an
ged t
in o

M a
y ,
M ay , V i m) , m a) .

2 E l l i} d e + a t e = d ag/ a t e, h e pr t ct o e s.

E ( a r ai + e = r ag/ e, t o w eal h t .

7 h 31% o + e
E g ave, t o t h e w
:
g = co .

7 %
32 W : nau + a h= ndva h t h e sh ip s
, .

t t rm i n t d by r d i c l d iph th g ( x c pt a vg/ i n r d pl p rf
Roo s e a e a a a on e e e e u . e .
, Pan . V I . 1, 46)
c h g it i t W 6 b f r y fx x c pt th
an e n o f th e o l l d p ci l t
e an a e e o se o e s o -ca e s e a en s es .
( Pan . V I . 1 ,

a 31 3m d + td data h will pr t ct

e = , e o e .

a m m d + i y d d i y M y I pr t ct e s a = s a, a o e

31 m m l i + t d m l i t d h w ill w i t h r a = c ,
e e .

5h In W h w ill: p r e a e .

B t i th P nt
n WEE r aw r l i + ti l d t i h i w ry a a a e s ea
u e r es e
g g y =
,
.

2 . Fi na l Co ns o na nts .

3 1 1 r u l e s a cc o r di n
. Th e
g t o w hi ch t h e c o n s o n ant s w hi c h can oc c u r at

t h e e n d o f a w o r d ar e re s tri c t e d to i k n t n it m a I
f g a I
a n
; , , , , , , ,

: l l
,i ii m u s t li kewi s e b e ob s e r ve d w h ere t h e l as t l e tt e r o f a n o m in l o r
,
a

ve rb al b as e b e c o m e s n al i e wh ere i t i s n o t f oll o w e d by any d e ri va ti ve . .

,

l e tt e r o r s yl l abl e .

Th u s t h e n o m i n l b a e gv yud h b ttl e w o u ld i n t h e v c ati ve s i ng ul ar be

a s
\ ,
a ,
o
54 NTE R N A L SA N D H I
I . 1 14

gg ya d h . H er h h ow
,
e ve r { ,
th e \ dh m u s c h an g e d i n t o
g b e c au s e no t be
r at e i s tol e r at e d a n d a d i s c h an ge d i n to b e c au s e
as
pi a s a n al 54 ) I
: .
( t ,

n o w o r d c an e n d i n a s o ft c o n s o n an t 54 e ach S e e ch i n t h e vo c
p .
, , .

s in g . w oul d ch ange it s
{ ch i n t o
f ir b e c au s e p al a tal s c an n e ve r b e n al
,

54
In W
b ack o n t h e i ni t ial g al
a dh o k, i n s t e a d
Th e n al
o

h or
f
m h
ado h ,

a f te r l o s i n i
th e as
p i r at i o n o f t h e n al i s
"

th r o w n
t
g g g s ,

a s i ra t i o n b e co m e s 1 9 w h i c h i s fu rt h e r ch ang e d t o
p , 1 ,

1 14 N o m i n al o r ver b al b as es en di ng i n c o n s o n an t s an d fo ll ow e d b y
.

t e rm i natio n s c o n si s tin g o f a s in gl e c o n s o n an t d rop t h e term i nat io n al to g e th er , ,

t w o c o n s o na n t s n o t b e i n g t o l e r a t e d at t h e e n d o f a w o r d Th e nal
c on s o n a nts o f t h e bas e ar e th e n t re ate d li ke oth e r n al c on s o n an ts .

3 13 + q 3 135 e ach : s vd /c s p ee c h n o m s i ng , . .

Iri
q + m z
i p
= r a n ck + e p r a n e as t e r n ; n o m s=i n g m as c , H e r e . . .

p r a n k w h i c h r e m ai n s a ft e r t h e d r o
, pp i ng o f i s a cc o r di n g t o t h e ,

s am e ru l e r e d u c e d ag ai n to
, W m a n t h e n al n as a l r e m a i n i n g g u tt u ra l , ,

b e c au se i t w o ul d h ave b een gu ttu ral i f t h e n al q k h ad r em ain e d .

s u va l w el l j u m i n H r a f te r t h e d r o
3 1 q W
3 3 + s uo a lg s
p g e e
pp gi n
: .
, ,

t h e re w o u l d re m ai n bu t a s n o w o r d c an e n d i n
o f
R s ,
W s uva l k

t w o c o n s o n an t s th i s i s re d u c ed to m sa va l B efo re t h e Pada
, .

t erm in ati o n s W s w a lg a s s u m es i t s Pad a fo rm W s uva l 5 3)

h e n c e i n s tr u m p l u r W s uva l bh i h
. . .

$13 + E
1 m : ah an s a h a n t h o u k ill e d s t ; 2 p s i ng i m p f Par , . . . . .

a+ a d ves h t a d vei h e h at e d ;
3 p s in
g i m p f P ar , . . . . .

W f t? e 1
1 W 33 a d o h
: t a d h o /c h e mi l k e d
3 p s in g i m p f P ar ,
. . . . .

E x c ep ti o n s w i ll b e s e e n u n d e r t h e h ead s o f D e cl en s i o n an d C o nj u gati o n .

1 15 W i th r eg ard to t h e ch ang e s o f t h e n al c o n s o n an t s o f n o m i n al
.

a n d ve rb al b as e s b efo re t ermi nati on s t h e g en eral rul e i s

, , ,

I . Ter mi n ati on s b e ginnin g wi th s on an t l etter s r e qu i re a s o nan t l ette r at t h e ,

e n d o f t h e n o m i n al o r ve rb al b as e .

2 T e r m i n at i o n s b e i n ni n w i th s u r d l e tt er s r e qu i r e a s u rd l e tt e r at t h e e n d
.
g g ,

o f t h e n o m i n al o r ve rb al b as e .

I n thi s en e ra l r u l e t h e t e rm i n ati o n s b e i n ni n w i t h v w l m i w l
3 .
g g g o e s s e v o e s , ,

o r na s a l s ar e e x cl u d e d i e t h ey r o d u c e no c h an e i n t h e nal c o n
p , g . .

s o n an t o f t h e b a s e .

I . 31 + t afm e a ch dh i vag dh i , Sp e ak 2 .
p . s i ng . i m p Par . .

11
1 + 2 3 $ 78 3!
p r i ch d h ve = i
p g
y d h ve ,

y o u m ix

2 .
p p l ur.
p r es . . Atm .

F8 ad si a ts i , r s th o u ea t e s t
s in

g
"

2 2
. .
p g p. e . . .

mg r wfa ad ti a t ti ,
3 .
p s in
g p
. r e s h e e at s . . .
 1 1 8 . INTE R NA L S A N D H I . 55

3 .

m l
-
g :
m m a r ut i mar ut i , l o c . s i ng . i n t h e w in d .

-
l l 2 W va ch mi 2 va ch m i , I S
p eak .

aq + a} a w? g r a t h y a t e g r a t h y a t e,
it i s a rran ge d .

E x c ep t io ns su ch as g Fr $13 : bh i d na h bhi nna h, di vid e d , + 3 :

1
W bh aj + na h = bh agna h, b rok e n , m u s t b e l e ar n t by p rac t i c e ra th er t h an
by rul e .

1 1 6 A s pi r at e s , if fo ll o we d by t e rm i n at i o n s b egi nni ng w i th
. any l e tt e r

( x c
e e t
p vo w el s a nd s e m i vo we l s an d n as al s ), l o s e th e i r a s i rat i o n
p .
54 .

E x .
m + fa z wwa mama t h ti m dma tt i , 3 p
= . . s in
g .
p r es . Par . o f th e
i nt e ns ive
m mdma th , h e s h ak es m u c h .

i

t 8 3 r a ndh d h ac T u nd d h ve, 2 .
p .
p l ur .
p r es A t m . . o f

W i th ,
y ou i m p ed e .

EN
C
! =
a t l a bh s ye tak e
l ap sye , I s h all .

B ut
Tr { 2 %
3 g a d h i y u a h i l o c s i

n g i n b,a tt l e . . .

m + u: W : l o bh ya h l o bh ya h t o b e d es i r e d , .

m W

+ wrfa hs h u bh nat i ks h ubh nd ti , h e a
gi t at e s .

It i s a g e ne al r rul e th at t wo as
p i r at e s c an n e ve r m ee t in o rdi nary S a n s k ri t .

11 7 If
. n al
1 h
9 , h ,
\
a [ d h, Q bh ar e f o ll o w e d b y
{
'

t or 1
1 t t h , h ey ar e ch a ng e d t o th e

cr p
o r es t t r 71g
o n d i ng s o f le te s, , {} a,
g K d, b, b ut t h e
i t a nd
th ar e l i k ewi s e so f t e n e d , an d

th e d r c iv s th p ir ti n S ee al s o 1 2 8.
g e e e e as a o .

E x .
m t : 2 a n
: r una d h + ti = r a na ddhi , he o b tr ct s u s .

m i "
3 l a bh + t ah l a bd h ah, t ak e n.

3 3 2r un

p lt b tr ct
.

51 I: d h + t h ah = r u ndd h a h ( al s o s e r a ud h a h) yo u , tw o o s u .

4 :
'

t 3 : r u ndh + t ah r unddh ah th ey t wo o b stru ct =

m
.
,

m i ? abdndh + t am a bdndd h am 2 p d u al ao
"
'

i i
'
z , . . r . 1 . Par yo u t w o . b o u nd .

3
11 : m l: a ba nd h + t h dh z a ba nd d h dh, 2 . p . s i ng . ao r . I . At m . th o u

b o u n d es t .

i i i a bandd h am p pi ti n f n l R d] i nt th r wn b
I

In ,
2 . . d u al ao r . I . Par .
, th e as ra o o a : s o o ac k

u p on t h e i n i i al t Rb b c , e au s e it i s su pp o se d t o be b rb d by t h i t m f t h t rmi n ti
a so e e t

a o e e a o n,

ch an
g ed in t o l d h am
. The s am e a ppli es to m : b dd h dh th
a an g h h r t h t rmi ti , ou e e e e na on

11: t hah w as as p ir t a ed in i t s elf .

1 18 . If
g h, aah d h bh,
\ L , ,

a
: h, at th e end o f a s yl l ab l e , t r p ir t i n ith r
l o s e h ei as a o e e

b f o ll o we d by d hv ( n o t b y l d hi ), bh t h y th w th ir p ir ti n
as nal o r as ei ng
\
,
E s, e ro e as a o

b ck p
a u on t h e i n i i al l e t tt r pr
e s, o vi d e d th e se t r
le te s he no oth r th n e
{ g K
} d b a a, , .

S ee 93 .

E x . I ne ct i ve b b dh
as e u , t o k n o w ; no m . s i ng .
bh ut , k no wi ng .

Iu s tr um . pl r fat bh
u . a d bhi h .

Lo c pl r g bh t
. u . u sa .

Se c nd p r pl r
o At m e s. u ao r a bh udd hva m.

m
.

m
. .

Se c nd p r i g pr Int n
o e s . s n . es . e s. t bo bo d h + si = bo bh o t s i .
 56 I NTE R NA L SA N D H I . 1 1
9

D es i derati ve o f E d abh m f a d hip s a t i , , h e w i s h es t o h u rt .

Fi rt pr s e s . s i ng . f ut . o f + l = m i band h + s yami = bh ants yami , I s h all

bind .

a: d ah, t o b ur n \
T d h a k,
no m . sin
g . a bu r r ne .

g? d u h, t o m i l k ; a d h ag d hva m, 2 . p pl r i m pf At m
. u . . . : bu t 2 . p . s i ng . i m p Par . .

g
l dug d h i .

N o t e E d adh th e r
pl i c t d b
e du f i d ha W d d hami I p l h th r w th e l o s t
1

, a e as e o , a ,
a e, o s

asp ir ti a on o f t h e na l
d h b c k n t h i i ti l an t l y b f r S d hv
o
b t e n a o on e o e ,
s, u l i k ewi s e

b f r t
e o e an d
t h, wh r w m i g h t h v
e e xp ct d t h ppl i c ti f
e
7 E a e e e e e a a on o 1 1 . W
d a d h -l-t ah: d h a tt ah; at W: W : d a d h + t h ah = d h a t t h ah E 3' IE d a dh + s e
'
2 =

d ha ts e ; at as } u
gf d ad h + d hvam d h a d d h va m .

1 19 . If

'

ch ,
j ,
'

{ ij k ar e n al , or f o l l o w e d by a t rm i ti
e na on b e g i nn i ng w i h t an
y l e tt re ,

e x c pt v
e o wel s , s e m i vo w el s , o r n as al s , th e
y ar e ch g d t
an e o k or
g .

E x . N o m i na l b a s e E nri ch ; vo c .
W e ak, s p chee .

V e rb l b a as e a vac h ;
i
3 . p . s i ng . pr es . H
'

f3 : 3 f? va c h + t i = va lct i .

p !
33 + fa g y
en u j f d hi :
y uhg d hi , 2 . . sin
g i m p J
.o i n .

m

B ut lo c . si ng .
r ar ts ea ch H - va c hi .

m 11 W vdch + ya voi c hy a , t o be s p o k en .

H l H: -
aw : va ch + ma h= va c h ma h , we s p eak .

31 + 3

W : vac h + va h= vac hva h ,
we t wo s p eak . ( S ee al s o

1 20 .
s h at th e end o f no m inal an d ve rb l b a as e s , if it bc e o m e s t h e n al o f a r
wo d , i s

ch a ng e d t 2; t
in o .

Ex . N mi n l b
o a as e Fi do i s h ; no m . s i ng . f g do i t ,
a ha tr e .

V rb l b
e a as e f g dvis h ; 3 . p . s i ng . i m f Par p . . a da s t h e h a ed
, t .

121 . B ef o r e ve rb al r
t e mi na i o n s t t b eg i nni ng wi h s, it i s tr t ea e d l ik e
i k .

Ex . & i -
d h+ i
o es dv k h i t h h t t s = e s ,
ou a es ao r .

W a d vi ks h a t, he ha t ed .

M p ks hy a
o t i h wil l n ri h e ou s .

1 22 . B efo re t o r t h i t r m in nc h n g d i t l f e a s u a e se , b ut ch ang es
t an d
th in o t E;
a nd
th .

Ex . Fi i H: -
FE E : dvi s h + t ah = dvi s h tah, h ey ( t w o ) h a t t e .

i ' r
W s a rp i s h + t amam = s a rp i s h t a mam, b t cl ri d b tt r
th e es a e u e .

Th i s r ul e a d m i s o t f a mo r e g e n e al a r ppl i c ti m ly a o n, n a e , th t v ry d t l t t h E: d d h
a e e en a , , , ,

n, a n d
s, is ch ang e d in t o th e c r p ndi ng l i ng
o r es o ua l if pr c d d by t
,
h
{t } d h
e e e , , r , ,

l
n, an d
sh. ( Pan V I I I . .
4,

Ex .
+ d hi = dvi ddh i , h a t the o u.

md+ nd ti z mgi dnd ti

1;
'3 ~

i? i tte, h e pr ai s es .

?Q HI s ha t + nd m s h ah nam, o f si x .

Wad "
m 1: m ats : s ha t + nava ti h = s h a nnava t i h ,
ni n e ty -s ix .
( Pan V I I I . .
4 , 42 ,
V itr t .
)
1 23 B ef o re o th er c o nso nant s ] t erm i n ati o ns s h i s treate d l ik e ( t
. .

Fg i 85' d vi ddhvam 2 p p l ur i m p At m Ha t

Ex dvi s h + d hvam
'
e e
y
'

m
. . . . . .
,

fg do i s h
l s u dvi ts n l o c pl u r am o ng h aters
'
- : .
. .
,
58 IN TE R N AL SA N D H I . 1 2
9

E x .
( )
1 d uh ; no m .
d huk i ns tr u m . pl r u . d hug bhi h lo c . pl ru .
m d huks hu

p rt p
a . as s . d ug d h ah .

R 2
g 3 : dr i h + t ah = dr i dh ah, f as t ,
is an e x c p ti e o n.

( ) fa g W pl r f f pl r l i ys u

no m i n st r um t l i dbhi h lo c
E x . 2 li h . 12; . u .

a . u .

( g vdh m o dysu )
En
,
.

f a g a: 8 1 3 : l i h + t ah = l tdh azz .

5 6 r a h H uh mi dh ah

5? F:
'

:
- .

In ai a : l i dh ah r
a nd 3: r d dh ah, +
q 11 dh + t ar e ch an g e d to dh + dh , o r, mo r
e

c rr ctl y
o e , to g glh th en th e rt s d i s dro p t an d t h e vo wel l eng h ene d t .

Th e o nl
y vo wel wh i h i s c no t l e ng h e ne d i s t W ri e .
g .

a?
'

il

a ? vr i h -H a : vdha .

ch t 31}

Th e vo w el o f It
? s ah an d va h is an
g ed in o 0 ( Pan . V I .
3, u nl e ss

S am p r a sar an a i s r q ir
e u e d, as p rt
in the a . dh ah .
( Pan . V I . 1 ,

12
9 . T h e n al
g }; o f c rt i n r t
e a o o s d r u h, a? mu h, l
a
g s nuh , f sn ih) i s tr t ea e d

th r Fr m t w h v i c m p th e no m
ei e as
{ 9 h or
{db
3?
o d h ru , to h a e, e a e n o o un d s . s i ng .

35 3 d hr a k an d
a? dhr u; P
( an . V III . 2, p t p rt c pl gm: das a i i e ru
g dh a h o r
{ at dr udh ah .

1 30 . T h e nal
g h o f
g na h , to b in d i tr t d \{d l, s ea e as u

Ex . m g u
p d na h , sl i pp r ; e no m . s i ng .

W u
p dna t ; i ns t r u m . pl r W u . np d

nad bh i h .

Pas t p art p as s . . a? if :
'

33 : na h + t ah = na dd h a h , b o und .

A s to
W d
a na u h , o x ,
&c .
, s ee D e cl e n s i o n .

1 31 . Th e
Q 3 o f th e n o m i nal b as es W E d h vas f all i ng , , an d
w a s, t ri ng
ea , i f n al
or f o l l o we d by Pa d a term i nati o n s an d t h e R s o f e as t h e terminati o n
-
, , o f th e p rt a .

pr e f Par , ef o
. . b re Pada termi nati o ns o nl y i s ch anged t o i t ( Pan V I I I 2
-
, . .
, S ee, h o w
e ve r ,
1 73, 20 4 .

E x . WE d h vas , t o f al l ; no m . s i ng .
W d hva t , no m . pl r u . WH: d hvas ah, i nstr u m . pl r u .

s erfs : d hvad bh i h .

1 32 . V erb al b as es en di ng in i s, ch ang e it t o
i t, b f r t rmin ti
e o e e a o ns o f t h e g ene rl a

t ens e s b eg i nni ng wi h t E s. ( Pan V 1 1 . .

4,

Ex .
o ws , t o d well ; f ut .
W W ITH W vas + sydmi va tsy dmi .

B efo re o th er t ermi nat io ns b egi nning with {8 nal E s remai ns u n ch ang e d , .

W a 3 % vas + s e vasse th o u d well es t , .

F
R t FF
EH s as + si s as s z ,
'

th o u sl ee p t es

m
.

h ni ms + s e ni z s s e th o u = ki s ses t

m
.
,

t f m p ep es + s i p ep es hs hi

= , th ou rt t hu es .

In c rte ai n ve rb s nal 1 9 i s d
L r pt b
o ef o r e FE dhi o f th e i m p r tiv e a e .

SITE t mi

+ d hi =

s dd h z ( P
'

s ds . an . v1 .
4,

m t m c h a kci s + d hi c h a kci d hi .

In t h e s am e ve
E rb s nal s, i f i m m ed ia t el y f o ll o we d by th t rmin ti e e a o n o f the c
s e o nd per s o n,

R m ay b e ch ang e d t o t o r rem ai n
s,
i E s .

W RITE i -
W m or W asds + s
=
as d t o r asci

h .

B ef o re th e i t o f th e h i d t r pr e s o n, it al wa
ys bc e o m es
i t .

W 4 .

m a i ds +t = a d t ( Pan V I I I . . 2, 733 74
 1
37 , IN TE R N AL S A N DH I . 59

Fi n al i
v ; ,
3 d, dh
( bfr
e o e th e
R s o f th e 2 ndpr e s . s i ng . Im p rf Pe . ar . m ay be re gu l a rl y r p
e te

s en ed t by t
or by R s ; h and o r ta v h th e , ou k n ew e s t W ar ran t o r W ar uz i a h ,

th ou p r e ve nt e d s t .
( Pan VIII . . 2,

1 33 .

i n an d
{ m at th e en d o f a no mi nal o r ve rb l b a as e , bfr e o e si b il tan s (b ut no t

bfr e o e the
su o f th e l o c . ar e ch an g e d to An us var a.

Ex . i
j g h dz s a t i , h e wi s h e s t o ki ll ,
f r o m
a h an .

kr az sya t e, h e wil l t p fr m W h m s e ,
o a .

B ut su h z n su ,
'

am n g g d tri k r f m
o
W oo s e s, ro su hi n , P ada b as e o f m u hi m
m
.

If we r ch ng d t A n var w h l d h v t wri t suhi ms hu

a n e a e o us a, e s ou a e o e .

n r m in n ch ng d b f r mi v w l
1 34 .

i e a s u a e e o e se o e s .

Ex .
a ? h a ny a t e, h e i s k i l l e d , fr o m
a h an .

W i anc un, e xt en d i ng , fr o m
m t an .

W p r enva nam pr p o ell i ng , f r om

i nv .

1 35 .

K r m em ai n s u n ch an g e d bfr e o e th e s e m i vo w el s
Ry ,
r ,
a 1 .

E x . 351 W : kdm y h, t o b e l o ve d ,
- a
fr m o h am .

c pp r fr m I!
.

FTH t ci mr am, o
"
e t m ,
o a an d s u f xI ra .

W : a ml a h , so u r fr m 3" m n d
, o =x8 1 a a s u f a .

36 m at t h e nd f mi l v rb l b if n o s u f xf i f f o ll o we d by
1 .
'
( e o a no na or e a as e , o ll o ws , or

a Pa d a term i nati o n
-
, or b y p r n l t rm i n ti n b gi
e so a e a o s e nn i ng wi h t Km or
i v, is ch ang e d in t o

n .
( Pan V I I I . . 2,

W pl r m p r as dns u,

m h i n str u m


Ex p r as dn, no s i ng a nd r as dnbh i u
. . .
, p , . .
,

lo c . p l r fru .
,
o m W 1 13 p r as dm,

q i ti
u e ng .
( Pan V I I I . . 2,

m ag anma , w e we n t ,
an d W W ag am m, w e t wo wen t ,
fr o m TIT
g am + ma ,
3 g am + va
'

"
E .

B u t no m : p dm h
m . pl ur . ra a .

1 3 7 W i t h r e g ar d to n as a l s t h e en e r al ru l e i s th a t in t h e bo dy o f a
.
g ,

w o rd t h r s t s t h e s e c o n d s t h e thi r d an d t h e f u rth s o f e ac h cl as s c an
e , , s, o

onl y b e r e ceded b t h ei r o wn ft h s t h o h i n w r i t i n t h e d o t m ay b e
p y u
g g ,

u s e d as a
g n e r al s u b s t i tu t e e .

Ex W } or dah ka t e o r da n ka t e h e fear s
'

T
. z , .

W o r f d li h g a t i o r d l i g a t i h e e m b r a c es z ,
.

o r Ef qwv ch y t i o r v n ch y t i h e c h at s

'

a a a a z a a , e .

W k h k h h l ong '

o r u t ng a t e o r u t a n l a t e e a z ,
s .

o r i i? g a ntum o r g a n tum to g oI
)

z , .

W 7} o r ah ka mp a t e r ka n p a t e h e tr em b l e s

o z ,
.

In c om p o u n d s su ch as H + a l t s a m + ka lp h i t i op ti o n al to c h ange
,
a ,
s

n al l m s t n d i ng at t h e e n d o f P a d a i n to t h e ft h o r i n to r e al A n u s va r
i ,
a a a ,

h en c e m : o r E g an: s ka lp a h o r s ah l a lp a h ( S ee a z c .

If t h e bfr e o e we r tr t
e ea ed as An u s var a , th e c
s e o nd i n w o ul d h ave t o b e

ch an
g e d in t o a l i n g u al Pan V I I I 4 ,
. . 2 , var t .

1 2
60 IN TE R N AL S A N D H I . 1
3 8

1 3bo d y o f a wor d A nu svara i s t h e o nl y n as al th at

8 In t h
. e , c an s an d t
b efo r e t h e s i b il an t s s sh an d h
a g , , .

Ex d a ma na m b i ti ng m r y r '

.
y j
a z s h i t h e
p a e s , . t , .

1 1: h a m s a lz
g oo s e m z h a te h e
g o es ,
.
, .

1 39 .

i n f o ll o wi n g i mm e d i a t el
y t r af e
h c or
aj i s ch ang e d to
a
E d h d, pr y r ( Ti r dj q 3 %j aj h e, h e w as br
' '

x .
y c a e . n , u ee . o n .

1 40 .

q ch h i n t h e m i ddl e o f a w o rd b e tw e en vowel s or d ip h t h o n g s
m u st be ch ang ed to g ch chh ( S ee .

E i hh to w ft! i h h h h e g o es
'

x .
E
gg c g
r o ; a r c c ,
a t z , .

a t m l ech ch h a h a b a rb ari an , .

1 41 .

c hh bfr e o e a s u f xb e g i n ni n
g w i h t Wi n or
{ m is ch an g e d to

E x . a? 7f W : p r a ch h + na z p r a na h , q u es ti on .

W d rq tl y

1 l p p r a c hh + mi : d
p p r as mi ,
I as k f e u en .

B efo re 3 0 th i s ch ang e i s o pti o nal .

1 42 . Roo t s en d i ng in
E y an d
a t hr v ow o ff th ir e n al l e tt r b f r t rm i ti
e s e o e e na o ns

b eg i n ni n
g wi h t c o n s o n an s , e t x c p t 11 y
e .

E x .

a H:
1 3 : p y + t a h : p d tah, d e c a
yi ng .

ai + a: tum + n azz = td r zz a h, k i l l e d .

W in
" : d i d i v + vd n d i d i vdn, h avi ng pl a
y ed .

14
3 . Roo t s e n d i ng in
{ v an d
r ,
if pr c d d by {i
e e e or 3 n, l eng h e n h ei t t r{ '

2 an d 3 a,

if or
{
'

r i s f o ll o we d i m m e d i a el y by t a t rm i ti l c
e na o na o n s o na n t .
( Pan V I I I . . 2, S ee
N o . 2
9 , a t var .
?

Ex . pl y M dfvy ti h pl y B n d W
f3? d i v, t o a , a , e a s . e e .

d z v-yds a m .

g t x rt 7
1ft : g Z z h ar , o e e , z r za .

a m ( i f a
y ) t g r w l d ai f j.t yet i.
'

zr , o o o ,

r a .

fur g i v i c ; i n t m p l r r f: g i bh i h l
r , pl
o e s ru . u . r ,
o c . ur .
g i r s h u .

Th r x c pti n ( Pan V
e e ar e e e o s . . III . 2,

ku r , t o so u n d B en e d
W ku r ycis am

. . .

On s i m il a r p i nc i pl i s l eng h e ne d i n t + ana z i t u r v+ dva h = tdr vdvah

' '
a r e 3 a Z .

( Pan V I I I . .

1 44 . N o m i nal an d ve rb l b a a s e s e n d i ng in {9 7
'
an d
R m l e ngt h en {i and 3 a, wh en

bc e o m es nal af t e r th e l o ss o f an o th r e n al c o n s o n an t .
( Pan V I I I . . 2,

Ex . f ag E : T il? or '
1 3: g i r + s =
g t r
'
or i
g ,lt no m . S i ng . vo i e c .

N o m in al b ( th e b ei ng r di c al )
'

en d i n
1 45 . as e s
g i n
{U
G S or as
{R as or us a

l engt h en {i an d 3 a wh en n al , an d b f r t rm i ti
e o e e na o ns b e g i nni n g wi h t \hh or

Lo c . pl r u .
3 f g W i
g su
p i s + s u = su
p z s hu no m . s in g . m as c . an d n eu t .

N om . s i ng . m as c .

F t
t
-

E : 11
% s a us j + s = sa zl j h

; no m . s i ng . n eu t . H3
13 j
sad o
 1 43 , IN TE R N AL S A N D H I . 61

D o u bli ng f
o Co ns o n a n ts .

1 46 . A cc rdi ng o to so me g r am m a ri an s an
y c o ns o n a n t x c pt g
e e

r an d
g h , fo ll o w e d by

a no th r c e t nd pr c d d by v w l m y b d bl d l ik wi
o n s o na n a e e
y c e t a o e , a e ou e e s e an o n s o na n

p c d d by g h th l tt r b i ng th m l pr c d d by v w l A p ct ic l
'

re e e r or ,
es e e e s e e s e ve s e e e a o e . s no ra a

bj ct i bt i d by th i pr ct i c it i b t wi th S ak l y t d i c nt i n it t h r g h t
'
o e s o a ne s a e, s es ,
a a, o s o ue ou ou .

In d it i n d b l i ng t k
o ur e pl c m t fr q ntl y wh r y c n n t x c pt t h
o s ou a es a e os e ue e e an o so an , e e e

i b i l nt
s a d
g h i pr c d d by
s an
g g, h th s b i ng g i pr c d d by
e e e v w l Th

r or , es e e a a n e e e a o e . us

V a k n i fr q ar tl y writt n kh
a, su , s e u en e ar a .

n m y b writt n
W b h m ra
W b h mm
a a e e ra a n.

If n p i t d c n n nt h t b d bl d t h r t l
a as ra e o so it ap ir ti n Th as o e ou e ,
e s o ses s as a o . us or

v dh ar v ddh i ncr
a na o r ar a na , ea se .

47 1A i b i l n t ft r Q sm t ta b d b l d a l i t
e i f ll
'

w d by r c n usn nt no e ou e , u n es s s o o e a o so a .

n ; m : ad
.

T it i l w y WET: v hdh r i y h ( Prat m irr r

hus s a a s, ar s , B t w
a n s e as o ar s a . o . u e

m y w ri t
a ith r a e e W de y t d s
y t i t i h or w n ar s

a e or ar s a e, s s o .

E x p l a na t i o n o f s o me G r a mma t i ca l Ter ms

use d by N a ti ve G r a mma r i a ns .

1 4 8 S o me
. te ch n i c al te rm s u s ed b y n ati ve g ram m ar i an s h ave p r ove d
o f th e
s o u s ef u l th a t th ey h ave f o u n d r e a d y a dm i tt an c e i nto o u r o wn g r am m at i c al

t e rm in ol o gy G una an d V r i d dh i ar e t erm s ad o p te d b y c o m p ar ative gra m m a

.

ri a ns i n t h e ab s en c e o f an y cl as s i c al w o rd s to m ar k t h e e x a c t c h ang es o f
vo w el s c o m p r eh e nd e d u n d e r t h e s e w o r d s by P an i n i an d oth e r s Most .

S an sk ri t g ram m ar s h ave b e s id e s s an c t i o n e d t h e u s e o f s u ch t e rm s as
P a r as ma ip a d a Ztma nep a d a Ta tp ur us h a B a h uvr i h i Ka r m a d h dr aya E z i t

, , , , , ,

Ta dd h i t a Unddi an d m an y m o r e
, ,
N oth i ng c an b e m o re p er fe c t th an t h e .

g r am m a t i c al t e r m i n o l o g y o f P an i n i ; b u t a s i t w a s c o n t r i v e d f o r hi s o w n

e c ul i ar s y s t e m o f g r a m m a r i t i s di f c ul t t o a d o p t p a rt o f i t w i th o u t at t h e
p ,

s am e t i m e a d o t i n g t h e w h o l e o f hi s s y s t em A fe w r e m ar k s h o w e ve r o n
p .
, ,

s o me o f Pa n i ni s
g r amm at i c al t e r m s m a

y b e u s e f ul .

A ll w o r d s wi th o u t e x c ep t i o n o r acc o rdi ng to s o m e g ram m ari an s w i t h ,

ve ry fe w e x c ep ti o n s ar e d e r i ve d fro m r o o t s o r d h dt us Th es e ro o t s '

.
,

h ave b e e n c ol l e c te d i n w h at ar e c all e d t t up di h a s r o ot re c i t al s t h e m o s t ,
-
,

i m p o r t an t o f wh i ch i s as cri b ed b y t r ad i ti o n to
Fr o m th e s e d h d t as o r r o o t s ar e d e ri ve d by m ean s o f p r a tya yas o r s u f x e s ,

n o t o nl y all ki n d s o f ve rb s b u t all s u b s t a nt i ve s an d adj e c t i ve s an d a cc o r di n g

, ,

to s o m e e ven al l p ro n ou n s an d p art i cl e s Th u s fr o m t h e r o o t ma n to
, .
,

thi nk w e h ave n o t o nl y t rait ma n u te h e t h in k s b ut li ke w i s e Iraq m a n a s

,
- -
, ,
-
,

m ind m , m dna s a m e n t al & c W o rd s th u s fo rm e d bu t w ith o u t as ye t

-
, ,
.
,

an
y c a s e t e r m i n at i o n s att a ch e d to
-
t h e m ar e c al l e d P r d t ip a d i k a n o m i n al , ,

b as e s T h u s from t h e root : 1 j a n t o b eg e t w e h ave t h e p r dtip a d i ka o r

.
, ,

S i d d h an t a- Kau m u d i , e d T ar anat h a
. . vo l . II . p . I .
62 G R A MMA TI C AL TE R MS . I 4S .

n om i nal b as e Ra j ah -
a, m an, an d th i s b y th e a ddi ti o n o f th e s i gn o f th e
no m . s ing . b e c om e s R az j an a - -
h ,
a m an .

S u fx e s fo r t h e f o rm ati o n o f t w o k i nd s :
o f n u n s ar e o

I. T h o s e by wh i ch n o u n s ar e d er ive d di re c t fro m r oot s P ri m ary S u f x e s .

2 T h o s e b y w h i ch n o u n s ar e d e ri ve d f r o m oth e r n o u n s
. S e c o n d ary S u f x e s .

Th e fo rm e r ar e c al l e d Kr i t t h e l att e r Ta d d hi ta ,
Th u s ja na m an i s .
, ,

d e r ive d fr om t h e r oot a qja h b y t h e Kri t s u f x 31 a ; b u t W a j a ni na =

,

a
pp p r o r i at e f o r m an i s d e ri ve d fro m wa ja na b y t h e T a ddhi t a s u f x
, 3 i h a .

Th e n am e p r dtip a di /ca w o u l d a pp l y b oth to smj a na an d W j a ni na a s ,

n o m i n al b as es r e ad y to r e c e i ve t h e t e rm i n at i o n s o f d e c l e n s i o n
, .

Th e Kri t s u f x e s ar e s u b d i vi d e d i nto th r ee c l as s e s :

1. K i t p r o p erl y s o c al l e d i e s u fx e s by wh i ch n o u n s c an be r egu l arl y

r , , . .

fo rm e d fro m r oot s w i th c er t ai n m o re o r l e s s d eni t e m e an in g s Th u s .

b y m e an s o f th e s u f x 3 3 a th u S an sk ri t g ra m m ari an s fo rm =
,

31 13 vep a th u t re m bl in g o m , to trem bl e , .

m va y a th u s w elli n g fr o m Fa sc i to s w el l
, , , .

mg I s h a v a t h u
c s n e e z i n g f r o m, E
g ks h u to s n e e z e , , .

d a va th u ve x at i o n fr o m d to to b u rn
a
g g ,
g a ve x , , , .

2 Kri ty a c e rt ai n s uf x e s s u ch a s an: t a c y a s wi ma ni y a I t ya ( fa n el i ma
.
, , , , , ,

wh i c h m ay be t r e at e d as d e cl i n ab l e Ve rb al t e rm i nati o n s Th u s f ro m .

Icar to d o i s f o rm e d a t ka r t a vya m i n kar a ni ya m Icar ya

$
'
35 , , , , ,

wh at i s t o b e d o n e f a ci end um ,
.

U n d di f x u s e d i n t h e f o rm ati o n o f n o u n s w h i c h to n ati ve r m m
3 . s u , e s g a a

ri an s s ee m e d m o re o r l e s s i rr eg u l a r ei th e r i n fo rm o r m ean i ng Th u s , .

fr o m R va s to d w el l both at vas t u a th i ng a n d au vds tu a h o u s e

i : g
"

.
, , , , ,

T h e Ta d dh i t a s u f x e s ar e n o f u r th e r s u b di vi d e d bu t t h e fem i n i n e s u f x es ,

( s t r ip r a t a a
y y ) ar e s o m e t i m e s t r e a t e d as a s e
p ar at e c l a s s .

A r oot foll o w e d b y a s u f x ( p r a ty a y a ) wh e th e r Kr i t o r Ta d d h i t a i s
, , ,

r ai s ed to t h e di gn i ty o f a b a s e ( p r dtip a di ka ) an d n al l y b e c o m e s a real ,

w o r d ( p a d a ) wh en i t i s ni s h e d by r e c e i vi n g a c a s e t e r m i n ati o n -

E ve ry b as e w i th r e g ar d to t h e s u f x w h i ch i s a tt ac h e d to i t i s c al l e d
, ,

A ny a b o d y , F o r t e c h n i c al p u rp o s es h o w eve r n ew di s t in c t i o n s h ave b e e n
.
, ,

i n t r o d u c e d b y S an s k ri t r am m ar i an s a cc o r di n to wh i ch i n c e rtai n d e el e n
g g , ,

s i o n s a b a s e i s o nl y c al l e d A h a b ef o r e t h e t e r m i n at i o n s o f t h e n o m a n d
, y .

a ce s i n n om an d ac e d u al an d n o m p l u r o f m a s c an d f e m n o u n s ;
.
g .
, . .
, . . . .

b es i d e s t h e n o m an d a c c l u r o f n e u ters Th v o c at i ve g e n e r al l y fo ll o w s
p . . e . .

t h e n o m i n ati ve Th e s e A h g a c a s e s to g eth e r ar e c all ed th e S a m a ndma s th dna

.
.

B op p c al l s th e m t h e S tr o ng Ca s es .

B efo re te rm i nat io n s begi nn ing wi th c o n s o n an t s (l ike wi s e b efo re Ta d d h i ta s

 1 48 . G R A MM A TIC A L TE R MS . 63

beginni ng wi th any c on s o n ant e x c ep t t h e b a s e i s c all e d P ad a t h e ,

s am e te rm wh i c h as w e s a w b e fo r e w as u s e d to s i g n i fy a n o u n w i th a cas e
, , ,

t erm i nati o n atta ch ed to i t Th e r ul es o f S an dh i befo re th es e termi n ati o ns

.

ar e i n t h e m ain t h e s am e as at t h e e n d o f wo r d s .

B efo re t h e rem ai ning term i nat i o ns whi ch b egi n w ith vo wel s (li ke w is e
b e fo re Ta d dhi ta s b eg i nnin g w ith vowel s and tr y) t h e b as e i s c al l e d B h a .

B o pp c all s t h e P ad a an d B h a c a s e s t o g e th e r t h e Wea k C a s es ; and wh e n i t

i s n e c es s ary to di s t i ng ui sh h e c al l s t h e P ad a t h e Mi d d l e an d t h e B h a t h e
,

Wea kes t Cas es .

N ouns ,
t r s ub s tan ti ves adj e c tive s o r p ronou ns ar e d e cl in ed th r o u gh
wh e h e , , ,

th r ee nu mb ers wi th s even o r if we in cl u d e t h e vo c ative eigh t c as es A c as e

, ,
.

t e rm inat i o n i s c all e d
s up o r fai t h vi bh a kt i li t di vi s i o n .
,
. .

Ve rb s ar e c onj u g at e d th r o u gh t h e ac tive and p as s ive vo i c es and s o m e ,

th ro u gh a m i ddl e vo i c e al s o i n t en m oo d s an d t en s es wi th thr ee p e rs o ns and

, ,

th ree nu m b ers A p ers onal t e rm i nati o n i s c all ed

. t i n o r f anf a vi bh a kti .

A d ecli ne d n o u n as w ell as a c o nj u gat ed ve rb e n di n g i n a vi bh a kt i i s , ,

c all e d P a d a .

Parti cl es ar e c om p reh ended u n d e r t h e n am e o f N ip dta li terall y wh at f al l s ,

in to a s en t en c e wh at t ak e s i t s p l ac e b efo re o r aft e r oth e r w o r ds

,
.

A ll p arti cl e s ar e i n d e clin abl e ( a vyaya ) .

Parti cl e s ar e ,

1. Th o s e b egi nni ng wi th 5!ch a an d i e a li s t o f w o rds c o ns i s ti ng o f

, ,
. .

c onj u n cti ons adverb s i nte rj e c ti ons c oll e c ted b y n ative gram m ari an s
, , ,
.

2 Th o se b eg in ni n g wi th 11 p m b e fo re i e a l i s t o f p re p o s i ti on s c ol l e ct e d
.
, ,
. .

i n t h e s am e m ann e r b y n ati ve gr amm ar i a ns .

W h en t h e p rep o s i ti o ns b e gi nn ing wi th 11 p m g o ve rn a s u b s tanti ve th ey ,

ar e c all e d Kar map r a va ch a ni y a W h en th e y ar e j oi n e d to a r oot th ey ar e

.
,

c all e d Up as a r g a o r G a ti T h e n am e o f G a ti i s al s o gi ven to a cl as s o f
.

ad verb s w hi c h en t e r i nto c l o s e c o m b i nat i o n w i t h ve rb s

E x 3 rd d r i i n . .

W d r i kr i ty a as s e n ti ng ;
,
m ch d t i n
I W Ich dt lcz i t a
y h avi n g m a d e

Ich dt i e t h e s ou nd p r o d u c e d b y cl e aring t h e th r o at
,
. . .
64 D E C L E N SI O N . 14
9

C H A PTE R I II .

D E C LE N SIO N .

14
9 S an s kr i t n o u n s h ave
. t h r ee g en d ers M a s c u lin e F e m i n i ne a n d , , ,

N eu t e r ; th r ee n u m b e r s S i ng u l ar D u al an d Pl ur al ; an d e i gh t c a s e s , , , ,

N o m i native A ccu s ati ve In s t ru m ent al D ative A bl ati ve G eni ti ve L o c ative

, , , , , , ,

an d V o c at i ve .

N t Th r o e f w n n wh i ch e e d cl in b l i n S
ar e a e k it ou
s h v n; ar e I n e a e an s r : se a r , ea e

W y d
h l f ; { bh i
a
a

tm ph r ;
m v s,t y (
r ef V i k m
mad i t y
di t h li g h t f rt i g h t
i r a os
)
sa

e e
; E d av y
,
m e ar

su
lf ; m
,

d 3 f? b di t h d k f rtni g h t
z

,
dmo i
e
ra

o n

a s er a

,
an
s

a
a a

,
, se

e ar o
s ,

, ,
g
d m
l b br i ti W kl p k h h kri hn p k h h
W

th e u s ua f a : ev a o ns or su :a a s a an s a a s a ,
or

b h l p k h h ( W r n Kal
a n a a s k l it p
a ,
A cc rding t R adh k ant fe; di i
ar e ,
as an a a, d . o o a a, su s u se

in th W t e ly es on .

S m o n p l
e no ul i t t m d i
s ar en th p l l l
ur ay ; M a d a dh
an u p l r m, c wif ;
u se e ur a on
'
r ,
u . as . e

W dp h pl r f m w t r ; a ,
n u hah p l r f m t h r i ny
. e . a e n th r in ;
ur s ,
u . e . e a s e as o ,
I . e. e a s

fawnr: i k tdh pl
-
sf m nd ; 3
a
3 3 13 b h ldh t h Pl i d
, ur . e . sa a u , e e a es .

I50 S an s k ri t n o u n s m ay b e di vi d e d i n to t wo c l as s e s :
.

1 T h o s e th a t h ave b as e s en di ng i n c on s o nan t s
. .

2 Th o s e th at h ave b as es e nd in g i n vo wel s
. .

1 . B a s es endi n
g i n C o ns o na nts .

N o m i l b as e s m a e n d i n all c o n s o n ant s e x c e t n S n
5 1 n 1
a .
y p a i y , ,
.

Th e n al l ett e r s o f t h e i nec t i ve b a se s o f n o u n s b ein g ei th e r n al o r b r o u gh t ,

i n c o n t ac t w i th t h e i ni t i a l l e tt er s o f t h e t e rm i n ati o n s ar e s u bj ec t to s o m e ,

o f th e h o n e t i c ru l es e x l ai n e d abo ve
p p .

I52 B as e s ending i n c o n s o n an t s re c eive t h e fo ll owi ng t ermi nati o n s :

.

Ter mi na t i o ns f or Ma s cu l i nes a nd F emi ni nes .

SI N G UL R A . D UA L . P L U RA L .

N o m .
( wh i c h i s al way s d r o p t )
a a
'

A ce . 3 am

In s tr . an d M i ll
mi bh yam
'

D at , g e
W bh ya h
A bI

.
as : a
h
G en . =3 : a
h "S dm
t : all
L0 0 g
. i
g eu

V o c. l ike N o m . x c ep t b as e s i n i n an d as
, e
=31 ? an a : a h
Neu ter s h ave no t e rm i n at i o n i n t h e N o m
A c c a nd V o c s i ngu l ar ( Pad a .
,
.
,
.

c ase s ) .

Th ey tak e i i in t h e N o m A cc an d V o c d u al ( B h a c a s e s ) .
,
.
, . .

Th ey tak e { 2 i n t h e N o m A c c an d V o c p l u ral and i n s e rt a n a s al

'

. . .
, , ,

b efo re t h e nal c on s o n ant o f t h e i nect ive b as e (A nga c as e s ) Th i s n as al i s .

66 D E C L E N SIO N .
I 55

B ase s e nd in g i n gu ttu r al s , k, lt h , h
1 55 .
a
s
a
t g ,
g g
Th e s e b as e s re qu i r e
p c i al r ul e s no s e .

B as e R i sa v sd k o m n i ot e n t m as c fe m n eu t ( from a? s ar va , al l ,
s a r a p , ,
. . .

an d r oo t
m sa lt t o b e abl e ) , .

SI N G U LAR .
D UA L . PL U R A L .

MA S C . FE M .
MA C S . FE M . MA S C . FE M .

si
m

s ar vasa lc
N V s r m a
te
m Fa : s a r vas dka
f
h
. .

ga

A W s a r vas a kam

w
.

ne
: s ar vasdg bhi h '

D . Fail s ar vasdke m s a r vas dg bhydm

'

W W 2 s a r vasdg bhyah

G '

m
s a r vas dko h
m s ar v

as a lcdm

sa w s ar vas dks hu

o

N UT E R
E .

SI N G U LA R D U AL . P L U RAL .

m
.

N . A V . .

m s

a r vas dk

s a r vas dki R i m s ar vas

d nlci

A ll r e g u l ar o
n uns en d ing in
Q k, 1 Ich ,
1
1
1 g ,

1 h
g , t
g a
, th , d
s g dh, ,

th , a d , dh, h
6 bh , m ay b e d e cli ne d af e t r t h e m o d el
i t,
r t
r
i
s p , 1 ,
t
a

m
\
o f a s a r vd dk .

B as e endi ng i n lt h
1 56 .
.
W ch i tr a li kh , p ai n t e r , (f r o m tiara ch i tr a
,

p i c t u r e an d r oo t Fa
,
g l i kh t o , p ai n t).

SI N G U LAR . D UA L . P L U RA L .

MA S C . FE M . M AS C F M . E . MAS C E M . F .

N i h a l i c h i tr a l i k i
V
m
' '

faraf a l r
. .

c hi tr a l i kh au c hi t r a l i kh a h
A . W c h z tr a h kh am

I . fs a sm
'

v c hi tr a l i kh a

a fa m c hi t r a l ig bh i h
W Fa a fa m i c hnm z n hydm
'

D c hi tr a l ikh e
.

W : c hi tr a l ig bhya h

f a fa m c hi tr a l ikh ah
G a fa a i c hi t r a li kham

W c h i t r a l i kh o h

L . a f a fs c hi t r a l i kh i W c h i t r a li ks h u
*

N E UT E R .

SI N G U LA R . D U AL . P L U RAL .

N . A V . .

fa a fssasc hi tr a l i lc f Paa fa a i


c h i t r a li kh i
'
Fe m c h i t r a l z iz
'

kh i

N o t e In t h e pr a a di m
g s o f r eg u l a rn o u ns wi h t ch
un ang ea bl c n e o s o n an al t b as es i t wi ll
be s u f c i nt e to r em em b r th e e No m . S i ng .
,
N om . Pl r u .
, In tr Pl r L
s . u .
,
o c. Pl r u .
, an d No m .

c
O n t h e h ang e o f g s u aft e r k '

,
see 100 .

k in t s ead o
1 f
lt h,
'

s ee 1 1 3 ; 54 . 1 .
 I
5 8 . D E C L E N S IO N . 67

Pl ur N cu t Th e A ce Instr D at A bl G e n Lo c S ing N o m A cc V o c G e n Lo c
. . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . D ual ,

A cc G en Plur f o ll o w t h e N o m P l ur Th e Instr D at A bl D ual D at A bl Pl ur

. . .
, . . . . .
, . . .
, f o ll o w
t h e Ins tr P l ur Th e V o c ati ve i s t h e s am e as t h e N o mi nat ive
. . .

157 . R eg u l a rn o u ns c
t o h e d e l i ne d l ik e n s a m asa k .

BA SE . N OM 8 . . N OM P L M. . . F . I N R
ST . PL . L0 0 . PL . N O M PL . . N E UT .

W h ar i t , g r een I m m M m
h ar i t h ar i t ah h ar i dbhi h h ar i t s u h ar i nt i

W ag ni ma t h , r e -ki n dl i n
g W
m W 1 1: m m W i ts
ag ni ma t
* a i ma t ha h ag m ma d bhi hl ag ni ma tsu I ag ni ma nt hi
'

g n

W att hz

i d , fr i en dl y
m m :
m : m f
g z
'

s uh gi t s uhri d a h s u hr i dhhih s uhz i t su s uhri nd i

bud h, k no wi ng
a 3 R:
gf at m j

bhz i t [nid h ah bhu dbh fh bhu t s zi ba ndhi

g ap , g uar di an {IQ CW:

W m {il

W kaku bh , r egi o n
m m
5
36 1

f . kakup h akubh ah kaku bbhi h ka kup s n -ka kumbhi

5 8 B as e s en d in g i n p al at al s ,
w ck, ch h, j l jh

a
'
1 .

q ,
.

B as e s en di ng i n 3 0 h ch ang e j eh i nto 3
1
k, o r 1 1g e x cep t ,
w h e n f ll we d o o
by a t erm in ati on b eg inning wi th a vo wel .

B ase W j a l a mu ch , m as c . cl o u d (waterd rop p ing) .

SING ULAR . D UA L . P L U RA L .

MA S C FE M MA C M S . FE .
M AS C E M . F .

NV HE N ? 1 a l amulc
j ul amuch au W
.

. j a l amu c h ah
A W j a l a mu c h a m

I .
W Ja l amuc ha W j a l a mug bh z h

D .
W j a z a mu c h e
W ya l a mug bhga m
j a l a mug bhya ,
Ab .

3 335 3 Ja l amuc h ah
W m
.

uc h m
i a

W 3j a l amu cho h
L .
W j al amuchi
N E UT E R .

SI N G U LA R .
D U AL . p L UR A L .

N . A V . . ja l ama h W j a l amu cht

W j a l a muc hi

D e cli n e mnch r a vach ,

'
fe m ch ; tva ch , fem
li ke
W j ala a?

t s
p ee .
.

sk in

61 r ush , fem l i gh t ; sr uch , f e m l ad l e

; .
g1 . .

c nal ch ang e d int i o t . S ee 1 1 3 ; 54 . 1 . Fi nal U s d r pto , 55 .

S ee 1 18
1 S ee 66 1 S ee 54 1
' .
. . .

K 2
68 D E C L E N SI O N .

1 59 S . p ci l b
e a as es in
ch .

BA SE . NOM . S. IN STR . P L. LO C P L . . N O M PL . .

33 kr uri ch m o vi ng cr W ( A cc ent

o o k e dl Pan 1 82 )
gg i : V I 1
y , , . .
,

a c rlu ew 1m i n kr z i nbhi h kr z i nks hn Im i nc h ah

Fi an k if i m c
s wo r h ip W Ili a : ( A cc t Pan v 1 )
p r, t e an s e n ,
. . 1 ,
1 82

p ing dn dnbhi h dc h ah ( A ce

p r
p r p d nk
rs hn
p r . th e s am e )

e is h

c c tti ng
u
a? W ( A cc ent ,
Pan . V I . 1 ,
1 68 )
c ri sz i ar t sc h a h

cr i ti cr i dbh i h t

1 60 . B as e s e nd i ng in
chh ch an
g e
Q o kh in t as wh i ch b c
o , e o m es y, wh en nal , an d

bfr c
e o e o n s o n an s t .
( See 1 25 ; 1 74 . 6 : Pan . V I .
4,

BA SE . N O M . SI NG . N OM . PL . I N S TB . PL . LOC . PL . N OM . PL N U . E T .

m p r ac hh, a n as k e r m p ra

; t r dsah

m a d a m mag ma . s m p r dms i

1 61 . B a s es en d i ng

i n 41
;j ,
if r e u
g al r , f o ll o w t h e e x m pl a e o f no uns in
c h, e x c pt th t e a

th y pr rv aj b f r
e es e e e o e vo wel s .

BA SE . N OM . SI NG . N OM . PL . I N R PL ST . . L OC . PL . N OM P L N E U T . . .

W j, d i s eas e
W I d/c E3 : r ti a j h t r ulcs hz i r dn i

s r:
a r ug bhz h F E; j
'

ra

?

tr th $ 55
23
4. u a s : dij ah
% d ti r u rj i

/
as a j r , s eng a fn t : ar g bh i zz 31 r ks ku s

O het r r g l r n ns i n aj e u a ou ,
m vani j ,
m me . rc h t ; t an i s haj , m ph y i ci n ;
. s a

W r i tmj m pri t ; Hi j f , . es sr a , .
g ar l a n d ;
m as rij n b l d, . oo .
( O n th e o pti n l f rmo a o s

o f
W a sr i o j , s ee
ma , N o m S i ng. .

W ma le, d ivi ng .

62 B as e s en d i ng in c h an g eabl e gd
1 .

aj to .

So m e b as es en d i n
g in
aj c h ang e

51 j i n
; t at
o or
g d wh en nal , an d b f r t rmi ti
e o e e na o ns

b e g i nn i n
g wi h t c o n s o n an s . t

D erive d fr o m t h e ro o t km nc h . Th e N o m S in g wo u l d h ave
. . b ee n
$
1 kr mi k

+8 ; U i r p ts an d 4 a k ar e d o , s ee 1 1 .

1 D riv d fr m t h r t m t c h (i n t h D h at p Ath W ) t t A cc r d i

e e o e oo ng a e u a, , o cu . o
,

S k it g m m ri n t h p n l ti m t d r p t nd h b f r c n nt
to an s r
U 3
1
ra6 i
{ a a s, e e u a e s or s o , a c e o e o s o na s

i f l ch g d i t S
or na
g (
t an e n o . ee

I Th e f rm wi t ( n t m ?) i c nrm d by S i ddh ant K m di

o v l o r s o e a- au u o . 1 .

p . 1 82 .

O n t h e t wo nal c o n s o n an s , t s ee 55 . Th e N o m .Pl ur N eut . . w o ul d b e ttr j i

or amrj i . At t h e en d o f c om p o u nds th e O p ti o n al f o rm s ar e drj i or d r j i .

Th e l a tt r e r
fo m i s c o n rm ed by C o l e br o o k e, th e Si ddh an t a -Kau m u d i , vo l . p 94 1 . . 1 ,

p 3 % l 33 W

an d t h e Pr ak r iya- Kau m u d i . T h e Pr ak r i ya- Kau m u di ( .
44 a ) s ays :

hi ta ? ag s? W


t
EN : I3
3% I
36 13 3313? I a
gfa I

7 2,
 1 63 . D E C L E N SIO N . 69

B as e m s a mr d j mas c
, . r
s o ve e ig n .

SIN G U LA R . D UA L . P L U RA L .

MA S C . FE M . MA s c . FE M . M AS C r m . a .

N V s amr d i
1% mam: s amr dj ah
. .

s amr d a u j
A . m s a mr d am j
I . m s a mr dj d W s a mr d dbhi h
D . W s amr d e j m u d s a mr d dbhydm
W 3 s a mr ddbhg ah

mam? 8 mm dJam
'

G
w ri
.

t: s amr d o j h
L . m s a mr fi i
a W s amr d su o r t m s amn tw

r
Th e wo d s wh i h f o ll o w c th i s d e l e ns i o nc y x ar e mo s tl y n o u ns r
d e i ved , w i h o u t t an s uf ,

r
f om th e r t W oo s bh dj (
r
m n t
W ) t h in ;
W , n} t c l n;o
y j ( x c p t , o s e in , o ea a e e

W ri tvij ), t o sa cric ; W dj t h i n t r l ; E m] t d i m i t cr t
e r , o s e, o u e ,
o s s s, o ea e ,

(E a sr a j w r thea an d
W p } b l d as t d ri v d f r m
f ij);
bh j j t
oo ar e n o e e o s l ra o

m
, , , , ,

r t o as Al so p i v dj m n d i c n
art r , a e a .

BA SE . N o M . SI NG . N OM . P LU R . IN sr B . P LU B . Lo c . P LUR .

fauna vi bhr dj , r e s p l en ta m fi s ts :
W
d en t vi bh r dt l
'
vi bh r d a j h vi bh r d dbh i h vibh r d ts u

m B m
x

d evej I, wo r h pp r
s i e {E D-
I3

o f t h e g o ds d evet d evej ah d evedbhi h d evet s u

W e i va sr ii , cr t r ea o
W fansc W
o f th e u ni ve se r vi vasri t ms vasr ij ah
o o o

viva sgi b
d h
hi
vis vasr i ts u

Wha m
l

IT ti a p ar i vr dj ,
t a m en
.
O

a r i vr dj ah a r i vr adbhi h a r i vr at s u
'

p a r i vr d t p p p

W
u ni ve s al r m o nar h c vi vdr at


vi s var d j h a vi s vdr d

dbhi h su

W bhr zj f, r ti o as n
g W W m
bhri dbhz h

bhgz t bhr j ah hhri ts u

1 63 . I rr eg u l a rb as es in
i j .

BA SE . N OM . SI NG . N OM . PLU R . IN sr B . p LU R . LO C . P LU B .

I . wi t hd aw r ,
l am e m it t en s is : kh dj ah tarte u: kh anbhz h
-
kha ns zi

Cf .
76 .

K au m vo
J
r F
p .
r o m
l . 1
an o

.
th r r t
.
e oo ,
m o rt ar s/c,

faarfm: vi bhr ag bh i
'

h & c m ay b e f o m e d
. r .
( S i dd h .

I Fr m a
? d v o e a, go d, an d 15

y j c ri c c ntar ct , to sa e, o a ed t {a in o

Th l g th ni i fan vi v t k pl c
v r 3 j i c h an g e d in t

e en e ng o f th e E a n s a a es a e wh en e e s o

a li n g u al .
( Pan . V I .
3,
II S ee S i dd h .
- K au m . e d . T imi n t h a , vo l . I . p . 1 65 .
70 D E C L E N SIO N . 164

2.
W avag d j , n am e o f a V e d i c pri t h es ,
as t wo b as es . Th e N o m S i ng i s W . . avayd h
,

an d al l th e c as e s b g inning wi th c n
e o s o n an s t (P ad a c as e s ) ar e r
f o med f r m th o e s am e

b as e, W m anay as . Th e V o c. S i ng .
,
t o o , is i r r egu l ar ,
b ei n g , ag a in t th r
s e ul e o f
th es e b as es , i d en i tc al wi h t th e N o m S i ng. . So me g r am ma i ans ,r h w v ro e e ,
all o w

W t he a va
g a h .

B as e W avay as an d
m avag a fi .

U LAR D UA L P L U RA L
'

SING . . .

MA S C . FE M . MA C S . FE M . MAS C M . FE .

N W e a vaya
W g j h
d
.

ap ay a va a
.

A W avag d am j
m
.

I HW
a vayd jd a va
g o bh i h
D W W Tavayo bhg dm
a vag dj e
W a vag o bhg a h
Ab .

W : a vag a a jj h
G
m m}: avaydj o h
L . W a vag a i
'

j
V . m : a vag d h or m avag a h li k e N o m .

1 64 . B as es e n ding in
Q r .

B as es en di ng i n {r ar e regu l ar o nl y { i an d 3 n p re c e di ng t h e {r '

, , ,
ar e

l engt h en e d i f t h e r i s n al o r f o ll o w e d by a c o ns o nan t I th e
g
'

, n

L o c Pl u r t h e nal g r re mai n s u n ch ang ed th o u gh fo ll o we d b y s h

. . .

B as e rt g i r fem vo i c e ,
. .

S N U LAR D UA L I G P L U RA L . . .

MA C MA C M S MA C M
. F E EL S . FE . S . FE .

/
N V T il : g th
Ii i g
.

l i f t : g i r ah
.

z r aa
A . lt '

i
g am
r

1 . re g ir d
' ft g i r bhf
D . i
g er

Ab .

n: g l m 1. '

G F
Td r d
'

i !
'
.
g Z

UT E R E
SI N G U LA R . D U AL . P L U RAL .

N . A V . . a1 : e dh an? a im n rid
I a m vdr d with var bhydm : vdr bhz h &c
'
. Su .
,

BA SE N OM . S IN G . OM PLU R N . . I N R PLUR
ST . . Lo o . PL U R .

St mf t wn ta hr ah f
qf : d r bh
3 d r s hi i
:
1
r u . o
p i
g p
t p t
3 p
r E TD}: dvdr bh i h 3
/

E 1? dvdr , f d o o .
d vd h
'

E TC dvdr ah 31 dvdr s hz i
t t
ar ar, m f . . n. s a c tt ri ng e aft: kt]. f an : ki r ah f n:

ki r bhz h

aka m zt s

A cc o rdi ng t o Pan v 1 . . 1 , 1 6 8, r
ca t w o u l d h ave t h e a cc nt n t h
e o e r s t wh il k i d i
,
e r ,

acc rd ing t Pa v
o o n . 1 . 1 , 1 7 ,
1 w o u l d h ave i t on th e s e o ndc s
yll
a b l b c e, e au se th e N o m . an d

A cc D l i n t h n t r
. ua e eu e ar e n o t Tr i t i y di , b u t ar e A s ar vanhm ast h na .

1 S i d dh K m v l

.
- au . o . 1 . p . 1 25 .
 I 65 . D E C L E N S IO N . 71

B as e s i n as
1 65 . .

A
( ) B as e s f o.rm ed
by t h e s u fx e s
m as i s us
.
, , .

B as es e nding i n q s c h ang e t h e a cc o r di ng t o t h e
g e ner al e u h o ni c
p
rul e s e x pl ai ned above Th u s .

as i f n al b e c o m es w: a h
,
83
, .

w a s f o l l o we d b y t e rm in at i o ns b e i n ni ng wi t h vo wel s r e m ai n s u n c h a n e d
g g .

s a nd as f o l l o we d b y t e r mi na ti o n s b e gi n ni n g w i th vo w e l s ar e
{q and
W i
ch ang ed to {wand a t i s h an d a s h ( S e e .

a s b e fo r e
h h b e c o m es w h o 8 4 i s an d w as b e f o r e
{ 6 h .

be c o m e {fi r and ag a r .

w as b e fo r e 826 b e c o m e s
W a s o r w: a h
{q i s an d m as b ef o re
5
'

3 i su

b ec o m e {w i sh o r ih a s h o r 3 : uh ,
'

B es id e s th e s e g en e ral ru l e s t h e foll o wi ng Sp ec ial ru l e s s h ou l d b e ob s e rved : ,

1 N o u ns fo rm ed by t h e su f x w a s l e n gt h en t h ei r at a i n t h e N o m S i ng
. . .

m as c an d fem b u t no t i n t h e V o c ati ve
. . Th u s N o m S in g m f
,
. . . . .

W : s u ma nd h w el l m i n d e d
( / d e m i s
) V,o c
n : s um a na h - e r . .

2 N o u n s f o rm e d b y t h e s u f x e s o r i s o r as d o n o t l e ng t h e n t h e i r
.

{q W
vo we l i n t h e N o m S i n
g m as c a nd fe m H enc e N o m S .i n
g m f . . . . . . .

M
.

s aj y o t i h h avi n oo d li h t f r o m oo d a nd W
: g g g a s u, g : j y o t i h , , , ,

11 l i h t ;
g m . : s u ch a /cs h u h h a v i n g g oo d e y e s f r o m g s u g oo d a n d , , , ,

g : ch a ks hu h n eye
( P a n V 4 I 33 ,c o m ) . . . .
, , .

3 N eu .t e r n ou ns i n w a s i s as l engt h en th ei r vo wel and n asal iz e , , ,

i t i n t h e N o m A c c V o c Pl u r Fr o m In : ma na h m
. m a nd m
. si fr o m
. .
,

i o t i h n o t i m s hi fr o m,
W : c h a k s h u h c h a lc s h z tm s h i ,
.

B as e W s umdna s wel l m in d e d m as c f em neu t (fr o m g s u and ,

-
,
. . .

m m d nas n e u t m in d
) ,
. .

S N U LAR I G D UA L . P L U RA L . .

M A sc . FE M . MA sc FE M . . MA sc . FE M .

A W s umdnas a m
W s umdnas an 3 sa md nas ah

I .
W s uma nas d

82" a
D
W 6m

s umano bh3

. l s uma na s e
bhyah

s umano

Ab .

W s uma nas o

V .

W !s z i manah s dma na s au

SI N G U LA R . PLU R L A .

N . A V . .
W : s a ma h a

h gm O

s umd nd ms t

Th e re s t l ik e t h e m as c
'

.
 72 . D E C L E N SI O N . 1 66

B as e W su j y o t i s , w el l -lig h t ed ,
m as c . fe m . neu t ( fr o m g
. sa an d

i t l igh t )
'

y o ti s ,
n eu . .

SING UL A R . D UA L . P L U RA L .

MA S C . FE M . M AS C M . FE . MAS C M . FE .

N V T: s uj yo t2h
' '

W W
. .

j i

h j g o ti s h a h
'

su o t s au EI: su
g
A m
.

.
ga s uj g dt i s h am

W su jy dt i r bhi lo

D .
W su j y6 t i s h e su jg dt i r bh g dm
15 W : su jy dt i r bh y a lz

g hf mri s uj ya i s h dm
a

W 3 s uj y 6 ti s hu

SI N G U LA R . D U AL . P L U R AL .

N . A V . .
g nt
ras : su j yoaz. g a f n

t s uj yo t is hi

g a fs su j g dttms hi

Th e re s t l i ke t h e m a s c . an d fe m .

c l i ne aft e r
D th e m o d el f gm s u ma nas a nd
3% j tis th e
"

e su o
o y
f o l l o wi ng b as e s

3m vedh as ,
N om . S i ng . am: ved h dh, m wi s e . . ch a nd r a ma s , N ,
s .

r m ch a nd r a md h, m m oo n . .
m p r a ch et as , N . s . n : p r a ch et dh, m .
,

N om .
p r 0
p . o f a l awgi ve r .
W d i va u ka S , N S . d i va ukdfl . 111

a
W d ei t y . b i r d m p a s ar as N
e ih dy as ,
s N . S .
m : vi h dy d h, m . .
, . .

m y a rq N

a s a r dh
p f a n m p h w s m a h a a
j as s ,
m a h a
. u d
j h .
,
. .
,

m f 11 very m i gh ty
. .
m p y a as. N s In :
p ag a h n m i l k m y a as .
, . . , . .
,

N s W : aya h 11 i r on m ya as N s m ya a h n p rai s e { g h avm

. .
, . .
, . .
, . .

N 8 { t h avi h n obl at ion g a r ch i s N s wf : ar ch i h n Sp l end ou r

. .
, . .
,
. .
, . .

11 1 1
31 dyus , N . s. mg: dyuh, 11 . l i fe, ag e .
al
ga vap us .

N . Sr 3 31 0 0 1m b.

11 . bo dy
1 66 . W j ar a

,
o l d ag e, m ay h e d e l ine d h c t r o u gh o u tr eg u l a rl y as a f e mi ni ne .
( S ee
Th er e i s , h o w eve r , an o th r b e as e
mj ar as , e q u all
y f em i ni ne l ,
'
an d e q u all
y r g l r x c pt
e u a , e e

th t it i
a s d ef e cti v e in a ll c as es th e t rm in ti
e a o ns o f wh i h c b eg i n wi h t c o nso n a nt s.

A ny o f th e se n e u e tr n o u ns m ay as s u m e t rmi n ti n t t h nd
m as c . an d f em . e a o s a e e o f a

c o m o und ;p W na s h ta h avi h ,
N o m i g m . s nn wh bl ti n i d tr y d
. as c . o e o se o a o s es o e .

1 B o eh t l i n k ( D c l i nati o n im Sa n k ri t p 5) g j m ri h tl f m i nin in
'

g e s, as e e;
s v , g .
y
12 a e a

th e di cti o na ry th , o ugh o xyt o ne , it is b y m i t k p t d wn n tr

s a e u o as eu e .
74 D E CL E N SION . 1 68

DU AL . DU AL .

dmj
Q
N A V fw m rj
0 O O O

. . . r ar au o r ar a s au

I D Ab . . . FE W ni r a r j dbhydm d ee s t

G L W. . m rj a r ayo la o r
'

W : j
ni r ar as o z l

P LU R A L . PL UR AL .

N V . . l :

ni r a r d j

or f ai rs: j
ni r a r as a z l
s
A . ni r ar dn o r
j fa s rt :
'

j
ni r ar as a z l
I . t ni r ar a i zj l d ee s t ni r ar as ai z ,
j l m as c ) .

D . Ab . W 3 ni rj ar ebhy alz d ees t

G . ni r ar dzz dm o r
j W ni r ar as am
j

L . g j
ni r ar es h u d eest

FFIU l ik e ail Hd N
Fem F ni r a r d, nt d. eu t S i ng d eest m rj a r as am ); D ual
' '

j
'

. . .

N eu t . l i k e E ll i kdnt a m . W ni a r as f ; Pl ur . m ni r a r d m
j

1 68 . a neh a s , m t i me,
.
W p ur u d mh as , m . n am e o f In dr a, f omr th e N o m .

S i ng .
m p um dams d , w i th

o ut n l Vi a s ar g a. Th e ot h er cas es ar e r eg ul ar ,

l ik e
W s umanas , In . V o c. W : he a ne h a z . l
1 69 .
W W Ma nas , m . p op r er n am e, f om r s th e N o m S i ng. .
W us and an d

th e V 00 .

Si ng W
m ( S ar I

. u s anan o r 3 STH: us ana bor u s a na . . .
9,

1 70 .
( B .
) B as es e ndi ng in r a d i cal
E s .

I Fr o m
. mz p i d
n a, a l um p ,
an d
w as , to s wal l ow ,
a c o mp o un d is f o r m e d,
W p i zz da

g as , a
r l um p -e a t er .

Fr m o q p i s , t o w al k, an d
s u, w ell , a c om p o un d is f om
r ed ,
W sap i s , w ell
w al k ing .

o t t o n d nd w ll
Fr m co m p o n d i
us , fo m d W o s u , a s u, e , a u s r e ,
m tus , well
o ndi g
s u n .

2. In f o m i n g t h N m S i ng m f ( n d n t ) t h r l
r e l i d d o wn b f o o . . . . a eu er , e u es a e re w it h r eg ar d

t n o n i n wh i h
o R
u i bsl o ng t fx i m pl y i n
c as , s, as , e o a su , ar e s v er t e d . No u ns

vo w l n o n i n Sl l v it h o t
i n {R nd 3
K n gt h n t h

' '

l as a us e e e e ,
u s a as ea e s r .

Ex . N o m Si ng m f . . . . n . i w : p i zz dag r a gi f t: s up i ,
'

,
s utz Z
Zz .

3 . I n th e N o m. A cc V . oc . Pl ur . o f n eu t er s, n u n s o in
as ,
m is , us , nas al i z e t h eir
v ow l e s, but d o no t l engt h en th em .

Ex . N o m A cc V . . o c. Pl ur . n eu t .
W 75
1 0 40 9 7 0 7318 5 ,
m wp i mi , m W t u m o

4 . No un s in {R
'

as an d T i t us l en gt h en t h ei r v o w l s b fo
e e r e al l t er m i nat i on b s egi n ni ng wi t h
o o
c n s nant s .

Ex . Inst r . P l ur E m . : s up i r bhi lz , s utr bhi z , l l

s utz i z s hu .

5 . Th e r ad i cal
a s o f n u ns en di n
g o in is and
us , th o u gh o o
f ll wed by v w el s , i s o no t

b
l i a l e t o b e ch ang ed i nto s h. ( S ee 100 , n ote ) .
 I 7 1 .
D E CL E NS ION .
75

B ase
W p i pdag r as , eat in g a m o th f l
u u ,
m as c f e m . . neut .

SI NGUL R A . D UA L .
PL U a A L.
MA C S . FE M . M SCA . FE M .
M SC
A . FE M .

N V . . l m : p i zz dag r alz

N U ER
a T .

S IN G ULA R . DUAL PL R AL
U

N . A V . .
p dag r alz
i zw W p md ag r asf
W p i zz dag r a ms z

B as e s u t us , well -s o u ndi n
g m
, a s c f em . . ne ut .

SIN G U LA R . DU AL .
PL UR AL
M SC
.

A . FE M . MA SC . FE M .
M C
A S . FE M .

NV W . su td/z
s u t us au :
A s u t us a m
3 53 s ut us a z l

I s utus d
@3 33: s utdr bh i lz

D g? !s ut us e W su mr bhydm
sut i ri bhyale

3
33 s ut us alc

B}:
W s u t us dm

m Q s ut us o z l
L m s utds hs h u
'

s utus z
.
l
sutzi z s h u o r

N E UT E R .

S IN G ULAR . DUAL . PLU RAL .

N A V
al l Z
Z l s ut us i
'

s utz '

. . . z s ut unz s i

1 71 . No uns d er i ve d fr m d es i d er at ive o ver b s ch ang e i nt o sh wh en necessar y .

B s ghi s wi sh i ng t o r ead, m as c f em

as e
p a , . . n eu t .

SI N GUL R A . D U AL . PL UR AL .

MA C S . FE M . MA S C . FE M . M C A S . FE M .

? W 3p ip az i
'

q fn ii

i
p p a gh i s h a u l q El :
p ip a z is halz
e W p p a yhi s ham
i

fqu fft : p ip a ghrr bm

w fw m i
p p a gh z s h d
'

5 v p p ayhi s he
i m r p aya ghz r bhydm
.

W : p ip agh i r bhyalz

fw m: p ip ayhi s halz
f qq i p ip a ghis hdm

L . nfz f ap ip aghi s hi
l m : p ip aghi s ho ll
fra mng p ip ari
hs h u

N U RE TE .

S IN G ULA R .

N A V
. . . q
t: p ip ayhi lz

S i d dh . K
- au m . vo l . I . p . 1 87 . 83 .

L 2
76 D E CL E NS ION . 1
72

7 1 2 . Th e o
n un s ds is , f e m

. bl e s s i ng , an d F
j s a us h , m as c . a c o mp an i on , ar e

d e cl i ne d l ik e f h p ip aghi s , x pt e ce in th e N o m A cc . . an d V o c . Pl u r .
, i f t h ey s ho ld u be

u s e d as n eu t er s at th e en d o f c o mp o u nd s
*
.

L ist o f d if er ent B a s es in R s.

BA SE . N OM . SI N G . N OM . PL . I NS R T . PL . Lo c. PL .

M C M N U M
A S . FE . E T . A SC FE . M . N U E T .

W s umanas , 1 1m :
3 1 m
5 : W W :
M or
o
m
k i nd , m f . . n . s uma nd h l m ah s umanas a h s u ma n i h si d s uma no bhi h s uma na s su o r -na
hs u
m

f h a fq tf : a
s uj y o ti s
g r:a id g : gat g a
'

a ,
. a

t i s h ah j j t i r bhz h

j y o tz z i z s h i

w el l su j y o t i h su yo su su yo

p
p i zz da r as ,
g id .
m
d g h p z d g
i hp d g
i i ndag r o bhi h i ndag r a

l um p i n a r a z a r a s a n a r a z sz
p p

a m: ffs
W e h a h ds , s pl en id . s ans : s ta

dz s i
'

d i d, m f . . u . c h akd h c h akds a h chak c h a kdbh i h c h a kds s u

T
E d o s 3
3 : id . 13 :

d ds h ah d o r bh i h

do h d o z s hi

( A cce nt ,

gq s up i s , w e11 g f t:
i id .
3
g i fs gunfi :

g o i ng , m f . . n . su
p i s ah
4 su
p r bhi h
'

m } m

s u tu s , wel l id .

3
1 31 1:
gfs {p :

s o u ndin
g , m f . . n . s u t us a h s utui s i Su tr bh i h
fq m i
pp a ghi s nes ir rst }: id .
3
q fz s:
?
fuufz f s fuu f:
h p j o a gh i s hah p ip a yhi s h i p ip a ghi r bhi h p ip agh i s hs h
i
'
i
p p ayh

ra nd c hi ki r s d e s i r '

, fm : id . Fe at s: W :
5
h c h i ki r bh i h

h c hi lct r s h a

o us o f act i ng , m f . . n . c h i k c h iki r s hi c hikz r s hu

W m fsl m w nF5 :
-

E ITF
SI dsi s , l es s i ng , b a s]. i d . a

) ds i s hah
'
f .
(V o c . id . ds z r bh i h dsi s hs hu

or

H
j
'

s a us , c omp a F it sa j h
i d . 11 3 :
3 F f:
n i n, o m .
(V o c . id .
) j
s a us h a h sa
j z ii s h i sa j d r bhi h
jZ
s a i s h s hu

f
s u hi z s mne wh o

w el l , m f
id .

m 6
s u hi nz s a h s u hi nb hi h

s t r i k es . . n . s u hi n s uhi z s i s uh i ns u

o
S m e gr a mm ar i an s d o n o t al l ow t h e l engt h e ni n g o f th e v ow l e s in as z
A J

ms hi

an d

F
i f e!s aj i z nz s h i
'

.
( H f a 1 3
13! um a 8 . .
W hat W a rs a w
M EI M : II 8 3 3 1 E l ? W
3
'

W )
II Th i s m ay b e r i gh t ac c r o di ng

t o th e s t r i ct i nt er p r et at i on o f Pani ni , b u t th e Pr at i sakh ya ( X 111 .

)
7 g i ves th e r ul e in a m o re

g en er al f o r m , s t at i ng t h at e ver
y n eu t er e n d i ng in an U sh m an h as a l o ng vowel b f o e re th e

A n u s var a, t h e A n u s var a b ei ng f ll we d b
y si o o o r s hi .

1
Vo is 1 m : oth p ar ad ig ms
'

Th e cat i ve s a ma h a
g h . I n th e er it i s th e
,
s am e as th e
No mi t i v na e .

aq d 2 as m ay h e d ecl i ne d r eg u l ar l
y t hr o u
gh o t u as a m a s cu li ne . B ut i t i s l ik ewi s e
d ecl i n e d as a n e ut e r . O n i t s i r r eg u l ar or o pt i o na l fo m r s , s ee 2 14 .

3 S i d dh . I . p . 1
97 .
4
R s no t ch an g e d i nt o sh ; s ee 100 ,
n ot e .

3
S i d dh .
- K au m vo . l . I . p . 1 94 .
6
S ee 75 .
78 D E CLE N SION . 1 75

8 . Mo st b ases en di n g in h ch ang e
g h i nt o
BA SE . N OM S I . N G . N O M PL . . N OM . PL. N U E T. I N R ST . PL . L O C . PL .

W m

fa g l i h m f Fa g : t ai fs fa sfw: far

l i cki ng l z h ah l i dbhz h

l z nz h z

l i gni
'

, . . n .

mf o if mhi f
m

h n c ver i n g h z it : g l i ha a : g h udbhz h
5g

1 u
g , . . .
g gs { g u
gs c gni
h a

O n t h e ch an g e o f i n it i al 7
1 9 i n t o g h , s ee 93 .

9 . B ases d er i ve d fr m o r oot s en d i ng in h, an d b eg i n ni ng wit h a d,

: ch an g e
g h i nt o k .

Li k ewi se S f ? u s hz z i h , a m et r e .

BA S E . N OM . S I N G . N OM . PL. N OM PL . . N U E T. I N R ST . PL. L O C . P L.

m d amn m

mfn m i l ki n g : d uh ah

gt g F : d hug bh z h

d hulcs hz i
gy , . . .
i
g g : 3g
Io . B ase s d er i ve d f r m t h e o r oot g? s d r uh, t o h at e, g muh, t o o o
c nf u n d , f a gs ni h , to l ov e,

g s nuh , to sp u e, m ay ch an g e t h e n al h int o Z\ t .
or
w k .

BA SE . N OM . SI N G . N OM PL . . N PL N E UT.
. . m sr a . PL . Lo c . PL .

5;
1 dr u h, m f . . u.
gs g s or a
W 30 1

Hi m
33 3

d hr ut o r d hr z i k d r z i h ah dr z i z h i d h r udbh l h o r d h r ug bh fh d h r u gsd o r dhr uks hzi

h at i ng

II . B as es d er i ve d fr m o nah , to b in d , ch ang e
g h i nt o t .

BA S E . N OM . SI N G . N OM PL. . I N R ST . PL . L O C . PL .

W u
p dnah f a sh o e
m u
p dnat 3 W 3up dnah ah W up dna dbhi h
W u
p dna t su

D e cl i n e
v i f,
c f th e
. B e
yah r i ver in t h e P nj b
u a . fvi s h , f . o r d ur e .
E r us h ,
f . an g er . gvip r us h ,
f dr
. op o f wat er .
W a vi ks h , wi sh in g t o ent er . FE ; s ni k, l o vi ng
m
.

gsg o duh cow ,

- m il ker . H madhul i h , b ee . f t vi s h ,
f . s pl en d o ur .
gf bahutvi s h

m
,

m f . . n . ver y S pl en d i d . (
'

r a t namus h , a s t eal er o f g em s . i dr z s , m f
'

. . n . s u ch .

m ki ds, m f . . n . W h i ch ? Iil i
'
ii
pt mar masp r i s , g i vi ng

p ai n .

m t ur ds dh , m nam e f Indr a, ch ang es i nt o sh wh enever h is

'
1
75 . . o s
{ ch ang e d

i nt o d o r Qt

N m S i ng
W t ur ds hci g N om D u al
W 8 t u r ds dh au Instr Pl ur W

o . . . . 31 . . . :
t ur ds hddbhi h .

1
76 .
w p ur o dcfs , m

. an off er i ng , o r a pi t r es , i s ir r egul ar . Th e N o m . S i ng . is

SEE R p ur o ddh, an d all th e c as e s b eg i n ni ng wi t h con o n s ant s ( P a d a cas es ) ar e f o r m ed fr o m a

b as e
g m p u r o da s . Th e V oc . S i ng ul ar , t o o , i s ir r eg ul ar , b ei n g i dent i cal wi th t h e N o m Sing . .

I th o u
gh s om e g r a mm ar i ans all w o i
lah
he p ur o q .

SI N G UL R A . D U AL . PL UR AL .

N .
3

3
1 3 1 : p ur o daih
W p u r o dds au

SEE N ] : p ur o dds ah
'

A .
gi i t s t r p ur o dds am

W p ur o ds au

m p ur o dds ah

I .
W mp ur o gl ds d

p ur o do bhydm
D .
p ur o dds e

p ur o do bhydm
m

Ab .
g s : p ur o dd s ah

p ur o d o bhydm g s i w : p ur o do bhyah

G 35 1 3 1312p ur o dds ah
W W I
W p d

: p a r o dds o h d dm

.
I u r o s

g z z gp u r o dahs u

Wm

: p ur o dds ah
 : 79 . D E CLE NSION . 79

1
77 A n t h er w
.
o o r d, W
u kt h as ds , a r ec i t e r o f h ymns , is d e cl i ne d li k e
m
p ur o ddc .

N o m .
W
2 u kt h as d h . A cc Si ng. . ukt h a sds a m.

Instr . Pl ur .
W 5 11
W W dh o r h


u kt h a s o bhi h . V o c. S i ng . T: or ukt ha u kt h as a .

1 78 . B
as es in m .

B en d i ng i n m r et ai n m b ef o r e all t er m inat i on b eg i nning wi t h v wel s o B fo

as e s
s . e re

al l o t h t min t i o n
er er a s an d wh en n l a , th e
m is ch ang e d i nt oi n.

B a e m p s dm
s ra

,
m il d .

SI N G U LA R . D U AL . PL UR AL .

M A sc . FE M . MA S C . FE M. u A s c. n u .

W
W W? W W 3p r as dmah

N om V oc r a s dn r a sdmau
. .
p p
A cc .
p r as dmam

p r as dmau

m p r as

dma h

m Hi mWIp r ai dnbhydm Irm w p

1 p r a s dmd r asd nbhi h

Instr - :
.

W ? p r as dmi WW p r as dmo h

Lo c .

2 . N OU NS W IT H C HA NG E A B LE B A SE S .

A . N o uns wi th t wo B a s es .

1 79 M an
y n o
. u n s i n S an s k rit h ave m o r e t h an o ne b as e o r ,
r at h e r t h ey

m o di fy t h e ir b as e acc or ding to r ul e b efor e c er tai n t e r m i n at i o n s .

N ou ns wi th t w o b ases ,
h ave o n e b a se fo r t h e

N om V . o c . an d A c c Si n g . .

N om V oc . . an d A cc . D u al o f m as c . o
n u ns
*
;
N om V . o c
( no t A cc .
) P l u r al

N o m V . oc . an d A c c Pl ur al . o f ne ut er n u n s ; o
an d a s e c ond b ase fo r all o t h er c as e s .

T h e for m er b a s e will b e c al l e d t h e A hy a b as e B o p p call s i t t h e s tr o ng .

b as e and t h e t er m in at i o n s t h e w e ak t er m i nati on s
, .

Th e s ec o n d b as e w il l b e c al l e d t h e P a d a a nd B h a b as e B opp c al l s i t .

t h e W e ak b as e an d t h e t er m i n at i o n s t h e s t r o ng t er mi n at i o n s
, .

T h e g en er al r u l e i s t h at t h e s i m p l e b as e whi ch ap p ear s in t h e Pad a a nd ,

B ha c as e s , i n t h e A ng a c as es
is T h u s t h e P a d a an d B h a
s t r e ng t h en e d .

b as e In p r d ch b ec o m e s i n t h e A nga c as es p r dfi ch Th e P a d a b as e o f .

t h e p r es ent p ar t i c i p l e S l
a a d a t, e at i n , b ec o m e s
g a d a nt i n t h e A n
w g a

M o st o
n u ns w i th ch an
g e a bl b e as es f o rm t h eir f e m i ni n es i n i f . A f ew, h wever , o s u ch

as
d man, ar e s ai d t o b e f emi nin e wi t h o ut t ak i ng t h e i f, an d s om e o f t h em o
c cur as

f emi n ine at t h e en d o f c om p o u nd s .
80 D E CLE NS I ON . 1 80

c as e s . T hi s g i ves us t h e f o l l wi ng o s
y s t em o f t er m i nat i o n s fo r w o r d s wit h
t wo b ases :
SI N UL R
G A . DU AL . PL UR AL .

M C A S . M C A S . M C A S .

In str . mi bh ydm i : bh i h
D at . E e mi bh ydm m: hh y a h
A bl .
=3 : a h mi bh ydm m: bhy a h
G en . =3 : ah mi dm
Lo c . t o h 3 su

N U R E TE .

SI N UL R G A . DUAL . P LU RAL .

N o m A cc . .
i f

80 C er t ai n w o r d s d er i ve d fr o m Si a ii ch , t o m o ve , h ave t wo , ot h er s
1 .

th r ee b as e s .

ma : p r c ch ,i fo r war d , e as te r n, h as t wo b as e s , ni p r a ch


fo r i t s A ng a,

m p r ci ch fo r i t s Pa d a a nd B ha b ase and i s d e cli ne d o r d in g l y

, acc

SI N UL R
G A . DU AL . PL U AL R .

MA C S . M C A S . MA C S .

p r dc h au V i a : p r dh c h ah

mm p r aci c

1 .

D 111% Pr M W p wi9 t h

0 e m
mm
. '

z p r dg bhyc z.
r
W 2p r dch ah
G
mi l [1 p r cfcho h

A ng a b a se , o r , acc r o di g t B o pp t o g b
n o , s r n as e w it h w eak t er m i nat i on s. Th e t er mi na
ti o n s ar e cal l e d i n S an s k i t t h S m dm thd
r e a an as na t er m i nat i on s .

l C om p ou nd s e n d i ng in r et ai n th e th e p po s it i o n x pt aft er

SH a ch
a c cent
'

on re ,
e ce

p p o it i o
re s n s en d i n
g in {i or 3 a. Th i s r ul e d o es n o t a ppl y t o l m
an d W
a dhi ( Pan .

V I . 2,
5 2 H ence W p

a r d ch , W p

r d c h,
t a ch ,
1
al s o W nyii c h ,

m
m ast anvaic h
dd hya c h ;
.
m s ad h r ii
y ch , m ms hva ch

bu t m p

r a ty a c h ,
m s emi / 6 0 k.

I r dh st an d s f or
W d

p p r d h k; th i s f o r p ch 4 r s .

II In t h e d ecl ensi o nof w o r ds en d i n

g in w
R
'

a ch , t h e r ul e i s t h at f SF a c h h as t h e U d a
i =
tt a, '

as in
m p y

r a t a c h, W s amya c h

, W a nvdc h 1 80 , n ot e )
, all t er m i n at i on s, e x ptce

t h e S ar vanam a st h ana s , t ak e t h e U d at t a Pa v 1 69 T h e r u l e Pan I 82 , r e f er s

( n . . I, 1 . V I . 1 ,

t o l V
i
a c h, n o t t o
/
T h e r ul e Pan v 1 I . .
, 2 2 2, is r es t r i ct e d in th e e da by v 1 . I, 1 70 .

W
p r a ch i s t r eat e d as if th e accen t wer e on th e p pore s it i on .
82 DE CLE NSION . 1 82

SI N G UL R A . DU AL . PL UR AL .

M C
A S . M C A S . M C A S .

W p r a tydc h au

1 . unim p r a ttchd
InnQ p r a ti ch e
-
D .

Ab . m p r a ti c hdh

G . W p r a tt c h dh raf ts } : p r a ttch oh W p r a ttc hci m

L .
M p r a t i c hz

m p r a tt c h d

h
N U R E TE .

SI N L R
G U A . DUAL . PLU RAL .

r a t i c hi
p

FE M .

SI N UL R
G A .

N . M p r a ttch f .

T h e fo ll o wi ng w or d s , d er i ved fr o m a eh , o
t o m ve, h ave t h r ee b as es :
A NG A on ST R O N G B A SE P ADA OR MI D D LE B A SE B HA O R WE A K B A SE

m
, .
.

p b ehi nd ( Pan V I 2 5 2)
r a tydeh , . .
, m p r a ty a ch m p r a ttch
mi xer s amydneh r igh t (v 1 2 5 2) m s a my a ch
W s a mi ck
'

.
, ,

i ny anch l o w V I 2 5 3
( ) nyach Hi s i
'

n ch
rs
t t
m
.
, ,

s a d hr d n
y c h acc o m p an y g (
i n V I 3 95 ) ,
.
,
m ea d h r ya ch
m ea d h r ch i
Wm a nvci ti eh fo ll owi ng (V I 2 5 2)
, .
,
m a nvac h
13 a mi ch
Pr s i s t o is h vach all p er vadi ng
e
,
-
rms ! o i s h va ch g vi s h ztc h

W ri d aii eh u p war d
( v 1 2 5 2)
,
.
,
atta ch 3
w d d teh

m

r t i r ya nch t o r t u ou s t i r yao h

, t i r a eh

B as es i n a t a nd
j
oi n t .

I . P ar ti cip les P r es ent .

1 82 . Par t i ci p l es o f th e pr esent h ave t wo b as e s ,

t h e Pads and B ha b as e
th e A ng a b as e
'

in
a t, i n wi a nt .
( A cc e nt , Pan 73 )
1
1, I
r . V I . .

N G UL R D U AL PL UR AL
'

SI A . . .

M C A S . M C A S . MA sc .

a ddnt a u

was? a d ci nt a u
m adata h
I m a d atd

D 1 13 % ad a t e W

ad dd bhyam
'
.

m : ad a t a h

G m tm
o

a da a
was} : a da t d h

Rv . 1. I
73, 5 .
 1 84 . D E C LE N S ION . 83

N s u r ns .

SI N UL R
G A . DUAL . PLU RAL .

N . A .

m ad e? w t} ada t(
FE M .

SI N UL R
G A .

N .
W a da if ,
&c .
, li ke W nadt .

1 83. Th er e i s a ver y dif cul t r ul e ac c r d i ng o t o whi ch cer t ai n p ar t i ipl c es k ee p th e

i n

i n th e N o m . an d A cc D ual f n
. o e u t er s , and b fo t h e i t e re o f t h e f emini ne . Th i s r ul e can

onl y b e f u ll y u nd er s t oo d by t h o se wh o ar e ac q i nt ed wit h
ua t h e t en cl as s es o f oj
c n u g ati on s .

It i s t h i s ,
I . Par t i ci pl es o f ver b f oll owi ng t h
s e B h n, D i v, and C h ur cl as s e s mus t p r es er ve th e i n .

II . Par t ici p l es o f ver b f oll owing t h

s e Tu d cl as s may or may no t p r e ser ve th e i n . Th e
s am e a ppl i es to all p t i i p l ar c es o f t h e f utu r e i n
m ag
/ a t ,
an d t o th e p ar ti c i pl es o f
ver b s o f th e A d cl as s in W 6 .

I II . Par t i ci pl es o f all oth er ver b s mus t j

r e e ct th e i n .

I .
M bhdva t
. N o m . a nd A cc . D u al N cut . 13 bhd vant t .

M d i o ya t .

W
c h o r dya t c h o r a an t z
.
y .

II .

m tud a t

.
gi f t ra d au t i

or
W t ad a rl .

t avi s hyd t W bhao is hydntf or W bhavi s hya t f .

V il ag rino r m yd t f .

I II .

W add t . N om . an d A cc . D u al N eu t .
H a d ul t .

b f em W W : st r i ki n $373 a da tf, eat i ng ,

'

bhavantt, ei ng, .
; tudantt or
g ta da tt , f em .
;
f em . Th e f em ini ne b as e is d e cli n e d r e gu l ar l y as a b as e in {1 .

1 84 . A n t h er o r ul e, wh i ch o gh t n t t b
u pr e d ing l p oh i bit
o o e mi x ed u p wi t h t h e ce r u e, r s

th e s tr en gt h eni n
g o f th e A ng a e r a b th o gh o
t i n t h p a t i i pl s p r es nt f
s u d pli cat d u e r c e e o re u e

ver b s, x pt i n t h
e ce e N o m A c V c Pl ur N e t wh r e t h i ns r t i on f i n i o pti o nal
. c. o . . u .
, e e e o s .

W it h th i x pt i o n
s e ce , th e s e p ar t i i pl a e th fo cr eal l y d ecli n d lik
es r n o n s in
t wi t h
er e re e e u

u n ch a ng bl b
ea e as e s .

B as e
mS N G UL add e ngi vi ng , f r m indd, t o g ive,
R
o
DU AL
( a !ddddmi
n
? , I g i ve .

PL URAL
I A . . .

M SC A . N U E T . M SC A . NU E T . MA S C . NE UT .

NV M

d a da t dddat
w inm
. .

Md

ddd a " t
m
at a
m
a
adam
o

A

. da d a t am
I .
srfse: d dda dbh ilz

D .
W dddadbhydm
Ab .

W

: da d at ah
G
H} : da da t o h

M 2
84 DE CLE NSIO N . 1 85

Th e s am e r ul e a ppl i es to th e p ar t i c i pl es
W j aks h a t, eat i ng ;
W i dg m t . wak i ng ;

W d ar i d r a t , b ei ng p oo ; W r

eds a t , c om m an di ng ; W a
e h a k s a t, s h i ni ng . B ut

m d
j g ,
a t n eu t . th e wo l d f o m N
r , r s o m . P l ur . jay an ti o ,
nl
y .

W W d ecl i n e d l ik e

85 bri ha t , gr eat , d e er , dr o p f wat er ,

1 .
p rzs ha t , In . a n . a o ar e

p ar t i ci pl es o f ver b s o f t h e A d cl a s s .

SI N G UL R A . DU A L . PL UR AL .

M C A S . M C
A S . MA SC .

N U R
E TE

SI N UL R
G A . DUAL . P LU R L A .

N . A .

W byi h dt br ih a tt

FE M .

S IN G ULAR .

N .

W br i h a t i

m
.

1 86 . mah a t, g r eat , li k ewi s e or i gi n al l y a p ar t i cip l e o f th e A d c l as s ,

f o r m s i t s A ng a or o ng b as e s tr in
m d nt .

SI N G UL R A . D U AL . PL URAL .

M C A S . M SC A .
M C A S .

R ITE ma hcfnt au

I m a h a td

D HE B mah at e W

ma h a d bhydm

.

F EW: ma hci dbhyah

WEE : ma ha tah

G
F EE Tma h a tJ
m
L E E G? ma h a t a

WET?ma h at dh
V . I
IE
'

md han

N U R E TE

SI N ULG AR . DUAL . P LU RAL .

N . A V . .
zi lg
' '

mah ci t m mah a ti
f

Th e r e st li k e t h e m as cu l in e .

FE M .

SI N UL R G A .

N .
31 33 ma h a ti
2
f

B a s es end i ng i n t h e S n x es
m at a nd a
w vat , f or mi ng th ei r A ny a B as es

in i m an t a nd e i
'

i t van t .

1 87 . Th e po s s es sive
i for m t h ei r A ng a o r s u f xes ma t an d El o at

s tr on b a s e i n Fi m t a d t T h l t h t h i o w l i t h
g a n n v a n e
y e n g e n e r v e n e .

N o m Si ng Mas c
. Th es e s u f x e s ar e o f ver y fr e qu ent o c c u r r e n ce
. . .
86 D E CLE NSION . 1 89

t avo t, b in g p
e , ar t . pr es ent .

SIN GU R LA .
PL UR AL .

MA sc .
MA sc .

bh ao ant ah
N .
M bh ao an

A . bhao ant am WEIR : bh ao at ah

V . bh ao an

SI N UL R
G A .
P LU RAL .

N . A V . .
m bh ao a t wait s bh ao anti

FE M .

SI N UL R G A .

N .
bhao antt

1 89 . a r o at , mas c h . o r s e, i s d ecli ne d r egu l ar l y li k e o

n un s in
va t, ex ept i n th e
N o m S i ng wh ere i t h as G il ar o d .
W a r o an in W a na m an, wit h o ut a f o e, i s a

m
.
. ,

o
t t all y diff er ent w o r d, an d d eclin ed lik e a n un o in an N om , Si ng _ ana md
N o m. D u al W E B a nar vdz l au ;

A cc S i ng s wi m} ana r o ana m ; '
In str S i ng W
m
. .

m
. .

a n ar o ana Inst r . Pl ur W . a na r o a bhi h . Th e f emi ni ne o f a m at i s aw a .

1
90 .
W hi g/ a t, H o w m u ch ? W i g/ a t , so mu ch , ar e d eclin ed li ke b as es in H
ma t .

Th eir f emi n i n es ar e ? hi ya {W
fawn ,
i ya ti .

SI N GU R LA . D U AL . PL UR AL .

MA sc .
MA sc . MA s c.

N .
m ktydn W hi y o u t a n fai r : h iy a nt ah

A . W ktyan t am Hya nt au fam e ktya t ah

B as es in E w an
( 1
v . an,
m an, H van
a .
)
9 1 1 . W or d s in an h ave t h r ee b as e s : t h eir A ng a or o ng b as e i s
s tr

m an th ei r B h a or weak es t b as e i n; and t h ei r Pada or m i d dl e b as e i t a .

M ar k b e sid es ,

I . Th at th e N o m S in g m as c h as
. . . an d, no t w an ts) .

2. Th at th e N o m S i ng . . neu t . h as a a , no t m an.

3 . Th at th e V o c. Si ng . n eu t . m ay b e e i t h er i d ent i cal wi t h t h e N o mi nati ve,

or t ak e i n.

4 . Th at wor d s en di n
g i n :1
3 m a n an d a o an k e ep H
i m a n an d a
o an as

t h e ir B h a b ase s , wit h ou t dr o p p ing th e w a , wh en t h er e i s a co n s onant

i m m e di at el y b efo r e th e H
Q ma n and an o a n . Thi s i s to av oi d th e

c o n cu r r en ce o f th r ee c nso on ant s s u ch V
i ar o n fr o m i p ar o a n
'
,
as p ,
 1 92 . D E CLE N SION . 87

m d t mn fr o m m atma n Thi s r ul e p li s o nl or ds
'

or . a
p e
y to w
end i n in a ma n and an t to w o r ds e ndi n in si m l

g o a n, no g e
p
a an . Th u s m t a lcs h a n f or m s was: t a lcs h nd q m dr d ha n ,

gi t md r dh nd, &c .

5 . Th at in all o t h er wo r ds t h e l o s s o f th e w a i s op t i o nal i n t h e Lo c Si ng . .
,

an d i n t h e N o m A c c V o c D ual . . . o f neu ter s . Th e fe m i ni ne , h owe ver ,

d r op s t h e w a ; th u s ( mi r a
j ni .

M di
e an, m kin g . . A ng a, m r dj dn Pad a, W r dj a ; B h a, U r dj
g .

MA S C U L I N E .

SI N UL R
G A . DUAL . PLU RAL .

V .

I W r dyd
D . B r igh t,

Ab . ( m ut ant .

t fi h t f n
i h
'

rc o

L . t l!r tfj h i

or m r dj ani
'

m r dfi h o h

m in imumn . nam e . A nga, m ndmdn Pad a, H111 ndma ; B h a, m nd mn .

N U R E TE .

S IN G U L A E . DUAL . P LU RAL .

w ndmnt o r W n i mani

V . TH mf ma or
m miman

W WI mfmabhydm

I . W nd mnd

D . HT? mi m e s mut mfmabhydm

Ab . W mfmna h n dmabhydm

G . 71TH: ndmna h

m mfmno h

L . m

ndmni o r W I a dmani

m a dmno h

1
9 2 . N o un s i n wh i ch t h e su f xes man an d
R o an ar e
p r e c ed e d by
a c nso o nant , s u ch as
m br a h ma n, m . n . th e c r eat or , m y aj o a n, m .

s ac r i cer p ar o an , 11 . j oi nt fo r m , t h ei r B h a b as e in ma n an d
m o an .

m br a h mdn, m . cr eat r o . A ng a, m br a h mtfn ; Pad a, a n br ah mci

B h a, W br a h mdn .
88 D E CLE NSION . 1 93

MA SOUL N I E .

SI N UL R
G A . DUAL . P LU RAL .

N Bb r ah manan

V m . br ahman

I . m br a hmdna
'

D . m br ahmcfne

Ab . m : br ah mdnah

G . m
s u : br ahmanah

L . m br a hmani

await : br a hmano h

N U R E TE

S IN G U LA E . DUAL . P LURAL .

N . A . WEI br ah ma

m br cfhmant

V . a s: br ahma or
m br ahma n

D ecli ne m g a va nj
,
s ac r i c er
m at man, s el f ; g na w sudh a r ma n ;
Vi r t u o u s .

uf afg po r t s fr o m z m d i o d to y a ti , l engt h e n s
'

p r a ti di o a n, o ne wh o s ,

d i , wh eneve r t h e is i mm edi at el y fo ll o we d b y n
'
th e fig d i t o { o N om . .

S i ng .
urfqm p r a t i d i o d ; N o m . P l ur .
p r a t i di o dna h ; A cc . Pl u r .

e a t i d to na h
1 93 . W o r d s in M a n, l ik e W r j ,
a un ki ng f o , rm t h eir f em i ni ne i n i t, d r o pp i n
g t h e

5 !
a b ef o r e th e i n j hi ,
U l r a

q u een .

W or d s i n aTai nan, l i k W e d hto an, h s er man, f o m th

r e ir f em i ni ne i n a o ar t m
d ht o ar t, wi f e

o f a h s er m an .
( S ee , o
h w ever , Pan . I v. I , 7 , V 8r t .
)
W or d s in man, if f emi ni n e, ar e d e cl i ne d li k e m as cul i nes d man, f em r op e ;

m
. .

N o m S i ng
. .
d

ma, A cc . atri md nam bu t t h er e i s an o p ti o n l b a as e EFT!damd ,
A

cc .

Si n g Emi damam

. .
( Pan . Iv I, I I ; .

1 94 . No uns in M a n,
man, va n, at th e e nd o f j
a d e ct i val com p o u n ds , m ay
e it h er u se t h eir m as cu li n e f om r s as f e mi ni n e s , or f o r m f e m i n i n es i n E T 6 . Th o se in a.
an,

i f in th e B h a b as e t h ey ca n d op th r e
"
B a b foe re th e i n, m ay al s o t k i t ( Pa
a e n IV
. . I ,

Thu s, N m S in g m as c an d f em aa s uc h ar md, h aving oo d l t h N m D u al

g
'

o . . . . l g ea er , o .

W s u c h a r mdzl au .

3 31 11 s up a r o d, W su
p ar o

anau : o r, N om . S i ng . f em .
W
s uc h ar md , N om . D u al
s uch ar me, Pl u r .
W : s u ch a r mah ;
'
s up a r o
'
a,
W su
p a r o e,

qal t sup ar o dh
'

. Of
W j ,
b a h ur a a n h avi ng m any k i n s
g , t h e f e m i n i n e m a
y b e ,

W D m i n db

I . ba h u r a
j d, ual a hur dj dnau .

2 . s
gt nbahu r dj e D , ua l
W ba h ur dj e .

3 .
si
gn ed ba hur dj t D , u al
W ba h ur dj yau .

W do i damni
'
P
( an . IV . I, h avi ng t w o r op es , is an e x pt i on
ce .

Ad j o W h m

ect i ve s in wh i ch f a unt, d h z o an,
R o a n, rm t h ei r f e m . in a s er an ,

W d hi var f, I i
'

tp nva , W '

p to a r i , f at , m ay d o t h e s am e at th e en d o f c o m p o nd u s, o r
 90 D E CLE NSION . 1
97

I 9 7. A t th e end o f a c omp ound , to o , W a h an i s ir r egul ar . Th u s W a r g hahan,

h avi ng l ong d y a s, i s d ecl i ne d :

S NGU A R
I L . DU AL . PL UR AL .

N .
m : t g a dh
d r h h * '
N V . .
etmmz di g hdhdz

r la

Fem i ni ne, W dtr g hahnt ( Pan . V III. 4,

I
9 8 I n d
. er i vat i ve c o mp o un d s wi t h nu mer al s , an d wi t h 93 vi an d mu sdya , WE ahna

is su b st it u t e d fo r W ah an : b ut i n t h e Lo c S i ng b ot h f o m r s ar e a d mi tt e d ; e. g a} !
m
. . .

do yahnah, p odr u ced i n t wo d ays ; Lo c S i ng . .

do ya hne or ff do yahni or do yah ani .

( Pan V I . .
3,

99 1 . var-
t o a n, m . d eg , W y u o a n,
In .
yo u ng , t ak e
n
a sun, 5
1
mn
i
as th ei r B h a b as e s . Fo r t h e r est, t h ey ar e d ecli ne d r egul ar l
y, l i ke m
hr ah man, m .
( A c c ent ,
Pan . V I. 1 ,

SIN GU A R L . DU AL . PL UR AL .

N . W emf N A V
. . . so dna u

A . W vdnam

V .
w a s. I . W so dbhi h

T h e femi ni ne o f mi So an i s
W unt ; o f m yao a n, gai n: yuo a t i h;
acc r d i ng o to s ome g r ammar i an s , w g/
i ani .

20 0 .
W mag hao an, t h e Mig h t y , a name o f Indr a, ta k es m mag ho n as it s B ha
b as e.

SIN G U LA R D U AL PL UR AL
m
. . .

N m . mag hdo d N A V . . . mag hdo dna u

N . W : mag hdo dnah

A . mag hdo dnam A . ts : i

mag hdnah

V W . mdg h avan I . W mag hdo ab hi h r

Th e s ame w o rd m ay l i k ewi s e b e d ecli ned l ike a m as cul i ne wit h t h e suf x El '

o a t o r l il
'

ma t ;

( see W o
a ni mat . )
SI N G ULA R . DU AL . PL UR AL .

N A V . . . m a m g hd a o ant a u N W m g hd . a o ant a h
A .
Ii
i i
' '

mag hcio ant am A . W mag hdo at ah

V . a m mg h ac an I . m fg : mag hdo ad bhi h

Th e f emi ni n e i s o
acc r di ngl y eit h er W mag hont or W mag h ao a t t .

m p as han an d W [ a r yamam tw o
- V

n am es o f ed i c d eit i es, d o l engt h e n

'
20 1 . T no t

t h eir v wel o ex cept i n t h e N o m S i ng . . an d th e N o m. A cc V . o c. Pl ur . n eu t ; .

( in t h i s t h ey

o o
f ll w t h e b as e s in i n; Fo r t h e r e st , t h ey ar e d ecl ine d li k e o
n u ns in $7 1; an

Pan . V III. 2, 69, vAr t . I ; S i d dh .

- K au m . vo l . I. p . I
94 ; b ut C l e o b ook p
r e, . 83, h as

( hi m di r g hdhd as m Si ng
N o . .

1 C ol eb r ook e , S an sk r it G r am m ar , p; 8

1 .
 20 3 . D E CL N E S IO N .
. 91

BA SE . N OM . S N G I . N O M . PL . A 00 . PL. I N R ST . PL . N OH . P L . ra m .

m N W W : N W .
V

wns
:

W h anms ha ms ha p a w mhdz za zz pa w s p a w s: pa

md dzn
'

mlz ar yamdbhi z l ar yam

/ a rm}
a r y aman, a r y ama , o r g a r ya a r y a mdzz a z l a r y amz

Lo o S i ng
. .
[ l l p s h z u

or
W p ds ha z
z ;i

o r , acc r di ng o to om
s e, f!
I p ds h i ( 85: . I. 9,

20 2. Th e oot K h
r an, t o kil l , if u s ed as a n o un, f oll o w s th e s ame r ul e ; o nl y t h at

wh en t h e vo w l b tw n
e e ee h and
i n i s dr o pt E h b o m
, ec es

BA S E . N OM . I
S N G . N OM . PL . A C C . PL. I N R ST . PL .

{I M I : 9 1m l: {n h abhi lz 19-
2 1 Ma i
a han. E h a,
R yl m F t: h and le

W . E 11 mm m m: m m: w z t: m rn

br a hmah an, h a, g hn br ah mahd br ahmahdzz alz br ahmag hndlz br ahma hdbhi lz br ahma hdai

Lo c S ing
. . m br ahmag l mf or m br a hmah az
'

n.

B a s es in i n .

20 3 W o r
. ds in
in ar e al m s o t r eg ul ar ; i t i s t o be ob ser ved t h at

I Th ey
. dr o p t h e a n at t h e en d o f t h e Pad a b as e .

2. Th ey fo r m t h e N o m Si ng m as c i n t ; t h e N o m A cc Sing . . . . . . neu t . in
and t h e N o m A c c Pl ur n eu t i n r i nf
g t ; { . . . . .

MA S C U L I N E .

I U LAR S N G . D U AL . P L U RAL .

N W d h ni V N a
E
- d h anfnd u
. a T

A . m d h amnam

WfTd hamnan '

D W . d h amne

d ham hydm m d h ambhya

m

A b vfaa: d h am naz. vf wi d h am bhydm dh ambhyalz

.

G vm: d h amnalz vwh: d h amno lz u mf d hamndm

. .

2 ag dhams hu

V .
m d hdm n
'

m d hci m nau
'

SI N UL R G A . D U AL . P L UR AL .

N A . . We d h am

m d h amni

wai f?
d hancni
V V f d ha ni W

d ha m u
'

. or

FE M .

SI N UL R
G A .

D e cli n e
W med dvi n, wi se ; W l o r i ou s ;
W vdg mi n,
'

y a as vz n, g

No t e Th es e n o n u s in i n, ( et
ym l g i c aoo
ll y a sh or t ened f om r o f m ai n
) fol l w o
th e anal o gy o f no n u s in gH
i m; ( li k W e r dj a n, m a ndm an ) in t h e N o m . S i ng .

m as c . an d n eu t .
, an d i n th e V o c. S ing . an d in th e N o m A . cc . Pl ur . n eu t . Th ey m i g h t b e
r an g e d , i n f act , wi t h t h e o
n u ns h aving u nch an g ea bl b ; f th l ngt h ni g f t h e ases or e e e n o e

v ow l e in th e N o m . an d A ce . Pl ur . neu t . is b t om p en t i on f t h b n f th n al
u a c sa or e a se ce o e as

wh i ch i s i ns er t ed i n t h ese cas es i n all b as es e ce x pt th o ending i n n l nd semi ow l s se as a s a v e .

N 2
 92 D E CL E N SION . 20 4

P ar t z czp l es i n aq vas

'

20 4 . Par t i ci p l es o f th e b as es ;
r e du p l i c at ed p er fe ct i n E qvas h ave t h r e e

m vdz s as t h e A ng a
us h as t h e B h a an d a
q ,va s a s t h e P ad a b as e ,
.

A c c o r di n g t o S an skr i t gr am m ar i an s t h ey c h ange t h e as o f arqvas i nt o t if

i , ,

th e i s n al o r i f i t i s f ol l owe d by t er m i nat i o ns b egi nn i ng wi t h 8 6 12 an d as

, 1
( s ee 1 73 B u t
, t h e fa c t i s t h at t h e P a da b a se i s r e al l a
y o at ,
n o t ,

anvas .

A nga,
W m m dvdw Pad a, w r ur u d va s ; B h a,
W m m dus h .

M A S C UL I N E .

SI N UL R
G A . D U AL . P L U RAL .

V .

I . r u m d us h d
D .
W E r um d us h e

Ab .
W r um dds halz

G .
SE E : r u r u dz is h a i l

L .
33 n ru mdzi s hi E g gs} : r u m d z is ho

SI N UL R
G A . D U AL . P L U RAL .

FE M .

I U LAR
S N G .

W r ur udus hi

Par t i c i pl e s i n was wh i c h in ser t bet we en th e r e du l i cat e d

'

20 5 . an
g z
p
oot an d t h e t er m in at i n , dr p t h e o o wh enever t h e t er m i n at i o n m m a is
'

E
r
{ 2

ch an d i nt o us h Th u s
g e
.

W o m arti ni t o s t a n d f o r m s t h e fe m ?
'
t as th i vdn, fr m t as t h u s h
3 P3 , ,
. .

W p e c h i vd n fr o m p ac k t o c oo k ,
f o r m s t h e , ,

A ver y c om m on w or d f oll o wi ng t hi s d e c l en s i on i s m o i dvcfn w i s e (fo r , ,

f a g vi vi dvdn) fem g l vi d z i s h
'
. .

If t h e r oo t en d s i n 3 2 o r 5 t h i s r a di c al vo wel i s n e ver dr op t b efo r e

'

us h
,
,

t h e c o nt r ac t ed fo r m o f
e n ce fr o m a?
W

H m nvdn I

w e . n s tr .

fa g l ni nyus hci

fem fag l ni nyus h i
' '
s
; . .
94 D E CL E NSION .
20 8

Th e f em i ni ne i s ei t h er
sup dd o r
W a
( n bu t m et r e o
'
s up adi P . IV . I, a c ns ist in g

o f two f eet i s call e d W T dvip add .

W or d s
m Pada b ase

8 en di ng in H vah , car r yi ng , r et ai n e dia as A ng a an d
20 .

R , bu t
sh ot
r en
W it t o b Th f m i 22k as
2 B ha as e . e e . s 2 M .

h ng bl wi t h 3 d ( S I 28
Fi n l
E h i i nt
a
t s
Q t er c a ea e , \ , . ee I 74 ,
Th S i d f 3
% ah f o m Vr i d dh i wi t h p d in g 6 f3 :
'

e o r s a r ece 8 a or Th u s

vi v vdh
s a ph ol d f t h niv
, u ( A n t P an ver o e u er se . cce , . 1 . 1 , I 71 .
)
S N G UL R I D UAL A . . PL U RA L .

I .
W vi vavddbhz lz

W w

20 9 . svet avdh i s f ur th er ir r egul ar , f o m i ng i t P d b
r s a a ase in E as , an d r et ai n

i ng i t i n t h e N o m and V o c S in g ; e g N o m V o c. W sv t vdl A e a t; cc . W avet avdham

m
. . . . . .

In str .
W
vet auh ; d Instr Pl un . Lo c . Pl u r . svet avalz sz i .

o
S m e gr am m ar i ans all w o W svet avdk, i nst ead o f svet aa h , i n all t h e B h a cas es

( St
i r I 9, 4 )
. I , a n
. d lik ewi s e w : svet avalz i n V

o c. S i ng .

210 . A m o re im p o t nt om p o nd with m vdh i s W

r a c n d h n ox ( i u a a u ,
a , . e . a car t

d r awer .
) It h as t h r e e b I Th A ng b as W m n dvdh ; 2 Th e P da b as W
ases . e a e a a . a e

lud ;
a naq 3 Th e B.h a ba W se nad h a u .

It i s ir r eg ul ar b es i d es i n th e N o m . an d V o c. Si ng .

SI N G U LA R . D UA L . PL U R A L .

N W . a na vdn d N . A V . .
m a a na vdh a u d N W . a na vdka a
d l
V W . a na va n d I D Ab . . .
W a na ud bh d ydm A W .
d
a na u h a z l
A .
W a na d vdh am G . L .
W t ana u h o t d l 1 . ways : d
a na ud bh i e l
W ana u hd d L 317 1 7
3
33 j
a
I . . a nac u tsu

If u se d as a neu t er , at th e en d o f a c omp o u n d, it f om r s

SI N G UL A R . D UA L . PL U R A L .

N . A V . .

m a na ud d W 337 a naduhi W W a na vaz hid

'

Th e r est li k e t h e m as cul i n e .

Th e f emi ni n e i s W d
a na u hi o r
W ana v d dhi ( Pan v 1 1 . . I, 8
9 ,

21 1 . sw
q

ap ,
w at er , i s i nvar i a l y b p l u r al and m ake s i t s 5!a l ong in t h e
,
'
1

A ng a b as e ,
an d s u b st it u tes i t fo r
qp b e f o r e an af x b e
gi n n i n g w i t h u
\
M .

m

m u: m: dp dlz mfg : a d bh z z , agm a

Pl u r al : N om . ap a k, A cc . a ,
I ns t r .
l Lo c .

( A c c en t , P n . v1 . I

In o mp o si t i on m ap
c is s ai d to fo r m m s vdp ,
N o m Si ng m asc . . . an d

fem .
, h avi ng g oo d wat er ; A cc a n} s vdp a m . In s t r . a m s vap d ,
&c . N om.

Pl u r s vdp a a ; A cc In s t r W s va d bh z z , &c Th e

. E N : l . a n: svap a t l . : l .

m

n eu t er f or m s t h e N o m . S ing . w ap ; N om . Pl u r .

fq

s vamp i or a fx

s vamp
'
i, a cc o r di ng t o d i ffer en t i nt er p r et at i o n s o f P ani ni .
( C o l e b r oo k e p , . 10 1 ,

n ot e ) . T h e S ar as vat i ( I .
9,
6 2 )g i ve s a fx R unf a s vd mp z t atl dgdm , tank s
' '

wi t h g oo d wat e r .
 2 1 4, D E CLE NSION .
95

2 1 2.
p H/1518 , man, h as t h r ee b as e s : I Th e A ng a b as e
m p u mdrhs ; 2. Th e Pad s

b as e
a p um ; 3 Th e B ha
. b as e ns
p aw .
( A ccent , Pan VI . . I,

S I ULA R
N G . D UA L . PL U R A L .

N m p umdn W N WU: p

. N . A V . .
p u mdz s au . um i z s alz
V m .
p zi man I D Ab
. . .
p umbhydm A .
p mhs cilz
A .
W p umdz s am G . L .
p mh s dlz I .
p umbht lz

Th e Lo c . Pl ur . i s wr i tt en p uz s z i , no t p u ms hzi o r 31 5 p uns zi 100 , n ot e ) Th e S a

. r as vat i

g i ves W z ks hzi (I o ) Pani ni ( V I I I 3 , 5 8) t h at

a num o nl y

uw 7 sa s no t A nus var a i n
p .
9 , . .
y ,

g er al ,
en d o es n o t p r e ve nt th e ch a ng e o f
U s i nt o sh ; a nd t h er ef o re t h at ch an g e d oes no t

t ak e pl ac e in m '

s u h z ns u an d
p mh su In t h e r st ,
i n is r a di cal , n o t inser te d ; i n t h e

m
.

o
s ec n d, t h e A nu s var a re p r es ent s an o i g inr al C f S iddh - K au m . vo l . I . p I 86

m
. . .

s q m m m u

In c o m p o it i o s n i t i s d ecli n ed i n t h e s am e m anner if us e d i n t h e m as c f e m g en d er
. or . .

A s a n eu t er i t i s , N o m S i ng . .
m s up um, N om . D ual sup u ms i N'

,
o m Pl ur . .
W
2 I 3.
M ai n or
g dyu, f . s ky, i s d ecli ne d as o o
f l l ws, ( A ccent , Pan . v 1 . I , 1 71 ;

B as e
M ali a,
g dyu .
( S ee
SI N G UL A R . D UAL . PL U R A L .

dyadlo N . A V . .

d z va u

f i dz vam D l dyzi bhydm : di o dlz

A I Ab A
g

ul

. . . . .

G L . .
as : di vdlz I .
g n dyi bhilz

D . D Ab . .

W dyzi bhyalz

Ab . G few: d i vala
.

q a di m L

L dyz is ku
. .
as
V ml . : dy aii k
'

A n th er o b as e Eh dye i s d ecl i ned as a b ndi ng

as e e in a v ow l e , an d o o
f ll ws th e p ar adigm
o f h go
T
,
21
9 .
( S ee Si ddh .
-K au m . vo l . I p 3S )
. .
-I .

C m o po un d s li k e f
i s udi v, h avi ng a g oo d k y s , ar e d ecl i ne d i n t h e m as c . and f em li . k e

ri di v
. H ence gal : s udyau z , l s udz vam,
'

&c .

In t h e neu t er t h ey f om r N o m A cc V. . o c. S i ng .
g s udyu, h avi ng a g oo d s ky ; D u al

W Pl ur g
'

s udi vi ; . sa di vi .

2 I 4. A nu m b er of w o r ds i n S an s k it r ar e wh at G r ee k gr am m ar i an s w oul d cal l

M et ap l as t a i , . 8. t h ey e xi st u nd er t wo f o r m s , e ach o o
f ll wi ng a diff er en t d e cl ens i on , b ut o ne

b ei ng de ci ent i n t h e S ar van mas t h na c as e s , i . e . N om V . o c. A cc . Sin g . and Du al , N o m .

V oc . Pl ur .
,
and N o m V . o c. A cc . Pl ur . o f n eu t er s .
( Pan . V I . I, Th us
D F E E C T IV E B A SE B A SE D E C L I NE D THR O U G HO U T :

*
I .
W as an, n . bl oo d
*
2.
m ds an, n. f ace m i sg/ a, n .

*
3 .
W ud an, 11 . wat er m u d ak a, n .

oot h ; !d an t a , m

4 . d a t, m t . A cc P1 . . d a t a II ; a? .

No a ccent o n V i bh ak t i .
( Pan v i . . I,
 96 D E CLE N SION . 215

*
5 .
M d o s h a n, ( m .
)n . ar m ;
m do s , m . n .

6 .
W n as , f no. se ; A cc Pl al l :
. . nas d ; nrfnan f .

t e nnis f n i gh t ; f an: f asn mm

7 .
, . A cc . Pl . ni sa z ; l ,

8 p a d,
g. In . f oot ; A c c P1 . .
'
1 3 p
: a d all ; UTE p ad a , m .

t, f ar m


Lo c PI r i t su ; p n t and, f

'

9 .
p n .
y . .
3 7
3 p .

10 . F i mdz s , n . m eat I ;

mas , m m o nt h [I m R IF mds a , m

II . . : mas a lz ; .

*
12 .
W y a ka n, n . li ver l ; W a k
y ri t, n o

*
13 .
W yd s ka n,
In .
p e a -s o p u
13 d h a, m
*
I4 .
W

s a kan, n . o r d ur e n .

I 5 .

3 s a w, n . r id
g e
a
Fl s dna , n .

W W hdaya

1 6. d G en S i ng 33 l
'

g kya

,
n . . . : e l ; ,
n .

H ence in

N o . I . N V A S i ng i s
. . .

m o nl y ; . a sgi k

Pl ur .

A D l i m } m y: o l y ; m y" asj d o r w
N V . . .

y ua s n I S ing
. . as nd .

N V . . Pl i W urj i o nl y ;
. s as I D . u.
m asg bhydm o r m as abhydn

N o .
4 . N . A V Si ng
. . . am, a, only; A . Pl ur .
m dantdn or as : da t ab .

N V A
. . . D u al is i } d1
a nt a u o nl
y; o
b ut I S ing
. . da nt ena or {at d a ta .

N V . . Pl ur . is m : d a ntdll o nl
y; I D .
mw i
u al
d o nt a hyam or
gw i d a dbhydo

No . 11 . N . A V S i ng
. . . is m , A P l ur W
. mds dn o r ms : mas alt
. .

N V A
. . . D ual i s an d mds au onl y ; I Si ng mir e mds ena o r m
. . mds d .

N V . . Pl ur . is mm: mas alz o nl

y; I D u nl mmwf mds dbhy am o r mwi mabhyo
.
'

No N A V S i ng i s i mf f ys h al na m , nl y ; o A Pl ur m yz ls hd n o r W yds hzt alz

{

. I 3. . . . . . . .

N A V
. . . D u al is
g l
a yds h au o nl
y; I S i ng
. .
ys h ena or yds hz z d .

N V . . Pl ur . is g en:
ya wo . nl
y; I D . u .
W yds hd bhg/ dm or W -s ha bhydn

L S i ng. .
3
1
1 ;/ a mo r E H s h a ni o r
O -
O
f -s hzz

W
i
Gr amm ar i ans diff er on th e e x act m ean i ng o f P ani n s r u l e a nd f o r ms s u ch as

do sha mN m D N o ul d s eem sh ow th i n t h e N o m A cc V o c D th e b
'

, o . u al eu t .
, w to at . . . u al ase

W d o s h an m ay b e u s ed . ( S ee S i ddh .
- K au m vo . l . I pp
. . 10 7, I 3 I , I 4 1 , I 44 .
) By s om e th e

r ul e is r e s t r i ct e d t o th e V eda .

2 . B a ses end i n
g i n V o wel s .

21 5 . B as es e n di n
g i n o wel s m ay b e s u b di vi d e d i nt o t wo c l as s es :
v

I . B as e s e nd i n
g i n an
y vo w el s e x c e t d er i vat i ve 3 a an d i n d
p ,
= .

2 . B as e s e n di n
g i n d e r i va t i ve =3 a an d =31 d .

No a ccent o n V i bh ak t i .
( Pan . v1 .

1 S i ddt au m . vo l 1 a m
I S i d dh .
-Kau m . vo l . I p
. . I41 . T h e S ar as vat i g i ve s all case s o f
w ards I( .

1T Pan . v1 . I , 63 .
98 D E CLE NS ION . 21 9

If b as e s in i ai , o, am e ar e t o h e d ecl i n e d as neu t er s at th e en d o f c o mp o u nd s , t h ey

sh o t nE an d t0 a

to an d n, a nd ar e t h en d ecl i ne d l ik e in and
r e az
3 an to 3 n eu t er s

3 a. Th e m as cul i ne f o r m s, o
h we ver , ar e e q u al l
y all ow ed ( i f t h e b as e i s m as culi ne ) i n all

cas e s e x pt t h N m A V
ce e o . cc . o c. S i ng . D u al an d Pl ur al . H ence Ins tr S i ng . . n eu t .
W
s ur i nd or
W ! w ag/ a b t o s ; u nl
y W s ununa

.

2 19 . Eh dg o , f em h eave n, i s d ecl i ne d l ik e
. T ITg o . It c o in ci d e s i n th e N o m . and V oc .

S i ng w i t h
. fa tten, s k
y b u t d iff er s f r m i t i n al l
, o ot h er c a s es .

SI N G UL R A . D UA L . PL U R A L .

N . dyaub
3 T3? dg dvau

A . E T dg cfm U T: dg tfl

I . I dg civd nTr: dg dbhi
D 21% dg dve ai m dydbhydm
2P
M : aya /13,111.
.

mi d g avdm

g dyos hu

Fo r ms o f dyu whi ch o c cur i n t h e R i g -ve d a :

N A d evam, dydm I di vd ( dz vd, by d ay); D G

L di vt ,

di ve ; d ivdll , ri g/ 61 ;

S i ng . . dg al is . . . . .

N dya z N dydo a

dyavi ; V dy aus

.
(R v . v1 .
51 , P1111 . . oaz; A dyen ; I dyzi bki lz
. . . D ual . .

B ei ng u sed at th e end o f a c om p o nd u dyo f o r ms its n eu t er b as e as

g dyu ; e. g .

Hg p r a dy u, e m inent l y cel e sti al , D u al

W d uni , Pl ur W r a dg nz ( S i dd h K au m

N p r a y .
p .
- .

vo l . I pp. . 1 44, wh il e fr m o W di v t h e n eu t er j
a d e ct i ve was , as we s aw,
s na/ u,
g
h avin g a g oo d D
s k y, u al su di vi , Pl u r .
W s udvi
'

( C o l eb r . pp . 6 7,
g p r a d u
g ,
as a neu t er , ca nn ot t k a e th e Opt i o n al m as cu l in e cas es ( S i dd h .
- K au m . vo l . I . p .

Not e T h er e ar e no r eal no n u s e n d i ng in E e, th o u h
g g r am mar i an s i m a g i ne s u ch w or d s

as e l l , th e s u n, u dy ad e l , l t h e r i s ing su n N o m. D u al m ? 1 ud
g ad ayau, N o m . Pl ur .

3 m : ud
y a d ay a t . l

B ases in i i and 5!d

'

I . Mon o syl l a bi c B as e si n i i and 3 59 , bei ng b t h o Mas cu l i ne and Femi ni ne .

(A ) . B y t h e m s el ves

M o no syll ab i c b
x l ik E dhi t h ink in g o b o
d er i ve d fr m wi t h u t any s uf
'
2 20 . as es , ver s , e , ,

5 3 k i b yi g 71 1 2 t t i ng t k th m t m in t i o on o nt l b Th y
'

r , u n , 1 2 ,
cu , a e e sa e er a ns as c s na a as es . e

rem in ah g d b f o t
u nc m i n t i o nan b g i nnieng wi t h oen o n nt b
re t h ng n l
er
{ t n d a s e c s a s, u c a e a
'

$ 2 i nt o { i g nd b o vo w l ( Pan v 4 8 T h i V o ti v i t h m
2
R f a ue , e re e s . . 1. ,
2, e r ca e s e sa e

ast h i No mi n t i v
e r a e.

(B ) . A t th e en d o om p o nd
f c u s .

221 . Th es e m o n o yl l b i b s a c as e s r ar el y o ccur e x pt ce at th e en d o f c omp o unds . H er e

M ik a v 1 . 1, 93 .
 221 . D E CL E N S ION . 99

t h ey m ay eit h e r c h ang e
{ I and 3 11 i nt o {Ri g an d

uv, o r i nt o Rg an d
i n . Th ey
ch ang e it

1 . Int o {R i g and F
i a t) .

a. If t h e r s t m e m b er o f th e c o mp o u nd f o r ms t h e p r e d i cat e o f the o
s e c nd , an d the

s ec n d o m ai nt ai ns i t s n o min al ch ar act er . Th u s W p a r ama ni z ,

l th e b e st l ead er ,

A cc . S i ng . W p ar a mani g am . Her e ni l l i s t r eat ed as a n u n , an d s ee m s o

t o h ave l o t it s s ver bl a ch ar act er .

W dd h a d hi
sa lz , a p ur e t hi n k er , a m an o f p ur e

th o u
g h t , A c c S i ng . .

qz ni suddh ad hi g am ; gm: k d mz u z, a m an o f h ad t h o ug h t ,

A cc S in g . .
W kud h i g a m .
( SAL )
b. If t a nd 3 12ar e p r e ce d e d by two r adi cal i ni t i al c on on s ant s . W j a l akr i lz , a b uyer

o f wat er , m ak es A cc S i ng . . W j al a kr i g am .
W susr i z , l well far ing , A cc . Si ng .

W ( Si d dh K au m I p p on t i

s u s r i g a m. .
- . vo l . . . Th i s i s a m er el y h e c ch ang e,

i nt e n d e d t o f acil i t at ep on n i t i on ( Pan v 4 r u c a . . 1. ,

Int o g n d nd ll ot h i c m t n i wh t h m o no yll b i b ase

2.
( i v a u er a v er c r u s a ces , e er e er e s a c s

i ng m
. .
,

t i n th i v b l h
re a e r t W
er ag dm c l l d
ar a c er f vi l
. l g A S r

a nl t , ea er o a a e, cc . .

g d
r m n g m a
; h 1
3a 13 1 g a m i n t
er et h p d i t f 7 i ) : nr i l

b ta i gso v n od b y en il re ca e o z, u s er e z,

wh i h c t in re a f it s v b l h
s so t W : p d h t hi nk ing i hi g h d g A
ar er a c ar a c er . ra c, n a e r ee, cc .

Si g n p. d l g m ; h ra I ! p m i l p p ao i ti o n b l o n
er e i
g g t d h i w hi sh t a i n re s e n o ,
c re a s

it v b l n t nni l l di g t A Si g W m h d i
s er a a ur e. u
g z ,
ea 3
g n ou , cc . n . u nn a ; er e a s

a p p o it i o n b l ong ing t WI
re s Th o g h i t i p
e d d by t w
o on o n nt n u s r e ce e o c s a s, o e

o l y b l o g t t h oot W 2 ddh d h ( if T t p h o m p o nd ) t hi nking

n e n s o e r . su

a z

a a ur u s a c u ,

p t h i g w o l d f o m t h A S i g W s ddh dhg m d t h b d i t i ng i h d
ur e n s, u r e ce . n . u a a , an us e s u s e

f om
W : s dd / dh lt ( s K m dh a y o m p o nd ) p

r u ta z a a t h i nk ar as a ra a c u ,
a ur e er , or a

B h v i h i om p o d a m n p o
a u r c d f p un t h o gh t ( S i ddh K
, a m v l
s s es s e p o ur e u s .
- au . o . 1 . .

wh i h b ot h h v dd h d hi g m f l id

c a e th i tivsu Th g n a aw hi h or e r accu sa e. e e er a ea c

su gg t d t h d
es e i t i t i o n b t w
e n b s h n nc
g gi n t h i n l i
e f n d 5
ee ? i t h i
as es
n t o c a e r a a
'

1 e er

{R i g n d V
i a w i n t o y n d e
i v ,
m or t h v b t h t t h af o m w t , ts eed s o a e een a e r er er e r ea e

a s r ea l m o no yll b i o t h t m i gh t b
s a d by t h m l v
c n u ns ( t d hi l
a t h i nk ) e u se e se es z, a er , or

f (W :
om p o nd no n d mi t oo W

i n h su c c u s asdhi l a
g d t
u h i nk a ; s o su t
i
,
a er

s dd h d h l
u a p thi k
'
z, a p t h o gh t d ); wh il t h l t t l w y t in d
ur e n er or ur e u e e e a er a a s re a e

som wh t f t h i v b l h t
e a o d o l d th
e r er fo a n t bc d by t h m l v
ar ac er , an c u er e re o e u se e se e s,

b t o nl y t t h
u nd a f o m p o nd p e e d d it h o by c p p o it i o ( W : p d h il
u s, r e ce e e er a re s n ra l,

p v
roi d ) b e ns
y n o n w
or h i h w g o v n a d b y t h m
u Th n o c n i n w has i h i f n d er e e . e u s c a

5 2 t nd ft tw d i l o n o n nt f o m n x p t i o t t h i g n l l wh i h
'

1 s a a er o ra ca c s a s r a e ce n o s e er a r u e, c

e x p t i o n d m i t h o w v f p h o t i x pl t i o n
ce a s, e er ,
o th t th a o ly l ne c e an a so a e n r ea

e x pt i o w o l d b i n t h
ce n u f t in o m p o e d n di n g i n bh i
e cas e o Th ) t
1
cer a c un s e i . us

b om bh v b f o vow l wh th it b v b l
ec es u e re n om i l e s, ( P v 4 e er e er a or na . n . 1 .
,

v g mbhul l f x i ti g A Si g v g mbh v m ( St I 6 6
'

E x . s a a z , se -e s n , cc . n . s a a u a . a
r . .
,
1 .

S i d dh K m v l p N t h ow v i n ai m: v habhdl f o g A

.
- au . o . I . . o ,
S i ng e er , ar s l, r ,
cc . .

Ha v kabhv m ( Pan v 4 d i n om ot h om p o nd

ar s a . I .
, h 3R 1 :
an s e er c u s, su c as

k bhul
ar a ahw z ka bhl n i l
i t or p b h d l ra b o n a
g l r
z, : d ia b h ,i l t h n d una r l , r e- r ,
n z z, u er

b ol t ( Pa v 4 84 va t )
. n . 1 .
, ,
r .

W 3 sud h i lz i s n ever t o b e t r eat e d as a ver b al com p o und , bu t al wa

y f s om r s A c c S i ng . .

W su d ki g a m , &c .
,
as i f i t w er e a K ar m a dh ara
y a c om p o und .
( Pan . V I .
4,

0 2
1 00 D E CLE NSION . 222 .

2. P o l ysy l l abi c B a s es in {i a nd 3 5 fl .

22 2 . P ol ysyll ab i c b as es in 6 a nd 3 3d b ei n g b ot h m as cul i ne and f em inine, s u ch as

m: p ap z pr ot ect or , ,
the s u n, W : g ag z , r o a d, a n d l d ancer
nr i t z i t , , ar e d ecli ne d
t h e ver b al c omp o und s IN ): p r a d ht an d
3 1
3 1
1 : vr i ks h a l ulz,
'
e x pt th
ce at

1 . o m th
t h ey f r e A cc S in g i n
. .
E m an d

2 . th y f o m th
e r e A cc . Pl ur . in { Ki n an d
m an .

R em em b er a s l o th t t h o
, a se in i f f o m th
r e Lo c S i ng i n
. .
5, no t in l g i .

W W I): vat ap r amt

,
an t el op e, m ay b e d e cli ne d l i k I: p e a
p k
i bu t if d er ive d by f all
Icvzp , i t m ay o o b n
In : p r a d h a ( Si d dh K Th e sam e
'

ent i r el f ll w t h e ver al - au m vo l 1 p
y . . . . .

appl i es to o
n un s li k e :
'

r s u ti z , l w i sh i ng f o r a so n ;
w : s u khi z , l

w i s h i ng f o r pl e as ur e .

o o
Th ey f ll w t h e ver b al m: p r a d h z l
'
th r o u gh o ut , b u t t h ey h ave t h e i r G en . an d A bl Si ng
. .

in 3 : l
a l ; s u tg u t l ( S i d dh .
- Kau m . vo l 1 p
. . . If t h e n al l o ng i f is p r e ce d e d by
t wo o o
c ns nant s , it i s ch an g e d b foe re v ow el s i nt o { g a Ex . sus hki lz , l f
l
&c .
1 02 D E CLE NS ION . 222

5
4
A e w
D a
G a w
Z s
H
a
e

$
. 8
m
.

3 s e :
5 8
a 3 e
S
9 .
d
8 8
N
a

q
b G S
- w S u 0
a Q a
5 z s S S w
n
m a
u

8w S .
m
"
o
/u

E
3
8
o
n
e
a
.

u
n
m
w
.

a
s
5 :
m
a
3
9
S G
S u
3 Q a
m
: m a
n
a

m
.

:
B S
a
S

E
e

E
Q
3
z
m

w
a
6 s
9 .

38 \
0 3 m
9
8 w
a e
8 s w
.
Q a

.

3 8
6 E c S A
.

e
4
.

s a
.
4 a
9 5 5
S
4
<
s
8
o d 5 S
S D
s
a g &
D
i
n s
E Q e e q

s E n
o
.e m
o
q S N m g
n a
6 m
a
8v
.

E
% o
w m
2 s
5 B
E
.

Me ME El li is t;
a:
e s t at e
C5
1 ll a 3
' '

36 5

z <
4
A i> > A 2 2 1-
n
 2 24 . D E CL E NS ION . 1 03

2 23 . A l l t h es e c o mp o u nds m ay b e u s ed wi t h o ut an
y g ch a n e, wh et h er t h ey r e fe r to

o
n u ns i n t h e m as cul i ne or i n t h e f e mi ni ne g en d er If t h e h ea d - bo o r u
g h or th e s w ee p er

m
.

s ho ul d be o f t h e f em al e s ex , th e D at . S i ng w . o ul d s t i ll be g r dma ng e s tr i g a i ,

a W Ich a l ap ve s t r i g ai ( K asik a I .
4, o
S m et i m es , h we ve r , i f t h e m eani ng o o f a

c omp o u nd is s u ch t h at i t m ay by i t s el f b e a ppli d t e o a o
w ma n as we ll as to a m an, e .
g .

t r a d hi h, t h i nk i ng , s om e gr a mm ar i an s ll o w
a s u ch c om p o u nd s t o h e d ecli ne d i n t h e

f e m i ni ne, l i k e H a z l a ks h mi h, e x ptce in th e A ce . S i ng . an d Pl u r .
, wh e re t h ey t ak e a ?
am

m M w t: p r a d h i h ( S i d d h K m

an d V : a h p r a d hya m, p r adh
g a h,
no t p r a d hi m o r .
- au .

vo l . I .
p . A s i m il ar ar g u m e nt is a p pli e d to F i t p una r bhdh, if i t m ea ns a wo m n a

m ar r i e d a s ec n d o t im e . It m ay t h e n f o r m its Vo c at i ve h e p unar bhu ( d dh

S i . K m
-
au .

vo l . Ip . . and t ak e t h e ve f ul l er f emi ni ne t er mi na t i o ns

MA s c . A N D FE M . FE M . ON LY .

SI N UL R
G A . SI N UL R G A .

W 2p r a dhi h

A . Hu i p r a d hg am
I . nu np r a d hgd
D . HQ p r ad hg e or

Ab . m p r a dhg a h or nun: p r ad hg dh
G . m : p r a d hg ah or W p ra d hg dh

L . W p r a dhg i or M p r a dhg dm
V . or p r udki
FF

U AL D . D UA L .

N . A V . . uu p m d hya u WE B p r ad hg au
I D Ab
. . . W p ad hi bhgdm r N ar i p r a dhi bhg cim
G . L . Huh: p r adhg o h R u ff: p r a dhg o h

P L U RAL . P L U RAL .

N . W : p r a d hg ah W : p r a d hg ah

W : p r a d hg ah

w i fe : p r a d htbhih
W W: p ra d hi bhg ah

G . N ul l p r ad hg d m or mi ni p r a d hi ndm

L .
m p r a d hi s h u mi ls p r adhi s hu

I . M o no syl l a bi c B a s es in i i a nd 3 1 3, bei ng Femi ni ne o nl y .

2 24 . B as e s li ke i f? d h i , i nt el l ect , z a t, h app in e s s, gr h r i ,
sh a me ,
t bh i , fe ar , an d ti bhmi , br ow ,
m ay b e d ecli n e d t h r o u gh o u t e x ac t l y li ke
th e m no o syl l abi c b as e s i n i t an d 3 22 , su ch as a c u tt er . Th eir onl y
p eculi ar i t y c o ns i s t s i n t h ei r ad m i tt i ng a num b er o f op t i o n al f or m s in t h e
D at A bl G . . en . an d L o c S i ng
. . an d G en . Pl u r . Th e s e m ay b e call e d th e ve

f ul l er f emi ni ne t er mi na ti o ns i n b a i m : ah , ,
an: ah, vi ai m, an d Hi nam .
1 04 D E CL E NSION . .
2 25

t h o u gh t .

SI N G UI A R . . SI N UL R
G A .

A fi n} d h i ya m

. bh z i va m
I . am d h i g ci g m bh uvcl

as: d h i g funa h i g a i s a

D b uva i

.
g bh a ve 5 h
rm: d h i yll ll
/

A b fun: d h i yal h
.
3 a : bh u vd h
g en: bhuvd h
G . n : d h i g dh l m: d hi g t g ar: bh uvci h g ar : bh uvt ih


L . f ufu d h i g i wi d h i g dm g fa bh a vi g ai bh uvam
'

V . xi i : diz tzt
UA D L .

N A V em) d h i y a n

. . .

I D A b \fm d o ti ng/ aim

. . .

fun) : dh i g o h

G L . .

PL U R A L .

N . n : dh ig a h
A . fun: d h i g a h I
sa: bh l i va h

I W d h i bh i h if t h ebh z h

. r e:

D Ab . . W d h i bh g ci h bh d bh gdh
n

G . fuui d h i yam g al l s t o e

L . a g e/25911 22 .

2 . P o lys yl l a bi c B a ses in i a nd

ai , bei ng F emi ni ne o nl y .

T e s e b as e s o
2 25 .
() h 1 al w a
y s t ake t h e f u l l f em i ni n e t er m i n at i n s .

( ) Th c h an g e t h ei r n al Q

i an d S i tl int o an d
i b efor e t er m i n at i n s o
1 v

2 e
y g
b egi nni ng w it h v o wel s .

( 3) Th e
y t ak e
1
3 m an d {{s as t h e t er m i n at i n s o o f t h e A cc Si ng . . an d Pl u r al .

(4) Th e
y or t en t h eir nal t an d 3 5 i i in t h e Vo cati ve Si ng ul ar
sh .

(5 ) R e m e m b er t h at m o s t n o u n s i n h a ve n o I n t h e N o m Si n
g w hil e . .
,

t h o s e i n 3 21 h ave i t .

Not S o m n o n i n i t t k U i n th N m S ing W
e e u s th n t d i i ng ( pp li d a e s e o . . au , o es r a e

t wo m n ); m : l k hmi h g o d d
o e f p o p it y ; HUI t i h b o t ;
a s t nt i h l t es s o r s er ur a a r u e.

m
, , ,

V m m i li
er su s
W e W W
or a W
s : EI f ai rs } 1
'
1

W ( S ti r p . . 1 8 a .
)
B as e na d i an d E q ual l y . B ase Hi va d h li an d En
g va d h v .

SI N UL R
G A . SI N G UL A R .

FEM . FEM .

N . Ha)
l
na di 3I L
: va d h z lh
-

na d i va d h dl m
A .
- m
,
A . H i
I .
Wan na tty -
d I . t rai n va d h v- c i

106 D E CL E N SION . 2 26

e x cl u di n g t h e f ull er t er m i n at i o ns ( 3 ai ,
N i d m Wi ndm),
f o r t h e m as cul i n e , or th e

sim pl e t er m i nat i on s ( E e, 3 all , 3

3 :
l
a l,
{ 5,
=5 ? a
i m) f o r t h e f em i ni ne . Th e s am e a p pli es to

the c om p o und
W : s u d hi z l ,
wh en u s ed as a su b s t a nt ive, g oo d i nt ll
e t ec .

If t h e s am e c omp o u n d s ar e u s e d a s neu t er s , t h ey s h o t n t h n l i
r e e a f or 3 12 o f t h eir

b as e, an d ar e d e cl i ne d l i k e vdr i an d
g mgi du, wi t h t hi s d iff er e nc e , h weve r , t h at i n

o
t h e In st D . at . A bl G . en . Lo c S i ng . . D u al an d P l u r al t h ey m ay o o
pt i nall y t ak e t h e m as cu l i ne
f o r ms .

Masc . a nd F ern .

go o d -t h o u gh t e d .

SI N UL R G A . SIN G UL A R . SI N UL R
G A .

W s u d hi

: s ud h z l g i

fmi s u dl n
'

y a

f m s u d /z i y d f s u d h z nd
'

g u
'
or e? "

g s u d h i ya i

g m s u dh i
y a z l or
gm : s ud h i na z l
or
gm : s u d h i na s l
W s ud h i y dm

gt s u d /1 i or

DU L A . DU L A . DU L A .

m

A V . .

g f s u d h i ya u

I D Ab s u dh z bh ydm
'

. . . or

or
m s u d h i no c l
PL U R A L . PL U R A L .

N . V . su d h i ya c l

I s ud h i bh i z l n s u d h i bh i b
. or
g r

D .
{m u n s u dh bh
'

ya a l 0r
g m : s u d h i bh y a z l
Ab W s udh i bh y a

b m s u dh i bh ya lz

. or
g b

s u d l z nd m
'

or

or 1353 5 s udh i s h u

I c an nd n o au t h o i ty by wh i
r ch t h e s e f ul l er t er m i nat i on s ar e e x cl u d e d In

m
.

) t h r o u g h out

ba husr ey asf, t h e f em in i ne . f r ey asi r et ai n s i t s f em i ni n e ch ar a ct e r ( n a d i tva

( Si d dh .
- K au m . vo l . I . p . 1 16 )3 an d th e s am e i s d i st i n ct l y m ai nt ai n e d f o r t h e om po c u nd

W W W /Ill , po s s es s e d o f di st i n u i sh ed i n t el l e ct , if u s e d
g as a m as cul i n e ( S i d dh K .
- au m .

vo l . I. p .
 227 . D E CLE NS ION . 107

O p t i o na l
Mm . an d Fe m . O p ti o nal fu l l er fo r ms .

gfgf
' e x cep t

w i t h beaut i f ul b r o w s .

SI N UL R
G A . SI N UL R G A . S IN G U LA n .

N s u bh r dlz s u bh r u
g

.

A s u bh r u va m s u bh r n
.

g
I W s ubh r u vd s u bh r und
. o r 1
3n
D .
g? s ubh r uve
g? s ub/z r uva i or
w s u bh r u ne

Ab .

W s u bh r u va z l gm t s u bh m wd lz or
W s u bh r u n a z l
G .
Eg
r et : s u bh r uva z l m h r uvdh or
m
1m: s u bh r una lz

L .

ggr s u bh r u vi
W s ubh m vdm

or s u bl m mi
V .
g s s u bh r zi lz
g s u bh m o r O
bh r a -

DU L A .
DU L A . DU L A .

N A V . . .
gg s u bh m vau

c
g s u bh r uni

I D Ab s u bkr zl bh ydm s u bh r u bh
or
yd m
. . .

G L . . s u bl i mi na : l or s u bl i mi na l;
PL U R A L .
PL U R A L . PL U R A L .

N V
W 2 s u b/t r a vai l:
5q s u bh r z i ni

. .

A .
gf i t: s u bh r uva li
gi ft !s u bh r zi ni

I .
gir n: s u bh r zi bh i z l or s u bh r u bh i z l
D .
@
13
1 1: s u bhr d bh ya lz or
5n

s ubhr u bh y a i l
Ab .
W : s u bh r z i bh y a i l o r
w : s u bh r u bhy a lz

G .
gg i s u bh r uvdm
g u
g s ubh r d nd m o r s u bh r nd m
ns h u
m

L . ( Eg
g s u bh r or s u bh r us h u

C o mp o unds en di ng i n P o l ys yl l abi c Femi ni ne B in i i d 3 {

'

a s es an 1 .

22 7 Fem i n i n e
. o
n u ns l ik e 3 31 na di

an d Wi c h amd m ay f om r t h e l as t p o ti on
r o f co m
p o un d s W
"

ar e u s e d i n t h e m as cu l i n e g en d er ? ba hus r ey as i m a n wh o

w h i ch . Th u s , a

h as m any au s p i ci ou s qu ali t i es ( Si d dh K au m .
- . vo l . 1 . pp . I I 6, an d
W a ti c h a mz i , o ne

wh o i s b ett er t h an an ar m y ( S i dd h .
- K au m . vo l . I . p . ar e d ecl i ne d in t h e m as culi ne an d

f e m i n in e

SI N G UL R A . D UA L . P LU R A L .

a
ga ? in ba huf r eyas i
W ba hu myasy au

ba hus r eyas yalz

W ba h usr ey as i n

@
ba hus r eyas i m

A ba hus r e
3
'

. 5 a
y ys a u

W ba husr eyasi bhydm

W t ba hus r eyas fbh

I 1 18 " ba hu s r eyasyd

m
.

D . ba husr ey asy ai
W ba husr ey asi bhy dm a h usr ey a s i bhya z l
EW
bah u sr eyas y d
W ba husr eyas hy dm
W W bahusr eg/ as i bhy alz

G .
g W .

ba hus r ey asydla
ba hus r ey asyo li ba hus r eyas i nd m

L ba h us r eyas ydm
W
W ba h ua ey asa hu
'
. : bah us r ey as yo z l
a ! W
x
V . E
g n ba hu s r ey as i

ba kus r ey asy au H
EW : ba h
us r e y a sy a z l

Fr mo N l a ks h mi , t h e N o m S in g w
. . o ul d be W W a t i l a ks h m .

P 2
108 D E C LE NSION . 228

SI N GUL R A . DU A L. P LU R A L .

N .
f
i W a ti ch a mvau W 2 a ti c h amvali

A .
W a t i c h a mm W a t i c h amva u
E a t i c ka mn

I W a t i c lz amv d W a ti c h amd bhy dm W 3 a t i c ka mi i bhi li

D W . a t i c h a mvai
W a t i c h ambhy dm m ay : a ti c h a mi i bhy a

A s sa m : a t i c h amvd 1
2
W a t i c h a md bh
y dm
W m: a t i c h am nbky alz
G W : a t i c h a mvdh W 3 a t i c h amvo li
W a t i c h a mz i ndm

L a t i ch a mvdm

W : a ti c h amvo h a t i c h amz i s h u

m
.

V . a t i c h a mu W a t i c h a mva u W a t c h amvah
i *

No u ns l ik e kumdr i , a m a n wh o b eh a ve s li k e a gi r l , ar e d e cl i n e d l i ke 3
%
ba hu s r eyasi ,

e x pt ce i n th e A ce S i ng and Pl u r wh er e t h ey f o rm kumdr yam an d

m
. .
.
,

: kumdr y alz .
( S i d dh .
- K au m . vo l . 1 . pp . 1 1 8,

2 28 .
a ? s tr i , w o m an , i s d e cli n e d lik e na d i , onl y t h at t h e ac cu m u l a

ti n o o f fo u r c o n s o n an t s is av o i d ed by t h e re
g u l ar i n s er t i o n o f an a i
: , e .
g .

aw s tr i y d, an d no t E m s t r yd . R e m e m b er al s o two op t i o n al f or m s in t h e
A c c Si ng . . an d Pl u r .

B as e {at s i r i
SI N GU L R A
an d

.
m s tr iy .
( A cc e nt , Pan

DU L A .
vr . I,

P L U RA L .

N .
a} s tr i N A V . . .
'

s tr i y au N . fa t s s tr iya z l
A . s tr im o r fa i l s tr i yam I D A b ( ai m? s i r i n g/ i
. . . n A .
W i an: : s tr i h or

s tmy a i l
G L an}: I ( aim: t i bh l

. . s tr i yd . s r z z

tam : t mbhy

D Ab

. . s a

a m: s wig/ ( 212

Ab G . . P G .

L W I s t iydm
. r L .

m s tr i s h zi

V a s tm ( Pan I
.

. .
4, 4 )

2 29 . W h en {El s tr i f o r ms t h e l as t p o t i o f o m p o un d
r n o a c , a nd h as t o b e t r eat e d as a

m as cul i ne, f e mi ni n e , an d n eu t er , th e f ol l o win g f o m o r s c cu r

S N UL R I G A .

M C A S . FE M . N E UT .

N . Wlai a ti s t

rih W a: ti s t i l
- a r z

W Wfa a t i t i m o
.

a ti s t r i m o r s r r
A w a a ti s tr i
wra ti tr i yam
.

a ti s t r i ya m a s

I .
W m a t i s t r i nd
W a ti s t r i y ci wr am a t i s t r i nd

W a t i s tr i y ai o r W a t i s t mne o r

D .
W a t i s t r ay e
W W?!a ti s t r ay e W a t i s t r ay e

3 a t i s tr i ycili or a fa am: a ti s t l
r i na z o r

Ab G l :
W
m

a ti s tr e i l
Z
. .

: at i s tr e z

ma t i s tr i ni

s rfafyaf
W
or
L W
W
a ti s tr au

W
.

a t i s t r au a t i s tr an
'

i m
'

V Hf

F
o

a ti s t r e

.
"H a ti s t r e a t i s tr e

s ai d % N D

Th e is t o be N A V A V u al
3
'
S i ng ba hus r ey as i ,

n e u t er . . . . 3 . . .

No A V Pl ur
W
'
ba husr eyas i nt ,
- o bah usr eyas i ni , D at . S i ng . or

Wil e!bahus r eyasya i -s

y e 9
.
) o r -s i ne, &c .
1 10 D E CL E NSION . 2 30

B as e s in : i . B as e s in 3 a .

SI N GUL R A .

M C
A S . FE M . N U E T . MA sc . FEM . N U
E T .

"fa
B as e 3
'

kavz ,

po et ma f i , t h

o u
gh t mi n wat er ,
mr i da ,

s of t myi du,


s of t mn du , s of t
al fa : nf a: EIT t F : ' 2 :
1;
N o
'
g 3
kdvi -
I
i ma ti [z -
vdr i mr i di i -
[ z mgi dzi -Ii

mri dz i

tc f ni g
-
an
A
d mgi d z Z

ki wi -m ma t i m -
n ri -

m myi d u
'

1 f
i
'

myz du -n mn d u -nd
I A I I
kam -n
o

mal ty-d
o

ve n -
nu
'

HHma t dy -e
or
ag
01
D
Icavay -e

ma ty -a i
i
m r i -ne my i d av-e

t ma t eg/z

or m : T:
E

made
z; or
W mr i d i i -nali or

ma de

-J


[cave-[z t at
y d
- var i -na i l 1e I
ran mri dv ZZ
qal : mad e 1
e -

L
35 % lW an a t
o
i ai i o r
38
WRITmal ty -aim
.

kavan mr i da u

%

31 al l t vd r i o r
V
kci ve mat e

vt rf myi do

D UA L
N A V
"i t
W
J del
. . .

kavi ma t i
D Ti

- li
Z i nf i

saf c mi M W m W

I D Ab
3T g
kavi
bhydm ma ti ds -t hydm made m
. . .

bhydm e t he mn du -bhydm m ann ed".

G L
an} : I nc : h mf m: E? I
123:
W !
myi d i Zn
-

h wy mal ty s i r e e0 1. - mri dv-dlz myid v-dli ai r: mri dv-dle

P LU R A L
mm
.

a s ge ar:
a n
myi dzi -ni
/
h andy- ale

ma t dy- a vdr i -ni mr i ddv-ali mr i da v-ali

A
wit "a
s a s

mgi d zf-n

kavi
.

n ma t i I vdr i ni i

- i -
t

I .

E
Icavi
bhi ma ti - bhi li vd r i - bhi mri di Z
-b i
h lz mri d z i -bh i li mri dzi -bh i lz

D Ab
i nrm: nm : 2 mi n : I naz :
g
kavi

bhyalz ma t i
. .

bhyak vdr i -bhya z l mn dz i -bkyali mnd zZ y l

-bh a i

kavi -ncim ma ti mri di i -nJ Mm

r
l nam vdr i -nd m m i nf i el d -
'

L .
" m5 E3 as KS I
kavi -s hu ma t i - s hu ndr i -s ku mr i dii -s hu mgi dzi -s hu

mri dz Z
-
s hu

Th e Gu n a i n t h e V o c . S ing . o f n eu t er s in i i, 3 n, $ 12 3 is a p p ov r ed by Madh yan din i

V yag h r ap ad , o o vas m ay b e s e en o
f r m t h e f ll wi n g er s e : W
ai m w l mxzf f s gi t fa n3 % ag m nei af cs m
-

1 No n ndi g i n h o t i i i wr o

i d H d h i t h e accent o n t h e se v w el s ,
'

u s e n v n s r n, an n
g , ,
a, a a

m y t h ow t h nt n Wi dm i n t h G n Pl H en ce ma ti ncfm,
a r e
( Pa v acc e

o n e e . ur . n . 1 . 1, or,

mo ll y m t i dm
r e u su a ,
a n .

I Th l i n f p t i o pl d i t h t n i b d p di gm
e es o se ar a n a ce n e ra s cr e ar a s ar e no t i nt e n d e d t o divi d e
 2 32 . D E CL E NS ION . 111

231 .
ES PN ka t i , h o w ma ny, W ya t i , as m a ny an d i f? t at i , so m any, ar e us e d

in th e Pl ur al o nl y , an d t ak e no t er m i nati ns i n t h e N o o m . a nd A cc . Pl ur al . Fo r t h e r es t ,

t h ey ar e d ecli ne d l i ke i f? kavi , an d w it h o ut di s t i nct i on o f g e nd e r .

N o m V . oc . I f ?!c ti

A cc . arts kdt i

wfal : ka ti bhilz

Ins t r .

D at . wm : kdti bhyali
A bl . asm : kdt ibhyalz

G en . m kd ndm

Lo c wr g ka ti s hu

232 . W ed /ch i , fr i e n d , h a s t wo b as es :

m s d/ch dy fo r t h e A ng a , i e t h e s t r o ng . . b as e .

s ci /chi f o r t h e Pa d a a n d B h a b a se .

It i s i r r egul ar i n om e s o f its ca s e s .

SI NGU L R A . DU L A . P LU R A L .

W s ci khdya u

m ed/ch i n

I R a n s a khyd a fa mi nfa z : s dkhi bhi lz

. s a khi bhyd m

D ma} .

s a kky e s ta nd

s a kh i bhyd m m
s a khi bhy a . z
Ab . mag: s f
gkhy ulz s te a l i kh i bh
sc
y dm Fa n : s dkhi bhya h

G neg: R aft:

. s a khyu i l s dkhy o z l
L D: E f s dkhi s hu

s akhyau
g

. FE s a kh
y o a l
V 3% li k e N o m

. s aklz e l ike N o m . .

T h e f e m i ni ne uni s ex/ch i is re
g u l ar ,
li ke g? na d i .

A t th e en d o f c o mp o und s , w e n d 8 fl ? s a khi , m as c d ecl i ne d

. as o o
f ll w s :

B as e
W s us a khi , a g oo d f r i end , masc .

SI N G UL A R . DU L A . P LU RA L .

N W s us a khd
W s u s a kh dyau W s us a kh y ah

m
.

s us a khdy a m su s a kh i n

A . s us a khdya u

I .
W s us a kh i nd
gaf a w i s us a khibhyd m
g af a r: m a kh i b /z i z l
D .
W s us a k/z aye
g a m i s u s a khi bhydm 15 W : s us a kh ibhya z l
Ab .
g m} : s us alch e i l g a f sm i s us a kh i bhyd m
g m : s us a khi bhya l l

W W sus a kh t ndm
'

G . : s us akh e z l : s us a khy o z l
L .
g m ? s us a kh au
W 3 s us a khy o lz W 3 s us a kh is hu

v .
g m} s us akh e
am d i s us a khdyau
31m m: s us a khdya z l
A t th e end o f a neu t er c o mp o u nd F EE s a khi i s d e cli ne d l i k e HTfI vd r i

t h e r e al t er m i nat i n s fr m t h e r e al a s e , b u o o i b h b t f t h e se
o
t n l y t o f a cili t at e t h e l e ar n g y
n e a r o

n uns o o
Mas culi ne n uns i n sh r t 3 a ar e Tabhd nu, s u n, i in mfg/ u, w i n d ,
. o v i s h z ,w 11 0 m '

W
pl
op p i l u, as m as c , i s t h e nam e o f a t r ee ; as neu t er , t h e nam e o
. .
f i t s f r u i t ( s e t 1 8,
I . .

Fe m i ni n e n u n s i n sh r t 3 a ar e P o 1 : d h enu i , c o w ( o
t r aj i l , p , W 1 m u l l b O d Y l o 3
u z r e :
3 ,
S i d dh .
-
K au m . vo l . I . p . 1 12 .
 1 12 D E CL E NSION . 23
3

2 33 . Wil l p a ti , l o r d , i s i r r egu l ar :

SI N G UL R A . DU L A . P LU R A L .

N W . : p ait i li N . A V . .
I l f a t i
p
o
N m p dt ayali
.

nf p a nm nm i p a ti bhyam W
'
A I D Ab A d
'
. . . . .
p t i n

I . w p a tyd

G L wail : p dtyo li
. . I . urn p a ti bh i lz

D . at
p y s D . Ab . l m: p dti bhy al i

Ab G W : p dty li G WW a t i nam

. . u .
p
L p dty au
. L . WW3 p ati s ka
V V B p ate . V mm: p dt . ay a i l

Wr p a t i at th e en d o f c om p ou nd s , e .
g .
ut bh dp a t i l o r d , o f th e e ar t h ,

m uf p r aj dp a ti , l or d o f cr ea t u r e s , is re
gu l ar ,
l i ke 3 1% ka vi . Th e f e m i ni n e
o f t rrp a t i i s waft p a tni , w i fe , i e l egi t i m at e W ife , . . sh e wh o t ak es p ar t i n t h e

s acr i c e s o f h e r h u s b an d ( P all 1v 1 ,
3 . . .

2 34 . Th e neu t er b ase s m a ks lz i , e e
y , m as t hi , b on e, 3f u d a d h i ,
cu r ds , W s a kt hi ,

t h i gh , ar e d ecl i n e d r e gu l ar l y li k e m var i ; bu t i n t h e B h a c as e s t h ey su b s t it ut e th e b as e s

m a ks hn,
W a s t h n,
d a d /i n, m s a kt hn . In t h e s e c as e s t h ey ar e d e cli ne d , i n f ac t , l i k e
n eu t er s in M n a ,
s u ch as
m a dma n .
( S e e n ot e to

A li ga an d Pa d a b as e W a ks lz i , B ha b as e
W a ks hn.

SI N G UL R A . DU L A .

N A . .
m aks hi N A V . . .
W dks ki ni

I .
m a ks hz u i I D Ab . . .
m ut t ci ks hi bhyam ma
1 . r: dks hibhi li

D W G L W Ab m

aks hibhy a z l

. a ks hne . . a ks hnai l D . .

G wa s a lcs hnd m
.

L .
m a ks hnz a n d

war m k hdni a s L . ag dks his hu

V . W a ks ke ( o r

W aks h i )

B a s es i n w ri , Ma s cu li ne ,
F emi ni ne , N eu t er .

2 35 . Th e s e b as es ar e d ecli ne d afte r t w o m d el s o :

SI N GU L R A .

I . MA sc . FE M . N U
E T.

B as e HE nap tgi , g r an d s

on E TI s vds ri , s i s t er H171 dhd t, p o vi d
r en c e

N . W nap

td E F T svas d

A . naip t dr -um s as ar -um

WE w W d lui t r ci

T ncip t r
'

n

I .
- a E F T s vas r d -
a d h at na o r
-

D Hi a s vdsr HIad h dt r

d h dtr i -as
'
. nap t r -e
E -e
or

WE: s vds u z
W W

Ab G l
'

l : d hatyi -nali : d h atuli

'
nap tu z g

. . or

L t n p t
. a

ar -i s

as ar -i

V I d lui tz i

V . W nap t a i

l E U: s va s a z

l (r ) E

or W : d hdt a( r )

If E
Qr i h a
'

s U d att a an d b om ec es
r an d is p r e ce d ed by a c o o ns n ant , t h e f e m i nin e

an d j
t h e A ad i A s ar van am as t h an a cas e s h ave t h e U d att a .
1 14 D E CL E NSION . 2 37

SI N G UL A R . DU L A . PL U R A L .

2 s
a 8 3
.
z p 4 . ?z O N . a m : k mm z r os z

m kr o s hz r e
D Ab

g} : o li
kr o s hg g} : kr o s h yvo lz
Ab . G . GL G kr o s hgd ndm
asrg: kr o s h gr
. . .

kr o s hyuli o i l
g
m
kr o s h t au
L
kr o s h t ar i
L kr o s h yus hu

Th e
x pt ing t h
b as e
m
Vo cat i ve
kr o s h i i s t h e o nl y
airs : h e kr o s h talz i s , I
o ne a d m i s si bl e
b el i eve,
as A ng a, i
o
. e .

a d m i tt e
in th e ong
s tr

d by W i l o n )
cas es ,

e ce e wr n
gl y s

m
. .

Th b e as e kr o s h yu i s th e o nl y o ne a d m i ss i bl e as Pad a , i . e. b fo e re t er m i n t i o n b gin
a s e

n in g wi t h c o o
ns nant s .

Th e o th er cases m ay b e f o r m ed o b ot h b
fr m as es , b u t t h e A cc . Pl ur . is W h o sh w nl y
o n .

P
( an . V II . 1, 95
o W m A cc Pl ur ad mit gkr o s hgum as A cc
'
Th s e wh o a d mi t kr o s h n as . . lik ewi se . Si ng .

( Sar . 1 . 6,
Th e f em i nine i s ai mk hm d r oe ,
ecl i n e d li k e we? nad r .

23
7 .
a mi , m an, a w o rd o f fr e q u e nt o cc ur r en ce, th o gh f o
u , or c n veni e nce s ak e , oft en

re pl ace d by R T nar a, i s d ecli n e d r egul ar l y l ik e l uj

i
p ri ,
t e x p t i n th
ce e G en . Pl ur al , wh er e i t
m ay b e ei t h er nd m o r f ill nri ncfm. ( Pan
"

n . V I .
4,

SI N G U LA R . DU L A . PL U RA L .

N . HT nd 3 8 nd r au WC nar a z l
A . 7f t ndr am Ha nd r au nr i n

f

bhydm bhi lz

I 31
'
nz i nrz

nr c

D .
'

3 nr e ( V ed
. na r e

) nr i

bhyifm
3w : nnbhyd

bhyrfm w : nbhyd

Ab : ma
.
a nri
1
1

nae o r m

G M il a n
) i n m a. nt en l nr i ndm ( V e d nar d m )
mi ]: ( V e d
i
'

.
a: .

a
L . ft e en

a} : m ale jg nns

mz
V . mi ll .
7T 3n f a

au 7R 2 ncfr ali

Th e f e ml nl ne i s E TC? ndr i
'

2 . B as es endi ng in s !a and an

3 .

2 38 . Th i s cl as s i s t h e m o st nu m er ou s an d m o s t i m por t ant i n S an s kr i t ,
l i ke t h e c or r es pon d i ng cl a s s es o f n o un s an d a d e c t i ves j in us , a , u m in L a ti n ,

Th e acce nt m ay b e on th e r st o r o n t h e s ec n d o s
yll a l es i b
n th e Pa da cas es b eg i nni ng
wi th
E bb an d li s. ( an
P . V I. 1 ,
 2 39. D E CLE NSION . 1 15

a nd 17 0 V
,
in G r ee k . Th e c as e-t e r m i nat i o ns ar e p ecu l iar , and it i s b e st to
l e ar n a im kdnt a lz , ai m l dntd c , E li lcdntam by h ear t i n t h e s am e m ann e r as

w e l ear n bo nus , bo na , bo num, wi t h o u t as ki n g an

y qu e s ti o ns as to th e o r ig i n
o f the c as e -t er m in at i o ns o r ,
t h eir r el at i n o to t h e te r mi nati o ns a pp ended to
b as es endi ng in c o ns o nant s .

SI N GUL R A .

M SC
A . FE M .

B as ail? kdn t d E ll " kdnt d

e

N ai m kantdlz

.

A .
as i kdntam

I . a mkdntna
D . m kantay a

G . W kdnt ds ya m mung/dz.
L a t? c amui kdntdyam

. nt e

V . minktinta i f? 7 ate

D UA L .

N A V. . . an c d nt az i ariakant e
'
a n} c nt e

I D Ab
. . . W kcintdbhyd m

'
mimmi kdntdbhydm

m kd nt dbhytim
a im: k i

G L . . a in t: kd ntayo lz
'
. min } : kdntay li
o

c ntay o z

PL U R A L .

N V . . a i m: kantdzi
'
mm: kdntdz.

aim kdntdni

A .
m kantdn m
kdnt ani

a i: kdnt az lz im

w kamdbhi

kdnt a a

I .
s a :

A b ai m : kdnt bhyalz ima l :

D . .
an kdnt dbhy az. kdnt ebhy ali

G . ai m kdnt dndm

ian ? kdntdndm
av

Emmi kd ntdndm

L ali a kdnt es hu g kcz nt es hu

'

.
s
e C er t ai n

Not j
a d e ct i ves in
3: a z,l
31 d, 3 a o o
m, wh i ch f l l w t h e an c i e nt p o no m i
r n a]

d ecl ensi on ,
w il l b e e xpl ai ne d i n t h e ch a t er p on Pr o nouns

B as es in m a Mas cu li ne , and Femi ni ne .

2 39 . Th e s e b a s e s ar e d er i ve d i m medi at el y fr om ver b s e nd i n g in m 6, s u ch as mp 6 ,

W T d hmd . Th ey ar e d e cl i ne d i n t h e s am e w ay i n t h e m as cu li n e an d f em i ni ne g en d er . In
t h e n eu t er t h e n al V T6 i s sh ot
r ene d , and t h e w rd d ecl i ne d l io k e kdnt am .

A ng a an d Pa d a b as e i vap
i
c, B ha b a se W o man p
al l - r es er vi ng , ( m as c . an d

f em ) Th e neu t er i s d ecl i n e d l ik e i fl kdnt am

'
a
' '
.

WW
l

B as e s i n W1 ( 1, m ean i ng m t h er , f o o r m t h eir Vo cat i ve in E d eg

. . E ? a kka , 0,

W alla . B ut W a mbd dd, ambdl d, an d ambi kd f o m th

r e r eg u l ar V ocat iv s e

W
0 0 o

W a mbd e, d a mbd l e
'

, ambi ke .

Q 2
116 D E CLE N SION . 2 40

MA S C UL I N E A N D FE MININE .

SI N UL R
G A . D UA L . PLU R L A .

A .

l . i mam
vi svap -d

D .

vi s vap -e W : vivap d-bhy alz

Ab . W
3 vi s vap -ali

G . fawn: vi f vap -a z l

L . fa vata vi vap'

- i m
3 vi s vap -o li

NE UT E R .

W
vi s vap am Fawn i
v s va pe mm vi s vap

dni , & c .

D e cl i n e m s o map d, S m a d r i nk er o ; im m a
: s aiz kh a d h mdlz , s h el l - bl o w er ; W T:
d lz a na dd, weal t h gi ver .

2 40 . Mas c ul i nes i n W 6 , no t b ei n g d er i ve d by a K ri t s uf x f o m v b
r er al r oot s , ar e d e cl i ne d
as o o
f ll w s
B as e E TEI h dhd .

SI NGU A R L .

2
1 1 : h dh d/z 8 h ih
:7 c au mm: M i d/ l z

A .
{E l Iz dhdm ma h h
au m mhd/ d z n

I .
{13 1 h dlz ci

mmwi hd l dbhy i m z c g rmt : m am ] .

D {12 Iz ci h a i 21mm? h a lz dbhydm mam : hdh i bhy h

'
. c a

Ab .
E E
T I : h dh d
z {m ax i h d lz dbby dm mmw: I dl dbhy / z z a z

W T: h dhd Iz d h a ulz mmhdhdm

L .
mig I dh z e 3 hd ka u/z
m Iz d hds u

C H A PTE R IV .

D E CL E N SION OF A DJE C TIV E S .

24 1 . As e ver
y o i S
n un
n a n skr i t m a
y at t h e e n d o f a c o m o u n d fo r m t h e
p , ,

n al p o r t i o n o f ,
a n a dj ec t ive al l t h e e s s e nt i al r u l e s f o r t h e d e c l e n s i o n o f s u c h

c o m o u n d adj e c t i ve s h a d t o b e i ven i n t h e r ec e d i n h a t er T h u s in th e
p g p g c
p .

d e c l e n s i o n o f n e u t er n o u n s i n a s , l i ke

mai na s , m i n d , t h e d e c l e n s i o n o f
m
W s u mdnas , a s a n a d e c t i ve j m a s c fe m . . an d neu t . , was e xh ibit e d at th e s am e

tim e 1 6 In t h e d ecl en s i o n o f n o u n s
o na nt s a nd a dm i t t i ng en d i ng in c o ns ,

o f no d i s t i n ct i o n b et we en m as c ul i ne an d fe mi n i ne t er m i nati o n s ( t hi s ap p l i e s t o ,

Th e S ti r . I . 6 , 38, g i ve s t h e O pt i o n l fo
a rm

3131 : bakdlz i n t h e m as cu l i ne . A t th e en d o f
a f e m i ni ne c omp o u nd th e s am e f o r m is s an ct i on d in t h e e R p aval i , p 9b. .
1 18 D E CL E N SION or A DJ E CTIVE S . 248

2 48 . Th e f o r m at i on o f f em i ni ne su b s t ant i ve s mu st b e l ear nt fr m t h e d i ct i o on ar y . Th us

o o r ms m W o om

j l f a d
i W asvd

33 : g at
a a z, , . 1 as valz , h r s e, f r s .

- 3 bd l a z b o
3113
7
l f o r m s mm 5 6 16
y , , .

'
o f t h e S udr a c as t e

W
.

Z

i a S udr a

1 sd ra , ,
e wi f e o f a S udr a .

W 3mdt u l a, m at er n al

u ncl e , om W f r s mdtul i or
W md tul ni , an u ncl e s

wif e .

W :
dc har ya z , l t each er , fo m W
r s wif e o f t h e t each er b ut W Y
denti n/ d, a f em al e t each er .

wr: p a ti lz o om V a l p a t ni , wif e, & c

i
,
l r d, f r s .

D egr ees f
o C o mp ar i s o n .

Th e C o m p ar at ive i s fo r m e d by at t a m , o r {
2 49 .
li
q i y as th e

Su p er l at i ve b y m t a ma , o r {a i s h z a f Th es e t er m i n ati on s at t a r a . an d an t ama

ar e n o t r e s t r i c te d i n S an skr it t o j
a d e c t ive s . Su b st ant ive s s u ch as 7
1 mi , m an ,

fo r m rm: nri t a ma li , a t h r o o u gh m an ; {3 3 s t i w o m n {ahrn s tr i t ar d i ,
r ,
a ,

mor e o f a wo m an . E p er s o nal t er m inat i o n s

ve n after c a se - t er m in at i o ns or ,

at t a r a a nd 7m t a ma m ay b e u s e d Th u s fr o m 931% p r vdhne i n t h e .
,

for en oo n W o oo

p
,
r v ci h n e t ar e e a r li er i n t h e f r e n n
( P a n v 1
3 , . .
,

Fr o m W f p a ch a t i h e c oo ks unfarm p a ch a ti t ar dm h e c ook s b et t er ( Pan v

, , , .

i a ch a t i t a md m h e c oo k s b es t
3 , W p ( P a n v 3 ,
. .
,

2 5o t t am a nd HR t a ma if a d d e d t o c h ang e abl e b as e s r e qu i r e t h e
.
, ,

Pad a b as e Th u s fr o m gr i p r ack
. m md kt a r a ; fr om /

W d lz a ni t ar a fr om u
m d h a nava t I 87
) d ana va tt ar a ; ,

m i
-
fr o m faz q vi dvas '

f ag s n vi d va t t a ma ; fr o m p r a ty ac h I 8 ) ,

T e r e ar e h o w e ver a fe w e x c ep t i o n s s u c h as
W y a ty a kt a r a h .
W , : , ,

d as yuh a nt a ma lz fr o m W d as yuh a n d em o n kil l er ;

,
s up a t lz i nt a r a lz ,
-
,

fr o m
W s up a th i m w i t h g o o d r o ad s .

25 1 i y
n i a s .a n d { v i s h gh a ar e n e v e r a dd e d t o t h e s e c o n d a r
y s u f x es

q tz i
ma t va t Ha va l a f ew - vi
[ m i n If d j t i v n d i n i n t h

a ec e s e
, , , g ,
e s e .

s u f x e s r e qu ir e s h i a t h e s u f x es ar e d r op t a nd t h e
i y n : i a li an d
g s i i y a li
, ,

s h th a a dd e d t o t h e l a s t c o ns o n an t o f t h e o r i gi nal b as e b
an d
{ a i W ala .
;

vci n s t r o n g
W b a l i yas W b a l i s h z a
a ! d o g d /z r i m ilk i n g
W

, , n -
,
- .
, ,

d o h iya-
a fg a d o
s h ,
i s h z n a a l s r a g v i n g
-
ar l a n d e d m jf y . W a i a s m o r

e
c

, , ,

p r o fu s el
yg ar l an d e d .
W m a ti md n, wi s e , W m a t - i ya s , m a t -i s h l h a .

O n t h e d e nt al i n, s ee G ana Ks h u bh n adi i n t h e Kas -V ritt i

. .

1
'

B fo R I t e re ar a an d 7m t ama j
a d e ct i ves r et ai n t h ei r a ccent ; b fo e re
W i g/ as an d
{8 i s h gh a

th e y t h o w i t n th
r o ei r b
r st syl l a l e ( Pan I I I I , 4 ; v 1 1 , . . . Th er e ar e a f ew e x pt i o n
ce s.

I Fe m i ni n es i n i o
i , d er i ve d f r m m as cu l in e s , m u s t sh ot r en th e b fio e re i t t ar a an d

HF t a ma ; 1 m m? br ahmani f
'
o r m s a mfman br ahmani t a r a
' '
. O t h er f em i ni n e s i n i f or 3 322

m ay or m ay no t sh ot r en t h eir v ow el s ; {al
l
s tr i f o r ms {ai m s t r i t ar d or W IT s tr i t ar a .

A ls o W
s r ey as z

t ar d o r aHTU

s r ey as i t ar d;
W vi d us h i t a r a o r
'

W
'
vi d us ki t ar a ( Pan . V I .
3, 4 3
 25 2 . D E CLE NSION . OF A DJ E C TIV E S . 1 19

2 5 2 . O t h er j
ad ec t i ves , to o , l os e t h e i r d e r i vat i ve e l e m e nt s b efo r e M i g/ as
an d
{a i ri ng/l a, o r ar e o th er wi s e i r r egu l ar b y su b s t i t u t ing n e w b a s e s fo r t h e

C o m p ar ati ve and Su p er l at ive W . d

p p a ll , b ad ;
W a
p p y i -
as w o r s,
e ;

mmp ap i s h gh a wo r s t -
, .

S CO ND BA S E E . C MP R
O A A T IV E . S UP R L V
E A TI E .

I . a ntika , near

2 . 38 ? a
h m s m al l ,

a fa r a lp is h gh a

3 3E. um ,
wi d e aft s va r i s h gha

4 .

f ii u, s t r a ig h t W f ii i s h gh a

( Far ra j i s h gh a

5 . kri s a , l e an

6 .
mk s h ip r a, q u i ck

7 .
m ks hudr a, m ean

8 h eavy
.
3E g u r u, Tl
? g ar

9 qn.tr ip ra , s at i s ed t r ap

10 .
El i di r g ha , l o ng m dr dg h

dam , f ar d av
II .
gt

12 .

g ? dri dh a, r m W dr adhi yas af ar d r a dhi s h t h a

I 3.
W p ar i vgi

dh a, e x al t ed Il ft i lp ar i vr adh

m l ) ar i vr a dh is h !
1 4 .
mp yi h b o t u, r ad
Wp r at h uzrs p r at hi s hz a

I5 .
W p r a s s y p

a , r ai s ewo r t h
a
y 5 s

ra !
s i re s h gh
sr e a

or i a

1 6 . funp r i ya d ear , 1 pm!

1 7 g
b
.al m, m an
y { N ut

1 8 .
er
'

g a bahul a, f r e q u en t

19 .
W bkgi s -
a ,
e x ces s i ve 33
1 bh r a s

20 .
l
g mgi du,
-
s oft Ha mr ad
:
21.
W yuvan, y o u ng
1 g m:
1
or 3 H; kan

22 . HT? ca d/l a r m ,

23 .
33 af i el d/2a , o l d
m var s hi ya s i f ?var s h is hgh a

i dyas

24 .

im vri nddr aka eaut i ful vyi nd

m r
a r i na a / as
r
ift s vgt nd is h gh a
-

25 . Fa t s thi r a , r m W s t ha
m s t h ey as F} ? s t h es h z a
26 .
i
F s t hi il a , s t r

ong E
R s t h av W s t h a vis h yh a

2 7. fF t sp hi r a, t h i ck E l i sp h a

2 8. E R h r as va , sh ot r {a kr as

Pan v1 4 ,
. . I 62 .
I S ee Ph its ut r a , e d
' '

. Ki l h o n
e r ,
I. 7 ; 23
 1 20 N UM E R A LS . 25 3:

C H A PTE R V .

N UME R A LS .

i 25 3

a It em l, B as e m

(

I s
, E at , B
ai clca z , elcd, elca m, o n e .
l eka .
)
a d va z i , d ve, d ve, t wo ( B om p

)

2 s , . a se 3 d va ;
'
in c . f3 d vi .

3 3 a m, rm, m ,
tr dya b, t i s r d li , tr ini , t h r e e .
( B ase fa i r i ) .

4 8 W C , W , wa ft , i l
ch a tvc r a z , ch d t a sr a z l, ch a t vdr i, fo u r .
( B as e
-
er
gg c h a ta r .
)
5
l p d ch a ,
m f . . 11 . ve .
( B as e p a ch a n .
)
6 Q g shd t, m f ( B .

w
a s e l a s /l as h
. n ) . S IX . .

7 8 m s ap t ci m f n s eve n , ( B as e
.
m . s ap t a n
) . . .

8 I; my? as h ta zi m f n ei gh t , ( B as e
m . a s h l an.
) . . .

9 2 =1? mi c a m f n ni n e , ( B as e
.
m . na va n ) . . .

10 C
10 as: d cia m f 11 t en , ( B as e
.
m .d a a n
) . . .

m ! d ( B i m

1 1 s elc d a a e l e ve
i
n as e as n ,
d a sa n ) . .

1 2
m d vd d a a M a ch a tr i nz a t

R .
3 3
5 p .

1
3 as a m tr dyo d aa . 6
3 3%
I4 18
<
wai st ch atur d a a .
37 m s ap t a tr i ni a t .

1 5 an p d fi ch a d a a .
3 8 3 m t as h mt i m
r at

a m
.

1 6 at, t ha t s h oda a .
39 q nava t r i ma t .

1 7 as m s ap t ci d a a .
4 o 80 ch a tvdr i nz d t, fe m .

1 8 at; W a s h c d a a . z i 4 1
W eka c h a tvdr i ma t .

42 8? m m d vd ch a t vdr i z a t or

20 : 0 m : vi nz d ti b,

fe m .

2 1 as naii srfa: e ka vi z a t i n .

m tr i c h a tvdr i nz a t .

2 2 R? m : d vdvi ma t i lc .
44 38 W ch a t uch a tvdr i z a t .

2 3 as t r a yo vi m a ti h .
4 5 sq m p a n c h a c h a tvdr i m a t .

ch a t ur vi nz a ti n 6 s h a l ch a t vdr i nz a t

2 4 at} g : 4 8Q
'

s
'

l r . .

W t a ch a tvd r i i h a t

2 5 all p a c h a vi nz a ti 4 7 88 t s ap .

m
.

26 s h a vi i h a t i t
d l .
4 8 o s w d ch a tvd r i ma t or

i ma t
2 7 : 28 s ap t a vi i na t i lz . W m as h a ch a t vdr
t .

28 a: W arm: as h gdvi ma azz .

49 32 m m na va ch a t vdr i nz a t .

29 sq W mf : na vavi ma t i lz .
5 0 no p anch dd t , fe m .

t r i nz d t , fem
W e kap a nch da t

'
49
30
s o .
5 1 .

eka tr i nz a t d vdp a ch da t

3 1
39 .
5 2 HQ or

d t r i ma t
32 d . fg w d vip a nch d a t .

tr a y a lzp a nch da t
'

33 33 tr a yas t r i nz sa t . H3 or

i msa t
34 as W cl z a tus tr .
W t r ip a fi ch da t .
1 22 NU ME R A LS . 25 3 .

I I0 aao E51 M Q
'

ni d a ad hi lc
'
a m a t a m or d a a sa t a m .

mm ekdd a a a t a m &c
'
1 1 1 9% 2 351 ekad a d dh i ka m a t a m or .

(i
'

el even

e lcci d a s a m sa t a m, i h u n dr ed h avi ng

0 1

5 111 . e. a n

e x ces s ) . Pan . v . 2,

d vdd a a m a t a m
'
d vad a ad h i /ca m sa t a m
'
1 1 2 or .

i d W W d m a ta m

I I3 99 3 517 t r a y o d as d h i ka m sa t a m o r tr ag
/ o a a .

1 14
m
a m m h t c a ur

d a ad h i ka m a t a m o r W m h c a tu r d a a m a t a m .

1 15 am; W W Wp h a d a dd /z i ka m sa t a ni i agqi wi p a fi ch a d a a m a ta m
'

a c or t .

1 1 6 99 92, RE M sho d dd h i ka m sa t a m
a or sho da am a t am .

q17i t a d a s d d h i ka m sa t a m s ap t a d a a m a t a m

1 1 7 228 s ap or .

I I 8 m;
c as h gad a d d h i ka m

sa t a m or s17i as h z d d a a m a t a m .

1 1
9 1q

5 7
1 ? n a va d a d d /z i ka m a t a m o r na va d a am sa t a m .

1 20 ag o 13 W vi ma tya d/z i /ca m sa ta m or fai si '

vi z a m a t a m *6

1 21 qs q e ka vi ma ty a dh i /ca m a t a m or eka vi z a m
a t a m &c .

1
3 0 ago faim f
a iu

t r i nz a d a d /z i ka m sa t a m

or f ai r tr i ma m a ta m
I 4 O 9 80 31 f t c h a l vdr i /n a d a dh i /ca m sa t a m or ch a tvd ~

i nz a m sa t a m

1 5 0 N o p a ch da d a d i ka m sa t a m 0 r r a i
rsi p a nch da m sa t a ni

or s dr d /z a a t a m, ,
10 0
( h u n dr e d
) .

6 0 at e W ii s h as h gya d h i ka m

sa t a m W tis a t a m

s h as h
'

1 or .

1 7 0 a
ls o m nir 5 17i s a
p t a t y a d h i ka m sa t a m or s ap t a t i a t a m .

1 80 at o 23
W a i ty a d /z i ka m a t a m o r a i t i a t a m .

1
9 w e W
0 W na va t y a d h i lca m sa t a m o r na va t i a t a m .

20 0 20 0 5 1% d ve a t e d vi a ta m fg sn d vi a t i
'
or o r .

3 00
g oo ai th 5 1
F m t r i ni a t dni or fa srii t r i s a ta m

.

mmf a
e
c h a t vd r i sa t ci ni ch a tu z s a t a m

nr l

4 0 0 30 0 S in or .

5

ia e a p a neh a sa t ani n h t m

00 I40 0 t or a
p c aa a .

60 0 2 00 H
g 5 1 m s h at a t ci ni

o r s h a s a tam
f

.

7 00 9 0 0 In
. ? Ermf a sa
p t a a t dni or sa
p t a a t a m .

80 0 t o o my 313 1f? !a s h l a sa t dni or W a s h a a t a m

t .

Ha 313 1f? a t cini Ha sl i na va s a t a m

9 00 200 na va or .

W d a a sa t ani Em a g s a h as r a m,
'

t d a a a t i , f e m
i ' '

10 00 20 0 0 351 or .
,
or

n eu t an d m as c l

. .

20 0 0 ao ao 8 2% d ve s a nas r e .

3 0 0 0
3 000 a tf m F E HTF
EI t r i ni s a h a s r d ni .

a y u t a m , n eu t . an d m as c x t

Pan . v 2 , 46
. . Th e s am e r u l es a pp l y t o m s a h a s r am, 1 0 0 0 ,
so t h at

10 1 1 m ig h t b e
e kac h a tv r i rh s am

r en d e r e d ekddas a m s a h as r a m, 1 0 d

by 41 by 8 38
s a h as r a m , &c .
1 S i d dh

.
- K au m . vo l . 11 . p . 6 35 .
 253 . N UM E R A L S . 1 23

l a ks h a m, ne u t o r . o r ni yut a m , ne u t an d . m as c i .
'

O ne m illi o n, p r a y ut a m, ne u t . o r m as c .
*

T e n m il li o ns , i
ai t a Ico gi , fem 1 .

A h u n d r e d m i lli o n s , E
gg ar bu d a , m as c . a nd ne u t .

A t h o u s an d m illi o ns , Ha z m a h dr bud a , m a s c . a nd n eu t .
,
or w p a d ma , n eu t .
,

i . e . l otu s .

T e n t h o u s and m i lli o ns , E a Ich a r va , neu t .

,
i . e . m i n u te .

A h u n dr e d t h o u s a nd m ill io ns , fats ? nikh a r va , n e u t .

A b ill io n R a w ma h dp a d ma n e u t
, , .

T e n b i l l i o ns sa nku m a s c i e a n a nt h i l l
, ,
.
,
. .
-
.

o o o
A h u n dr e d b i ll i o ns m h o s h ell ,
m
O l

a s o n/ch a m as c n eu t , , . .
,
1 . e . a c n c -
or

s a mu d r a m as c .
, i . e . s ea .
,

A t h o u s and b i ll i o ns ma h dankh a o r w i n a nl y a u l t i m ate

, , ,
.

T en th o us an d b il li o n s g m h dh d m as c o r mn ma d h y a m i d dl e , ,
.
,
a
, .

A h u n dr ed t h o u s an d billi o n s m m ma h dh dlz d o r un p ar dr d/z a i 6 o th e r h a lf , , ,

. . .

O ne m il li o n b illi o n s d l mna n e u t
g a , , .

Te n m illi o n b illi o n s m y : mah dd huna ,

.

A h u n dr e d m il l i o n b illi o n s W a lcs h a uh i ni f em i e a h ost , , .

,
. . .

A t h o u s an d m il li o n billi o ns W W ma h dks h a uh i ni , .

In t h e s am e m ann er a s W a d/ai m e x c e e di n g Ha n na di m in i s h e d m a y , , , ,

be u s e d t o f o r m n um er i cal c o m po u n d s W p an ch o na m sa t am o r .

1 33 37 1317?p anch o na a ta m ,
10 0 5, i . e .
95 . If o ne i s t o b e d ed u c t e d , ma na ,

wi t h o u t ( a: eka , W li W mf s

s u fc e s . d i i b k i i l

i l : na v nz s a t o r : e o na v z a t z
,

20 ,
1 9 A n o t hie r.w a
y
e o f
. e x1
p r es
. s i n g n i n e t e e n an d s imi l ar nu m b er s
i s by p r e x i ng Hana elcdnna , i e by o n e no t ; . . ekdnna vi l i z a t i z , l
by o n e no t t wen ty , i e 1 9 ( Pan V I 3, . . . . .

D ec l ens i o n f
o Ca r d i na l s .

eka , o n e .
SI N G UL R A . P LU R A L
MA S C . FE M . N U E T . M C A S . FE M . N U E T .

N m t ekam a eke s aw: a s]; s m fa M n;

'
: ekalz

elca

. N ( a

A . s eiz kam umk i m c 23

ekam

2 mmekdn

c an: a s]. m fa a s" ;
1 m .

eken a m o ka

ya
'
Ham kena

eka i z l W ekdbhi lz r: ka i lz

D m mt ekebhyaW {aelcas mai i kdbhy a mi kebhy a}

-
eka smai

ekas y ai

. Fi F all ,

Ab
W kas mdt m
W e kebhi/ alz W kd bhya lz F m t ekebhy al
E i

: ekasyci ekas mcft K EN

}
'

}
.

G a s : ekasy a m : ka sy dli W m 1 ekes hci m W E Tekds dm m ekes lz a m ' '

ekasya

L W i/cum i n m kasy am W W ekasmi n m g ekas a elves / m

'
ekes h u

. e

v maka neke m eka 2 % e ke c an: a s].

m f a awn;

S i dd h .
-
K au m vo l
. . II . p . 6 35 .
1 A m a

r a - Ko h s a 111 . 6, 3 ,
24 .

I A d iff er e nt s t r i ng o f n am e s i s g i ve n i n t h e V j as an .
-
S an h it a VII X . 2 . o
S e e al s W o e pc k e
'

,
M e m o ir e

su r la p op
r ag at i on d es c h iff r e s i n d i en s p .
7 0 ; Lal it a vi -
s t ar a , e d . C al c ut t . p . 1 68 .

R 2
l 24 NU ME R A LS . 254

fa dr i two , b ase a d va , li k e aria kdnta

254
'
.
,

MA C S . N U E T .

2 d ve

g i d vaz i

N A V . . .

G . L . am: d r ag/ 0 7; ,
2 1 ft: d vdyo lz

Pa t r i , t h r ee, fem fmgti s ri

25 5 . . .

N V . . a n:

t r ay a re : t is r a

1 66) mmwas
A .
m tr n { PKG : ti s r d

I . fa r : t r i bhi

ti sr i bh ili f ar: mbha
D Ab . . fa n : t r i bhya li

ngw: ti sr z bhyali

fa s t : t r i bhyci li
m


G . M I tr aytincim ( V e d
. tr i nam) l t r aydn d m

L . f ag tr i s hz i f ang t i s z i s hu


fa g t r i s hz i

25 6

rg
g ch a t ur fo u r , f e m was
! ch a t as r i
'

i . .
.
,

W mfr i
'

N V . . W c h a tv r a z d l ( Paw n . I , 9 )
8 W 2 c haft a sr alz c hat

A .
W : c h a tur a z

Z( Pan . V I . 1, 1 6 7) W c hd t a s r ah W it c h a t o dr i

I . a gf: ch atz i r bhi lz m uffs : c h a t a sr z bhi i

l anti : ch a t zir bh i lc

D W W c h a t ur bhy ak

1 c h a tzi r bhyali

. Ab . 2 c h a t as rz bhya lz t s

mgn c ha t ur ndm '
'

G ri n
c h a t as dm 1 W c h a t u r nd m
'

m
.

L . a
c h a t z i r s hu
W c h a t as r i shu c ha t z r s i hu

25 7 .
p ne/t a n, ve
a .
s lut s /z , s i x .
m a s h a n, e i
t g h t .

N A V . . .
p

a nch a
? s ha g


. mi as h ya z i o r W as h a y

1 .
t a i r: p aehd bhi
R e t: s ha dbh i ma a: as h gsbhzno r maa: a s h a bh g
'

au
D . Ab . m : p ac h a bhy a

3 3 1 13 s h adbkyalz
3

W t as h t dbhy a z o r

l mam: as hgci bhyali

l

G a c h dn dm 1T dm T i dm 11
'

.
p s h a nn a s h yc n

L 33 3 p ach cis u m W m

.
1 s h a t s zi a s h gds zi o r a s h ga s n

C ar di n al s wi t h b as e s di ng i n a n, s u ch a s
en s ap i a n,
m m na va n,

m d a sa n, W e kd d a sa n, & c , f o ll o w t h e d ec l en s i o n o f
.
p nc h an
a .

mu c i nz s a ti b i s d ecli n ed l i ke ose in t l i k e f e m i ni n es

f e m i n in e i n : i th

a ;
i
in
t sa t a m li k e a n eu t m as c i n =3 2
i . or . .

258 . Th e o
c ns t r u ct i on o f th e c ar d i nal s fr mo I to 19 re q ui r e s a f ew r e m ar k s . E m eka

is n at ur al l y u s e d in th e s i ng ul ar o nl
y , e x p t wh
ce en i t m e a ns s om e ; 2 % 3 3TH eke va d a nti ,

N ot fi
g : ti s , no r c h a t a sri z l .
( A ccent , Pan . V I . 1 , 1 6 7 , v ar t ; . VII . 2, 99 , vart .
)
1 N

o t ti s ri nam, n o r
'

c h a t as ndm ( Pan . v1 .
4, th o u gh t h es e f o r ms o c cu r

i n th e V e d a an d E pi c po et r
y .

1 A c ce nt , Pan . v1 . 1 , I 8O ; 1 81 .
ll Pan . VI . 1 ,
1
72 .
{i Pan . VII I .
, 55 .
1 26 N UM E R A L S .
25 0

f f : s h a s h gi t a mci le, t h e si xt i e t h
W : eka s h a s h gi t a md ,
th e si xty -
r s t
m
.

: e ka s h a s h td ,
W W : s ap t a t i t a mdlv, t h e s event i e t h .

m : eka s ap t a t i t a mci b,
the s eve nt r st
-
y .

( aim : eka s ap t a t ci z , l
W : a i ti t a md lz , t h e ei
gh t i e t h .

W : ekd i t i t a mdlz ,

N
t y- r s t
W
.

W : ekdft dlz ,

R afa am, , ,
-
na va t z t a md lz , i, a m, t h e n i n eti e t h


F .

W : eka na va t i t
t h e ni n ety r s t -
.

Em : eka nava t ci lz ,

W t,

, a t a tamd lz , i

, , a m, t h e h u n dr e d th .
( n
Pa . V . 2,

m an: eka a t a t a mdl, t h e h u ndr e d an d fi r s t

'

W s ah a s mt amdlz , t h e t h o u s an dt h .

260 . N umer i ca l A d ver bs a nd o th er D er i va ti ves .

m s a kr z onc e m eka dhd in o ne way

t, .
, .

Fg m dvz dhd o r i t " d ved hd i n t wo ways

i

dvi lz , t wi c e
'

.
, .

f a: t r i b, th r i c e . Pam tvi dhd o r aw n tr ed hd in th r ee ways , .

a g: ch a tu b,
'
fo u r t i m e s . 3 3% c h a t ur d h d i n f o u r ,
ways .

i f z p ach a ktvab, ve t i m es
t aa
'

. W p a ch ad hd , i n ve w ays .

W s h a z kz i tva b, s i x t i m e s , 81 0
'
.
1 ft? !s h o dhd , i n s ix wa s , & c
y ( or .
W
m : eka a , o e
e n -f
l ol d .

m advi a lz , t w o fol d -
.

f a st: t r i a la ,
t h r ee fol d -
, &c .
( Pan . V .
4,

i dvaya m fg mi d vi taya m, p air ( n

Pa V
'
'
or a . . . 2,

} tr ag am o r fa at i tr i t a y a m a i tr a y i , t r i ad
' '

a t or a .

a gmi ch a t us h z aya m ,
a t et r ad .

a p a ch a t aya m, a p ent ad ,
&c .

Th e s e o u se d as adj e ct ives i n t h e s en s e o f ve fol d & c an d m ay

ar e al s ,
-
.
,

t h en for m t h eir p l u r al a s t h aw : p a fi ch a t a y d le o r W p a ch a t a y e

m p a ch a t a p e nt ad
m d a a t ,
a d eca d
( Pa n V I ar e

b u t bo th w or d s o c cu r l ik ewi s e a s m as cu li n e i n t h e
, g en er all
y , . .
,

u s e d as f em i ni n e ;
'

c o m m e nt ar y t o P31} V I 5 9 a nd i n t h e K a s i ka V r i tt i -
. . .
, ,

Th e o r o i xt y d mi t f
d in al s fr m s a o o ne f o rm o ly n , t h at i s 7W : t a ma; b ut i f p r ece d e d

by an o th er n u m l b o th f o m
er a ,
ll o w r s ar e a ed ( Pan .V . 2,

s a tam f o r ms i t s o r d i nal as

W m on l y ( Pa V

: s ata ta a n . . 2,
 26 1 . P R ONO UNS AN D PR ONO M INA L A DJ E CT IVE S . 1 27

C HA PTE R V I .

P R ON OUNS AND P R ON OM IN A L AD E J C T IV E S .

26 1 . P er s o na l P r o no uns .

B as e
( i n c o mpo s iti o n) Hg ma d a nd B as e
( i n c o mpo s it i on) g tva d and

w a s ma d .
m yu s h m a d .

SI N G U LA R .

N . a h dm, I 7a tvci m, t h u o
wi mcim
'

v A .
,
: 11 md, m e H i tvd m, m t vd, t h ee

I . W mag/ d, b y m e i am t vci yd, by t h ee

a D . W mdh ya m, ame, t o m e g
'

i t z i bh a m 3
u
y ,
t e, t o t h ee

Ab md t , fr o m m e H R i vd t, fr m t h e e o
.

G . W m ci m a , a me , o f me i n t ci va , 3
t e, o f t h ee
L wl mdyz i n m e a l t vdyz , i n t h ee
' '

.
,

DU L A .

'

N
'

. 1 113 i dvdm w e ,
t wo ri
F y uvd n ,
i y ou t wo
'

A . mai dvd m, a? nau, u s t wo g a vd n,

i Hi vdm , y o u t wo

I W . dvdbh ydm , by u s t wo W y v
u dbh ydm, b y y o u t wo
D W dvcibhydm, a? mm , t o u s t w o ml n uvcibh dm
'

ai vdm , t o y o u t w o

.
g y c
y
,

W dvcibh yd m, fr o m d m fr o m yo u t w o

us t wo y u vd bh y ,

G W . : dvdyo lz , 1 ? m m, o f us t wo 33 13:
yu vci y o lz , a? vd m , o f yo u t w o
L . m : dvdyo lv, i n us t wo 33 1 3:
y u vdy o lz , in
y o u t wo

P LU R A L .

H13 vay d m, w e i m
'
zz u
y y c
, y o

gm d
'

A a s md n, h m va lz ,
W . a : na b, us y u s n, a:

y o u

W
'

I.W : a s m d bh i z , l by us 01 :
y us h m d bh i z , l by yo u
D Emmi
. as mci bhy a m, a : na lz , t o us
g wai
y us h m ci bl z a m
y , a : va lz , t o y o u

Ab .
m a s md t , fr om us
m ;
fr om yo u
y u s h md t

G mm} dka m ml; yus h m d ca m, cr: va lz , f yo u

as m a : na b, f
f
''

3
.
33 o us 13 o
,

L M a s m s u, d in s h md su , i n yo u
. fg us
3% yu

Th e su b s t i t ut e s i n th e e ve n c a s e s , : 11 77261, a me ,
m m, a : na lz , t t vd ,

it t o , Hi vdm, Er: va h, h ave no acc en t an d ar e n e ver u s ed at th e b eg i n n i n g o f

a s e nt e nce , n o r c an t h ey b e f o l l o w e d by s u ch p ar t i cl e s as a ch a , a nd, 31 mi ,
o r, ( at eva
,
i n d ee d , 3 h a , =5
1!a h a .
1 28 PR ONO UN S AND P R ONO M INA L A DJE C TIVE S . 26 2

om po s it i on) g t a d c c e n t , Pa
26 2. B ( i h e , s h e, i t ( A w

as e n c , .
n l . I,

SI N UL R
G A . P L U RA L .

DI A S C . M FE N U
. E T. M SC A . FE M . N U E T .

N . a: sd an d m m: it a!m: t dla
A . 1%t dm i ri t dm mun m t dn m: t dI
o H TFFI t dni

I im am
. m u m n t ena
?r: t an ma: t dbhi lz t az Zz

D Ha tasmai
.

t ds ya z
'

31 $t d m s ai h : tebhy a lz 71m : t dbhya bu t : t ebhyalz

m T9 1 1: t ebhy alz W W 3 t dbhy ala M t ebhy alz

W W t ds mdt

t ds md t

Ab . 3 82 : t as yd

G W . t ds y a m : t asydlz m
t ds y a in ? t es hdm and t ds dm
h i t es hdm
L .
m

t a s mi n
'

E l l t dsy dm

HF

F Ft t asmi n

g mg tds u h t es hu

DU L A
M C A S . FE M. N U
E T.

idt d 3 te 2
N A . . a

r !t 6
D A b am t tdbhydm ma xi t dbhydm ma xi

1 t d bhydm
"

. . .

G L . . i n} : t dy o li nt h : t dy o lz nth: t dy o lz

2 63 . B as e ( i n c o m p o it i o n ) mg i y
s ad .

SI NGUL R A . P LU R A L .

M C A S . FE M . N U E T. M SC A . FE M . N U E T .

F? ! FIT Syd 73 ty m : td 7 t dm
N TF !
N s y dI
M / (i t
'

. z tg y

m m
'

A . 3 i tydm Fri tydm ty dt ty n d N T: m r tydni

I 3 .

7 7 1 ty ena

m tydy d a? ty ena

: ty a z lz

W tydbhilz t ty a z lz

D N a tydsmai $tyd m i
3113 ty dsy ai i nn: tyebhyalz ydbhyala t


. 31 s a t y bhya

m md t m m: tyd yd
W i nn: ty ebhyal d m

ty mdt

Ab . tyas s as z t y bhy a z t ybhy az.

W T: tyds yd m W m ai
'

G . 3181 tyds ya N ty as y a

ty es h dm

ty ds dm tyes h dm

L M m i ty W 71113 ty ds u i f s ty es ha

tyds mi n dm ty ds mi n

ty es ha

. as y

DU L A .

M C A S . FE M . N U E T.

N . A . B il t ya d i t tye
i t t ye

d s mut t yd bh ydm m i t ydbhydm

I . D . Ab . t y bh ydm

G L . . was: tyay o

min t yayo lv

mh z tydyo lz
P o ss es s i ve P r o no u ns .

264 . Fr o m t h e b a s e s o f t h e t h r ee p er s o n al p r ono u n s , p o s s e s s ve ad ec t ve s i j i
ar e fo r m e d b y m e an s o f i n i y a .

gh t ,

I IT,
I} m a d dy a lt yd y a m, m in e
, , , .

mi n; y yd y a m t h i n e

O
I IT,
1I t va d i a lz .
, , , ,

0
111, O
z i, ta d d
y , y d, y a m, h i s , h er , i t s
a .

W al t z,
0
111 , a s ma d i
y y y
l da z,
a m

, ,
o ur .

i ng m ad i
W y u s h

y l y d a z,
y a m y o u r , , .

t a d iy a b, y d , y a m, t h e ir .

O t h e r d er i va t i ve p o s s e s s i ve p r on o u n s ar e m *
m d m d/ca lz , m i ne ; m3:

t dvd /ca lz , t h i n e ; m m: ds mdlca lz , o ur ; y us /z

a mdka lz , y o u r . Li k ewi s e
Pan IV 3, 1 3 ; IV I 0 V II
. . .
, 3 ; .
3, 4 4 .
1 30 PR ONOUNS AND PR ONOM INA L A DJE CTIVE S . 2 70

DU A L .

M SC A . FE M.
l
N U E T .

N A V . . . i mad a ?!i me

{i i me

I D A b s mut dbhydm
. . . s mut av}. m m
GL W . . : a ndyo m : andy o i l

m {d i ddm wh en p o

2
7
0 . e t a d an d re eat e d in a s e c n d s e nt e n ce wi t h r ef er en ce to a

p r ece di n
g E 717
; e t a d an d i d am, var y i n t h e f ll wi ng o o c ases , by su b st i t ut i ng E H ena, wh i ch
h as no accent .

SIN GU R LA . P LU R A L .

MA s c . FE M . N E U T. MA SC . FEM .

o
A W W W m m RTE? nam
4 A

A endn
A
. enam enam ena t . ena z l ( e

I . m enena m enay d e en ena

DU L A

MA S C . FE M . N U E T.

en au 2% ene 2 % en e

G L . . m en ayo c l F m enayo m : enay o

Ex . W W IF i a nen a vydlcar anam a d hi t a m, ena m c hh a nd o

p aya , t h e gr am mar h as b e en s t u d i e d by t h i s p oner s , t e ach h i m p o o dy

r s .

m 2 ( W 3m G a nayo z l p avi t r am hul am, ena y o i l p r a bh d t am

t h e f am i l y o f t h e se tw p o o er s ns i s d e cent , an d t h eir weal t h vas t .

2 71 . B as e (i n c o mpo si ti on) M a ci as , t h at ( m edi at e

) .

SI N GU LA R .

MA S C . mm . N E UT .

N .

31 ? as ad as ad

W 2 addls

111 a mdnd
33
3
V
a a mds hm ai

W a mds hm dt

m a mds hyu

W amds hmi n

MA S C . N U E T

W d
a m ni

W 1 1 a mdli W a mdni

m an a mdbhi b W : a mi bhu

I . a mi bhi
D Ab . . W :

a mi bh ya z l W W : a mdbhyale W W : mibhyalz a

G . m a mas. W1 3 1 a mds h dm
"

W i nmishd m
W ishu W d

L . am n
sa
g a mus hu am shu

DU L A .

M SCA . FE M . N U E T.

N A V. . .
e
s ti gma: I D Ab
. . .
m in i am dbhydm G L. .
m : a md y o z l
 2 74 . P R ONO UN S AND P R ONO M IN A L A DJE C TIVE S . 1 31

R e la t i ve P r o no un .

2 72 . B as e (i n c om po s i t i o n) t ry / d d ,
wh o or wh i c h .

SI N U LA R G . P LU R A L .

MA sc . FEM . N E Ur
'
. M A S O. n u .

y dlt
'

1"
yd Tr
g/ (i t i:
i t

l ydm WI ydm m m
ydn d mf a ydni

A .

W ya tt : y la

I a? yena
.

W ydyd i? yna D3 y ai lt mn ydbhilz 3: yaa
D I ra yas mai
.

n y ds y ai IT ydsmai amt yebhyalz m : ydbhyalz

i m z yebhyaz.

W I ydbhyalz NW : yebhyalz

W yds dm
EN l

yes hdm

mg ydsu g yes hu

DU A L
MA SC . FE M . N U
E T .

N . A V . . ?
a y au

ay agt
1 D Ab
. . . munydbhydm ma xi ydbhydm W d
y bhydm

G L . .
yayo lz

W : ydy l
o a m ydyo lz

I nt er r o g a ti ve P r o no uns .

2 73 . B as e
( i n c o mpo s iti o n) t kim W h o ,
or wh i ch ?

SI N GU R LA . P LU R A L .

MA sc . FE M. NU
E T. MA sc . FE M

as: keg
. an M fair Iei m

asIt ! an: led]; arrfa lcdni

MI

37 kam all kdm an kdn n? lcdni

A . an: : i

I . are Icna w kdyd an Icna kai le su f

rs: c bhi h Icaz h

n : Icebhyalt am : kdbhya lz am : keokyula

"
D . c s mai c s y ai 3% c s mai

Ab .

m kds mat m z kds ydz.

W kds mdt h : Ica hya h m kdbhya h i nn: ka hyaz.
G . a s : kasg a

m z kds y dz. a s : c s ya

L . ae qIcasmi n

m i I asydm mi ni c

c smi n mg
D UA L .

M SC A . FE M.

N A . .
23l d ea a.Ice
3.ke

I D Ab a m? kdbhydm m ? kdbhydm aim ? kdbhydm

. . . ai

3 7h : Icayoh

2 74 . Pr ono uns admit th e i nt p o i ti n f l l b f o

o th eir l as t ow el o r s yll a bl to
' '

er s o z ac e re v e,

d en t e o o
c nt em pt or du i bo us r e a l t i o n ( Pan V 3 t . .
,
aya kd, B y t h ee !ins t ead o f
a!
" t vayd

.
W 3yuvakay o lz , O f o u t wo
y W as makdbh i lz , W i th us m a
g/ a i m .

m aka u, & c .
( S ee S i d dh . K
- au m . vo l . I . p .

8 2
1 32 P R ONO U NS AN D P R ONO M IN A L A DJ E C TIVE S . 2 75

UO mp o und P r o no uns .

B y a dd i ng 3 dr i s, md ri s a , o r dri ks h a , t o c er t ai n p r o no m i nal
W

2 75 .

1 g
b as es ,
t h e f o l l o w i n g c o m po u nd p r o n o u n s h ave b e en f o r m e d :

W t d dri s,
m t d dri a ,
m t d d r i ks h a , s u ch l i ke .

e t da r i sa, l ike
W e t d d r i ,
W W E I e t d d ri lcs h a , th i s

.

cs l z a , w h at l i k e
W yd d r i s,
W y d d r i sa ,
W y d d r i / .

m i dr i s,
m i d ri sa ,
m i dr i lcs h a , t h i s l i ke .

m ki d r i s,
W ki d ri a,
W e: ki d ri /cs h a , W h at l ik e ?
Th e s e ar ed e cl in e d i n t h r ee g e nd er s , f o r m i ng th e fe m i nin e i n i i .

m
t d a ri /c,
'
m n ; .

W. td d r i i , f or :,
0
,
O
si , t da r i sa b, i , a m

.

m m . S i m il ar l y
f or m e d ar e
m md dr i s a, Fangs!t vd dr i sa , lik e m e , li ke t h ee , & c .

2 76 . B y d di g a n va t an d In
k y a t to cer t ai n p r o n o mi nal b as es , th e

foll o w ing c o m p o u n d p r o no u n s ,
i m p l yi ng qu anti ty , h ave be en fo r m e d

W d
t va t , so m u ch ,

W e t d va t, s o m u ch , d e cli ne d l ike o
n u ns in Eri
t va t

m u ch ,
W y d va t,
as

m u ch ,
W i g/ a t ,
m
so

m
A

z ya n, i yat
W ki ya t, H o w m u c h ? .

N o t e O n t h e d ecl en si on o f i f ?!tu tt i H o w m any ? W? t dt i

, , so m any, an d l i f t? ydt i ,
as

m any, s ee 2 31 .

2 77 . B y ad d i ng
W eh i t, a? ch a na , or w: ap i , to th e i n t er r o gati ve
p r o no u n t Ici m, i t i s c h an
g ed i nt o an in d e ni te p r on ou n .

ai
m Ica sch i t ,
an t h i ng
m is Lc -
t( ch i t , ki riz ch i t , s om e o ne ; al s o W kach chi t ,

y .

ai m ka sch a na , W kdch a na , fi n? ki rnch a na , s om e o ne .

a rq Ico p i , 3 1% c p i ,

m ki map i , s om e o ne .

In t h e s am e m ann er i n d eni te a d ver bs ar e fo r m ed :

m
Ta Ica dd , W h en ?
m f ka d d ch i t, Si gma Ica d d clz a na , o nc e ; a kva , W h er e ? a a rF
q na Icvdp i ,

n o t anywh er e .

S om e t i m e s t h e p r o n ou n i s p r e x ed t o t h e i nt e r r o gat ive t o r en d er
r el at i ve ,

i t i n d eni t e : E li:
y a lz ka lt w h o s o e ver ; m y aim y y
as a, Ic as y a w h o s es o e ver ,
.

L i k ew i s e W ya t
t ka sch i t wh o s o eve r o r 7m
y a lt I
,
ca ch a o r I I: W ,
2
,

y a tl kasch ana .

Th e r el at i ve p r on o u n ,
i f d o u bl e d , as s u m es an i n d e ni t e o r r at h er di st r i b u ti ve
m e a ni ng : 1 ft 1n m W e yo
, , y l d da t,
y y , y a d y a d , w h o s o eve r . O ccas i on all y
th e r el at i ve an d d em o n s t r at i ve p r on ou n s ar e c o m b i n e d fo r th e s am e pu r po s e :
wh at s o eve r

t t

g y a a a ,
.
 P R ONO U N S AND P R ONO M IN A L A DJE C TIVE S .
2 79 _

F 3111 WW Fi rc

s dr v

I s ar vayd dbkydm s ar vdbh i t l
'
.

D . m s dr vasy ai m
s ar vdbh y dm rm:
s ar vdbhya a l
A b F i rm: .

s ar va s yd m s dr vdbhy dm W t s dr vdbhyalz

G . m t s dr vas ydli sh : s dr vay o t l m

1T3? " a t s ar vayo lz

O

L . d
s r va sydm

s dr vds u

N U RE TE .

SI N UL R
G A . DU L A . PL U R L A .

N . A V . .
'

83
0Q

s ur vam

e m s dr vdni

Th e r e st l i ke t h e m asc uli n e .

27
9 . a m a nya, W a uya t a r a ,
{In i ta r a ,

ali at ka t ar a , W ka ta ma ,
t ake t in th e N m A c c V o c S in g f th e n eu t er :
i o . . . . o

N o m . S in g W . t a ny a z , l m as c .
; W a ny d , fe m .
W unya t, n eu t .

2 80 . a n u bh a is u s ed i n t h e D u al o nl y
M a sc N A V . . . . u bkau, I D A b s mu rf u bh dblz ydm,
. . . G L wi t h:
. . u bh a y o z ; l
u bh e, N . A V f em . . . a nd n e u t .

2 81 . mm : u bh ay a z , l 0
i i yi ,
1 -
1i y am i s
~

,
never u s e d in t h e D u al , bu t o nl y
i n t h e S i ng . an d Pl u r . H ar ad att a a dm i t s t h e D u al .

MA SC U N LI E .

S IN G U L A n . PLU R L A .

N . W t u bh a
y a m u bh a
y e

A . am i u bh a
y am
W ubh aydn

I . s wi mu bhayena t u bh ayai
D W . u bh a
y as mai , &c . m t ubh a
y ebkya &c
, .

2 82 . Th e n i ne w o r d s fr m o 3
1 p dr va

to W a nt ar a (14 to th o u g h u s ed i n t h ei r
p on o m i n
r al s e n s es , m ay t ak e i n t h e N o m . Pl ur . or at Z
a z i n t h e A b] S i ng . .

W s md t

o r
at ; i n t h e Lo c S i ng . .
W m in or

SI N G U LA R . DU A L. P L U RA L .

N .
{5 : p ur valz p d r veor p d r vd/z

A .
p d r va u
p d r vdn

I .
n p dr vena p d r vd bh ydm t p d r vai lt

D .
g as p r vas mai
d f
I m ui p d r vdblz ydm
pt : d
a v bh y l r e a z

Ab
W p d r vas md t or 5
1 1p
1 d r vd t w p d r vdbkydm
p
n : d v bh y h r e a

G p ur vas
y a
p d r vay o h
p
" t h dm ur ves

2 83 . Th e f ll wi ng w o o o r ds m ay l i k e wi s e ta k =
e 3 : ]
a ; or
{ i i n th e N o m. Pl ur . m asc .

( Pan . 1 . I,

mm: p r a th amal r st mm) p r a t hamau W 3 p r a t kame z , , , or 1mm: p r a t hamdh ; f em .

mm p r a t hamd .

W t ch ar ama l l ast a r e) c h ar a mau a t ?!ch ar ame o r W t, , , t c h ar amdh .

 2 85 . P R ONO UNS AND P R ONO M IN A L A D JE C I IV E S
. 1 35

d vayalz , t wo -f l d , f e m E f o . f d vayt , an d s i m il ar w o r ds i n n ya a n: tr ayali .

W t al
p I a z, f e w, V a lp e o r v an: a
but/z .

Wi t ar d h a z l ,
h alf , ar d /z e or W al t ar d lz dh .

m ka tip aya lz , s om W e, ka tip aye o r an trm :

-
Ica tip aydlu .

9m: nemalz , h al f , a?!neme o r m: nemd h .

I n al l oth er cas es t h es e w o r d s ar e r e g ul ar , li ke kdnt ah .

2 84 . W t dvi ti y alz and oth er w o r ds i n i a"!

t ty a ar e d ecli ned li k e kdnt a , b ut i n
t h e D at A bl . . and Lo c S i ng t h ey m ay f ll w F as ar va
. . o o .

MA S C UL I N E .

SI N UL R
G A . D UA L . PLU L RA .

N . fai th : dvi tty alz far m) dvi ttyau f z f tm:

dvi ti yd/z

I . Fi ? dvi ti yena d i ttydbhydm d ty a a

D W . dvi ti ydya o r W dvi ti yas mai d i ti ydbhydm W t d vi ti yebhyalz

-
Ab .

d i ti ydt o r
d i ti ya smdt d i ttydbhydm fart 3w : dvi ttyebhya li

A t th e en d o f B ah u vr i hi c omp o un d s t h e S ar van m an s ar e t r e at e d li k e o r di nar

y w o r ds

D at S i ng . . W p y o bh aydy a , t o
hi m t o wh m o b ot h ar e d ear ( P5 1) . 1 . I , Th e sam e

at th e e nd o f c omp o unds s uch as

W t mds ap d r vals, a m onth e ar li er ; D at .
W
mds ap d r vdya ( Pan . 1. 1 , Lik ewis e i n D van dvas p d r vdp ar dndm, o ff om
r er and

l at er p on
er s s ( Pan . 1 . I, th o u
g h i n t h e N o m . Pl ur . t h es e D v nd v
a as m ay t ak e {} 2
W
p d r vd a r e
p or
1 51 m p d r vdp ar dlt . O nl y i n c om p o u nd s e xp r es s i ve o fp oi t n s o f th e c o mp as s ,

s u ch as W u t t ar a -p d r va , n r t h -eas t , o t h e l as t el e m ent m ay t h r o gh o
u ut t ak e t h e p r o

n omi n l t a er mi n at i n s o ( an
P . 1. 1 ,

A dver bi a l D ec l ensi o n

2 85 . In a d dit i on t o th e r e g ul ar cas e -t er mi n at i on s by wh i ch t h e d ecl ens i on o f n o u ns

is eff e ct e d , t h e S an skr it l an g u ag e po s s e s s es oth er s u fx es whi ch diff e r f r m t h e o o r d i n ar y

t er mi n at i o n s chi ey by bi ge n r e s t r i ct e d i n t h eir us e to cer t ain w o r ds , an d p ar t i c ul ar l y to

p o n o mi n l b
r a as e s . Th e o d in r ar y c as e -t er mi nati on s, to o , ar e fr e q u ent l
y us e d in a n a d ver bi al

s e ns e . Th u s
A cc . fa t c hi r am, a l o n
g t i m e .

In s t r . t ins
ra
c hi r ena , in a l ong t i m e.

D at fa r m c hi r dya fo r a l o ng t i m e.

m
.
,

A bl . c hi r d t, l o ng ag o .

G en . f at s : c hi r as ya , a l o ng t i m e.

Lo c . fa} c h i r e, l ong .

O th er adver bi l a t er mi nat i on s ar e,

I . t t aZ
z , wi t h an a bl at i ve m ean i ng , b o ming g
ec ener al l
y l o cal .

2. a t r a, w i t h a l o cat i ve m e ani ng .

3 .
a dd, wi t h a t em po l m ra eanin g ; al s o r ai s ed to W dau i m .

4 .

m t dt , wit h a l o t iv m
ca e eani ng .
 P R ON OUN S AND P R ONO M IN A L A DJ E C TIVE S . 2 85

5 WT t hd
. , w it h a m eani ng o o
f m d al i ty ; l i kewi se Vi t h am and Wt ha .

6 .
W s dt, ex p r e ss rve o f eff e ct .

7 .
'

i nd
'
an d m fg dhi l o cal , .

8 . f? r hi , t em po r al an d cau s al .

9 .
'

'
t ar , l o cal .

10 .
3 h a l o cal , .

S ee al s o th e t er m i nat i on s fo r f o r m i ng nu m er al ad ver b s

I. tall , wi t h
t an a bl at i ve m eani ng .

Hi t t a t alt , t h en ce . Fi t
ya t a z , l wh ence .
{i t i t aZ
z , h en ce ; ( cf .
{t i ti , t h u s, {a i va, as .
)
W t a t a, h en ce .
w t kut ali , W h ence ? W : a mut a t , l t h en ce . as : ma t t alz , f r m m e o .

W as ma t t a t , l fr m o us . was : bhava t t ali , fr m y o o ur H o o n ur .

n p d r va t a,
:

b fo e (i n
e r a g en er al lo cal o r t em po r al s ens e ). mt s ar va t a z , al wa l y s .
W ag r a t a ,
b f o l ik W t a bhi talz , ar o u n d , n ear 3 m m: ubh ay a t a a, o n l b oth s i des .

e r e, e ag r e. .

W t p a r i t alt , all r o un d . W g r dma t alt , fr m t h e o vill ag e . W aj dna t ala ,

o
fr m i g n o r an ce .

2. a tr a , l o cat i ve o i g i n ll y a!t d
r a r ,
as in SW p u r u s h a t r d, a m ong st m en .

u tr a, W h er e ?
W

3 3 t at r a, t h er e .
1 13
y a t r a , wh er e .
g 3 k E ta a tr a , h er e . amut r a,

t h er e, i n t h e n e t w x o ldr . a s eka tr a , at o ne pl ac e, o
t g et h er . Hal s a t r d, wit h ,
"
and Fa s a t r am, wit h ( s ee It? s ah a ).

3 31.dd , t e

m po r al .

WET t add , t h en , an d R t addni m .

W d
y d,
a wh e n . Icad d, W h e n ? W a ny a dd ,

an ot h er t im e . F 531 s ar va d d, al ways , at all ti m es . W ET ekadd , at o ne t im e .

1131 s a dd, al wa s
y . i dd , i n t h e V e d a, l at er W i ddntm, n o w.

4 .
M tdt , l o cal .

W p r dkt dt, i n fr o nt .

Fr e q u ent l y aft er a b ase in

q s :

W p ur as t dt, b fo e r e.
m a d h ar as t dt , b l ow e .

m p ar as t dt , af te r war d s .

W a d h as t dt, b l ow W
e . u
p ar i s h tdt b ov ,
a e.

5 WI.t h d m o d al , .

W t a th d t h u s ,
. W y a t h d, a s . a? s ar vat hd , in ever y way . W u bh aya t hd, in
b ot h ways . m a nya t h d, in an ot h er way . W Y a ny at ar a t h d, i n o ne o f t wo
t a r a t hd , i n t h e ot h in vr i t h d, vai nl O r 3 t h am, i n
ways .
{HU N i er w ay .
T y
WEI ka th am H o w ? i tt ka m, t h u s O r 1 t h a , i n W a th a , t h us

. .
,

6 .
s dt , eff ect i ve .

W p ) W blz as mas dt ,
'
r dj as dt , r di o d hi nam, d e en d e nt o n t h e k i ng .

r e d u ce d to ash es .

W ag ni s dt , r e d u ce d t o r e .

7 V Id and m fg dhi l o cal .

m
. ,

3W daks hi ndh i , i n t h e S o uth , o r d a/csh i nd . If ? u t t ar dhi , i n t h e No thr ,

or m a t t ar d . W a nt ar d ( or

t -r am, o r
a
t -r e o r
,
3
m -r e a
n ) , b et we en .
EU
p ur d, i n t h e E as t , i n f r ont f o ,
r m er l
y , ( or
St : p ur ala an d
W p ur as tdt , b fo
e re .
)
W p asc h d, b eh i n d , ( or
m p asc h dt .
)
A d ver b s s uch as mu dh d, i n vai n,
Tn mz i s h d,
f al s el

y, ar e i nst r um ent al cas es o f

ob ols ete n u ns en di ng o in o o
c n s n ant s .
 11 318 CONJU G A T ION .

e g .Wa .f p a c h a ti h e c oo k s ; , he ook f
c s or h i m s elf ; m y j
a ati , he s acr i ces ;
35 1% y aj a t e h e s acr i ces f o r h i m s el f
, . . Th e sa m ppl i
e a es t o C au sal s ( Pan . I .
3,
T h es e d i st i n
ct i o n s ,
o
h wever , r e st i n m any ca ses , i n S an sk r i t as w el l as in Gr eek , on

p ecul i ar c o ncept i on s wh i ch i t i s d ifcul t t o anal ys e o r t o r eal i e ; and i n z S anskr i t as wel l as

i n Gr eek t h e r i g h t u s e o f t h e act ive an d m i ddl e voi c es i s b es t l ear nt

, by p r acti c e . Th us
F nz ,

t o l ea d, i s s
u ed as Par as m ai p a d a i n s u ch e xp r es s i on W s as
g ap d a m vi na a t i *
y ,

he car r i e s o ff a s welli n
g ; b ut as At m an ep ad a ,
in W k dh m vi ro a nay a t e, h e t u r ns
awa
y or d i s m i s s es wr at h ; a su b tl e di st i n ct i o n wh i ch i t i p o i bl t
s pp i ss e o a r e c at e wh en s t at e d ,

bu t d if cu l t to b i ng r u n d er any g e n er al r ul e s .

A g ai n , i n S an skr i t as well as in Gr eek s om e ver b s ar e m i d dl e i n cer t ai n t en s es onl y b ut

m
, ,

act i ve o r m i ddl e i n t h er s o e .
g . At m . 3% va r d h a t e, h e gr ws , o n ever var d h a ti but A o r .

W avgi d h a t,

Par .
, or wafe a va r dl ns h a,
'

y At m . h e g r ew .
( Pan . 1 .
3,
O th er s t ak e t h e Par as m ai p ad a or t m an ep a da o
acc r d i ng as t h ey ar e c om p o u nd ed wi t h

c er t ai n p p o i ti o n
re s s e .
g .
W vi s

a ti , he en t er s ; b ut i r}

ni he e nt er s in .

( Pan . 1. 3, I 7) .

2 88 b s ar e c o nj u g at ed bot h in t h e Par as m aip ada and A t m ane

. C au s al ve r

p ada D e s id er ati ve s g en er all y foll o w t h e Pada o f t h e s im pl e r oot ( Pan 1 3

. . .
,

D eno mi n at ive s en di ng i n W dy a h ave bo t h f or m s ( Pan I 3 Th e . .

,

i nt en si ve s h ave t wo for m s : o n e i n 1: y a whi ch i s al ways A t m an ep ad a ; t h e ,

o th er wi t h o ut 1!ya wh i ch i s al ways Par as m aip ada ,

.

2 89 Th e p as s i ve t ake s t h e t e r m i n at i o n s o f th e A t m an ep ad a an d p r e x es
.
,

1 1 d t o t h em i n t h e f o u r s p e c i al o r m o di e d t e n s e s In t h o t h t n t h
y e e r e s e s e .

for m s o f t h e p as s ive ar e wi t h a few e x cep t i o n s t h e s am e a s th o s e o f t h e, ,

A t m an ep ad a .

2 90 . Th er e ar e i n S ans kr i t t hi r t e en di ff er ent fo r m s , c or r e s p o nding t o th e

t e ns e s an d m oo d s o f G r eek an d L at i n .

I . Fo r med f r o m t h e Sp eci a l 07

Mo d ied B as e .

PA R A S MA I PA D A . KT M A N E P A D A .

( )
L W ti bh dvdmz

Th e Pr e s ent at

2 . Th e Im p er f e c t ( L a ri
) m d bh a va m m a dbh a ve
r f: bh dveya m

4 Th e Im p er at i ve ( )
L rf? bh ci vd m ? bh dva z
' '

. ot ba a

II . F o r me d f r o m t h e G ener a l or Unmo d ied B as e .

PA R A S M A IPA D A . KT M A N E P A D A .

e R e du pl i c at e d Per f e ct ( Li t) E tta ba bh dva 3 a bh dve

5 Th. $ 5 b
ch o r ay dm ba bh dva
6 Th e Per i p h r as t i c Per fect ( Li t ) E t l mi ? ! 3 % c h o r aydm

.

e Fi r s t A o r i s t ( L u n
7 Th.
)
8 Th e S ec on d A or i s t ( Lu n)
. dbh dva m

u mi bh a vz s h ydmi Wl bh avi s h y

'

 2 91 . CONJ UGA TION . 1 39

C o ndi t io nal (Lri n) W d bl z a ms hya m M i d bh avis h ye

'

10 . T he
I I . Th e Pe r ip h r as t i c Fu t u r e ( L u t) m bh a vi t ds mi W T} bh a vi t d he

1 2 . The B ene d ic t ive (A s i r l i n)

m blz dyds a m m 1 !bha ms h tyd

'

13 . Th e S u bj u nc ti ve ( L et) o c cur s in th e V e d a o nl y .

S ig mca ti o n o f th e T ens es a nd Mo o ds .

I m p e r fe c t quir e xpl anati o n

29I . I . 2 . Th e Pr e s e nt an d re no e . Th e
Im p er f e ct t ak e s th e A u gm e nt whi c h h a s al wa
y s th e ac ce nt .

3.Th e pr i nc i p al s en s e s o f t h e O pt at i ve ar e ,

a . C o m m and ; e .
g . l m T
? ' : tva m g r dma m g a ch ch h e lt , t h ou m aye s t go , i . e .

g o th ou t o t h e vi l l ag e .

6 . W i sh e .
g .
W ?!bh a vdn i hds tt a , L e t yo u r h o n o ur s it h er e !
0 . I n qu i r i ng ; e .
g .
W
51 m t !ved a m

a d h z y ty a , u ta t a r /ca m
a d h ty iy a , S h all I st ud t h V d o r s h al l I s t ud l o ic ?
y e e a
y g
d . S u p p o s iti o n ( s a mbh dva na
) ; e .
g . R a W W bh a ved as au

ved ap d r a
g o br d h ma z z a tvd t , h e p r o b abl y i s a s t u d e nt o f t h e Ved a, be caus e
h e is a B r ah m an .

e . C o n di t i o n ; e .
g .
a
'

m d a nda s ch en na bh a vel
l o /ce vi na sy eyur

i md lz p r aj d lt , i f t h er e w er e no t p u ni sh m e n t i n t h e w or l d ,

th e p e pl e w o o ul d p e r i sh . 31 8 W y b paa th e t sa dp nuyd t , h e
wh o s t u di es , w i ll obt ain . m a a y a d y a d r o ch e t a

vip r ebh y a s t a t t a d d a dyd d a ma ts a m lz , wh at ever p l e as e s th e B r ah m ans

l et o ne
gi ve t h at t o t h e m n o t ni g g ar dl
y .

f . It i s u sed in r el at i ve d ep e n d e n t s ent e n c e s e .
g . H ai l $31 3 W y a ch
ch a t va m evo m ka r y d na r a d d a dh e, I b eli eve d no t t h at t h o u c o ul d s t
ac t thus .
u m : y t
a t d d ri d lz kgi s h z z a m

ni nd er a nn

d cl z a r ya m, t h a t s u ch
p er s o n s sh o ul d r evi l e Kri sh n a i s w o nd er f ul ,

4 . T h e Im p e r at i ve re qu i r e s no e x l an at i o n a s f ar as t h e s ec o n d p e r s o n i s
p ,

c on cer n e d ; e.
g 33 tuda ,
. St r i ke !Th e r s t an d t h i r d p er s o ns ar e u s ed
i n p l ac e o f t h e O p t at i ve ; e g n? ! i ch chh ci mi

i n m any c as e s . .

bh a vdn bh uiz ktd m, I w i s h y o u r h o n o u r m ay ea t .

5 . Th e R e d u p li c at e d Pe r fec t d e n o t e s s o m e t h i n g ab s o l u t e l y p as t .

6 . C er t ai n ver b s wh i c h ar e n o t all ow e d t o fo r m th e r e du
p li c at e d
p e r f e c t , f or m

t h e ir p er fe c t p er i h r as t i c all , i e by m ean s o f an aux i l i ar y ver b

p y . . .

7 8 T.h e Fi r s t
. an d S ec ond A or i st s r e fe r
g e n e r all
y t o t im e
p a st , an d ar e th e

co m m on h i st or i c al t en s es in n ar r ati on Th e y t ak e t h e A u gm ent
.

9 T h.e Fu t u r e , al s o c a l l ed t h e In d efi n i t e Fu t ur e e .
g . W
d eva s ch ed d h dnya m vap s yd m a le, if i t r ai n , we sh a ll so w

va r s h z s h
'

y a tz

11 0 8 . m m m y d va - i va m
jj
'
a nna m dd s y a t i , as l ong as life
T 2
1 40 S PE C IA L AND GE N E R A L TE N SE S 2 92 ~

l a s t s , h e will g i ve f o od . U nde r c er t ai n c ir c u m st anc es t h i s Fut ur e

m ay b e u s ed O p t i on all y wi th t h e P er i p h r as t ic Fu t ur e ; e .
g .
m t han
W h en

u s bh o ks h y a te, will h e eat ?
h a dd hh o ktd

or

1 0 . Th e C on di t i o nal is i n st ead 9f t h e Op t at i ve, i f t h i ng s ar e

u s ed , s poken of

t h at m i gh t h ave , b u t h ave n o t h ap p en e d ( Pan I I I 3, g . . e . .

W W W s uvr i s h ti ch ed a bh avi s h y a t t a d d sa bh i ks h am

a bh a vi s h ya t, if t h er e h ad b een ab u n d an t r ai n , t h er e w ou l d h ave b een

p l ent y . Th e C ondi t i onal t ak es t h e A u g m ent

I I . T h e P er i p h r as t i c or D eni t e Fu t u r e e. g . M w : m ayo d h yd m

saa h p r a yd tds i , t h o u wi l t t o m o r r o w p r o c ee d t o A y o dh ya - .

1 2. Th e B ene di ct ive is u sed fo r e xp r e s s i n g no t o nl y a bl e s s i n g ,

bu t al s o a

w r i md n bh ag at, M ay h e b e h ap py !
'

wi sh i n g ene r al ; g i6
.
t . .

W ch i r a m j i vy dt M ay h e l ive l o ng

f i ,

I 3 . Th e S u bj u n ct i ve o cc ur s in t h e Ve d a onl y .

2 92 . Th e S an skr i t ver b h as i n e ach t en s e an d m oo d t h r e e num b er s ,

S ing ul ar , D ual, an d Pl u r al w i t h t h r ee p e r s o ns i n e ach

,
.

C H A PTE R V I II .

S PE C IA L AND GE NE R A L TE NSE S A N D TH E T E N CL A SSE S OF VE R B S .

2 93S an sk r i t g r am m ar i an s h ave di vi d ed all ver b s i n t o t en cl as ses ,

.

a c c or di n t t i n m o di t i o n w h i h t h i oo t n d r o b efo r e t h
g o c e r a c a s c e r r s u e g e

t er m i n at i o n s o f t h e Pr e s en t , t h e I m p er fe c t , t h e O pt at ive , an d Im p er at i ve .

Th i s di vi si o n i s ve r y u s efu l , an d will b e r et ai n e d w i th s o m e sli gh t al t er at i on s .

O ne an d th e s am e r oot m ay b el o n g to di ffe r en t c l as s e s . Th u s m bh r ds,

m bh l d, ai
l hh r a m, w t kr ani ,
m kl a m, a t r a s ,
q g? t r a t, l as h b el o ng
t o t h e B h u an d D iv c l as s e s H m?!hh r d a te o r H1311?!bh r dy a te & c ( Pan ,
. . III.

I , A g ai n , s ka , E i n s ta mbh ,
l s ta mbh, i s lca mbh ,
'

s h a mbh
'
b el o ng
t o th e S n an d Kr i cl as s e s ; s ku no t i o r
W
s kund ti Pa
( n III I
W . .

2 94 . Th e fo u r t e n s es an d m ood s wh i c h re qu ir e o
t hi s m di c at i n o o f th e
r oo t wi ll b e c al l e d t h e Sp eci a l or Mo d ied Tens es ; th e r e st t h e G ener a l or

Unmo d ied Tens es . Th u s th e r oot fa ch i is c h an g e d in th e Pr es en t ,

Im p er fect , Op t at i ve, d Im p e r at i ve i nt o ch i mah,
an nu . H en c e c hi -
na -

we s e ar c h; d ch nu ma , w e
i - -
s ear c h e d . B ut t h e Pa s t P ar t i c i pl e fi :

c h i td h, s ear c h ed , or th e R e d u p li cat ed Per fe ct h i h -

i h t h h ave
c c y i , e
y
s e ar c h e d, wi t h o u t t h e a nu . We cal l f
'

ch i , th e r oot , fag ch i na, t h e bas e

o f th e s
p e c i al t en s es .
142 SPE C IA L AN D G E NE R A L TE NSE S

4 . Th e Ch ur cl as s
( th e t ent h wi th n at i ve g r am m ar i an s , a nd cal l e d by
t h em
3 r d? ch a r ad i , b e c aus e t h e r s t r oo t i n t h eir li s t s i s gg
'
ch a r ,
to

s t e al
) .

a . an ay a is add e d t o t h e l as t l ett er o f th e r oot .

6 . If t h e r oot en d s in a si m pl e o o
c n s n ant ,
p r e c e ded by N a, w a is
l engt h en ed t o
31 d .

E x .

m da l, t o cu t ; 3m m d dl -dya - ti , ( m an
y e x c ep t i on s ) .

c. If t h e oot end s i n a s im p l e c o n s o n ant p r ec ed e d b y :

r ,
i,
3 a , as ri , E i
l,
t h e si : vo wel s t ak e G u na w h i l e a r t b ec o m es i i r
'

n

.
,

am t o em b r a c e ; m
E x .
m ,
sl es h ci ya t i ch a r - - .
, to s t e al ; W t
ch o r -
dy a- ti .
R
I i nr i s h , to e n du r e ; n? m ar s h dya -te -
.

kr i t, t o
p r ai s e ; 33 m ki r t dy a ti
- -
.

d Fi nal : i ,
.
i t, 3 a , 3 5 12, w ,
r i an d
a ,
r t t ak e V ri dd h i .

E x . fa j r i ,
t o gr w o old; e dy i y t i -c a - . i f} mi , t o w al k ; W
mdy dya ti
-
.

1
! d h ri , to h ol d ; m d h dr
dy a - ti . 1
11 m

,
t o l l W p dr -
dy a -
t i .

Not M ny if n t l l oote ng d a nd ,
th i s l by n t i v g m m i n
o a r s ar r a e u er c as s a e ra ar a s, ar e

s eco nd y oot n d i d nt i l i n f o m with

ar r s, ati v d no m i n t i v e& Th i l
ca diff r cau s a es , e a es , c . s c as s er s

f om ot h
r l i m h v b b l o ng i g t i t k
er c as s e s , n as p t h i m di t y yll bl W g/
uc as er s e n o ,
ee e r o ca o r s a e a a

t h o gh o t i n t h
r u nm o d i du w ll
,
i n t h m o d i d t n
e u x pt i t h B n d i t i v
e as e as e e e s es , e ce n e e e c e

R d pl i t d A o i t t N fW y
P nd t h
ar . a Th
e nte t u n th ca e r s . e acce r es s o e rs a o a a.

II . S eco nd D i vis i o n .

2 97. Th e s ec on d di vi s i o n c om p r i s es al l ve r b s wh i c h do no t, in th e

S p eci al t en s e s , end in s: a befo r e t h e t e r m i nat i n s o .

It is a d i s t i ngu i s h i n g feat u r e o f th i s s eco nd divi s i o n t h at , b ef o r e

c er t ai n t er m i n at i n s , o all ver b s b el o ngi ng t o it r e qu ir e s t r e n g t h en i n
g o f t h ei r

r adi c al v ow el ,
or i f t h ey t ak e a na , 3 a , a l ni , s t r e ngt h e n i n

g o f th e v o w el s
f t h es e ll abl e s Th i s s t r en
g t h en i n
g g e n er al l t k pl ace by m ea n s o f
o
y s .
y a e s

Gu na , b u t n? i s r ai s e d t o 3 1 nd i n t h e Kr i , an d
{ it t o a nd i n th e R ud h
c l as s .

We S h all c all th e t er m i n at i n s o wh i c h re qu i r e s t r en
g t h e n i n
g o f th e

i nec t i ve b as e ,
th e w e ak t e r m i na t i n s , o an d th e b as e b efor e t h em , t h e

st r o ng b as e ; a nd vi ce ver s d, t he t er mi n at i o n s wh i ch do no t re qu ire
s t r en
gt h eni n
g o f th e bas e ,
th e str o ng t er m i n at i n s , o and th e b as e b e fo r e
t h e m , t h e w eak b as e .

As a r u l e, th eo a c c en t f all s on t h e r s t v wel o f s tr o ng t er mi nati o n s o r i f , ,

t h e t er m i n at i o n s ar e we ak o n t h e s t r on g b as e , , th u s es t abli s h i n
g t h r ou h o ut
g
an e qu i l i b r i u m b et wee n b as e an d t er m i n at i o n .
 2 99 . AND TH E TE N CLA S SE S or VE R B S . 1 43

II a . B as es whi c h t ak e
'

5 nu, 3 a , v n i .

2 98 . Th is r s t su b di vi s io n c o m p r i se s t h r ee c l as se s :

I . Th e S u c l as s
( t h e ft h cl as s w it h nat i ve g r a m m ar i an s ,
a nd c all e d by

t h e m E rfqs vdd i ,
'
b ec au s e t h e r s t oo t i n t h e ir l is t s i s g s u)
r .

is a dd e d t o t h e l as t l e t t e r f t h e r oo t b efo r e s t r o ng t e r m inat i o ns

a nu o , ,

no b efo r e weak t er m i nat i o n s .

E x .
3 s u, to s q u e ez e o u t ; W : s u -nu -mci h, I st p er s p l u r . . Pr es .

i i s u -no-mi , I st p er s s ing . . Pr e s .

2. Th e T an c l as s
( the e igh t h c l as s wi t h n at i ve g r am m ar i a n s , an d cal l ed by
t h em m ta nd d i , b ec au s e t h e r st oot i n t h e ir li s t s i s m t a n)
r .

is add e d t o t h e l as t l e tt er f the r oo t b ef or e s t r o n t er m i n a t i o ns

3 a o , g ,

w!
0
}
b ef o r e we ak t er m i nat i o n s .

E x .
t a n, t o s t r et c h ; t a n-u-mci h, I st p er s . pl u r . Pr e s .

l
T t a n-
o-mi , 1 st p er s s ing Pr e s
. . .

A ll

Not e ver b b l ongi ng t

s e o t h is cl as s e nd in i n, e x pt n f kri a fwk
ce o e,
'

,
ar o mi , I do .

3 . T h e Kr i c l as s ( t h e n i n th wi t h n ati ve gr amm ar i an s , an d call ed by t h e m

asnfqlcr yddi , b ec au s e t h e r s t r oo t i n t h e ir li s t s i s aft kr i ) .

v ni is a dd e d t o t h e l as t l e tt e r o f the r oo t b efor e
,
s tr ong t er m in ati ns , o
mnd b efor e weak ter mi nat i o n s

n b efo r e s t r o n g t er m i n ati o ns b egi n nin g wi t h vo wel s

i .

E x a? kr i t o b u y ; m i l : lcr i ni m ah 1 s t p er s pl ur Pr e s
.
,
- -
,
. . .

m Icr i nd mi I st p er s S i ng Pr e s - -
,
. . .

l t fl t kr i
n anti 3r d p er s pl ur Pr e s
.

-
, . . .

II b . B a se s t o wh i ch t h e t er mi nat i ons ar e j o i ne d i mm e di at el y .

2 99 . Th e s ec on d di vi s i on c om p r i s es t h r ee cl as s e s :

I . Th e A d cl as s (t h e o
s e c n d c l as s wi t h n at i ve g r a m m ar i a n s , an d call e d by t h e m
a m:
t b ecau s e t h e r s t r oot i n t h eir li s t s i s R a d t o eat )
a d ad i , , .

a . Th e t er mi n at i o ns ar e ad d e d i m m e di at el y t o t h e l as t l ett er o f t h e bas e ;
a nd in t h e c o n t ac t o f vo w el s wi t h vo w el s vo wel s wi t h c o n s o n an ts , ,

c o ns o n ant s wi th vo w el s an d c o n s o n an t s wi t h c o n s o nant s t h e p h o net i c

, ,

1 0 71 4
r u l e s e xp l ai n e d abo ve
(6 5) m u s t b e c ar e fu ll y ob s er ve d .

6 . Th e s t r o n g b a s e b efo r e t h e w eak t e r m i nati o n s t a kes G u n a wh er e

p o s s i bl e 2 9 6 1 b) , . .

E x . fa g l i h , t o li ck : l i
fa st: h moi h, w e li c k ; l eh - mi , I l i c k ;

l elc-s hi ,
th ou li cke s t 5 3?
'

l i dh d , yo u l i c k 1 28 ) ( i le t, t h o u li c ke d s t

Th e ac cent is on t h e r s t v wel o of t h e t er mi nat i n s , o e x c ep t in cas e o f

W e ak t er mi nat i n s , wh en t h e o acc ent fall s on th e r adi c al v owel .
1 44 SPE C IA L A N D GE NE R A L TE N SE s A N D THE TE N CL A SSE S o r VE R B S 2 99_ .

2 . Th e H u c l as s
( t h e t h ir d c l as s wi t h n at ive g ra mm ar i an s, an d c all e d by
t h em
W j a h o tyd di , b ecau s e t h e r s t r oo t i n t h ei r li s t s i s
3 ha,

W )

j a h o ti .

a . Th e t er m i nat i o ns ar e a dd e d as i n t h e A d c l as s .

6 . Th e s t r o ng b a s e b ef or e t h e weak t er m in at i o n s t ak es G u na , wh er e po s si bl e .

0 . T h e r oot t ak e s r ed u pl i c at i o n ( R u l e s o f R e d u p l i c at i o n .
,

E x. h a, t o s ac r i c e :
w : j u -
h a mah, w e
- s acr i c e ;
fn j u h o-mi
, I -

sac r i ce . Pa
( n . v1 . 1,

Th e i nt e ns i ve ver bs ,
j
c o n u g at e d i n t h e Par as m ai p ada, fo ll o w t h i s c l a ss .

Th e ac c ent is on th e r s t syll a bl f e o t h e ver b i f t h e t er m i nat i on s ar e w eak , l ik e wi se if

m
,

t h e t er m i nat i on s ar e st r o ng , b ut b gi n
e wit h a v ow el . Ex .
W IN dddh at i ;
A
'

ddd h at i

( Pan . V I . 1 , 1 89 W h et h er th i s rul e e xt en d s p
t o t h e O t at ive A t m anep ad a i s d o btf
u ul .

W e nd t h e R i g
- eda
in
v t h da d hi t a bo
an d d a d hi t a

. Pr o f B . enf e
y,
wh o at r st a cce nt u at e d

d ad htt d, no w pl aces t h e accen t o n t h e r st s

yl l a l b
e , l ik e B o eh t li ngk a n d B o pp . Th e Ag am a
s i yu t i s, no d o bt
u ,
avi dya m Anavat s var avidh au ( Pan I I I . . I , 3 , var t . bu t t h e q u es t i on is
wh eth er {ta i s t o b e tr eat e d as a j ,
ad i b egi nning wi th a v ow l e , or wh et h er t h e t er m i nat i n o
i s t a wi t h Agama i . I ad o pt t h f o e r m er vi ew , an d s ee it c o n m r ed by t h e Pr at yu d ah ar ana

g i ve n in V I . 1 , 1 89 . Fo r if ydt o f d ad -ydt i s no l o ng er a j adi t h , en i t a in d dd -i t a m u st be

aj adi on th e s am e gr o und. Th e r edu pl i cat e d ver b s bhi , hr i , bhri , bu, ma d, j an, d h a n, d ar i d r d,

d
j g gi h ave

t h e U datt a on th e syll a bl p e r e c e d i ng t h e t er mi nat i on s, if t h e t er mi nat i on s ar e

k fw i s r bi bhr a ti ( Pan vx

wea . Ex . bi bha r ti , b ut . . I,

3 . Th e R u dh c l as s
( th e s e ve nt h cl as s wit h nat i ve gr amm ar i an s , an d c all e d

by t h e m S u : r udhd di , b e c au s e t h e r s t oo t i n t h eir li s t s i s 9
r a dh ,

r
ob
g af fg r u nd dd h i ,
t o s t r u c t ) .

a. Th e te r mi n at i o n s ar e a d d e d as i n th e A d cl as s .

B et wee n t h e r adi cal vo wel an d t h e n al c o n s o nant i n i s i n s er t e d wh i ch

11 .
,

i n t h e s t r o ng b as e be fo r e w eak t er m in at i o n s i s r ai s ed t o a na .

E x yaj t o j oi n : gi n: y u nj md h w e j o in ;
0

.
, y a nd j mi I j o i n - - -
,
- - -
, .

Th e ac cent f al l s o n a na wh er ever i t app e ar s u nl es s i t i s a tt r act e d by t h e

, ,

au g m e nt .

Fi r s t
B h cl as s, wi t h n at i ve gr am m ar i ans , B h vadi , I c l as s .

I ud cl a s s , T u d adi , V I
'
c l as s .

D i v cl as s , D i vadi , IV cl as s .

Ch ur c l as s , C h u r adi , X cl as s .

Su cl as s , wi t h n at i ve r a mm ar i an s , SV Sdi , V c l as s
g .

T an c l as s , T a n ad i , V I II cl as s .

Kr i c l a s s, Kr yadi, IX cl as s .

Ad cl as s , A d adi , I I c l as s .

Hu cl a s s , Ju h o ty adi , III c l as s .

R u dh cl a s s , R u dh ad i , V I I cl a s s .
1 46 AU G ME NT ,
R E D U PLIC A TIC N , AN D TE R MIN A TIC N S .
30 3

G ener a l R u l es o f R edup l i ca ti o n .

T h e r st ll ab l e
s o f a r oot (i e t h at po r t i o n o f i t wh i ch e n ds
3 3
0 .
y . .

wi t h a v owel ) i s r ep e at e d .

'

5 2
! budh z
m bubu dh .
i hh d i s e xc ept i on al i n fo r mi ng a g ha bh d .
( Pan .

V II 4.
A s p i r at ed l ett er s ar e re p r es ent ed in r e du pli cat io n by t h ei r co r
3 4 0 .

r e s po n di ng u n as p ir at ed l e tt e r s .

t s bh i d, t o cu t , = fl g bi bhi d
' '
.

d h zl , t o s h ak e , d ud h d
i z
a .

30 5 . G u tt u r al s ar e r e p r esent e d in r e du pl i c at io n b y t h ei r o
c r r es po ndi ng
p al at al s ; g h by
U E .
( n
Pa . V II. 4,

W ha t ,
to s e ver ,
W c h u ku t .

kh an, t o di g , =
W ch a kh a n .

mt g a m ,
to go , =
m j a
g a m .

a h as , t o

30 6 . If a r oot b egi ns wi t h m o r e th an o ne c o ns o nant ,

t h e r s t onl y is
r ed u p li c at ed .

Icr u , t o sh out ,
2
w ch a kr a s .

m ks h zp , t o t h r ow Far m ch i ks hip

.
,

30 7 . If oot b egi n s wi t h a s i b il ant foll o wed by a

a r t e nni s or as p ir at e d
t enu i s , t h e t en u i s o nl y i s r e d u p li c at e d .

l g s tu t o p r ai se , 33 t us h tu 103 I
) ,
=
,
.

s t a rt t o s o u n d ,
t as t a n .

an
? sp a r dh , t o s t r i ve , W ?p asp ar dh .

E n s t h d, t o s t an d , t as t h d .

m
ch yu t , t o d G , =
W ch uo h yut .

B u t 6 s mr i , t o p in e , 1T8 s a s mri
:
'

.
3

30 8 . If t h e r adi c al v owel ,
wh e th er n al or m edi al , i s l o ng , i t is
sh or t e ned i n th e r edu pli c at ive s
yl l ab l e .

mg g a h ,
to e nt e r , z
m j a
y ah .

sd d, to s t r i k e, s us h i i d
=
ggg .

30
9 . If t h e r adi c al
( no t nal ) o w el v is E e or E ai , it b ec o m es 3 i ; if i t
is s 0 o r v i a n, it b e c om e s 3 u
'
.

a} s ev t o w o r s hi p
, i s i s h ev ,
.

a? dh a ulc t o ap p r o ach 39 3dudh aulc

, , .

3 1 0 R oot s wi t h nal I! e Q a t i f! 0 ar e t r eat e d l ik e oot s e n d in i n

.
, , , r
g
m at ,
t aki ng =3 a in th e r e du p li c at i ve s yl l abl e .

Q dh e , to fee d 3 3, d a d:h au .

ag a i , Sin 1?
to g 3 , :j g
a au .

nS
a o , to s h ar p en maSaau ,
.
 3 12 . A UG ME N I , '
R E D UPLIC A T IC N , AN D TE R M I N A TIONS . 1 47

3 1 1 . T h e fo ll o wi ng r oo t s ar e s li
g h t l y i r r e ul ar
g on ac c u n t o o f th e
s emi vo wel s wh i ch t h ey c o nt ai n and wh i ch ar e l i abl e to b e ch ang e d i nt o ,

vo w el s ( Th i s c h an g e i s c all e d S amp r as dr ana

.
) P an V I 1 1 7 . . .
, .

R oo rF R. P S N R D UP L P
I ST a ns W . F I W n F nn f
G . E . s nr . EA K o nu u sr o .

y j W g/ r
a i a i a t o s a cr ic e
( fo r m y y j ) {t
a d a ,
,
.

u dch a t o S p eak
va ch m ri ch uc h )

v 5 ,
. . .

i n va d
; m uvad a, to sa
y . as i l d
g .

vap z m uv dp a ,
to so w .

5 1
m va s m dsa
uv ,
t o wi sh . His
t as (m ) . u .

m uvd a t o dw ell a5g 128 (q )

qq va s
s as
. .
, .

H
g va h u vdh a , to c ar r
y . 3
g 21h uh
.
) .

mtvay I m uvdya t o weave ,

.
y o r
a d v"
( 3 u ) . .

vya ch f
d
auna vi vy c h a t o s u r r o u n d vi vic h '

,
. .

m
u vy a d h f awn!vi vy ddh a, to s tr ike .

W vi vi dh . vi d h .
)
y v ath faw vi vya t h ( Pan . v1 1 .
4 , f a vi vya t h .

m s vap
W s us h v dp a ,
to sl e e p .
m s us h up .
(31 ) s up .

e a to t
W s t raw ,
to s w ell l .
a m as .
( p )
s a
i vy e f arm o vi vy dya ,
to c ver . faz vi vi .
( i t vi ) .

a nj g d r st? j iiya z i t o gr ow o l d
:
, .

h ve
w j u h dzva t o c all ( P a n v 1 , . . I
g j uh d .
(g ) hd .

m py y

d f q i
p py g o r o w f at ( Pa n . vI 1 .
, l i p ip i

.
( p )

i .

g g r a h z
m j a
g r dh a , t o t ak e . $17
Kj a
gri h .
g r i l l .
)
m vr a Sch m vavr dch a , t o c u t ( Pan V . I 1 .
, 1 21
% vavzi sch .
(w vz i ch .
)
IQ p r a ch h W ap r ai ch chh a , to as k
p .

bh r aj i a ba bh r dj i a t o ma ba hh r aj i bh riz j )
'

a ,
. .

In t h e l as t t hr ee V er b s t h e w e ak f or m in t h e r edu pli cat e d p er fe c t i s p ro

t ec t e d a
g ai n s t S am p r as ar ana b y t h e n al d o u b l e c o n s o n an t
( P5 11 1 2 . . .
,

R oo t s b egi nni ng w it h a va, b u t en di ng in d o u bl e c on s on ant s d o ,

no t

3 3% vavz i t e;
E
p
} va vri d h

c h an a va t o E

u x t ra
g e . . .

3 1 2 . R oo t s b egi nni ng wit h sh or t a a, an d endi ng in a s in

g l e o o
c ns nant ,

c ont r ac t a a s : a i nt o m d .

ad,
m ci d .

to eat ,
er
g =

Th e weak f o r ms a pp ear i n all p o ns er s o f th e r ed u pl i cat ed p er f ect wh er e ne it h er V ri d dhi

no r Gu na i s r e qui r e d .

1 Th e

w eak e st f om
r s o f t h e se ver b s do no t b l ong t t h
e o e r e du p li cat e d p er f ect , b u t h ave
b een ad d e d as u s ef u l h er eaft er f o r t h e f om r a t i o n f th p t p
o e as ar t i ci pl e, th e b en e di ct i ve , th e
p as s i ve, &c .

I ii vay i s
l a su b st itu t e fo r ve i n t h e r e du pli cat e d p er f ect ( Pan 1 1 4
,
If t hat . .
, su b

s t i tu t i o n d o es no t t ak e pl ace, t h e n E ve f or m s WES vavau F a t vavuh ( Pan v1 1 ,

. .
,

ll Par} V I 1, 38, 39 . WT Or W s isvdya ( Pa

nVI 1 . .
,

U 2
1 48 A Q G ME N T, R E D U RLICA T IC N ,
AN D TE R M INA TIONS .
3 1
3

3 3 R o o t s1
be
gi nn i n
.
g wi
th Sh or t 5!a,
4 an d en di ng wi t h m o r e t h an on e
c ns onan t r e
p , p x M i
a n .
V II .
4,
a r ch dnd r ch , ( s
A l o ,
as s as
t (
Sn)
,
m ( i nd i e ) Pa
n .
,
v 1 1 .
4,
3 14
3
. Th e r oot s r i f o r m sat h e b a s e o f t h e r e d u p li c at e d p e r fec t
.
as
m dr .

O t her roo t s b e g i n n i n g w i t h a r i p r e x ain ( Pan V I I 4 , m . . .

obt ai n ,
: 2
W i n-r
a
ill w r i d lt ,
t o t h r ive ,

i f t h ey w ere xv
ar e t r eat e d i n . f ac t a s
i a r ch ,
ar d h, & c .
,

oo t s or a n no t ( p r o s o di all y l ong) c o ntr act g ,

(1 as 22 bu t if t h e r a di c al
gi ,
or i u
tk a e

G u na or Vri ddh i , 1
ry a
nd
i v ar e i n s er t e d b et w e e n t h e r edu l i a i e
p qt v s
yl l abl e

an d th e b as e ( Pan v 1 4
. . .
,

s h d tu h
is h bg i t h ey t wo h ave g n e o
'

r : z -
,
.

3
{ y
3 i -s h - a
( G u na
) ,
I h ave g o ne .

uh h amg: il kh dtu h, t h ey t w o h ave wi th er e d

'
z -
.

W
a v cch a
-
( G )
u na , I h ave w i t h er e d .

A s to r oo t s wh i ch o t b e r e du p li c ate d o r ar e o th er wi s e ir r egu l ar s ee t h e
c an n ,

r l
ue s
g i ve
n f o r t h e f o r mat i o n o f t h e R e d up li c at e d an d Per i p h r as t ic Pe r f e ct .

Sp eci a l R u l es of R edup l i ca ti o n .

3 1 .p r o ce s s o f r e du p l ic at i o n wo u l d b e t h e s am e wh et h er app li ed
6 S o far t h e ,

t o t h e b a e s o f t h e R e d u li cat e d P er f e c t o r t o t h o s e o f t h e E u cl a s s B u t t h er e
s p .

ar e s o m e o i n t n w h i h t h t w l f d li t d b d i ff v i z
p s o c e s e o c as s e s o r e u
p c a e a s e s er ; .

I nt h e R e d u p l i c at e d P er fec t r a di c al a r i
.

I t w h et h er n al o r m e di al
. .

a , ,
r
, ,

are r ep r e s e nt e d i n r e du p l i c at i o n by w a
,
.

2 In t e b as e s o f t h e H u c l as s n al 3 ri an d a r i t h e o
.
h ' 3 i ( y , d o n o t c c u r as ,

ar e r e r e s en t e d i n r e d u li c at i o n b i
p p.

y { .

R D UP L A D P R F C E C L P R N &
E IC TE E E T. U A SS. E SE T, c .

1 a ) bi t
1 : W b i bh d r ti . .

I
! 4 sg i
: W s is ar t i

.

Th e r oo t

a ,
r i t o g o ,
fo r m s gut? tu- ar t i ;
a p ,
r i t o l l , W i
p p a r t i .

3 I 7 Th e t h r ee ver b s f ai nt]
.

i nh redup l i cat e s l l abl e (P an v 1 1

,
W m} , an d
M uts k o f th e Hu cl as s t ak e G o u na

d y . . .
4,

W ni j , t o wash , Rafi nnekti , m neni lct e ; i vi j , to se p ar at e , W vve lcti ;

fi l i vi s h , to p er vad e, f? vvesh ti .

3 1 8 Th e t wo
. ver b s HTrnd, t o m eas u r e, an d E T li d, t o g o , o f th e H u cl as s t ak e
Q i in
.

t he r e du pli cat i ve s
yll a bl e. ( Pan v1 1 . .
4,
m md fm mi mi te; at M f a i rj a a
'

, , .

1
3 9 . C er tain r oot s ch ang e
.
t h ei r i nit i al c o n on
s ant if th ey ar e r e d u pl i cat e d .

E H; h an , t o k il l , W j ag h na .d Li k ewi se i n t h e d e s id er at i ve j i g hd nz s a ti ,

an d th e
150 AU G M E NT RE D UP L ICA TION AND TE R M INA TIONS
, , .
32 2 .

SE CO ND D I V I S IO N .

S u, Ta n, Kr i , A d, E u, a nd R u dh C l a s s es .

PA R A S M A I PA D A . AT M A N E PA D A .

Pr e sent . Im p e r fe ct . p
O ta t i ve . Im p er at i ve . Pr ese nt . Im per f e ct . p
O t at i ve . Im per ati ve .

W a rn
'
ll l ydm
'

m
I a..
I 2 e
: i i y
n i a

2.
I I
: 1 . I n:
yah 6: h i 1
2 se m: t h ah i m m
sen a s va

IU I
7
W tt
I i i Hi t dm

g
'

y a tu te a ta i i ta

vah
I
%c 3% W m ai
I
'
1 . va a
y va 3 1? ( to o 3 a ke va hi i va ki dvaha i

W: t h ah ii t a m F i g/ ato m t am w h en; W d t hdm W i ydt h dm W

' '
2. dt h dm

3 u t ah
. : ai t dm
'
W y at dm l t am
' ' '

wt at e W dtdm i ydtdm mai ntai n;

I . a : mah n ma m ydma m ama ni ma ne afg ma hi W i mahi m am as

d 83 d hve! SE? d ho o m

t ha H to 1113 d ho o m
' ' '

2. y t a ta i d h vam

ll M
e
a nt i 2
W 3
a: uh 2
W Wi ll

g a ntu
3 . an y a te a ta i r an a t m

Th e t er min at i o n s en cl o sed in s qu ar es ar e t h e we ak , i . e . u n ac c ent e d

t er m i n at i on s wh i ch re qui r e s tr e n
g t h e ni n g Of th e b as e .

N ot e I W h e n hi i s a dd e d i m m e di at el y t o t h e n al c ns o o nant o f a

r oot (i n th e A d, R ud h , o r ) i t i g Hu
s c h an e d t o t d h i
( Pan V I 4 , 1 c l as s es
0 1 , . . .

S ee N Th e ver b h u , t h o u gh e ndi ng in a vo w el , t ake s t dh i i ns t ea d

O .

g
Of h i , fo r t h e s ak e o f eu p h o ny ( Pan V I 4, . . .

Kr i ver bs e n di n
g i n c o n s o nant s for m t h e 2 nd p er s . s in
g i m
.
p i n W . d na .

( S ee N O. 1 55 . Pan . III . 1 ,

In t h e p er s s ing im p Par asm ver b s o f t h e Su and T an c l as s e s t ake

2 nd . . . .

t er mi n at i o n e x c ep t wh en 3 u i s p r ec e de d by a c o nj u n c t c o ns o nan t ( S

no , ee .

N O.

N ot e 2 I n t h e 3r d p er s pl u r p r e s an d i m p er Par as m ver b s O f t h e H u . . . . .

c l as s an d W a bh y a s t a , i e r e d u p li cat e d b as es t ak e wr a t i an d a a tu
g . .
s
, .

N o t e 3 In t h e gr d p er s p l u r i m p Par as m ver b s O f t h e H u cl as s r e du . . . .
,

pli c at e d b as e s and fag vi d t o k no w t ake 3 uh b efor e whi ch ver b s ending

, , , :
, ,

i n a vo wel r e qu ir e G u n a u h i s u s e d op t i o n al l aft e r ve r b s i n m d an d
, y .
,

aft er F g i d vi s h t o h at e ( P a n
'
l I II 4 1 0 , 9 . . .
,

B m e an s O f t h e s e t er m i n at i o n s t h e s t u d ent i s a bl e t o fo r m t h e
3 2 2 y .

Pr e s ent , I m p er fec t , Op t at ive , an d Im p er at i ve i n t h e Par a s m ai p ad a an d

A t m an ep ad e O f g b s i n S an s k all
r it ; an d
re a n
y o n e u l ar
w h o h as c l ear l y ve r

u nd er s t oo d h o w t h e ver b al b a s e s ar e r e ar e d i n t e n di ff er e n t w a s f o r
p p y
r e c ei vi ng t h ei r t er m i n at i o n s a n d w h o w il l at t ach t o t h e s e ver b al b as es t h e ,

t e r m i n at i o n s as g iven a bove ac c o r d ing t o t h e r ul es o f S an dh i will h ave n o , ,

di fc u l ty i n wr i t i ng o u t f o r h i m s el f t h e p ar adi g m s O f any S an skr i t ver b i n

f ou r o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t an t t en s es an d m oo ds bo t h i n t h e Par as m ai p ada an d ,

A t m an e p a d a S o m e ver b s h o w eve r ar e i r r egu l ar in t h e fo r m at i o n O f t h ei r

.
, ,

b a s e ; t h e s e m u s t b e l e ar nt fr o m th e D h at u p ath a .
 3 2 6 . G E N E R AL o n UN M O D IFIE D TE N S E S . 159

C H A PTE R X .

G E N E R AL 0R UN M O D IFIE D TE N S E S .

3 3
2 . In t h e t e ns e s whi c h
re m ain t h e R e d u p l ic ate d Pe rfec t t h e Pe ri , ,

h r as t i c Pe rfe c t t h e F i r s t an d S e c o nd A o ri s t t h e F u t u r e t h e C o nd it i o nal
p , , , ,

t h e Pe r i p h ra s ti c F u t u r e and B e ne di c t i ve t h e di s t i nc t i o n o f t h e t e n c l as s e s
, ,

van i s h e s A ll ve rb s ar e t r e at e d ali ke to w h at e ve r c l as s th e y be l o ng i n t h e
.
,

m o die d t e ns e s ; an d t h e d i s t i ng ui s h i n g fe at u re s t h e i ns e r te d anu 3 U ni , , , ,

& c ar e r em o ve d ag ai n fr o m t h e ro o t s t o wh i c h th ey h a d b ee n a tta c h e d i n
.
,

t h e Pr e s e nt t h e Im p e rfe c t t h e O p t at i ve a nd Im p erat i ve
, ,
O nl y t h e ve rb s , .

o f t h e C h u r c l as s p r e s e rve t h ei r W dya t h ro u gh o u t e x c e p t i n t h e A o ri s t ,

an d B e n edi c ti ve .

R edup li ca ted P erf ect .

3 4
2 . Th e r oot i n i t s p ri m i ti ve s a e t t is red upl ic ated . Th e rul es o f
re d up li c ati o n h ave been gi ve n abo ve .
30 2

3 5
2 . T h e R e d u p li c at e d
Pe rf ec t c an be fo rm e d o f al l ve rb s e x c ep t ,

I. M on o s yll ab i c r oot s w h i c h b egi n wi t h a ny vowel p r o s o diall y l o ng b u t

vs a o r an 62 s u c h a s

z d to p rai s e ;
j :
m ed /z t o g r o w ;,
i nd/z to l ig h t , ,

a u nd to w e t
g ,
.

2. Pol ys yll abi c root s s u ch as m o h a kds to b e b righ t, ,

.

V e rb s o f th e C h u r c l n d d r i v t i v v r b s u ch as C au s ati ve s
3. as s a e a e e s , ,

D es i d e rati ve s I nt en s i ve s D en o m in at ive s
, , .

2 6 V e rb s w h i c h c ann ot f o r m t h e P e rf e c t b y r e d u li c at i o n f o r m t h e
3 .
p ,

Perip h ras ti c Perfec t b y m ean s o f c o mp o si ti on .

S o d o lik e wi s e 3 d ay to p i ty & c
3 m ay , to g o
m ,
to s it d o wn
.
, , ,

( P 31) I I I I
. .

m , k d s to c o u h
g ( Pa n III I , al s o
m kd to s h in e . .
, ,

e o t o y to b r to o vi dd m)
( s n ); p i n all 3
3 u s h u n o s h d m , ) gfa a i d k n ,
w , , , ,

to a d ft r t aki n r e d u li
W j d g Wa
a k e j d g a r d m
,
P n I I I I a n a e
, g p . .
, ,

c ati o n b bh i
, j i h r a y d m )5 W N bi b h a r dm
) , ,

an d
g hu ( ag ai j u h a vdm , Pan . III. I ,

Th e g
ve rb to c o
save r al th o u gh
12 mm, p o l y s yll ab i c al l o w s o nl y o f
, ,

d m u miva as i t s P e rfe c t

g gT
i i c/2h to f ail a l th o
,
u
g h i t s b as e,
i n t h e P e r fe c t e n d s i n tw o c o n s o nan t s ,

fo rm s o nl y d a r ch chh a I t i s t reat e d i n fac t as i f a r ch ch h

.
, ,
.

Ter mi na ti o ns f
o th e R ed up l i ca ted P erf ect .

SIN G U LA R .

L
i l a ( e

2 .

3 .

| wa
) 2 e
 160 G E N E R AL OR UN M O D IFIE D TE N SE S .
3 7
2

D UA L .

I
{a m et
38 % i na ne
2
3
3 : a th a a l d th e

3 g: a t u lc an ? ci t e

P L U RA L .

I
: 31 m m
{ 11 % i m a h e

2 . s1 a
: 3 2 id e or
3% i dve

3 33
f t ir e

Th e s e termi n ati on s ar e h e re gl ven wi th ou t an y r eg ar d to t h e s y s t e m s o f ,

n at i ve o r c o m ar a t i ve r a m m a ri an s i n t h at fo r m i n w h i c h th ey m a b
p g y e ,

m e ch an i c al l y a dd e d t o t h e re d u p l i c at e d r o o t s T h e rul es o n t h e o m i s si on o f .

t h e i ni ti al : 73 o f c e rt a in t e r mi na ti o n s w i ll b e gi ven b el ow .

T h a cc en t f all s o n t h e t e r m i n at i o n s i n t h e P ar as m ai a d a a n d
3 2 7 e .
p .

A t m anep ad a e x c ep t i n t h e t h r ee p er s o ns s i ng ul ar P a r as maip a d a
, In t h e s e .

t h e a cc e nt f all s o n t h e r oot w h i c h th e re fo r e i s s t r e ng th e ne d acc o r di n g t o th e

,

f oll o w i n g ru l es :
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, ,

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2 . F i n al vo w el s tak e V r i d d h i o r G u na i n t h e r s t , G u na i n th e se c on d ,

Vriddh i o nl y i n t h e thi r d p e r s o n s in g u l ar .

n5, fawn: ni ndy a E fv m them ni net h a or f f qw

ni nci y-e th a ,

ni nci y a ,

'
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'
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or

3 W . a if fo ll ow e d b y a s i ng l e c o n s o n an t , t ak es V rid d hi o r G u na i n t h e r s t ,
G u na i n t h e s e c o n d , Vri d dh i o nl y i n t h e th i r d p e r s o n s i ng u l ar .

{a mm
h a j a
gh d n-
a or m j ag h d n -
a, W j a
g h d n i t h a , m
-
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t N o e If t h e se o nd c pr e s o n s in g u l a rP ar as m ai p a d a r
i s f o m e d by W i ll a , t h e ac en f al l s o n c t
th r t ; i f wi h t W i th a th e cc t m f al l b
s ll a l e , b u t g e n er al l y i t i s o n t h e
e oo
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a a vo w el m ay, i n c rte ai n ve rb s, be wi h o u t t G u na,

fa w j s fa fa m

bu t

vi , vz ve a , j a ij i t h a .
( Pan .

3 2 8 . A s th e r e
ten d e n cy to s tre n g th en t h e bas e i n t h e th re e p ers on s
is a

s i n u l ar Par a s m ai a d a t h r i t d c y t w ak e n t h e b as e u nd er
g p s o e e s a e n e n ,
o e ,

c ertai n c irc u m s t an c e s b efo re t h e oth e r t erm i n ati on s o f t h e Pe rf e c t Par as m ai

, ,

a nd A t m an e ad a H r e t h e f o ll owi n ru l e s m u s t be o b s e rv e d :
p e .
g
I .R oot s li k e
p a t i e r oot s i n w hi c h i t
,
a i s
p .r e c
. e d e d an d f o ll o w e d b y a

s i n l e c o n s o n an t n d w h i c h i n t h i r r d u l i c at e d s yl l abl e r ep e at t h e
g a e e , p
i ni ti al c o n s o n an t w i th o u t any c h an ge (t h i s e x cl u d e s r oot s b eg i nni ng
wi th as p i rat e s an d w i th g u ttu ral s ; r oot s b egi n ni n g wi th a v an d
'

,
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16 2 .
TH E I N TE R ME D IA TE g i .
33 1

R o o ts e ndi n i i c h
t h v o w l l w i n to V ew
g n E u , 5 ,
a n
g e e s e e s a a
y s
i .

Mo s t ro ot s e ndi n
g i n
a ,r i c h an g e t h e v o w e l t o a g ar
( Pa n . V II .
4,
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.
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.
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ci tl mlz , yo u t w o h ave S pr e ad .
3 a
y , 33 3
3 : y y
u uv-
dthu i , l y ou

t wo h a ve Jo i ned . s t u,
m y: tus h l uv -
ci t h u i , l y ou t wo h a ve p rai s ed . kr i ,
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d t h uli t wo h a ve s c att ere d
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C HA PT E R XI .

THE IN TE R ME D IA TE ;
I

3 3 1 . B efore p roc ee d to f orm t h e p ar a dig m s o f t h e R e d u p li c a t e d

we can

Per fe c t by m eans o f jo i ni ng t h e t e rm i nat i o n s wi th t h e ro ot i t i s n e c e s s ar y

t o co n s i d er t h e i n t e rm e di at e g i wh i c h i n t h e R e d u p li c at e d Pe rf e c t an d i n
,

t h e ot h er u nm o di e d t en s e s h as to b e i n s e rt e d b e t w een t h e v e rb al b as e an d

t h e t e rm i nat i o ns ori gi n all y b egi nn i n g wi th co n s o n an t s

,
Th e ru l e s whi c h .

r equi r e a l l o w o r p r o hi bi t t h e i n s erti o n o f t hi s i f orm o ne o f t h e m o s t

, , {
di f cu l t ch ap t ers o f S an s kri t g ramm ar and i t i s t h e o bj e ct o f t h e f oll o wi ng ,

p aragraph s t o s i m plify th e s e ru l es as m u ch as p o s si bl e .

Th e general t en d e ncy an d s o f ar t h e g en er al rul e i s t h at t h e te rmi n at io n s

, , , ,

o f t h e u nm o di e d o r g en er al t e n s e s o ri gi nall y b egi n ni ng w i t h co n s o n ant s

, ,

i ns er t t h e v o wel {i b e twe en b as e and t er m in at i o n an d fro m a n h i s t o ri c al

p o int o f vi ew i t w o u l d n o d ou b t b e m ore corre ct t o s p eak o f t h e ru l es whi ch

re qu ir e t h e ad di ti o n o f an i nt e r m edi at e {i th an ( as h as b een d o ne i n 32 6 )
to rep res ent t h e g i as an i nt eg ral p art o f t h e t e rm i n ati o n s an d to gi ve t h e ,

rul e s wh i ch r e qu i re i t s o m i s si o n B u t as t h e i n t e rm edi at e {i h as p revail ed

.

i n t h e v as t m aj ori t y o f v e rb s i t will b e ea s i e r f o r p r act i c al p u rp o s es t o

, , ,

s t a t e t h e e x c ep t i o n s i e t h e c a s e s i n whi c h t h e i i s n o t e mpl o e d i t d
, . .
{ y n s e a ,

o f d e ni ng t h e c as e s i n wh i ch i t mus t o r m ay b e i n s e rt e d .

O n e t erm i nat i o n o nl y t h at o f th e gr d p e r s p l u r P e rf A t m i r e k eep s t h e

, . . . .
, ,

i n t e r me di a t e 3 i u n d er all c irc u m s t an c e s In t h e V e d a h o w eve r t h i s 3 i too .

, , , ,

h as n o t yet b e co m e x e d a nd i s o cc as i o nall y o m i tt e d ; e g
, d u d uh r . .
-
.

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1 2 d, an d a rt r
fu h e sh ort e ni ng m ay t ak e pl c a e ; M fg :

s a ar dt u z
.
l
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( n
Pa v 1 1 4,
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 33 2 . TH E IN T E R ME D IA TE : 5 .
163

re memb ered t h en th a t th e re ar e thr ee p o in t s to be c o nsi der e d :

L et i t b e ,

1 W h en i s i t neces sar y t o o m i t t h e g i ?
.

2 W h e n i s i t Op ti o na l t o i ns e r t o r to o m i t t h e g i
.
.

3 W h e n i s i t neces s ar y t o i n s er t t h e
.
g i

For t h e p u rp o s e s o f readi ng S an skrit al l th at a s t u dent i s o bl ige d to kno w ,

i s W h e n i t i s neces s a r y to o m i t t h e {5 E ve n f o r w ri t i ng Sanskr i t t h is
,
.

kn o wl e dg e w o u l d b e su f c i en t fo r i n all c as es e x c e p t th o s e i n whi ch t h e ,

o mi s s i o n i s n e c e s s ary t h e { i m ay s afe l y b e i n s e rte d al th o u gh accor din g

, , ,

t o vi e ws o f n at i v e g ramm ari an s i t m ay b e e qu al l y righ t to o mi t i t A

,
.

s t u d en t t h e r e f or e an d p art i c u l arl y a b e g i n ne r i s safe if h e o nl y kn o w s t h e

, ,

c as es in wh ich {i i s ne c e s s aril y o m i tte d n o r will b u t e x t en s i v e ,

r e adi n g e nabl e h im to kn o w th e v erb s i n whi ch th e i nser ti o n i s ei th er

O p ti o n al o r n e c es s ary N a ti ve g ramm ari an s h ave i n d ee d l ai d d o wn a nu m b er
.

o f ru l e s b u t b oth b e fore and afte r P ani ni t h e l angu age o f In dia h as

,

ch ang ed an d e ven n ati ve gr am m a ri ans ar e o bli ge d to a dm i t th a t o n th e

,

O p ti o n al i ns e rt i o n o f i au th ori t i es di ffe r ; t h at i s to s a t h at t h e li t er ar y
{ y ,

l angu ag e o f In d ia di ff e re d s o m u c h i n diff e r ent p art s o f th at eno rm o us

co un tr y and at diffe rent p eri o d s o f i t s l o ng h i s tory th at no r ul e s h o wever
, , ,

mi nu t e w o ul d s ui c e t o r egi s t er all i t s fr e ak s and fanc i e s

, .

33 T k i
2.n g t h at rt i ng po i n t t h as
g n r l xei o m ( P a
s a n I 2 35 )- th t v ry e e e a a . V I .
,
a e e

t rm in tion b gi nning ori gi n ll y wi th c on on nt ( x c pt 1{ t k th Q i whi ch w

e a e a a s a e e a es e , e

r pr nt
e ese portion f t h t rmin tion w pro c d t t t t h x c ption i t h c
as a o e e a , e ee o s a e e e e s, . e. e ases

i n wh i ch t h {i m t n n e cco nt b i n rt d us o w ho l d
o a
y m st ub u t ff fe o m se e , o r , as e s u sa , u e o o r

t h b g inni ng f t h t rm i n ti on
e e o e e a .

Th f ol l owi ng v rb wh i c h h v b n c r f l l y c oll c t d by n t i v gr mm ri n ( Pan

e e s, a e ee a e u e e a e a a a s .

n t l l o w d t t k t h i t rm di t i i n th c ll d r l m o di d
v11 . 2, ar e o a
{ e o g an e n e n e e a e e so - a e e e a or u e

t n b for t rm in tion
e s es , e e fx e b g i nni ng ori gi n ll y with c on on n t ( x pt y)
a s or a es e a a s a e ce .

ot Th r d p li c t d p rf ct n d i t p rti c i p l in d b t h r l

( N e e e u a e
N w en t a
e ct e a
y u s ; a e e s ar e o e ese es

8 86 334

1 . A ll m ono yll b i c root ndi ng in 31 d

s a s e .

A l l mono yll b i c root x c pt 55! i tt fw

s vi to grow

n d i ng i n to en d (
2. s
3
a s e e e sr , a 21, ,

( 3 2 ( N
, ot f 8 ? m i t l gh m t t k e s , o au ,
us a e
{
'

2 i n th e D esi d erat i ve . Pan . V I I.

3 A 1
.1 mono yll b i c root n din g in i t x c pt 5 (i f t y ( 7 ; 6 6 n dd ) nd
s a s e , e e

,
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a

$ 65 t r t ( 4 ,
o es 2 ,

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4 . n din g i n i
s a s e n, e e a, o x 2 ,
2 o 1, ,

o nd ( 4 t pr i o

t o s u
a m 2 ( 4 , 6 8 4 k h t n d
, ( 4 o a se 2 ,
2 2 ,
10 u, o s u 2 ,

w n rp ( 4 t i P m i d
'

k h h ( 4 w k {
t s n u,
on ts a e n 2 , p s a, o o 2 , a es 1 ar as a a a

( n
Pa ot pr d po r t k i i t h Fi r t
v .
( N i
1 1 . 2, t i n
g t { e n s n, o a s e, a s u, o u , a e e s

A ori t P m i p d Pas ar as a a a. n . V 11 . 2,

Th ese gures refer t o th e D h at up ath a inW e s t e r g aar d

s R a di ces Li ngu ae S ans cr it se , 1 84 1 .

Y 2
 164 TH E IN TE R ME D IA TE : 5 .
332

5 . Al l m on o yll b i c root n di g i n
s x c pt vri t ch oo ( 3
a s e n e e , o se 1,

Im port nt x c ptio n i n t h F t n d C on d i n E
a e
y e ll v rb i n a { i t:k e u . a . s a, a e s a e i ( Pan .

VII . 2,

a a i t
s r o nd m y t k
,
3 i (
o sPa v u 3
!bh gi t ,c rry m y at k a e n. 11 . 2,

, o a ,
a a e i n th e
D id ( Pan v
es er d r i t r g rd
. t h ol d . n d a n} t
11 . 2, , o e a ,
o ,
a o go , t ak e

{i i n th e D es i d er .
( n
Pa V . 11 . 2,
74 ,

In t h e r t Aori t Kt m n p d v rb n di ng i n a; {i nd b gi nni g
B enedi cti ve an d Fi s s a e a a e s e a e n

wi th c onj n ct con on nt m y t k {i ( Pan VII

a u s a a a e . . 2,

6 . A l l m o no yll b i c root n di n g i n E
s i i v)
a s e e, a ,
0 .

Th r for wi th f w x c ptio
e e e, m ti on d bo v ll m ono yll b i c root
e e nd i n
g
e n s , as en e a e, a s a s e

v o w l x c pt th vow l 3 2 nd a rt m t n t t k 3"i
e s, e e e e s 1
'
a ,
us o a e .

O f root b
W
n d i ng i n E h l ( 6 78 ;

7 . s e s k t b 7 , a , o e a e 2 , 2 ,

8 . O f root ndi ng i n

s e k p k t c oo k ( 3 t p k ( 4 a ,
3 ac ,
o 2 ,
o S ea 2 ,

mu h t l oo c
( 8 3 6 ) o l
i i h t pri nkl (
se8 1 4 ) w
2 t c h t l
1 v ( 9

s c o s e 2 0 a o ea e 2

m
, , , , , ,

vi h t prt (9 c , o se a a e 2 ,

O f root d i ng i n h h p hh t k( 8 It m t t k i i i n t h D i d
9 .
Q
s en c ,
r ac , o as 2 , us a e e es er .

( Pan v 1 1 . . 2,

xc. or root s e ndi ng in

m y F ian na , to em br c ( 3 a e 2 .
m ay , t o l ea v ( 3 e 2 ,
I 7);
s an , j to adh e e r ( )
2 3, 1 8
9 j ) t o u ( 2 3 3o bh aj , t o wor h i p ( s 2 3, 2 r a c ol o r
m
, ,

26 ,

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,
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( 5
2 1 2 ; ,
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,
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( 9
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b h r a t o b a k e ( 2 8 4 e x c ept , , , , ,

ma t o d ip ] t o break ( 2 8 bhw t o b en d

ne , , , ,

( 2 8 , t o prot e c t ( 9 7)
2 I ; b h a j t o bre ak ( 2 9 I 6 ) , , , .

O f root s en d in g i n el h ad t o e va c t e ( 2 3 8) s lcand t o s te p ( 3 ) Sl a d ,
1 1 .
g E u a ,
2 1 0 ,
g , , ,

t o e at ( 2 4 11
gp ad t o , g o ( 2 6 6 o ); ich al t o b e d is tres s e d & c ( 2 6 6 1 ; 2 8 I 4 2
, ,
M , ,
.
, ,

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,
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, , , , ,

g a nd t o p u sh ( 2 8 2 ; 2 8 , s a d t o droop ( 2 8 ,m g s a d t o p eri s h , , , ,

gvi d t o nd ( 2 8 1 38 ? 2 9 1 3 ; no t 2 4 , fi gbhid t o o ut ( 2 9 , , , , ,

c h h i d t o di vi d e ( 2 i nd t o po u n d ( 2
n g a / I
9 , 9 , , ,

Of root n ding i n s e
b d h t k n ow ( 6
y d h t g h t ( 6 6 4 )
u d i ,
o 2 ,
a ,
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wi th o v p ro
W n t l ( 6 a t k u, ff ( 9
o ) ; a w ase h t g2 w (
,
6 7 ; 7 o ee o 2 ,
I , o 2 , 1 2 ,

vy d h t tri k ( 6
a
,
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o s ngry ( 6 8 );
e 2
W , k h db t b ru , o e a 2 , o s u , o e

h ngry ( 6
u x c pt P rt E m k h d hi t n d G W k h dl i tvd ( Pan
2 e e a s u a a er s u i

m
. . .
,

v 11 5 ) mi nd s t c l n ( 6
. 2, 2 i dh t cc,
d ( 6 83 )
o
ea ati n t 2 , s , o su ee 2 , s , o

ach i v ( 7 e
e b ndh t b i n d ( 3
2 , a , o 1 ,

O f root nding i n
i h k i ll ( x c pt t h F t d C o d ( P a VII
1 3. s e n
a n t 4 ,
n n a n 2 , o 2 , e e e u . a . . .
,

7 ); li k wi i t
o b tit t N b dh m t th ink ( 6
e se s su s u e a ; a n, o 2 ,

O f root ndi ng i n R p W t ip t po r ( sp t ( h t
1 4. s e
, g 3 p t t , o u 10 , , o o 2 , a , o ea

( 3 2 6 ; ,6 5 ); s p t
1 2 w r ( 3 3 ;
, o 6 W p t a w ( 3, o E R s ea 2 , 1 2 ,
r a ,
o so 2 ,

s vp t a l p ( 4
, M p
o s ee a t r c h ( 7 2 4 ); , f a t
c p t th row ( 8
h i
w p h , o ea 2 ,
I , o 2 ,
i ,

t( 8 n o i nt ( 8 h h t to c h ( 8 ( N ot
t o cu 2 t ,
l p o a 2 , c u , o u 2 , e

tp nd
d p w hi
a c h g n r ll y i n c l d d m y ,
t k
3 i cc or di n g t . P5 } ar e e e a u e , a a e , a o 1 .

VII . 2,

Of root nd i ng i n B m bh t d ir ( 3 5 ) E i l bh t t k ( 3 6 ) H y bh
15 . s e
i , o es e 2 , a , o a e 2 , a ,

co ir ( 3 I I )
e 2 , .
1 66 THE IN TE R ME D IA TE g 333

( R emark th t th p rti ci pl i n il t i m o t oppo d th r d pl i c t d p rf ct i m o t ' '

a e a e a s s se as e e u a e e e s s
,

d i po d t t h dm i i on f 3 i )
s se o e a ss o .

M ono yl l b i c root n ding i n 3

s 3i 2 a
a
E f f d n t t k {i b f or t h p rt i c i p
s e l a, 2 , , o o a e e e e a e

in E t n b for oth r t rmin ti o wh i ch t n d t w k n v rb l b

a, or e e e e a ns e o ea e a e a as e .

( n
Pa . V 1 1 . 2,

3 ya , to join W ,
3 y
3 : a -t a
h, y n- we an 33 1 ,

y a -t c a.
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g m to ,t 1 3: l i n h
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W l t
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, i - a . e 91 , , .

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o Pa n V 11 e 4 4 ) t h
e f u, t r aTl{ HT g d h i t d 7 1131 g dd hd . . 2, e u e as - -
or

h n c i t p art i c i p l 7 1173: g dgl h h o nl y

e e s e a .

M g p t prot
u c t , m y f ormo ( Pa n V 1 44 ) t
e h f u t u, r Thl la
g p i t a r 7 m g p t a; . 1 . 2, e e
' '

o - - o a -

h n c i t p rt i c i pl s : y p t h o nl y
e
g e s a e u a .

2. R o ot wh i ch b y n t i v gr mm i n
s m rk d wi th t ch ni c l W t
a e
i ia d n t t ak ar a s ar e a e e a e or o o e

3 i i n th p rti c i p l i n 71 t ( P
ea n v 1 1 2 a 4 e
'

a. . .
,
1 ,

f g i d t w t ( m rk d lm FE ? !vi nn h
l
sa , o s ea a e as s a .

B l j t b h m d ( m rk d as s ha f t l m h
i a o e as 3a 73 : l en a e c a a
, ; g a .

L i s t of P ar t i ip l es i n H t a c or na whi h c f or sp e ci a l r easo ns and i n sp eci a l s ens es

do no t t a ke
3 i .

f s r i

, to go ; : ar i t ah, W T sr i tvd .
( Pan . VII . 2, S ee 332 , 2.

W to swell ;

5
5 : sanah .
( Pan VII . . 2, S ee 332 , 2 .

QR ks hubh, t o sh ak e ; lcs ha bdh ah, if i t m ean s t h e ch rni ng sti cku -

.
( Pan . V 11 . 2 ,

S ee 332 ,
1 5.
E VI sc an, to s o und ; E li : s vdnt a h if , i t m eans t h e m i n d .

o Wl : r

d hvan, t o s und ; d hvant ah, if i t m ean s d a k n es s .

a
n r
l ag , t o b e
8 73 : l
g h if i t m n tt
n ea ; c h d a na , ea s a a e .

ml h h h t ec p k i n d i t i n ct l y ;
c , ml i ht h if i t m n i ndi ti n ct
o s ea s s a ,
ea s s .

t l ( vi bh t o n d ; W
l -
re vi i bd h h i f i t r f r t
, o s u not r a ,
e e s o a e .

t n t pr p r
a m,
: p ha y h if i t m n wi th o t n ff ort
o e a e

n a , ea s u a e .

iv
$ th t l bo ; 3 18 : vadh h if i t m n x c
'

31 ear , o a ur a , ea s e e ss e .

d hr i h t b c o n d nt ; 9 : d hri h y h if i t m n bol d ( Pan

s ,
3 o e e s a ea s V 11 2,

m
. . .
,

vi s t pr i ; m as , vi t h i f it m
o n rro
a se
g n t
s as a , ea s a a .

d i h t grow ; dr dh h if i t m n tro
R (
'

y , o ng Pa i a , ea s s . n V 11 . . 2,

W p i vyi h t grow ;
ar
W :p

i vgi dh h if i t m n l ord ( Pan
, o ar

a , ea s . . V 11 . 2,

h h t t y;as k
, h y h if i t m
o r n d i f c l t i m p rv io ( Pan VII as a , ea s u or e us . . . 2,

h t m if t ; h h l h if i t d o n pro cl i m d ( Pan v
h n t m
g as
39, : g o an es us a , es o ea a e . . 11 . 2,

m f ? !i f3 vi t nn h t m n h pl g
i d wi th t h p p a u ed . ( an
P
'

V ar , e re o s. sa , n , ,
ar a sa ar na , .

v1 1 2 , .

Si
g ur t 35 ?
d, wi h t h e p r ep o s . a bhi ; w i n abhyar nnah ,
i f i t m ean s n ea r .
( Pan V 1 1 . . 2,

a vri t ( as c au s a ti v e ) 33 :
,
'

c ri tt a h if, i t m eans r ea d .

l i mi d , t o b e s of t th o , u gh h a i ng a e h ni v tc cl a W ei , m ay, i n c rt e ai n s ens es , orm i t

f s

p rti ci pl W : m di t h o
a e as e a r fai l : mi nnah ( Pan . VII . 2, Th e s am e a ppl i es to a l l v rb e s

m rk d by t ch ni cal 31 d
a e e .
 335 . TH E IN T E RME D IA TE g i . 167

Int er medi at e { i i n t h e R edup l i c a t ed P ei f ec t .

334 Th e . e e d in g pr c
r l proh ib iting i n n mb r f root th {i f ll mo t u es , a u e o s e or a or s

gen r t e c t t r p
al e ns es , d o no t aff e
h d l i c t d p rf c t M o t f t h v rb j t n m r t d e e u a e e e . s o e e s us e u e a e

wh i ch m t o m i t {i i n l l oth r g n r l t n
us d n t o m i t i t i n t h p rf ct
a S g n r l e e e a e s es , o o e e e . o e e a ,

in f t h ac th ,f t h {i b c o m i n t h p rf ct th t ig h t roots o nl y
as e u se o e b ol t l y e e e e e , a e ar e a s u e

proh ib it d from t ki ng it Th
e ( Pan VII a . es e ar e . . 2,

I
f .kr i t d ( nl
'

i t i , c h ng d t
o
q o,kri ) t p ru d l W
e ss h lq i v b s t a e o s ,
Is e s . ua c a - a ; u

m n h k iv ; d p r i ng s ai i h k i th
c as ar a z u e s . s . s ai z c as ar a.

sri ,
i
'
l
1
'
2. t o g o , 111 s? s asri -va .

3 . * bhri , t o
1 b r W ea , ba bhri -va .

4 3mi .
mi n and W c ri h to ch oose , Par .
W e av -
va Ktm .

W ? a d az
'
i -vah e,
3 1% vavz i -s he
.

5 . l
g s ta , to pr i a s e,
g? t us h yu-va .
3m t a s h o -t ha .
g
6 .

g dr a , t o r u n,
g2 ? dad r a -va .

m da dr o -t h a .

7 .
E sr u, t o o w,
W sas r a -va .
gm s us r o -t h a .

8 .
s
g ru , t o h ea r ,
a
sus r u - va .

W sa sr a-t ha .

335c ond p r on i ng l ar
. In t h e se e s s u of th e r ed u pli c t a ed p rf ct
e e Par . th e {i bf e ore

W th m t n c a ril y b l ft t
us e es s a e e ou ,

In t h
1 . i gh t root n m r t d b f or
e e s, e u e a e e e. ( Th e f orm a v v t h a ar - a, h o we v er , b
e i ng

r tri ct d t t h V d es e o e e a, is c on i d r d th righ t form

s e e e . Se e N o . 1 42 , in
t h e D h at up ath a .
)
2. In root s en di ng in v ow l e s, wh i h c ar e n e es s a c ri l y with o t u
3 i i n t h e fu tur (HT t a) Pan
e ,
.

VII . 2, 61 . S ee 332 , wh e r th e es e root s ar e g i v n e .

1"
y d, t o g o ; Fut . W y dt d ; mm a
y y a-t ha .

t r fa EI?" h td ;
chi , c hi c h t h
t o g a h e ; Fut .
$
c e e- a.

3 I
.n root n d i g i n c o ns eo n n t n dn h v i n g n 3 ii f t
s h i ra r d i c l v
s ao w l w h i c h a a " or e a a e , ar e

n c ril y wi th o t i n th f t r (HT t i ) Pan

e es s a u 6 S e 33 wh r th
u u e c , . V 11 . 2, 2. ee 2, e e e se

root g v n
i s ar e e .

p k t c oo k ; F t m p l
act d ; m , u o p p l t h u . ac a a c- a.

B t q wr kri h ti h dr g ; F t as? !h hgd f i s t h k h i t h

u s a ,
e a s u . ar s ; c a ar s - - a.

( B h d vaj
ar ar q i r t h o ma i i o n
e u f { i ft esr root w i
e t h a isso n l y w hi c h o n c ril y a e s r
. ,
ar e e es sa

wi th o t {i i n t h p ri p h r t i c f t r ( Pan
u e e x c pt root a 1i i t lf H nc h
as u u e . V 11 . 2, e e se . e e e

a l l o w hfwwp hi t h
s b id um p p l t h {um i y j i t h b i d m i y hgh
ec a, es es a ac a; a a, es es as a :

l o um y yi t h W
a s a h i h yi t h & )
a, c c a a, c.

4 A l.l ot h r v rb n d i n g ei c o n o e n t w i
s eth n
y ot h r r d i cn l v o w l b st 3 r
na q i r i i s a e a a e u a, e u e ,

d d an ll v rb wi th wh i ch { i i
so o a ith r opt ion l
e s i nd i p n bl i t h f t r s e e a or s e sa e n e u u e

v . ( 2 7s 8) Q U E var ane, S u .

vri , ( 34 , 8) m d var ane, Ch r i fu . af f ix,

( 31 , 38) Its sa mbh alct aa , Kr i .

1 Th e f

orm 3 m v i v c a ar a, wh i ch W t rg rd m nti o n m y b d ri v d f o m
es e aa e s, a e e e r an oth r e

root 3 W5 , th r l f P ani n i b
e u e o ei n g r tri ct d b y t h c o mm ntator t r i nd
es e e e o c a
 1 68 THE IN T E R ME D IATE g 336

E x c pt ion
e s :

1 . In an d
w ant , t h e o mi ion i option
ss s al .

V ii , m s as r as h tha , or
W s as r ii i t h a .

v rb f? W tt
l
Th e i at ti , ti , l il mus i 338, 7
'
15l l l f vy aya t i ak e
2.
{

e s ar '
.

w a d,
W ad -i -t h a , ( x c ptei o n t N e o o .

w N TfT ( x c pti on t N
'

; Har -i -t h a,
1
re
o
e e o o .

To y s ,
i vy a y i th
- -
( x c ption t
a, e e o N o .

Ta bl es s h o wi ng the c as es c
i n whi h t h e i n t er medi a t e
{i m t
u s be o mi t t ed be t ween t h e Unmo d ied

R oot a nd t h e Ter mi na ti o ns f
o t h e s o -c a l l ed G ener a l Tens es , or ig i na l ly beg i nni ng wi t h a

C o ns o nant, ex cep t
Ry .

336 . In h es e t t bl
a es E ta t
s an d s fo r th e P as t Parti c ipl e ; s un s and s t fo r th e D e s i de a r
tiv e;

f o r t h e Fi
a sy a

r t Aori t ;
f o r t h e Fu
s fa g
tr
u e an d

l i iz f o r t h e
C o n d it i o n
B enedi ct i v e
al ; i t d f o r t h e
'

Periph ras ti c Fu tr u e;
si ck

s .

I . Fo r al l G ener a l Tens es , ex cpt e b

t he R dup l i ca t ed P erf e t , c
Omi t 3 i,
B efore { [ 8 am Fl
-
HT td,
M f af
' '
1 . t a, IT / a,
ag s i ch, li ft
In t h e v rbe s enu m e a e d rt 332 .

2. B efore '
11 t a, s an, N sy a, HT t d :
In klip , if Par a s m ai p ad a .
333 ,
A .

B efore 71 t a
'

3 .
, s ari , E l sy a
In
ari t ,
at r e i es,
r ei
g eyo nd,
seen if Par as maip ada
, .
333, B .

4 . B efor e 3 t a, 11
'

7-
s un
[
In m o o yll b i c v rb i n 3 , 35 ii, i
W 3 T gg C
K

s en ding H an d h
k {
'

n s n
a e r
, a , , g .
333, .

5 . B efore 71 t a
.

a. A ll v rb whi ch by n tiv gr mm ri n
e s a e a a a s ar e r
m a k ed wi h W it, t i t, or 3 521
b Th e
. v rb f5 !i i n d oth r n m r t d i n
e i a e s e u e a e a g e n e a r l li t s , 333 ,
D .

II . Fo r t he R edup l i c at ed P erf ec t ,

Omi t Q i,
I
1 . B efore all term i nat io ns e x c ept {t ,
ir e
In ei gh t v rb e s, t on d
m en i e 334 .

B efore 1 t ha nd p r
'

2 .
, 2 in g e s . s . :

A ll v rb e s o f 332 en d i ng v ow l in e s

A l l v rb e s o f 332 en di ng i n c on o n nt s a s wi h 3 t a as rad i c l vow l p ri ph r ti c f tur

a e e as u e.

Op ti o n al i ns er ti o n f Q
o i .

337 Fo r . pr cti c l p rpo

a a u s es , as was tt
s a ed b f or
e e, it i s s u f c i nt e t o kn w wh en i t o
w o ul d be w rong to u se th e i n t rme e di a e t {i f o r in all oth r c e as es , wh a t v r t h vi
e e e ews o f
r nt gr mm ri n
d iffe e a a a s, o r th e r nt writ r it i
u s ag e o f d iff e e e s, s s af e rt th g i
t o i ns e e .

A n t i v g r m m ri
s a e a a an s , h ow v r h v b n t m ch p i n
e e , a e ee a u a s t c oll c t t h c
o e i n wh i c h {i
e as e s

m t us m y b i n rtor a e se e d, a s h ort b tr c t f th ir r l a m s a o e u es a
y h r f
e e oll o w wh i c h t h r
,ly e ea

t d nt m y f l y p
s u e a sa e ass by .

Th e t ch nic l m i sh ow th t i n t h oth er g eneral t

e a s a e e ns es th e {i i s O ption l a .
337 I, . 2.
170 T HE I N T E R ME D I A TE g 8
33

5 . B efo re th e g erun di al terminatio n H Tt va

In ve rb s h avi n g a t ch ni c
e al 3 a .
( Pan . VII . 2, D

Wj am (W samu), W sami tvd or Sli m d

s nt vd .

6 B efo re t h e g eru n di al term in ati o n Fin te a an d t h e p arti c i pl e i n 71 t a '

rb m kli s
.

In t h e ve .
( Pan ) . VII . 2, 5o .

f af srm kl isi tvci or farmkl is hyvd f g f sm: ,

kl i s i t ali or fan : kl is h yalz .

In t h e ve rb 1 1 922 .
( Pan . V II . 2,

wfamp avi t ali

tl h aavi t vd
'
or
1 3 1 p d tva, or
1 p
11 : at ali . It m u s tt ak e
{i i n

th e des i d erati ve ( Pan . VII . 2,

7 . B efo re t h e p arti c ip i al term i nati o n s '

ta

or Fi na ; ( s ee al s o 333, D . 2 , no e t )
In t h e rb d m t t m Eli
ve s a , o a e, : d ant ali

or d ami t alz .
( Pan . VII . 2,

s m t q i t W : dnt l
W
s a mi t a z .

u ,
o u e , s a z or l
[ {p r , t o ll ,
{5 3 p awali or p i a r i ta .

ga dr
e s, t o p ri h eta : d t arm : da ms e s , as a or .

p s t t ch F IE : p h g l
s a W
, p do

i t l ou , s as a i or s s a z.

g c hh d t c v r W hh n
a W ,
h hd di t l
o o e , c an a or c a i.

M j p t i nf rm W j p t l r W : j p it l
a , o o , a a i o a a z .

h t h r
r ust as : kg l
, s ra: hi t ol ( e
Pe u , r as a a or r us a z . . vn . 2,

:
B ri
t a i n, to go , da t a}; or W a mi t a z l .

a
? t e ar , t o h as t en, H
E B: t amalz or R FC?t var i tale
mD
.

s aa-g h us h , to sh o u t , s a iz g hus h a i o r t l s aiz g hus h i t a ( S ee.

333,
.

s van, t o s o u n d, W dsvdnt ali or m ds vani t alz .

( See 333,
D .

a s
bri s k; t o r j ic
e o e, g s : i mag s e or g m
hr i s hi t alz , if a pp li ed to h o rri p il ti a on .

( Pan VII . . 2,

m al a -c hi ,
g t o ho no u r ,
u nf a i r: ap a chi t ali or W ap a ch dyi t a z l
8 . B efo re t h e p arti c i pl e o f t h e redu pl i c ate d p erf ect i n af rms
.

In t h e verb s 7 9m mt o g o W j g m i d W j ayanvdn
( a v n o r ,

a ban, t o k ill , W ag h nivdn o r

W ag hanvd n.

Fli e ci a, t o k n o w, fafaf ger

'

e i e i di e an o r
W ai vi d van.

M ni, t o trW
W vi vis van
'

a en e ,
a i vi si van o r .

d s, t o s ee ,
W d a dr i si vdn or
W
N c
e es s a r
y i ns er t i o n f i
o i .

338 .

{i m us b e in se t rt ed i n all ve rb s i n wh i h , c as s a e d tt bfr e o e, it i s ne i th r pr hi b it d
e o e ,

n o r o nl
y O pti o nall
y al l o w e d ( Pan
.
. VII . 2, B es i d es th es e ,
t h e f o ll o wi n g s p ci l c s m y
e a as e a

t
b e m en io ned :

I. B ef o re e as , p rti c i pl
pl i c t d p rf ct
a e o f r e du a e e e :

In t h e v rb en d i ng i n WI 6 ( Pa VII
s e WTp d W p p i vd n . . 2, ,
a n .

In t h e v rb r d c d t
e s i n gl e
y l l b l
u ei n t h r d p li c t d p r
o a sf ct ( Pa VII e s a e e e u a e e e n . . 2,

w as, t o eat ,
s ivan .

rb W yh W
'
In t h e ve as , to e at , j aks hi van .

O th r v rb r j ct i t
e e s e e .

3 Pa n VII 1 Pan 68

2, V II 2,
. .
30 . . . .
 3 4 1 , T HE I N T E R ME D I A TE 171

2 . B efo re W sya o f t h e future and c o nd iti o nal

In al l ve rb s e n din g in i n, and i n E t h an ( Pan . VI I . 2, In
m g a m, if us e d in
t h e Par as mai p ad a ( Pan VII 2,

m
. .

3 . B efo re t h e term inati o ns o f t h e r s t ri t (

ao s s i ck : )
In t h e ve rb s
s t u,
s u, \
t a i n t h e Par as m ai pa d a ( Pen VII . . 2, Th us fro m
1% s t u, t o pr ai s e , Fi r t A ri t
s o s ( Fi rt s Fo m ), r W e as t dvi s h a m ; b u t in t h e
Xt manep ada w ai t s ,
a s t o s hi .

4 . B efo re t h e term i na ti o ns o f th e desi de rt a i ve ( 117-

I; s un) :
In t h e rb f kmTl g g dqi l
i d hyi , an d
m h h ( Pan VII an d
'

ve s , , , p r ac . . 2, in
W y am i f u s e d i n t h e Par a s mai p ad a ( Pan VII 2
7 , . .
,

In t h e verb s i 8 ? s mi , E 1922 W {5, W an

=
j and WEI as ( r ea m , , . . 2,

5 . B efo re t h e g eru n di al H Tt e e? an d p rti c i pi l t rm in ti n 71 t

th e a a e a o

a. ( Pan . VII 5 . 2, 2

In t h e ve rb vs as, t o d wel l ; b a d / t o h ng r ;
u n c lz, u e u e, t o wo r hi p ; a
s l u bh ,
to c o nf o u n d ( D h at up ath a 2 8,

6 . B efo re HT tvci
o nl y :

In
i

j yi , t o g r o w old ; W e r asc h,

to cu t .
( Pan VII . . 2,

7 . B ef o re W t ha ,
2 nd pr e s . s i ng . r e du pli c t a ed p rf ct e e :

In
m a d, to e at ; V i i , t o go ;
v: ei y t c v r
e,
W o o e . dd it h a , agains t 335 , 3 ;
W d t h a, 335 3 , , no e ;t W ai vy ayi t h a .

339 . Th e v o we l g i th u s i n s e rt e d is ne ve r l i ab l e to G u na or

I ns er ti o n o f t h e l o ng i i i .

34 0 . L o ng {i b s ti tu te d f o r t h e sh o rt wh en su bj oined to a
may b e su

verb en d i ng i n a Ti al s o to vi i e x c ep t i n t h e r e d u p li c ate d p e rfe c t t h e

3 , , ,

ao ri s t Par as m ai p ad a an d t h e b e ne di c ti ve n VI I 2
( P a , 3 8 . . .
,

tr i ; Pe r Fu t Elf i n!t a r i t a o r m t a r i t d & c ; b u t P e r f z u d p e r s s in g

i . .
,
. . . .

fcwt er i th a ; I A o r Par gr d p e rs pl u r W : a tdr i s h u li ; B ene d

. . . . . .

rd e r s s i n g ft t? t ar i s h i s h g
g p . a .

Per Fu t af t n va r i tci o r 8| t va r i td ; b u t Pe rf R af t ? !vavar i th a ;

-
vii ;

3 . .
( .

A o r Par . . a vdr i s h a i ; l B en e d . El m var i s h i s h fa .

34 1 . In t h e d es i d e r ti v a e an d i n th e ri t Kt m nd b n di ct iv Atm th v b
ao s . a e e e . ese er s m ay
or m ay no t h ave {i ( an VII
P . . 2, 41 wh i ch if d i l i b l t b ch ang d t i i
, u se , s a e o e e o ; no t ,

h o we ve r, as f ar as I c an j u dg e ,
in th e b n di ct iv Kt m n p d
e e e a e a a.

1 m , D es . fawfcafa t i t ar i s ha t i ; faat h f s
'

t i t ar is hat i ; atr
t i t i r s h at i ;

A or . At m .

m a t ar i s k a , y W I? a t ar i s h a , and
y W a ti r s h a ; t B en e d . r st !t a r i s his hta ,

m ti r s hi s h g
fa .

3 vyi ; D es . W vi var i s h a t e ; vi var i s h a t e ;

W vumi r s h a t e ;

m a var i s h a, g W I? avar i s h a , an d y N
a ?!avgi t a ; '
B ened . m va r i s hi s hya,

3m vri s hi s h ya .

Th e ve rb g r a b, t o o , t ak e s t h e l o ng i
x c pt in th r d pli c t d p rf ct

i, e e e e u a e e e , th e
d es i d e r ti v
a e , an d c rt
e ai n tn e s es o f th p iv
e ( Pan VII
as s e. . . 2,

areg r a b , Per Fut . .

new g ra hi t d Inf a j g hi t m ; b t .
j g h i m ra u u a a.

r
Th e f o m s g i ven in t h e C l c tt
a di ti n f P ani ni VII
u a e 4 m o ? v i hi o . 2, 2, ar s sh a,
f
R a ?
s t ar i s hi s h a , ar e y w r o ng .
( S ee Pan . V II . 2,

Z Z
172 P R A A D IG M S OF R E D U P L IC A TE D P E R FE T C .
34 2

34 2 . V e r b s wh i c h ,
cc or di ng to 32 5 c ann o t fo rm a redu p li c at e d p er fe c t
a , ,

f o rm th ei r p e r f e c t b y afxi ng 3 ? am ( an a cc u s ati ve t e rm i n ati o n o f a femi n i n e =

ab s t ra c t n o u n i n 3 1 d to t h e ve rb al b a s e an d a ddi n r u li c ate d
) =
g to t hi s t h e e d p ,

p e rf e c t o f
g i kri to do
bh ii to b e
, o r
w a s to b
,
e , , ,
.

W a nd to w e t
m 3 33 m , a nd d m ch a kd r a b a a/l a v a d s a
}
, , , , , .

o h a kds to s h i n e m
m , @ 534 e ns ch a k i
c s,
a m ch a / d r a b a a /mi c a d s a , , ,
c , , .

bo d h ayd mch a kci r a

i nn: bo d /z aya to m ak e k n own W

, e ns , , , ,

ba bh zi va , ds a .

rb s whi ch a r e u s ed in t h e A t m anep ada t h e au xili ar y verb g kri

A ft e r ve ,

i s c o nj u g at e d as A t m an ep ada b u t
m a s a n d ti bi al i n t h e Par as mai p ad a
,
.

H enc e fr om ( i t?!edh a te h e g r ows , ,

W ed h ci m ba bh va a nd m a s a

ch a kr e ; bu t 3 % -
.

I n t h e p as s i ve al l th r ee au xili ary verb s f oll o w t h e Kt m an epa d a .

34 3 I nt n. i v b weh i c hs n t ek G n t
asesk i t b f r V i dm d i d r ti
ca v b a e u a, a e e o e ; es e a e as es

n v r d mi t f G n
e e a o u a.

m b bh d f r q n tot i v b f bh i W
e ue W b bh vdm h kd
a e ase o i

o a
'

c a r a.

g m
, ,

B t u e b b d h i

h d i d r ti
u o v bas f s
, b d h es
W m e a& b b d h i h dme e o u , c. a o s .

c h a kar a &c .

P ar a d ig m o f t he R edup l i ca ted P erf ec t .

I . V erb l b
a as es in V T r q iri n g
e u in term e di a e t i .

PA R A S M A I PA D A . A T M A N E PA D A .

SI N G U LA R . D UA L . P L U RAL . SI N G U LA R . UA D L. PLU RA L.

am am as we we
da dhi o d d a dki md d a dh d ad hi c ake d a d hi mdhe

m a da m e or
{ 13
3 : as {Fan emit}
3 q
1
'

m
'

a d d a dhi d l we

dh i t h a d adhdt hulz d ad lui d ad h is h e d ad hd t h e

a *

3 .
313 d a d kaz t
avg: 33 : gm} g

d ad hz i la da d hat e d a dhi r e

d a dhat ulz d a dhe

2 .
Verbal b as es in {i an d
i pr c t, e ed ed by o ne c o n s o nant ,
and r q iring int rm
e u e edi a e t i .

i , t o l ea d
'

I ii .

fawn or

f aa f an fai r Fa me Fatwa?
W
I
ni ndy a ni nyi vci ni nyimd ni ny i va h e ni nyi mdke

ni a y e

2
at !
ni net h a

or
W f3 ? W f am e W or 10 5)
W ni nayi t h a ni nyat hu i l ni nyci ni nyi s h c

ni ng i
/ t t he ni nyi d hv o r dh ve
-

3 . fawn!
e i mty a f awn: f vg: fat } faw f f ait
ni nylft e ni nyi r

ni nya t u i l ni nyu ni ny e

335 ,
2 , an d 335 3 , .
1 74 P A R A IG D MS OF R E D U P L ICATE D P E R FE T C .
34 3

8; V erb al b as es In i ii , pr c e ed e d by t wo c o n s o nan s , and t r q iri ng i nt rm

e u e ed a e i t 3 i .

F
1 s tri , to s pr ea d .

m t t as tzfr a or ma a N FC ? WE I} W m ?
m t as t air a t as t ar i vd t as t ar i md t as tar t as t a r i va/z e t as t a r i mdh e

2 . Ra t as t dr t h a 71 m g: m w as m e mafi a} or
0
%

f

athu t a s t ar i s h e t as t a r t t h e t as t a r i d / w o r dhve

t as t ar t as t a r a -

3 . m t a s t tfr a HE R E : m : m W U}

m fct

t as t a r a ta li t as t ar n/z t as t ar d t e


t a s t ar t as t ar i r e

9 . V erb al b as es in a rt , r q iri ng t r
e u i n e m ed i a e 4
3"
t i .

B
Eh i, t c tt r
o s a e .

m o h akt r a o r i a wfu l s na fu: as k m att er? wi th ?

W c h akdm c h a kar i vd c h a ka r i md ch akur e

c h aka r i vdh e c h a ka r i mahe

2 . W eh a ka mha H ang : wai t P m m a W 02

? 0

cha kar at huli ch k ar a c h aka r i s k c h aka r tft h e c h a kar idhv o r - hve

a
d
m m m ?

3 . W c h ak am

: : as } w r

dt uli c h a kar z i z l c h akar

c h a kar c h a kar dt e

c h akar i r e

Io . V erb al b ases in c o n s o nan s , t r q iri ng i nterm

e u ed i a e t 3i .

1
m a ma w e saf e ! as? me W
t ut ud i vct t utu di md

t ntud t ut ud i vah e t utu di md he

2.
W t u t o di t h a
m :

W W W f
W
t u t u da t huli t a i nda t u t u d i s h t u tudd t he t ut ud id l we

m W

e . : I t? w
i f es
d

t utuddt a li t ut uduli t u t ude t u t ud t e t ut u di r e

I I . V erb al b as es in c o ns o nan s , t h avin g 2 e, an d r q i ri ng i nt rm

e u e edi a e t 3 i .

H t an, t o s tr tch
e .

m t a tc na f or Bf '? a m m
m t at a na

t eni vti t eni md t en t eni vcz e t eni ma he

2. W t eni t h a fra g : i ts:

d

t ena t h uli t end t eni s h t en t h e t eni d hve

3 . W t a t c na f W : hat 3% B3 1}
t endta lz t endt e

t enulz t en t eni r e

12 . V erb al b ases in c o n s o n an s , t h avi n g S am pr as ar an a, an d r q iri ng 3i

e u .

Hi ya], t o sa cri c e.

e
s e e
s n i s i s ue
s We
i j i vd i j i ma iji {fi nd/ac i j i md h e

m f } i nd sens

i yas hth a or 3 3: 31 e :
ij cft h e wh

d a li

i y aj i th a ,
ii t h ij a tj i s he ee

3 .
{W Mi a
W : i} s :
3%

i 3"
'
? W
ij e ij dt e ij i r
 34 4 . PA RA D IG Ms o r R E D U PLI C A TE D P E R FE T C . 1 75

I 3. V erb al b as e s in c o ns o nan s , t r q iring c ntr cti

e u o a o n, an d in t rm
e e d ia e t
a ba n, t o k i ll .

3 % m
W j ay hni vd j ag hn

j ag ha na j ag hni md j ag hni vdlz e j ag hnimd he

m j ag wnma o r was : we at e} mun
W j ay h ani t h a

j ag hna t hulz j ay hmi j ag hni s h j ay lmdt h e j ag hni d hvc

3 . W j ag h na t m : s
q : mi 3 3 1% a rm
dtulz ag hnzi t l j ayhmft e
'

j ag hn h
j j j ag hni r

a
g ne e

I4 . Verb al b as e 1 6 1211

x. m ba t m a s afe s
-
wafers

ba bhvi va ba bhd vi md bablni ve ba bhzi vi vdh e ba bhvi md he

2.
ba bhdvi t h a a m : we W 02
0
?
ba blui vdt hulz ba bhavci babhaei s her ba bhae tt he

bab hdvid hv o r dh ve
-

3 . was: babhdva a m : 3 1 3: m3 wa d: man

ta}
ba t m an babhzfmi li !

ba bhave babhz z e dn babhvi r e

'

C H A PTE R X II .

S TR E N G TH E N IN G AND WE A KE N IN G OF TH E VER BAL B A SE S

IN TH E S IX R E MA IN IN G GE NE R A L TE N SE S .

344 . I t m ay b e t o u t e n t e r
u s efu l ,
i n g i n to wi h
m i n u te d e ta il s t o ,

t in g ui sh b e t we e n t wo s et s o f g e ne r al te n s es m oo d s an d ve rb al d e ri va ti ve s , , ,

wh i ch di ffe r fr om e ach oth e r b y a t e n d e ncy e i th e r to s t re ngth en o r to w e ak e n

t h e i r b as e Th e s tr ength eni n g t ak e s p l ac e c hi ey b y G u n a b u t u nd e r
.
, ,

s e c i al c i rc u m s t an c es li k e wi s e b y Vri dd hi b y l e ng th e ni n g o f t h e vo we l
p , , ,

o r b y nas ali z ati o n Th e w eak e nin g t ake s p l ac e b y s h o rt e ni ng b y ch ang in g

.
,

s
ar i to {g i r o r b e f o r e,
c o n s o n
,
an t s t o
it i r b y S am p r a s a r a n a ,
o r b y , ,

d r op p i ng o f a n as al Th ere ar e m any r oot s h oweve r wh i ch ei th e r c ann ot

.
, ,

b e s t ren gth en e d o r c ann ot b e we ak e ne d an d w hi ch t h e ref o re ar e l iabl e ,

to ch ang e i n o ne o nl y o f th e s e s et s S o m e re s i s t both s treng th eni ng and .

w eak e ni ng a s fo r i n s t an c e all d e ri vati ve b as e s c au s ati ve s d es id e ra ti ve s

, , , , , ,

an d i n t e ns i ve s
( i n th e w hi c h g e n e r al l y h ave b e en s tr e ng t h e n e d as ,

far a s t h e i r b a s e s wi l l al l o w p revi o u s l y to th e i r takin g t h e c o nj u g ati o n al

,

te rm i nati o ns .
 176 S TR E N G TH E N IN G A N D WE A KE N IN G OF V ER B A L B A SE S 344

Th eb as e i s i f p o s s ibl e , ,
Th e b as e is no t s t rength ened ,
an d , if
s t r e n th en e d i n : o s s i b l e wea ke n e d i n :
g p ,

I . Th e Fu t u r e . I . T h e Pa rti c i p l e i n a t a (u nl es s it take s
2 . Th e C o n di ti o n al . int e rm e d iat e i) .

Th e G e r u n d i n m tad ( unl e s s
(

3 . Th e Pe ri p h r a s ti c F u tu r e . 2 . it takes
4 . Th e B e n edi c tive A t m an ep ad a . i nt e r me di at e 3
( E x c pt b e n di n g i n n n
as e s e co so .

T h P w
5 i nd n t t ki g i t rm
01 3

T
, a o a n n e .
3 ' e a s s e '

12 . v1 1 .
4 T h
. e B e n e d i c t ive Par as m aip ad a .

5 Th.e Fi r s t A o ri s t , I I I . .
5 T h
, e Fi r s t A o ri s t ,
IV .

( x c pt Fir t A
E e s or . At m
II . . o f
6 Th e s e c o n d A O H S t
v rb co ns o n , Hr i
e nd ing i n E or
o
s e .
,
5511 6 .
35 0 (E x c pt v rb
e e s in a r i,
,
&c .

1 Roo
. t . B as e Fu tr
u e. C o nd i i o nal t . Per Fu t
. . B en . At m . Fi r tAs or . I II
. .

st r eng t h ened .

z
; a W At m .

bin!
'
bh o bh avi s hydti t h e e nd

bh a vi s hi s h ta dbh avi s hta

as is (W )
ta d to d t o t sydti dt o tsyat to a d ( tsi s hta )
t u

dt aut si t

di v d ev d evi s hydti dee ad devi s hts htd ddevi t

3?
c ha r ch o r ay c h o r ayi s hydt i dch o r ayi s hy a t c h o r ay i t d c h o r a y i s hi s h td

T I
m kar kar whydt i ka r at Icar is his htd

g a
sn so s o s hydti ds o s hya t s ct d s o s h i s h ci t
l
t an
H
t an t ani s hydt i at ani s hyat t ani t d

t a ni s hi s h tci
W
dt ani t
o

or
r m
ai da i t

ail as am

kr es hydti

kr i kr e dkr es hy at kr et a kr es his hta dkr ai s hi t

ER m rf
T S21 (f ame )

dveks hydt i

dvi s h ddveks hyat ( d vi ks h i s h t )
a

g a) esm '

h o s hy dti h o td h o s hi s h td d h au s h i t
'

ha ha a h o s hy a t

Fl t at
( r ut si s hta )

r ud h ro dh r o t sy a t i a r o t sya t dr autsi t

C au s

'
kar ayi s hi s h td

Icar ay kdr ayi t d
'

kyi kar ayi s kya ti a lcdr ayi s hy a t

D es .
m f a afww W ET

Icr i c hi ki r s hi s hydti dc h i ktr s hi s hyat c hiki r s hi t c f c h i ki r s hi s hi s h td dchi ki r s hi t

a
; Int
-
San
e 33 3W "

2 2m m W t aar w as

dc hekr i yi s hyat a ch ekr i yi t d ch ekr tyi s hts h ci dchekr tyi s hta

lef t c h ekr i y c helcr i yi s hya t e t
 1 78 STR E NG THE NIN G A N D WE A KE N IN G OF VE R B A L B A SE S ,
&c .
345

K
K
r a l
'

g uh g dh g h o ks hydt i dg h o ks hy at 9 0 t (g h uks hah gd)

or
W
W
gd dg zi hz t

d i dg z ihi s hya t g ahz t d g z z h i s hz s h
'

g zz hi s h

y t

i l
j dti td ds r dks htt

sr a sr aks hy a s r a ks hya t s r as h

f!
t 111 3

mi mds ya tz mdsy at mdtd mds i s hyai

7nd
'

m w
nas na ks hydt i dnaiz ks hy at na z s h t d
W W 5 15? m fm s

s taffe r

ms i s hydt e ms i t d ds r am
'
ds r a z si s hya t a s r a z s i s h s h a f s i s h ya
'

s r anz s s r az s sr a sr a y
wa r
0

W W
bandd h d

d bh ant sy at a bhdnts t

band h band k bh a ntsydti

II R . oot B . as e Par t . 7r t a , G en l t va,

'
B en . Par . S ec A o r. . Fi r s t A o r A IV .

wi t h o ut wi t h o u t an d I I A t m
i t .
: 5
.
. .

'

13 1
'3 :
w !

I
as ?!
m s hydla mgi s h yvd

mr ii yli t e

a: as a w as ?
Q

uh u
g It y1i g1t g u hydt e

ag huks h a t

W 1 W W
s ri s h ydla w h at!
t fa fai r:
ma mi mi tdlz mi tvd mfg/ cit e

as!
" W 7 w: m 9

nae ! nas

nas h ta
'

wd
nas h
nas dt e y
am am

")
aq aq
sr az s sr as s r as tci sr a s t v d s r as yci t e ds r as at

bandh badh bad hy dt e

1 Pan 2 3 4
. vr 4, . 89 . Pan . V I. I , 58 . Pan . V I . 1, 5o . Pan . V II . I, 60 .

5
Pan . V I .
4, 24 .
6
B ut wi t h a t mdrj i tvd, no t a t marj i t vd .

7 A s to t h e l o ng s ee 1 2 8. 8 Or 33 7 I 2
, .O r .
9
n a z s h yvd
W .

1
R oot s whi ch m ay t h u s dr o p th eir n as al , ar e wr i t t e n i n t h e D h at up ath a wi t h t h eir n a sal ,
or y a ms : wh il e oth er s wh i ch r et ai n t h eir n as al t hr o u gh o u t , ar e wr i tt en wi t h o ut th e
n as al , b ut wit h an i n d i ca to y r i , f na d, & c
'
.
( Pan . V I. 4, 24 ; V II . 1, T wo ver b s th u s
m ar k e d by i , E
3 l l ag'

an d Hil l? leap , m ay, h w ever , dr t h ei r o op n a s al , t h e g en er al r u l e no t

wi t h s t an d in g , i f u s ed in cer t ai n m ean i n s ,
g v i l ag i t a m, b ur nt ; vi kap i t a m,

d ef o r med 2 4 , vart. I , dr op s it s nas al b fo

e re t er mi nat i ns o
b eg i nni n
w i th ow l b ut b fo th i nt er m e d iat e 3 ?a h ay a ti , b ut
'

g a v e , no t e re e var

vyi nz

ki td . T
i r a j , t o t i ng e, m a y d orp i t s n as al , e ven i n th e c au s at i ve ( i . e . b fo e re a v ow l ) e ,

i f i t m eans t o S po t
r ra a j y a t i ( Pan . v 1 4 , 2 4 , var t
. .
3 ,
Th e sam e r oot ,
l ik e s m e o oth er s ,

op l b fo x t a fa r aj a t i , & c
dr


s it s n as a e r e s dr va d hci t uka af es .
( Pan v1 . .
4, a ac h , if i t
m ean s t o w o r sh i p , m u st r et ai n i t s nas al ( Pan v 1 4 , 30 ) an d t ak e t h e i nt er m e d i at e 3 2 ( Pan
. .
'

. V II .

5 3) s i fa a: o pp oth W i f b

2, a c h z t a ,
w r sh i ed ; er wi s e akt a z o r l : a c h i t a , ent .

1
Or m tvd
'

sr a .
 34 7 . A OB Is r . 179

Not e Th e b b ver s e g i nn i ng wi t h
a? hu g ( D h tu p Ath a 2 8, 7 3
1 0 8 ) d o no t st r en gt h en

t h eir b as e , e x pt b fo
ce e re t er mi nat i n s wh i ch o ar e m ar k e d by
i n or ll
5? ;
'

t o be

b e nt , Fut .
W
ku gi s hya t i , Per Fu t . .
W ku gi td, Fi r s t A o r .
W m t ( Pan
c . 1 . 2,

W m] , t o f e ar , ne ve r t ak e s G u na b ef or e i nt er m e diat e 3 i Per Fut . . W mj i t d ( Pan . 1 .

2, 3 1
3 r z m, t o c ov er , m ay d o so o pt i o n ll y ;
a z i r nuvi t d o r w i fem r navi t d

Pa
( n . 1 . 2,

C HA PTE R X III .

A O R IST .

34 6 . We c an d i s t ingu i s h i n S an s kr i t , as in G r eek b et wee n , t wo ki n d s o f

A or i s t s , o ne fo r m e d b y m e an s o f a si bil ant i n s er te d b et we en r oo t an d t e r mi

n at i o n , t h i s w e c all t h e Fi r s t , ot h er fo r m ed by ad di ng t h e t er mi nati o ns
an ,

to th e b as e t h i s w e c al l t h e
,
S e co nd A o r i s t .

B ot h A or i s t s t ak e t h e A u gm ent wh i ch al way s h a s t h e U dt t a , ,
and , wi th
s o m e m o d i c at i o n s t h e t e r mi n at i o n s o f t h e I m er fe c t
, p .

34 7 Th e F i
. r s t A o r i s t i s f o r m e d i n f o u r d i ffer e nt w a s
y .

Ter mi na ti o ns f
o t h e Fi r s t A o r is t .

Fi r s t F o r m .

PA R A S M A I PA D A . AT M A N E PA D A .

i s h am w m m i s kz s t man
M i s hma hi

: s a { i s hma
{ ta
e s

i m m ?
'

: : i s hga m
ge i s h a:
M i s t/edit i s hdt hdm : or
:qid
86 h vam o r {
d h vam

in n ga mm ggz i a s hu a {9 2
.9 m {W I i s /z d t ci m
'

m i s hat a

In t hi s r s t s et o f t er m in at i o n s t h e i nt er m e di at e g i s t ands
p ar t o f t h e as

t e r m i n at i o n s , b ecau s e all t h e ver b s t h at t ak e t h i s for m ar e

ver b s li abl e t o

t ak e t h e i n t er m e di at e T h e r s t an d s e c o n d fo r m s o f t h e Fir s t A o r i s t
di ff er i n f ac t b y t hi s o nl y t h at t h e f o r m er i s pe c u li ar t o ver b s wh i ch t ak e
, , , ,

t h e l at t e r t o ver b s wh i c h r ej ec t i nt er m e di at e ( S o t )
g e e 33 4
2 n e , , .

2 . S ec o n d F o r m .

PA R A S M A I PA D A . AT M A N E PA D A .

13s um f3 H I? E l f?

H mm B ? s ma s mal u
'

svahi
'

32
i

El -
S t an: E st a F IT: s t lz dh d hvam
#1: s t}: W M t h dm

R t am 11 : t hat}: dhvam
g
"
or or 11 ta or or

H s ta
#11 si t 3 l a m s dt d m
'

a n s at a
mm
sa t
or H, or a ta
 1 80 A O R IS T .
34 8

3 Th ir d Fo rm .

Th er e ar e s ome ver bs wh i ch ad d
q s to th e en d o f th e r oo t b efor e
t aki ng t h e t er m i n at i n s o o f t h e A or i s t , a nd wh i c h a ft er th i s I s ,
t em l o
p y t h e

u su al t er m i n at i n s wi t h o i
f
i, vi z . i s h am, & c . Th ey ar e c onj u g at e d i n th e
Par as m ai p ad a o nl y .

PA R A S MA IPA D A .

ni s i
- -s h am lm s -i s hva f8 ? s -i s h m a

l! FIN
.
i
B s ih -
(f o r : s i s h ( a )h) FE E s -i s h ta m FE ? s -i s h u t

w a s (f o r m ag m ) a rs t s -i s htdm fa g: s -i s hu h

4 . Fo u r t h For m .

L as t l y , t h er e ar e so m e f ew ver b s e n di n g i n s t g s h g h
, , , , p r ece de d

by g i , E u , w r i , wh i c h t ak e t h e f o ll o w in g t er mi n at i on s w i t h o u t

,
an i nt e r
m ed i at e g i ( ks a) .

PA R A S MA I PA D A . AT M A N E P A D A .

ma te s 6vah
'

a s um Ina s dva m s ci ma fa si m fg s dma hi

3 f?
,

or ve i n

WT: s a t h dh s a d h va m
8 7!
0

H: s ah HR s at a m W S dt hdm
'

s at a
or 11 : t hat]: or dho o m
o 0

H F R I s a t dm Hi im
'
E s at so n E l l s ci t c FR s a nt a
or R ta

Sp eci a l R u l es f or t h e Fi r s t Fo r m f
o th e Fi r s t A o r is t .

34 8 Fo r n al
. v o w el ,
V ri d dh i i n Par as m aip ad a *
.
@ 112, t o cu t , W
d l dvi s h a m ( Pan . V I I. 2 I),
.

Fo r nal v o wel G u na ,
in A t m an ep ad a .

Q hi , W
a a vi s h i .

F o r m e di al o r i ni t i al v o wel G u na (if po s s i bl e) bo t h
,
i n Par . a nd A tm .

R hu d h , t o k no w ; Pm w)i d bo d h i s h a m . A tm .

Th e v o wel i t a, f oll o we d b y a s i n gl e n al c o n s o n an t , m ay o r m ay n o t t a k e
V r i ddh i i n Par i f t h e ver b b egi n s wi t h a c o n s o n a nt am /ca n, t o s o u nd , W
.

t
fm dhdni s h am or W d ha h i s h am ( Pan . V II . 2, Atm . m f wd h a zi i s h i .

E x pt W
ce

svi , to swel l ,
m a svayi t ; ll

j dg r i , t o w ak e , m a d
j g a r i t
'

( Pan . V II . 2,
:
$1 d r ai n , to c o ver , m ay or m ay no t t ak e V ri d dh i W au muvtt , o r

W EI
R aur d i
n t,
v or a umavi t ( Pan V I I a . . 2,

1 R oot s en di ng in m Vri d dh i i n t h Par as m a i p a d a a j va l ,

at o r H o r al w a t ak e
Q
'

s e
y
to b u r n, E
m
c v i t ( Pan . V II . 2, Li k ew i s e a m
i n e d, to s p e ak , and El
i vr o j , to go
P
( an V R oot s en din i
g m y , t h e r
i oot m ks h an, t o h u r t , V al i
b r e at h e ,
'

h,
. II 2,.
g n s
i s va s o
an d ver b s o f t h e Ch ur Vri d dh i ( Pa
cl as s , r oot s wi t h t ech ni cal E e, do no t t ak e n V II
. . 2,

g g h t t k
ra
t g h iot ; E lal
i y me,t o n d W d y m it mra
vy y t s a o s u s a ; a o

m
, , , ,

t h ow WW d y yi t ; E E k h z t h t 2123 dk h z i t W b
'

K K

th
r
1, o a v t s a z, o ur ,
s a z ; s as , o r ea e,

W d i t ; qd y t m ini h l i yi t U l g t

as na p t m d gi t
, o s ,

ai na ; ra ,
o su s ec , ra .

EM di d hi t h in n t t
,
d i
o s n d ft
y d
e, i d d t b p oo d
es o p, t h i n l
o e s r e, a ar r ,
o e r, r e r a

vo w l o ding t th l n int m di t 3 i aft ? !d i d d W i ldd i d i t

e s , a cc r o e r u es o er e a e ar r ,

ar r .
1 82 A O R IST .
35 7

Sp eci a l R u l es f or t h e Th i r d F o r m of th e Fi r s t A o r is t .

35 7 Mo s t . rb s t aki ng thi s form o f th e A o ri st end in m d o r i n

ve ,

dip h th o ng s w h i ch t ak e a t d a s th ei r s u b sti tu t e Th i s an d r em ain s .

un ch ange d . I n t h e A t m an e p a d a th es e ver b s t ak e t h e S e c o nd F o rm .

35 8 T h.e v rb F mi t
e h rt
s l mi t th r w n d ll l i t
,
o ti ck i n t ki ng th i f rm
u , , o o ,
a , o s ,
a s o ,

ch ng a e l i k ewi s e th ir n l v w l i nt 31 6 E W
e a md i h m I t h r w n d I h urt ;
o e s o . x . a s s a , e ,
a

W a l ds i s h am ( or l a l a i s h am ) .
35 3 .

35 9 . Three ro o t s en d i ng in
{ t m ak e th i s fo m r ;
yam, t o h o l d , H i r am, t o rj e o i ce,

ms i s ham
.

7' Wl u am , to b en d , A o r s uites . ay a ,
&c . P
( an . VII . 2,

Sp eci a l R u l es f or t he F o ur th F o r m f
o t h e Fi r s t A o r i s t.

3r oot s wh i ch t ak e th i s f o rm m u s t end i n
6 0 . Th e ( as t o
th i s to ,

s ee c f Pa ,
n III I .
sh
a g. s h p r e c e d e d b y an
.
, y v o w el b u t 3 i n 3 , , , ,
.

Th ey m u s t b e verb s wh i ch rej e c t th e i nte rm e di at e g i ; 33 2 I 7 2o ; ,

-

( P an II I I . T h e i r .r a d i c a,
l vo wel r em ai ns u n ch ang e d .

36 Th r t M
1 . al i h t k t
e h i f rm
oo nl y if i t m n t m br c ( P a n sIII a es s o o ea s o e a e . . I ,

W O th r v rb ch h d p c x c p t

li k h t as s a
3R .
p n 3J3 h e i ll y e d s, su as us a s us , ar e s e a e e e .

3 0
66

36 2 . Th e r t ad oo s u lt , t o m il k , fag di h , to an o i n t ,
f li h ,
t o l i k, c 1R g uh , t o h i de

( Pan . VII .
3 , m yt k a a e in th e A t m anep ad a
WI: t h dh i t d ns e a o f W I s a t h dh . 3 f? va h i i ns t ea d o f m fg s dva hi
.

V al d hva m 1183 s a d / warm

'

ta s at a . .

Th y th e ppr ch t t h S c n d F rm f t h r t ri t i n m t b t n t i n
us a oa o e e o o o e s ao s os , u o all pr e s o ns .

Ex .
SKd h; p i ng At m
u
W W : d g d h dh
2. l
m . dh k h th
s . . a u or a u s a c z.

3 p i ng d g d h .

W . d h l sh t . a u a or a u cs a a.

p d l At m agg fg d hv hi W
I . . dh l hdv hi
ua .
s a u a or a u cs a .

p pl r At m dh g dhv m
2. . dh k h dhv m
u . . a u a or a u s a a .

FIR ST A o m sr '
.

wi h i nt t rm e e di a e t 3 i .

a. V e rb s e n di n g in a v ow el ; 7g l d, to c ut .

V ri ddh i i n Par as m ai p ada, G u n a i n Ktm anep ada .

PA R A SMA I PA D A .

1 . m I-
dIdv i s h am
- =3
m

a l dv-i s hua W
a l d v-i s hma

W al

dv-i s h tam W ?

a l dvi -s h a t

3 . W i
t ch es
u wa rfare? d l dv - i s h tdm m fag:
l dvi -s huh

AT M A N E PA D A .

m f n a l av i s hi w

s ta fareafz d l av-i s hvahi %:

1 . a - 2 13 a l av-i s hma h i

2. W 3al

av- i s h thdh W dl a v- i s h dt h dm

a l a v- i d hvam -

gh uam

3 . wa f

ers a l av-i s h u
t

5 3 l d l av-i s hdt dm W d l av-is ha t a
 36 2 , A O R IS T . 1 83

b V e rb s
. e nd ni g in c o n s o n ants ; bu d h , t o k no w .

G una i n Par asmai pada and Kt manepada .

PA R A S M A I PA D A .

I . a bo d h -i s h a m W d had h -is hua W W a bo d h -i s hma

2 . W : a bo d h -i h W ab c d h - is h a m t waf ers abc d h -i s h t u

3 .
W a bo dh -i t v i rtual m at - is m
;
W : abo d h -i s h a h
KT M A N E P A D A .

x. W a bo d h -i s hi W 1? a bo d h -i s hva hi wi tm f g a bo d h -i s hma hi

2 W : a bo d h -i s h thdh W W a bo d h -i s h dt hd m W a bo d h -id h va m

3 . W m a bo d h -i s h u t m m ai a bo d h -i s h dt dm wi rn a abo d h -is ho l a

S eco nd Fo r m ,
t t t rm d i t i
wi h o u i n e e a e .

a . Ve rb s e n di ng i n c o n s o nan t s ; fa ct ks h ip ,
to th r ow .

Vri ddh i i n Par as m i p d n c h g i n Ktm n

a a a, o an e a e pad a .

PA R A S M A I PA D A

m m
.

I . wad a ks h a ip -s a m a lcs h a ip -s va a ks ha i
p
-s ma

W alcs h aip - tam 35 1 ) alcs h a ip - ta

3 .

m a ks h aip -s i t was ? aks ha ip - t dm g : a ks h a i

p
-s u
h
A T M A N E PA D A .

I .
m a ks hip
si wfquafg

a ks hip -sva hi W antg

-
a lcs hip -
s ma ki

2 .
m a ks h ip t hdh
- 33
q a lcs hip -s dt hdm wfmj a lcs hib - d hva m

3 .
W alcs hip -t a ar m s - mi a ks h ip -s dt dm m a ks hip -s a ta

b . V e rb s en di ng in v o wel s i
"

i , a, a i l ); a? h i, to l ead .

Vriddhi i n Par as mai p ad a , G u na i n A t manep ad a .

PA R A S MA I PA D A .

I wi n n
. a ais h am %
31 a na i s hva n? a na is hma
2 m . : a na i s hi h RF
.

a na i s h a mt a? au ais h ta
3 W . a naahi t W a u ai s h tdm g: anais huh
AT M A N E PA D A

m
.

I . ts anes hi a ne s hva hi W a nes hma hi

2 . m 3 anes h th cih

W a nes h dt h dm ane dhvam

3 . a? a nes h a t W a nes h dt dm m anes h a t a

c . Ve rb s e n di n
g i n a r i ; 3i kr i ,
t o d o .

Vrid d hi i n Par as m ai p ad a, no ch ang e in Kt m anep ada .

PA R A S M A I PA D A .

1. man? alcdr s h a m W a kdr s h va m m? a kdr s hma

2 a kd r s hi h I? a kd r s h a m t W ? akar s h ta

m
3 . a kdr s hi t m fe t a lcdr s h td m W
: a lcdr s hu h
1 84 A O R IST .
36 2 .

AT MA N E PA D A .

I. a kri s hi
W a lcpi s hva hi
W a kr i s hma hi

2.
w i n: 2 12 mm magma? a kr i s h dt hdm am

3 .
W E alcz

i ta a lcr i s h d t dm
W W a lcr i s h a t a

d . V e rb s g endin
i n $1
1 d , a l d d ,
to g i ve

.

At m an ep ad a o n l y ; W 6 ch an g e d i nt o 3 i .

AT MA N E PA D A .

1 . mfgf q adi s hi rs t: a di s hva hi mz w fz a d i s hma h i

2 a di t hd h W a d i s h dt h dm a di dh va m
3 .
W a di t a a d i s h d t dm E lf ? a dis h a t a

V e rb s e n di n i
t s tr t, to t re t c h
e. g n
a r
q s .

Vri d dh i i n Par as m a i p ada, wi h i n t t rm

e e d ia et i i .

In A t m anep ada t h e i ns e rti on o f {i i s o pt i o n al .

( S ee 4 . Pan . VII . 2,

If i s i ns e rt ed , th G en 34 8) nd pt i n l ly l
u na a o o a en
g th e ni ng o f Q i .

If is no t i nse rt d th n a rt ch ng d t i {i n
e ,
e a e o

PA R A S MA I PA D A .

marfi
' '
a s td r i s h am, &c .
, lik e F i r s t

Fi r s t F o r m , AT M A N E PA D A . S eco nd Fo r m,
wi h t g i .
SI N G U LA R . t
wi h o u t i .

I . W fl o r ma : a s t a r i s hi o r as t ar i s hi W as ti r s hi

2. matt er: or m : as t a r i s h thdh o r as t ar i s h thdh W i t : a st i s hthdh r

3 . m t? or ma a a s t ar i s h a o r as t a r i s h a
t t W ? as ti s ht r a

D UA L .

I . or a s t ar i s hva hi o r a s t ar i s hva hi W as ttr s hva hi

2 . W or W W a s t a r is hdt hd m o r a s t ar i s h dt h dm W W as ti r s hd t h dm

3 . W or warm as t a r i s h dt dm o r as t a r i s hd t dm W as ti r s hd t dm

1 . w ar m or as t ar i s h mahi o r as t ar i s hma hi W a s t i r s h ma hi

2 . fu el
or m l 85l as t ar i d hva m - dhva m o r as t ar i dhvam d hvam W ? as t i r dh vam
3 . m or m an a s t ar i s h a t a o r a s t ar i s h a t a

f V e.r b s w i t h p e nu l t i m at e 3
'

pi W sp ii to
,
l et o ff .

P cu l i ar Vri ddh i i n Par as m ai p ad a

e , no ch an g e in At m anep ada .

PA R A SM A IPA D A .

I . as r dks h am W as r dks hva

2 .
W : a sr dks hi h a s r ds h am t

3 .
W as r dks hi t W asr ds h tdm W a sr dks huh

AT M A N E PA D A .

I . w ith a sr i ks h i m ma a spi lcs hva hi

W a s r iks hma h i

2 .
W 2 2252 12 122 2 2 1 W as ks h d t hdm
W as ddh va m

3 .
W as r i s h a t W asr i ks hd t dm as r i ks ha t a
1 86 A O R I ST . 6
3 3

A T M A N E PA D A .

I .

F
g

ag hu ks h i
W ag hu ks h ava h z or
W ag uhva h i
W ag h u cs h a ma hz
l
2.
W r m i !
t ag h uks h a t h dh o
g d dh d h W a ag h uks hd t h dm
W or
m 1

3 .
W g h k ha t u
W s g d dh
a a or
W a a ag h u ks h dt dm
W ag h uks h a u t a

I t m ay al s o f o ll ow t h e Fi r s t F o rm d h i h m an d m f gf a ag dh i s h i
'

,
a
g s a .

(i 33 72 I 1
)
fa g l i h , to sm ea r .

PA R A S M A I I A D A .

I .
m a l i ks h am W a l i ks hdva W W a l i ks h dma

2. m a l iks h a h wfasa a l i ks h a t a m W a l i ks h a t a

3 . lm a l i ks h a t Wm a l iks h a t d m
W a l i ks h a n

AT M A N E PA D A .

1 .
m a l i ks hi W d
a l i ks h va h i o r
W a l i hva hi W a l i ks hd ma h i

2 . W ar m: a l i ks hat h dh m m : 2 1221222 W a l i ks hdt h dm W or

W 2

3 .
W a l i ks h a t a o r m a li dh a W a l iks hd t dm W a l i ks h au t a

3g d uh , to m il k .

PA R A S M A I PA D A .

m ad hulcs h a m, &c .

AT M A N E PA D A .

I.
W E a d huks hi a d huks hd va hi o r
W e: W
a d u h va h i a d h uks hdma h i

d h k h d h dm W
2.
W a d hu ks h a t h
W
dho r
t a dug d hdh W a u s t or
3

3 .
W a d hu lcs h a t a o r
W d a u
g d h a
W a d h k h d dmu
W s t a d h u ks h a nt a

fag d i h , to an oi n t .

PA R A S M A IPA D A .

W a dhi ks h a m, &c .

A T M A N E PA D A .

I .
m a d hi ks hi 4
W a d hi ks h d ma h i

W wfa m W m? a dh i ks hdt hd m m

2 . or n 5
t
a o r a n f
e 6
}
3 . W m or wh :
o 7
a tri u m? a d hi ks h dt dm war m a d hi ks h a nt a

SE CON D A O R I ST .

6
3 3 V e r b
. s op ti ng th i s fo rm tak e t h e au g m en t an d attac h t he
ad
,

t e rm i nati o ns ( Fi rs t D ivi s i o n ) o f t h e i m p e rfe c t t o a ve rb al b as e e n di ng

i n a a li ke th o s e o f t h e T u d f o rm
, .

1 a hu ks h a d hva m o
g r ag hzi dhvam .
2 a l i ks h a d h a m
v o r ali dhva m .

3
a d h ulcs h a dhvam o r a d hug d hva m .
4 a d hi ks hdva hi o
r a d i hva h i .

5
a d hi ks h a t h dh o r a di g d h d h.
6
a d hiks h a dhvam o r a d h i d hva m
g .

7 a d hi lcs h a
t a o r a d ig d h a .
 6
3 7 , A O R IS T .
1 87

f r i nkl e Pr e s iT? : i ri ch dmi Im p f wh

s i ch , to s as i i i cha m
p . . . .

PA R A S M A I PA D A .

I W . a s i c h am W as i c hdva W (1 t

2. a si c h a h as i c h a t a m wn was ic ha t a
3 .

M us i c ha t W a s i cha t dm
W as i c ha n

KT M A N E P A D A .

I . m us i ch e M a s i c hdva hi

2 . m a s i c h a t hd h W a si c het hdm m as i c had hv

wm W wn m as i c hant a

3 . a si c ha t a as i c h et dm

h ve , to c all . Pr e s .
m h uay dm i ; Im p f . ma xi a hvaya m ; G e ner al b as e E h d .

PA R A S M A I PA D A .

I . a hva m WI N a he da d
m a hvdma

2 . V 3 I a hvah W a hva t a m W a bua t o

3 .

W a hua t W a hva t dm
m a hva n

KT M A N E P A D A .

1 . a n a hve m fg a h vdva h i ta
g
-
mfg a h vdma hi

-
2 . a hva t h dh i
sar vi a hvet hdm w s a a hva d hvam

3 .

3 3 ? a hva t a mi ni a hvet dm ah van t a

6
3 4 . R oot s e n di ng in $11 d, E e,
g i ,
d r o p t h e s e vow el s ,
an d su b s ti t ute
a b as e e n di n
g i n a !a :
b s ti tu te s a h va A o r h uea h vam ; su f w vi ,
.

s u b s ti t u t e s w sva A o r W a sva m , R oot s e n d i ng in 53 r i an d t h e r oot

. .

2222 to s e e t ak e G u na ( Pan V I I 4 I 6 ) an d t h en fo rm a b as e e n di ng
33 , , . .
, ,

i n s h o rt a!a g s ri to g o
m as a r a t ; a d ri s t o s ee m a d a r sa t
w

: ,
gr , , , .

6
3 5 R oot s wi th
.
p e nu l t i m at e n as al dr o i t :
p s k au d t o s t e
p s a i a s lca d a m , ,

.

3 6 6 I rr eg u l ar f o rm s ar e mat s} a vo ch a m I s ok e f r o m a
.
p
, va ch ( acc o r di n
l

g , ,

t o B op p a c o n t r a c t e d r e d u p li c at ed a o ri s t 3 7 0 f o r W a u a va c h am
) m i , ,

ap a t a m I ew
p f r o
,
m p a t (p o s s,
i b l y a c o n t r a c t e d r e d u
p li c a t e d a o ri s t fo r

W ap ap a t a m); a uea m I
p e ri s h e d K i d o n P a n v I 4 I 2 O ( o s s i bl y
, p ,
. . .
,

fo r W a u a na a m ;
) a si s h a m I o r d e r e d fr o m
m i d W d s th a m

s , , , ,

I th rew o m
w ,
as
( P a r n v n 4 . .
,

36 7 R t wh i ch t k th i f rm
. oo s a e s o ar e,

11
R t t h r w ( N d d t h m)
as , o
o h t p k ( w s va h m ), m k h y d t
e ac p k ,
o S ea a oc a , , o s ea

(W l hy m) i f t h g n
a ct i i m ap l i d ,( P a e a e s e . n III
. . I,

fE Uip t p i t f i k t , o pri nkl 37 h t c ll ( irr g l l y E : hv m) i P

a n , s c , o s e, ue, o a e u ar a a ,
n ar .
,

n d pti a lly i o
( n
P a III
o na
53 n P
W l ip t . W . I, l ip t , ar . a a ,
a a a

or W a l ip t a .

The ve rb cl s as s e d as
M p us hdd i, b e
g i n n i n
g wi h t 3

p us h (D h . P . 26, 73
t P th t ch i c !li
'

dyu t dd i , b e g i n n i ng wi h d ut ( D h an d m ar k e d by al 3
g y . . o se a e n ,

i n t h e Par a s m ai p a d a ( Pan I I I I , . . .

B b 2
1 88 e o msr .
3 8
6

rb g 1 s ri ,
W eds , t o rd r an d 5 i , to go (W dr a m), i n Par an d At m
'

Th e ve s to go , o e 5 r . .
,

( Pan I I I . . I,

O pti o nal l y, ve rb t ch i c n m
al l a k ed b r i r , b u t i n t h e Par asm ai p a d a o nl
y ( Pan III
m
s e
y y . .

I , W a bhi da t o r l a bh ai t si t .

tiff W
O

O pt i o n all y,
i jri , t o
'
f ai l , R D - s t umbh ,
to
( s en (W a s t abh a t or as t a mbhi t ) ,

mr uc h, t o g o (W amr u c h a t o r W la mr o chi t ) ,
ml uch , t o g o ,
g c h,
r u

to t
s eal ,
g l u c h, t o t
s eal , to go (W ag l u c h a t o r
W
), f a r ( rr m i niva n b ut i n t h e Par as m ai p ada o nl y.

ag l unc hi t s vi , to g ow i egul ar l y ,

( Pan . I II . I ,

l
36 8 . Th ere ar e a f ew v rbe s, en d in g i n an d, E s , "S l o , w h i ch t ak e th i s fo m r o f th e
c
s e o n d ao ri t i n t h P s e ar as m ai p a d a ; al s o
bhd, t o b e . Th ey r t ain th r o e u
gh o u t th e l o ng
nal vo w l x c pt b f r
e , e e e o e th e u h f t h o p r p l r b fer wh i c
3h
r d e s . u .
,
e o e h
t e nal 3 1 d is

r j ct d
e e e . In t h e At m an ep ad a th es e v rb i n m f t k t h
e s S c nd F rm o a e e e o o o f th e r t ri t
s ao s ,

an d ch a ng e 45
'

d t o
g i .

31 d d, t o i
g ve . Pres .
serfs d a d dmi Im f 1 133i
p . a d a d dm .

PA R A S M A I PA D A .

I . V al a d dm W a ddma

m il a dd t a m m a dd t a

bh d , t o b e . Pre s . W l bhavdmi ; Im f p W . a bh ava m .

PA R A SMA IPA D A .

l a bhd va m
w

I . Hi * a bhd va a bhi i ma

2 . 2 1222212 a nd a bhd t a m my a bhd t a

m was? m

3 su . a bhd t abhut dm a; 2 512222 2 2

V erb s wh i ch t ak e th i s fo m r ar e,

m yd ,
t o g o ; EU d d, t o g i ve ; V Td h d, t o pl c a e ; I np d, t o d i nk ; E l l r s t h d, to t
s an d ; I: d c,
t o gu a d ; r i
a d e, t o cu t bhd, t o b e .
( P5 11 41 4,

O pti o nal l
y 3TI g h
, r d, t o s m ell ; Fl d h e ,
r
t o d i nk ; so , t o sh a rp en c hh o, to cu t ; T h 80 ,

t o d es t roy .
( Pan . II .
4,

6
3 9 Th e cl
. nd i ng i
{ n E
U m
ni n e
y f rm t h d r t
n
ood 3 d s o f t h e T an as s e n or . a o e 2n a r

p r i ng At m i n WT: t hdh n d H t b f r wh i ch th n l n l i r j ct d H u m t
e s . s . . a a, e o e e a as a s e e e .
, o

str tch ; A W
e at i ht W t t ; W
or . t i h th dh m : t t hdh an s a or a a a a an s or a a

P
( a n4 Th f rm m i gh t b c n i d r d s irregul a A tm n p d f rm f th
. II. , es e o s e o s e e a r a e a a o s o e

c n d i t o f t h r t ri t II with l
se o ao r s f i niti l R
, or e s ao s , o ss o a s .

S eco nd or R edup l i ca t ed F o r m f
o t h e S eco nd A o r ist .

37 A f e w p ri m i t0i ve ve.rb s ,
rou s cl as s o f t h e C h u r
an d t h e ve ry n um e

root s , t h e d en om in ative s and c au s atives i n 5 1 ay red u p li c ate th ei r =

,

b as e i n t h e se c on d a o ri s t t aki ng t h e au g m ent as b ef ore and t h e u s u al

, ,

t e r m i n at i o n s o f th e i m p e r fe c t .

I rr eg u l a ri n th e I st pr
e s . s i ng .
, d u al ,

an d pl ru .
, an d i n th e 3r d p r pl r
e s . u .
1 90 A O R I ST .
3 75

l ong vowel ( a ch uchyu ta t no t a ch d chyu t a t) In r oot s b eg inni ng an d en di ng in , .

t wo c on s on ant s th i s m etr i c al rh yth m i s n e c es s aril y b rok en ( a ch a s kand a t)

,
.

375 I n t.h e r oot s w h i c h d o n o t r e s i s t t h e s h o r t e n i n

g p r o c es s ,

i u E 3 r i ar e r e r e s en t e d i n t h e r e d u l i c a ti ve s yll abl e b y

3 2 x 3 , p , , p
Eta o r i i E i a n d al l l e n th e n e d w h er e n e c e s s ary
g { u
{ , g , , , .

S eco nd or R ed up l i ca t ed F o r m o f t h e S eco nd A o i s t r .

I . v u .

p to c oo k W
atch , p d ch d y a t i ; ,

fug bh i d to cu t es t a bh ed dy a t i ; m w , ,
e

u d to r ej o i c e W dmu d a t
m
d

m o d a y a ti
g , , .

uri t to e x i s t aq r ua r t dy a t i i vpi t a t
d

g , ,
.

mz ii to c l ean s e a ufa m drj dy a ti imrii a t

d

.
, ,

kr i t to p rai s e anwkir t dya t i ; W d ch i lcr i t a t l

W

'

.
, ,

Th e l eng th en in g b e c o m es su p eru o u s b e fo re r oot s b egi nni ng wi th t w o c o n s o

n an t s b e c au s e t h e t w o c o n s o n an ts m ak e t h e s h o rt vo w e l h e avy (g u r u
, ) .

Era ty aj to l e ave ma nta tydj dyat i ;

; ,
W d ti ty aj a t ,
.

at
i bh r dj to s h i ne W b h r dj dy a t i
, m w d bi bh r aj a t , .

M ics hi
p to th r o w m k s h ep yd , a t i
W d c h i k s h ip a t ,
.

n ch yu t to f all W W ch y o t dy a t i ;
,
m d ch u c hyu t a t
,
.

s u i to s o u n d s r
, d r dya t i
s i s va m t ,
.

2 0 U V
.

to r ot e c t ( wi th r a ks h dy a t i ;
r a ks h ,
W i d k h t i
s
(E p r a r a s a ,
.

n bh z lcs h to b e g 131m bh i hs h dy a ti ; m

at i bh i ks h a a
s ,
,

3 76 If t h. t b g i n n d n d with d bl c n n nt th i rh yth m i c
e roo e s a e s ou e o so a s, s al l aw i s
br o k en .

ns p m e hh , t o a sk , u m p r a c hch h dya t i ;
d ap r a c h c hh a t .

Ea
? S kaml , to tp
S e , s kand dy a ti ;
W d c h as kand a t .

377 . Roo t s wi h t r a d i al c '

5
6 pi or
a rt, f o ll o w e d by a c o n s o n an t ,
m ay o pt i o n all
yt ak e

th e u v or u u fo m s r .

t 5! p ti l l
W E W i dg ana t

and h a t h dy ak e o n al l y ;
i

*
g a na y or a o or

W
a ay ana t .

1 Th e f o l l o w i ng
'

ver b t s ak e
8 a ins t ea d o f {i or
i t in t h e r e du pl i c ti v a e s
yll a l e b o f th e
ao r i s t in th c e au s a tiv e :

8 1 3 mm
W {2 3 1 2122 2

d , FI t e ar , a th , H mr ad, E s t rt,
,
i E p r
g l .

Q s mr i C au s . W s mdr dy a t i A or .
"H
s as mar a t .

Th e s am e ve rb s wh i h , c as wi ll b e sh o wn he r ft r
ea e r ed u pl i c t S R v ( t h G
a e a ,
e u na o f
35 i n t h e d es i d e r t iv
a e by S
'

u, t ak e

S

ui t ns ea d o f {i i n t h r d pli c t d
e e u ri t a e ao s :

a nu ; D es
mm nundc ayi s h a t i ; A or . o f C au s 3 .

dmi navam .

I R adi c al
"3
3 a is r edu pl i c t a e d by a if t h e ro o t en d s in a d o u bl e c o n so nan t .
 3 30 ,
A O R IS I
. 191

vr i t , t o be , W va r tdy a t i ; H
m
avi vg i t a t o r
'

a vavar ta t .
( Pan VII . .
4,

mr ij ,
to cl e ans e , W mdrj dya ti ;
d i mnj a t or
d a md rj a t .

ler , to pr ai s e , m
ki r tay a t i ;
W dchi kr i t a t or
M dc hi ki r t a t .

37 8 b eginn ing with a vowel h ave t h e s am e i nte rnal red up li c ati o n

. R oot s ,

wh i ch w i l l b e d e s cr ibe d h e r eaft e r i n t h e d es i d e rati ve b as es .

Th u s w a s f o rm s t h e C au s W ddy Thi s afte r th ro wing o ff wu a y . .

,

a nd s h o rt e ni ng t h e vo wel b e c o m e s
a s; thi s re d u li c a te d
p W ad i i s; , ,
-

an d l as tl y wi t h au g m en t a n d te r mi nat i o n
,
d i s am ,
- -
.

In t h e s am e m an n e r m i dr ch i ch a m a db
, j ii a m & c

, , .

379 A li g h
. tl yi g l r re s r re u a :

m p d t dri nk wh ch f rm i t c
, o

dp ip aya t ) Pan
l ao ri t as
,
d i

V II
ip y t ( i n t d f
o s s aus a s a s ea o
m
. . .
4, 4 .

N T s t bd, t o t
s an d , c
wh i h f o ms it s r c aus al ao ri ts as
W dt i s hthip at ( inst e ad o f

W dt is hth ap a t ) .

W1 g h r d, t o s m ell , c
wh i h f o ms i t s r c aus al ao ri ts as
W ig hr ip at
t or
W
dj ig hr ap at .

RE D U P LIC A TE D A OR Is r
'
.

PA R A S M A I PA D A .

x . wfsrz ni 22422 2 3 2 22 W
e as i s r ayd ma

2. m :
i

as s r aya h

as i s r ay a t a m W m

a s i s r ay a t a

W W I
as if r ay a td m
W

a s r a asis r ayan
3 .
ya t

A T MA N E PA D A .

1 . W W
as i s r a ye W asi s r
a
ydva hi W
as is r a ydma hi

2 . WW !asi sr ayat hdh W W

as i s r ay et h dm m ail
a s i s r ay a d h vam

3 . WW a i r ay a t a a i r aye t dm W a i sr ay ant a

3 8In t h e p r e c e d i ng
0 . o cc as io nal ru l es h ave be en g iven as to th e

art i c u l ar f o rm s o f t h e a o ri s t w h i c h c e rt ai n ve rb s o r c l as s e s o f ve rb s opt ad
p .

A s i n G reek s o i n S an sk ri t t o o p r ac ti c e o n l y c an eff e c tu all y teac h whi c h

, , ,

f o rm s d o a c tu all y o cc u r o f e ach verb ; a n d t h e r ul es o f g r amm ari ans ,

h o w eve r m i nu t e a nd c o m p li c at e d ar e n o t u nfr e q u e ntl y c o nt ra di c te d b y th e ,

u s a e o f S an sk ri t au th o r s
g .

H o weve r t h e g e neral ru l e i s th at verb s foll ow t h e rs t ao ri s t u nl e s s thi s

, ,

i s s p e c i all y p r oh i bi t e d an d th at th e y tak e t h e r s t f o rm o f t h e r s t ao ri s t
, ,

u n l es s t h ey ar e b arre d b n ral ru l e s f r o m t h e e m l o ym e n t o f t h e i n t e r m e
yg e e
p
d i at e i Ve rb s th u s b arre d t ake t h e s e c o nd fo rm o f t h e rs t ao ri s t
.
, ,
.

Th e n u m b e r o f ve rb s wh i ch take t h e thi r d fo rm o f t h e rs t a o ri s t i s ve r y

,
!
li m i t e d th r e e r oot s e ndi ng i n I m an d r oot s end in i n m d
g
Th e fo ur th fo rm o f t h e r s t a o ri s t i s l ik e wi s e o f ver y li mi t e d u s e ; s ee 36 0
,
.

A s t o t h e s e c o nd a o ri s t t h e r oot s wh i c h m u s t o r m ay fo ll o w i t ar e ,
1 92 FUTUR E .
3 8 1

i n di c at e d i n 6
3 7, an d s o ar e th e r oot s wh i ch t ake th e re du p l ic at ed fo r m o f
th e c o n d a o r i s t i n 37 1
se .

R o ot s wh i ch f o ll o w t h e s e c o n d a or i s t Op ti o n al l y o r i n t h e Par as m aip ad a ,

o nl y a e al l o w e d to be c o nj u g ate d i n t h e rs t aori s t s u bj e c t t o t h e g eneral

,
r ,

ru l es .

C H A PTE R X IV .

F UT UR E ,
C O N D ITION AL , PE R I P H R A S TI C FU TUR E , A N D B E N E D I C TI V E .

F utur e .

3 8 1 . Te rm i nati ons .

PA R A S M A I PA D A .

SI N G U LA R . D U AL . L UR AL
P .

x.
: !
a 6! i s hydmi gum : i s hydv a h {m m i shydmah

wif e i s hyds i
m m s s/ cum
'

2.
{ i s hya t h ah i

3 .
{ t n
i
u s hydt i
gum: 22 123 222 1; sui t i s hydnt i

A T MA N E PA D A

{m
.

I .
{a i s hyd {W E E i s hydva h e i s hydma h e

WE WET w}

i i s hyad hve

s hya s e s hy et h e
2 .
{ i { e

3 .
{WIT i s hydt e
{& R i s hy et e

i s hydnt e

Th e c as e s in wh i ch t h e 3 i o f {W is h ydmi & c m u s t be o r m ay b e o mi tt ed .

h ave b e e n s t at ed i n c h ap t er X I 33 1 se
q F o r t h e c as e s in w h i c h
, { i i s .

ch ang e d to i i s ee 34 0 O n t h e ch ang e o f R s h a and Il s a s e e 1 0 0 s eq

,
.
,
.

O n t h e s t r e ngt h en in g o f t h e r ad i c al vo wel s e e ch ap te r X I I 344 s e

q , , .

8 T h e c h a ng e s wh i c h t h e b a s e u n de rg o e s b e fo r e t h e t e r m in a ti o ns o f
3 2 .

t h e s t r en gth e n i ng t en s e s t h e t wo f ut u r e s t h e c o n di ti o n al an d t h e b ene d i c ti ve
, , ,

A t m ar e r egu l at e d b y o ne gen eral p ri n c ip l e th at o f g i vi ng w ei gh t to t h e b as e

.
, ,

th o ugh th ei r ap pl i c ati on vari es acc o r di ng t o t h e p e cu li ar i ti es o f c e rt ai n verb s .

S e e i ll u s t r ati o n s i n 344 ( bh a vi s h y d mi ) an d 345 T h e s e

e c u l i ar i t ie s m u s t b e l earn t b y p r ac ti c e bu t a f ew g e n er al r ul e s m a h er e be
p y ,

r ep e at ed
Fi n al 12 e i a i 3} 0 ar e c h an ge d to an d ; R g a i to s i ng mums!


1 .
=
, , , ,

d
g y
s dmi ,
& c .

2 . F i nal {i an d E; i , t ake G u na ; fa ji to c on qu e r

3 i t , 3 5 72,
'

a r i an d a; r i , , ,

m j eehydmi ; 21 61212 u mrz 5122 2 221234222 3 a m !Ica r i s hydmi ; ,

d r i to t ear aft wrl d a r i s h y dmi o r g m l d ar is h ydmi T h e r e ar e t h e

E , ,
.

u s u al e x ce t i o n s
p 1 led to s o u n d
g fa m z ku,vi s h y dmi 34 5, n ot e )
,
.
,
.

3 . Pe nu l t im ate g i a u 53 pi pr o s o di all y s h o rt tak e G u na r ? be c om e s

, ,
'

, ,

: 3 fr ; 324bu d/z W ho d h i s h y dmi ; ar bh i d s h s hh etsydt i

,
e ,
.
 P E R I P H R A ST I C F U TU R E .

AT M A N E PA D A .

I . 315 ( 123 t

i wraf g a i s hydva hi m a i s hydma hi

2 . h im : a is hyat hdlz W ai s hy et h dm W ai s hy ad hva m

3 . h i a i s h ya t a W ai s hy et dm
'
&ui a ai s hyant a
-

P er ip hr as ti c Futur e .

8
3 4 . Th e t er m i nat io n s ar e ,

PA R A S MA I PA D A .

m m i tds malz

I . a : i tdsvaz. g
m {m i t ds t h a
'
2 .
{WF
I E i t ds i { un i t ds t h azz

3 .
{HTi t d {RTE i tdr a u

KT M A N E P A D A .

W
-

% i td i tdm
l
I .
{HT iitd h e

{31 3 s va h e a he

% d W 3 i tt

2.
{3 1 i t se i tds dt he {111 3 ve

m3

3 {in
. i t d { i t dr au
{R TE i t dr alz

Th e s e t erm i n ati o ns ar e cl e arl y co mp ou n d ed o f m i ci (b as e atri ) t h e co m m o n ,

s u f x f o r f orm i n
g n o mi na ag ent i e an d t h e au x ili ar
y
,
v e r b w a s to b e T h er e ,
.

i s h o w ev e r wi th r eg ar d to m t ei n o d i s t i n ct i o n o f nu m b e r an d g en d e r i n t h e
, , ,

I s t an d an d p e r s o n s an d n o di s t i n ct i o n o f end er i n t h e r d p er s o n
, g g .

O n t h e r e t e n t i o n o r o m i s s i o n o f i n t e r m e di at e { 2 or i ;
'

1 s eq
s ee
33 .

O n t h e s tre ng t h en i ng o f t h e r a di c al v o w el s e e 8
3 2 ,
.

kn o w,
3 bu dh , t o
'

t
wi h i n t rme ed i a e t 3 i .

PA R A S MA IPA D A .

S IN G U L A R . D UA L. PL U A
R L.

1 . m bo d h i tds mi s hm a : '
bo dhi tds vazz

m : bo d hi a m f z
a .

3 . W bo dhi td M bo dhz t dr a u

m bo d hi t dr alz

A T M A N E PA D A .

I . ai m bo d hi tdhe


a tm a bo d h i nfsva h e W bo d /z i t dlsma /z e

aw
m a r bo d hi tas dt he w

e:


bo d hi t d d l we
'
2 .

W mb d hi t d fum bo dhi tdm u m t :

'
3 . o bo d ki t dm z;

5
3 2
wi h t o t i nt rm
u e e dia e t 3
PA R A S M A I PA D A .

I . m f mi
et r s ( ar e : et awa z

i z W 3 et tfs malz

Em m

2 . : et ds t h a e t t ha

m H Ta etdr au

m

3 E . et d : et dr a
 3 88 . B E N E D IC T IV E . 1 95

KT M A N E PA D A .

I. 23 1 % dh e et m el dsvah e m ei ds ma he
m m?! 2 7m}

2 . ( i n?!a ris e etas d t he et dd / we

3 . m et d ( m l et drau ( E TC et dr alz

B ened i cti ve .

8
3 5 c all e d b ene di cti ve i s form ed i n cl o s e anal o gy t o t h e
. The so -

O p t at ive It di ffe rs fro m t h e Op t at ive by no t ad mi tt i ng t h e fu l l m o di ed ve rb al

.

b as e a nd s e co n dl y by t h e in s e rti o n o f an g s b efore t h e p ers o nal t er m i na

, , ,

ti o ns In t h e Par as m ai p ad a t h i s e s t and s b e tw e en t h e In yd o f t h e O p t at ive

.

a n d t h e act ual s i gn s o f t h e p e r s o n s b ei ng l o s t h o we v e r i n t h e 2 nd a nd , , ,

r d p e rs s in g T h u s i ns t e a d o f
g . .
,

O pt II I ,
1 m , uni, un i , 1 m , m ,

m
.

ydlz y dva ydt a m d d v

W , , , , yd t dm, y ma , y t a , yz i z , l we h a e

B e n. 1 111 i, m , and, m , m , m ,

d d

y ds ma

yds a m, y lz,
y ds va , yds t am, y s t dm , , yds ta yd s ulz ,
.

O pt ti v i v rb l c om po nd f t h mo di d b with n nc i nt co nd ori t
A s th e a e s a e a u o e e as e a a e se a s

o f t h root e t h b n di c t i v m i m il r c om po
e d f th
e e m o d i d b wi th
e s ee s a s a un o e un e as e an

anc i t t ori t f m yd In 1m m nd g i t w h v c o tr ct io n f m yd
en rs a s o . . a r e a e n a s o ss

an d
W y d t I n t h V d s t h g
. d p r i ng i 1 11 g i l
2 e ( S Beoll n n
a Z i t c h
e r i ft r e s . s . s r l . ee e se ,
e s

d erD M G v l xx i i p 5 94 ; n d Pa VIII 73
. . .
, o . . . a n . . 2,

In t h e A t m anep ad a t h e a s s t and s bef o r e t h e te r m i n at i o n s o f t h e O p t at iv e ,

e
g
. l q .s i y a i
n s t e a d o f i n ty a B e s id e s t hi s t h e p e r s o n al t e rm i na t i o n s or i g i
.
n a ll y ,

bg i i w i t h t or t h t k t
a e an a d d i i n alo C f T h i t d f
n n e a o
e n n n
g ( 35 I 1 u s s . .
,

O pt 11 h m i n i afz
.
, w ,
W W , {85 5 1 , , , , , :

w h v
'
i ydt h dm dh m ( i

iy i f mdhi

i t hd c, {mi / i ,
fydt dm a, t , , , ,
va ,
r an, e a e

B n e . m : m m M , aw ? W ,W m , , ) , ,
.

i i

/ (i , td, s i d hvdm, si r an

Si g sfs h ghd z , si s /l l si va ki , si yc s t h dm, s i yd vt dm, si ma h i , .

Th e b ene d i c ti v e in th e At manepad a is r eal l

y an opt tiv
r t ori t Th
a fro m e o f th e s a s . us

g m , A or. W a bh a mm B e n t , . vi h i y a fro m a; m O pt At m W
s a; 3 ,
. .

s t uvi t a , Aor . W a s t o s h a, g B en . M s to s hi h g
s from l k O pt At m W
a; k f n
,
. . r ra ,

A or . W a kr es h a t a, B en.
W kr es hfr an .

386 . V erb al b as es en d i n
g in
m ay ( Ch r C u ,
au s . D enom . &c .
)d rop Emmy b for 1
e e the

t rm i tio n
e na s o f the b ene d i cti v P e ar . : ch y or a , B en . whi m? c ho r y ds am
W h c o r ayi s hi y a

. D no m i t i v b
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1
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e B en . Par .
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W At m W

B e n.
p ut r i yds am bu t i n .
p u t r i yi s hi ya


.

b enedi ctive
8
3 7 . Th e Par a s m ai p ad a b el o ng s t o the w eake ning, t h e
b ene di cti ve A t m an ep ad a to the s tr en t h e n i n
g g f orm s H en c e fro m

M ch i t , Par . m i chi n/ 61 mm, A t m &fmu ch et i s h i yci .

.

3 8 8 . Th e b ene di cti ve Par as m aip ad a ne e v r take s in t erm e di at e Th e

be ne di cti ve A t m anep ad a g en er al l y takes in t e rm edi at e { 21 E x c e p ti o ns ar e
p ro vi d ed fo r by t h e ru l es 33 1 s eq .

C C Z
1 96 BE N E D IC TIV E . 8
3 9

Wealcem ng of t h e B bef o r e Ter mi nati o ns beg i nni ng wi t h

'

as e
Ry .

389 . r g l ti g t h w k i ng f th b wh ich i r q ir d i n t h
S om e o f th e r ul es e u a n e ea en o e as e, s e u e e

b n di cti v P m i p d m y h r b t t d tog th r wi th t h r l th t ppl y t t h

e e e ar as a a a, a e e e s a e e e e u es a a o e

w k i ng f t h b
ea en in t h p ivo nd i t e iv as e e as s e a n en s e .

39 W h il g 0n r
. ll y p ki g t h t
e, r m i t i o n
e fe a t h b n di c t i v s p i v
ea d n , e e na s o e e e e, as s e, an

i t
n en s iv x rci w k i ng i n nc n t h v rb l b th r i n i mport nt th g h
e e e se a ea en ue e o e e a as e, e e s o e a ,
o u

onl y pp r t x c ption t th i r l with r g rd t v rb di ng i 3 i 3

a a en , e e o s Fi l u e e a o e s en n ,
'

u, na

3
'

nd 3
1 a b for t
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q3; f t h
u, t rm i
e t i o ef b n d i c t iev p
i v n d i
o nt n i v e e na ns o e e e, as s e, a e s e , ar e

l ng th
e d ( Pa en e 4 b t t tr ng th n d b y G
n V II
. .
, u no s e e e u na .

fa h i t g th r ; B n
c ,
W o htydt a P e W hi y dt e Int . h hi y dt c

; as s . c

e; . c ec e.

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a
( Pan s 4 an e o . V II .
,

3 " kri t d ; ,
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M b o i g/ f t P
o W k i
en .
y t ( Th I n t n i v h w r ( ; as s . r a e.

e e s e as

e h ekr i y dt e, Pan

. V II .
4,
In root o v r b gi nning wi th c o nj nct c on on nt n l a {i i t ll y tr ngth d
s, h we e ,
e u s a s, a s ac u a s e en e

by G n d pp r g
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( Pan 4 a ea s as ar V II.

m
.
.
,

F mri r m m b r ; B
i
s m W ydt P W m ydt ; Int m d m ydt
o e e e en . r ; as s . s ar e . s s ar e .

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s o o e d y dt . a /( ; as s . ar e; . ar r e .

Fi n l me i c h g d t i t r b
v

a nd f s l i l t a ga
an e o ", a , a e a a s, o r .

E
i t t s tr t c h; B n
,
W o a i n/ at s P e W t i yd t ; I t e t tt ydt
.
l
; as s . s r e n . es r e.

{ p 14 t l l ; B n,
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o da/ ft P p y det I t
.
W p p d y dt a ( ; as s . r e; n . o r e .

E x c pti o ne $55 i ch n g d t s y s : s a e o a .

S a t l

i d o ; (B n W
w
, n o
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i ); sa es n o u ,
e au s e e e s a ne a n

P as s .
W
s ayyctt e ; Int .
W } ( Pan . V II .
4,
6
g, af e t r pr po i ti o e s n s, d o es no t l e ng h en t h e nalt 3 2
'

in t h e b en e d i ct i ve .

W W

i i, to go ; B en . i g/ (it ; b ut s ami y dt .
( Pan . V II .
4,

3
% th, t o
u n d e s an d af e
,
rt t r pr po iti on e s s, i s sh ort e ne d to 3
? uh .
( Pan . V II .
4, 2

B en .
m th
a /
s ;c r t Pas s
/
. 3 3 %d hya t e
.

B en .

W s amu hyd t ; Pas s W . s a muby dt e .

39 1 . Th e f o ll wi ng o root s m ay or m ay no t d rop th ir n l e a T n, an d
i th en l en g h e n t h e t
pr c e e di n
g vow l ( Pan e . . V I. 4,

f a n, t b g t;o e e or
W j a nyc t f Pas s W j d ydt e o r W j a nydt e;
.

I nt a . mr j aj any ci t e
m
.

obt m s dyr{ W IT}

Pas s

to ai n ; B t or W s a n dt ; s dy ci t e o r e a nya t e;
S an, en .
y .

Int . W s as
'
dya t e

or s a z s an y a t e

m
.

m
I I

kh a n, t o d ig ; kh dy dt anydt ; Pas s kh dydt e W

B ew or
t . or

W m
o

kh anya t e ;
I
c h a kba nyat e .
'
I nt . c h dkh dy a t e o r a

In t h e p as s i v only t
e , a n, to s tr t ch ; e B en .

W t a nyat ;

Pas s .
/ ci t e
t rig or m

Int

t ung a t e ; . t ant a nya t e .

392 . r r l root di g i n Q t n d ch ng th i l
A ccordi ng to a g e ne al u e, s en n a a

0 a e e r na

dip h th o g i n t h g n r l t i nto 5 " d d hy i m } dh ydy t R oot d i ng i

n e e e a e n s es : a , a e. s en n

W it r t i n i t 1 " p d WW II p g t h i prot c t d
e a : B t t h f oll ow i ng root ch g th i r
,

a e, e s e e . u e s an e e

l vo w l i nto t i n t h p iv n d i nt n i v ; i to E i n t h b n d i cti v P n ; nd k p '

na e e as s e a e s e n e e e e e a a ee

it ch g d b for g r ndi l 1 y ( Pan 4 6 6 6 7

un an e e e e u a a . . V I .
, , ,
1 98 P A SSIV E .
396

ms Part B s r asydte m dt
l
from a g -
ar a HER s r as t d z , l Pass HU B en . sr asy G er . EW
m
.
, . , ,

s r as tvr t , Int . s antsr asg a t e,

A or
s. r as a t ; f rom i t ' '

v r a j B , en .
W r a j ydt ,

Pas s ( i f?! Part G er m m ict (o r

'

( 3 1 r aktdlz , r a iz kt va, Pan

. r aj ya t e, . . . V I .
4,

39 6 . b enedi cti ve A t m s ee t h e g eneral r ul es as t o

W i th reg ard t o th e .

t h e s tre ng th e ni ng o f t h e b as e 344 a n d p art i c u l arl y 34 8 s e

q R e m em ,
b e r ,
.
,

t h at i f t h e b e ne di ct i v e A t m d o es n o t t ak e i n t er me di at e 3 p enul t i m at e g
.

3 u a rt ar e l eft u nc h ang e d wh e re as i n oth e r s tr en g th eni n g t en s e s t h ey tak e

, ,

G u na Fi n al a t o o rem ains u nch an g ed an d a r t b eco m es { tr , ,

5 ,

or af te r l ab i al s av
,
g W k s hip to th ro w , W I
c s h ip s tg i
c ; 1
1w t t o ll , , , ,

W it
p ztr s btg d .

B ened i ct i ve.

PA R A S M A I PA D A .

I.
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3mm bud hytso o

2.
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2
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g mus o udh ds t a
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A

A T MA N E PA D A .

x. m m b dl i htyd o z s i tmh fz

bo d hi s htvdl n

W bo dlz z s htma hi
'

2. bo dhi s hts h yhtza W W bo dhi s htyo s t ho m

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3 . m m b dk o

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ar n q bo d/223 1222 222

C HA PTE R XV .

P ASS IV E .

397 . Th e p as s i v e t ak es t h e te rm in ati o ns o f th e A t m an e pad a .

Sp eci a l Tens es of th e P a s s i ve .

39 8 Th e p r e s e n t
.
,
i m p e r f e ct , O p t a t i v e , an d i m p e r a t i v e o f t h e p as s i v e ar e

f or m e d b y a ddi n g 1: yd to t h e root T h i s q y a i s ad d e d i n t h e s am e m an ne r .

as verb s s o th at t h e A t m anep ad a o f D i v verb s i s

it i s i n t h e D iv , in all

res p ect s (e x c ep t i n t h e acc en t ) i d en ti c al w i th t h e p as s iv e .

A t m m ndbg a te h e bin d s P as s as ?!nah yd t e h e i s b o u nd

.
, .
,
.

399 B i n
W ( C h r C
as e s D o m & ) d rop M b f or f th e
'

y a 11 u au s . en c a o
y g e e a
.
, . .

p a ss w e .

M o M
bo d hag , t o m ak e

b d h g dt h i m d t kn w o ne kn w ; o - e, e

m
s a e o o .

k dy t t l; c h y t h i tol n
c or , o s ea or -

a e, e s s e .

Int n i v b n di g i n 1 3
1 r t i n t h ir c p v
h i h

t w n h f h i is ad d e d
'
e s e ; as es e
y t Q y t e a e , o e a o e as s e

wi th o t ny i t rm d i t v o w l
u a n e e a e e .

W l lzi g t t m ch
W ?!l o l Z
y y ft h
, i t
o cu m c h u o z c e, e s ou u .
 4 0 1 , P ASS IV E . 1 99

Int e ns i v be as es end in g in
R y pr c d
, e e ed c on on nt dr p th ir R y
by a s a , o e .

W bebhid y, t o v r; W
se e b bhid y t i t i
e v d a e,

s se er e .

m dtd ht, t o s h i ne , w et, t o yea rn m 1 d i d d t b poor drop th ir n l vow l

, ar r ,
o e ,
e a e ,

as u s u al .

m d i d hi , M di d lz ycft e, i t i s l i g h t ene d , i . c . i t l igh t

e ns .

4 o o . As to t h e weak enin g o f th e b as e , s ee th e r ul es g i v e n fo r t h e

b ened ict ive ,

8
3 9 se
q .

P a s si ve .

S IN G U LA R .

I 2
3
m
. .

Pre s 1 h bhy
.
531% bhd yds e bhl i ydt e

p my}!bhdy
Im f .

a e W 2 d bhy a t hdb W dbhya t a

O pt tri m bh i yy t i m:
. z a
r bhzi yt hdla gs: blui yt a

Imp .
1 % 61 2
2 o . m bhgds va m 5 1.2, o

D UA L.

Pre s .
W bhzi g cfva be bhdg t h e 331% bhdyet e

p s u m oohayo
Im f . oo hi w a s a bhz t et h dm
y

w a s d bh l i yet dm

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53 l m ? bh d t tfm
'
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. a z
g y y g

g i s t ? bhli et h am
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'

rawl bhdyt m
t

PLUR A L.

M bhag rfma be
'
bbz ig a d hve

blni y dnt e

p W
Im f .

a bhz Z
y dma hi am wi l l? dbhz iy ant a

in
-
O pt . blni yma ki {fl ail bhz i ydl wam s
q bbzi yer a n

m ?

Imp b d 6 3 3bh t dd h m
'

.
g u ho y mo ho o 186 z y va

G ener a l Tens es o f th e P a s s i ve .

40 1 In t h e g en er al t en s es o f t h e p as s 1ve , I I y d i s d ro p t , s o th a t , wi t h
.

c ert ain e x c ep t i o n s to b e m e n t i o n e d h e r e aft e r , t h e r e i s n o di s ti ncti o n b e tw e e n

t h e g en e ral t en s es o f t h e p as s 1ve an d th o s e o f th e A t m anep ad a Th e t ya o f .

t h e p as s i v e i s tr eat e d i n fa ct li k e o ne o f t h e co nj u gati o nal c l as s m ark s

, ,
-

c ar e r e tai ne d i n t h e s p e c i al t en s e s o nl
( vi ka r a rt as
) w h i h , y a nd i t di ffe r s ,

th ereby o m t h e d eri vati ve s yll abl e s o f cau sat ive d es id erati ve an d in t en s i ve

'

, ,

v erb s whi ch wi th c ert ai n e x c ep ti o ns rem ai n th ro u gh o u t b oth in t h e s p e ci al

, , ,

a nd i n t h e en er al t e n s e s
g .

R edup l i ca t ed P erf ect .

Th e redu pli c at ed p er fe ct i s th e s am e as in t h e A t m anep ad a .

P er ip h r as ti c P erf ect .

Th e p eri ph ras ti c p er fe ct i s t h e s am e as i n t h e A t m anep ad a b u t t h e ,

au x il i ar v e rb s r d m u s t b e co nj u a t e d i n t h e A t m an e ada
y W a s an d
{ bi p g
,

as wel l as
q
200 P A SSIV E .
4 2
0

A o r ist .

40 2V e rb s m ay b e co nj u g at e d i n t h e t hr ee f orm s o f t h e r s t a ori s t
.

wh i ch a d m i t o f A t m an ep ad a , an d wi th o u t di ffe ri ng fro m t h e p ar a d i g m s gi v en
ab o v e , e x c e p t i n t h e t h i r d p e r s o n s i n ul ar
g .

Th e co nd aori s t A t m an ep ad a i s n o t to b e u s e d i n a p u r el y p as si ve s en s e
se

4 3
0 In t h e t h
. i r d p e rs o n s i n
g ul ar a p e c u l i ar f orm h as b e e n x e d i n t h e

p as si ve e nd ing i n 3 an d re qu i rin g V ri dd h i o f n al and G u na o f m edi al

, ,

v ow el s (bu t 3 a i s l eng th ene d ) f oll o wed by o ne co n s o n an t

=
,
.

Th u s ins tead o f W
,
d l a vts h ta w e n d ,
FH S t Form
W M a bo d /z z s bta, W t a bo d h -a
W a lcs t ta, m a lr s h ep -z

e a ne s h ta , wm: a nd g -z

W a kr z ta , m a kdr -
z .

s!
=
q a di t a,
W a ddy -i .
S e co nd Form .

W a s t tr s h t a ,

w as rz s h a , t
mm a d ag db a , m fg a d dh - z .

W a d i /( s h a m , m o d es-t .

WW ag h u ks ba t a ,
W ag zth -i .

m a a li ks h a t a , u s e; a l eh -t . F o ur t h
sa
w a d h u /cs h a t a , 15 3f
3 ? a do b t -
.

W a d h i ks h a t a , 8 2:
F a d eh - t .

V erb s en di ng in W t or
a di h h p t ong t s, ak e
y b fore e th e p as s i v e i .

m -
far
'

at d d,
t a r a d ayi , i nst ea d o f a a di t a .

5 40 . Verb s M ( C h r C
e n d i ng D n o m in
& ) d op W yayb f or t h p i vu , au s . e . c. r a e e e as s e

t o r t t r ropp p v 1! t h ori gi n l
3 i h h i t h l f t h d i f t h i
W y
'

, g un g n n e e n g e a e s es , a
y e e o e as s e a, e a a

m y r pp r i
a ea t h At m m y b
ea . e. d p iv e . a e u se as as s e.

m
,

dj y m
M b d h y wai f b d hi
o a ,
h y W h i
a o
m ; j
a i c ora ,
ac or ; r a , ar .

In t h oth e p r on th v rb m y ith r drop W y r t i n it b i g c onj g t d in

er e s s e se e s a e e a or e a , e n u a e

ei th r ce f t r t h st f orm f t h r t ori t :
as e a e e r o e s a s

m bh dvay ; aw
-
f l f a a bh dvis hi W dms h thalz , s u r fc: w
-
af e

a bh
'

u
, a bh avz ; or

a bh dvayi s hz

, m m: a bhavayi s h
'
m fa abbdvi
tlz db, .

40 6 In t en s i v b in ad d t h e p as s i v e wi th ou t G u na
. e as e s
g 3 .

Int g bo bhey, m anta abo bhztyz

'

. .

In t en s i v b e as es en di n g in
pr cg, e ed ed by a c on on nt drop y
s a an d r fu G e se una.

m
, ,

wi rfg a bebhz di


A or

Int . bebh z dg . .

D esi derati ve b as es li k ewi s e, rf e us e Gu na .

m
,

D bubo d hi s h ; A
W a bubo d hi s hz

es . or. .

Th i s wo ul d o o
f l l w if ka r t ar i e xt end s t o Pan . III . I, 5 4, 5 6 .
20 2 P AS S IV E .
4 1 1

p e rs W W i

D u al I a l d o l s h va h i , b
-
t h e sid e o f a l al o s h va h i
. .
y .

2 . W m a l d vi - s h d t h dm, W W a l d vi - s h d t h ci m

3 . W a l d vi s h d tci m ,
-
W WI ii
a l vi s h d t dm .

Pl u r . I . p er s . arm ie IF
s : a l d vi
s h ma h i ,
-by t h e s i de o f W
a l ti vi s h ma h i .

2 . W i
523 a l dvi -
d h o o m or O
g
-
i
dhva m W a l avi -d h o o mor

3 . m a ld vi
s h a ta , m a l d vi s h a t a -
.

Fu t . m a ldo l -s hy e, by t h e s i d e o f '
a
a r r l ii vi -s h
y e .

C o nd W . al d vi -
s h ye,

W a l dvi s h y e .

m am ? a rm e d
-
Per . F ut . l ci vi t d h e, - r l d vi t h e -
.

B en . B TW l do l -
s h iya , a e
n ci vi s h i y a
l

Fro m Fat ch i ,
to g a th e r , 3 d r p ers . s i ng . A or P as s . . TF1: a ch d i
y; h e nce
A or . W ri a ch dy i s h i , b e s id e s 21%s a ch es hi , &c .

arths } Q ch es hye
'
Fu t .
E
ch ay i s h ye , .

C ond W . a ch dy i s hy e, an ach es hy e .

Per F u t . .
m chayi t dh e,
'

Q a ch et dh e
'
.

B en . M c h dy i s h i y a , Q 331 1 ch es h i y a .

Fro m m gh r d , to s m ell ,
3 d r p ers . s in
g . A or Pas s . . W l ag h r dyi h e nc e
A or . W ag h r dy i s h i , b es i de s m ag h r ds i .

Fu t .
m a g h r d yi s h y e ,
Ir ma g h r ds ye .

C ond W . ag h r dyi s h y e, m a
g h r ds e
y .

Pe r Fu t . .
m g h r dy i t d h e, m g h r d t d h e .

B en . M g h r dy i s h i a
y , W g h r ds i y a .

Fro m as
! d h vr i , to h u rt , 3r d p e r s s ing . . A or Pa s s W. . a dh v r d i ; h e nc e
W a d h vci r i s h i , b e s i d es
n or W
A or .
sa8 a d h vr i s h i EI a dh vci r i s hi .

Fu t W d h vdr i s h ye, W d h vd r i s h y e

. .

W

Pe r F u t W
. . d h vdr i t d h e, d h vci r t dh e .

or W
M i

d h vdr i s h i y a , d hvci r i s h i y a
'

B : c l q d h vri s h i y a
'
en .

l
Fro m a h a n, t o ki ll , 3r d per s . s n i g . A o r Pas s . . 3 % a
g h ani
'

; h e n ce
A or . W f l '
a
g h d ni s h i ,
b es i d e s ( W a va d h i s hi
) . Pan . V I . 6
4, 2 T .

F ut . mi '

g h d ni s h y e, {Er a h a ni s h ye .

Per F u t . .
m g h d ni t d h e ,
h a nt dh e .

B M h i i h i (m !ba d h i s h i ya )

en . n a 1
g c s y , .

Fro m d r i s, to s e e,
3r d p e r s s i ng A o r . . . Pas s . a dar si h e n ce
A or . 2 13 % a d a r si s h i , b es i d es m a d r i ks h i .

F ut .
af d a r si s h y e, ae
r } d r a ks h y e .

Per F u t . .
m d ar si t d h e, gm? d r a s h tdh e .

B en .
w i th d ar si s h iy a ,
gal l : d r i lcs h i a
y .

S ee 2
33 , 5 .

1 S i d dh
'

.
- Kau m . vo l . I I, p . 2 70 , s e em s to al l ow F8 a h as i .
 414 . P A R TIC I P L E S , G ERU ND S , AND I N FIN IT I V E . 20 3

Fro m a: g r o t a ke
h, to , 3 d r p e rs . s in
g A. o r . Pas s .
m ag r dh i ; h e nc e
A or W . ag r dh i s h i , b es id e s W a
g r a h is h i .

F ut .
m a g r dh i s hy e , a g r a h i s h y e .

mfg mi g r dh i tdh e W
'

Pe r . Fu t .
, g r a h i t d h e .

B en . rf
a g t u
g r

dh i s h i a
y ,
'

mm g r ah i s h i y a .

Fro m m C
r a ma y ,aus

o f ( 8 r am to 3 r d p e rs
d eli gh t ,
s i ng A or P as s .
, . . . .

wt f ar a mi o r W ar dmi ; h e n c e

A or m i l a r a mi s h i or W f ar dmi s h i b e s i des W
. ar a ma yis h i ,
.

4 C rt i n v rb f n i ntr n iti v m ning t k t h p i v {i in t h 3 d p r i ng

12 . e a e s o a a s e ea a e e as s e e r e s . s .

A or At m Th 3 3 TH?! tp dy t ( 3 d p r i ng pr nt f t h At m n p d f D iv
. . us u a a e r e s. s . ese o e a e a a o a

v rb ) h ri b c o m W
e ,
e a s es , d p ddi h
e ro h pr ng p ; b t it i r g l r in t h
es u a , e a s e, e s a u u s e u a e

oth r p r on
e e s d p t dt dm th y t w
s, ro & ( Pan u a a s , e o a se , c . . III . I ,

4 3 O th r v rb
1 f n i ntr n i ti v c h ract r t k t h
. e e s o a m f orm opti o n ll y ( Pan m I 6 )
a s e a e a e e sa e a .
,
I

W ) l t e d i ;
py t h b r n D i v w i
a e,ll ? d ip i eW u d ip i h
s,t ,
}
a or a s a .

j n a
j y
d t h i bor n h i D i v
a e,A t m ; i t c e n not b f
s or m d fro m W ,
n e s, , . a e e a

(H t b g t) 3 3 f ?
u, j ni om j ni ht e e ,
" a a or a a s a .

b dh u b d hy t h i c o n c i o uD iv a e, f e b d hi
e U 3 b d dh
s
3 s us, ,
a o or a u a .

E 1 3 91 ? p g i y t i h l l w gf p
ra c i ai ,W p g e d i h s, a i r or u r s a .

pr B h l At m ; r ll y D i v f orm f T n) W
W t dyi

h ig t dy t h d a e, e s ea s, l , . ea o a ,
a or

m at dyi s hta .

ul T
' '

R p g/ dy p ydy a t e, h e g row ) m s , bx ap ydyi or m a a

py y i s h
'

ta .

C H A PTE R XV I .

ND S A N D IN FIN ITIV E
P A R TIC I P L E S, GERU , . .

4 4
1 Th e p art.i ci p l e o f t h e p r es e n t P a r a s m a i p a d a r e ta i n s t h e V ikar a n as

o f t h e t e n c l as s e s It i s m o s t e a s il y f orm e d by t ak i ng t h e 3r d p e rs p l u r o f
. . .

t h e p re s en t an d d ro pp in g t h e n al i T h i s gi v e s u s t h e A ng a b as e fro m
, 3 .
,

wh i ch t h e Pa d a an d B h a b as e c an b e eas il y d ed u c e d a ccor di ng t o ge n er al

ru l e s Th e a cc en t r em ai n s i n t h e p art i c i pl e o n t h e s am e s yl l abl e
wh e re i t w a s i n t h e r d p ers pl u r I f t h e a cc e n t f all s o n t h e l as t s yl l ab l e
3 . .

o f t h e p ar t i c i p l e a n d i f t h a t p a rt i c i pl e d o e s n o t t ak e a n as al th e n al l B h a
, ,

c as es and t h e fe m in i ne s uf x re c e iv e t h e a cc en t ( Pan V I 1 Th u s . . .
,

" al N m S m A cc I t W T&

l o . . . ns r . c .

bhavant i
bh ava t d

bhava nt bh a va nt am

bha van

W" W so me
t ud a t d

t u da n t

tu da n t uddn t a m

m &c
d fvya nti d i vy a nt
l
d i vy a n d i by a nt a m
'
 20 4 PA R TIC IP L E S ,
GER UN D S ,
AN D IN F IN ITIVE .
4 1
5

W N o m S . .

51 A cc . In t M s r . &c .

cho r dy anti ch o r dy ant cho r dy an cho r dy ant am c ho r dy a td

i
y n W &c .

s unva nt i

s unvdn t s unvan

su nvci nt a m s unva t d
r a m &c .

t a nvafn t a nvdnt a m t anva t d

t anva nti t a nva nt

a t frr mm &c .

k zz a t cf
'
kr t zz ci nt a m

kr i ndnt

kr i gz anti kr i zz a n

W m &c .

a da nt z
'
a d a nt a m adat d
W 1 84 )
j z wa t

j zi hva t i j z i hva t j u hva t am j z i hva t d

m &c
f

r und kant r u nd ba u d h a nt a m r u nd h a t z

r un dh a nt i r un

W I nt en s .
W 1 84 )
bo bhu va t bdbh uva t am

bdbhuva t i bo bhuva t bobhuva td

4 1 5 . T h e p ar t i c i p l e o f t h e fu t u r e i s fo r m e d o n t he s am e
p r i nc i
p l e .

W feruni m

ufauifa A cc In n
bh avi s hydn bh avi s hydnt a m bh avi s hy at d

bh a vi s hyanti bh avi s hyci nt

T h e p ar t ic i p l e o f t h e r e d u p li c at e d p er f e c t m ay b es t b e f o r m e d b y
4 1 6 .

t ak i n g t h e gr d p er s p l ur o f t h at t e n s e Th i s c o r r e s po nd s , b o t h i n fo r m an d
. . .

a c c e n t , W i t h t h e B h a b a s e o f t h e p ar t i c i p l e , o n l y t h at t h e as i t i s al wa y s

fo l l o w e d by a vo w el , i s c h an
g ed to
q sh. H a vi ng t h e B h a b as e ,
it is e as y to

f o r m t h e A ng a an d Pa d a b as es ,
a c co r d i ng t o 20 4 . I n fo r m i ng t h e A ng a
an d Pad a b as e s i t m u s t b e r e m e m ber e d
, ,

I . Th at r o o t s en d i ng i n a vo w el r es t o r e t h at vo w el wh i ch b e fo r e a ll , , , ,

h ad b ee n n at ur al l y c h an g e d i nt o a s e m i vo w el .

2 . T h at acc o r d i ng t o t h e r u l e s o n i nt er m e di at e 3 all ve r b s wh i ch wi t h o u t
, ,

c o u nt i n t h l m y l l ab i c i n t h e rd l i t
'

3 : n n
g e a l ar e o o s
g p e rs
p ur
, s er
g . .
,

( S ee N e c e s s ar y
g 33 8 1 ; O p t i o n al 55337 , ,

gr d P . Pl ur . I n st r . S i ng . N o m S i ng. . A cc. S i ng . I ns t r . Pl u r .

$53 : 3 1 35 11 ag e nt
"

I
ai m:

ba bhd mi lz ba blnz mzs h a ba bhzz vdn ba blui vafd bhi

'

ba bh vdz s am

W :

ms am

/
i n ti l l ni nyz is hd ni ni van ni nz vd ni ni va d bh i z l
g/

m 3 m fg :
f

t u t u dus h d t ut udvdn t u tu d vr nz s a m

t u t u d z i lz

aw 4 3) 1

d i di vdms a m


di d i vz i lz di dz vzi s h d d i d i va dbhi lz

m m: mm W W W :
?
T
c h o r a ydm s zi s h d d c h o r a ydmds i vddbhi a l

c ko r aydmds u z l c h o r ayd mds i va n c ko r a yd md s i vd z s a m

 20 6 P A R TIC I PL E S ,
GER UN D S ,
AND 1N F IN I TI V E .

4 2 0

F ir st D i vi si o n . Sec o n d D i vi s i o n .

mi} bh dva nt e l m : bh ci va mdna l r} s u nv d l e m : s u nv-dnd lz

ga
g
'
- ~ -
a

: ta dd mdna la
ta d d nte W -

gl d}a d fvy a -nt e i

'
al m : d fvy a
m dna lz ma?! t nv d i e
a - m : a nv dnd lz
t -

a Tu d
ch o r y a -
nt e W : ch o r dy a-m dzz a le m m? [cr i zz -
d i e
m : kr i n dnd lz
-

Pas s q z i
t u dyd nt e
W

: tu dy d mdna lt w ?!e
a d d le : a d
m
d nd z l
m z i h v-a t e
C au s w d d
b v y ni e
l bh dvdy a - mdna lt
a j s dh v dna b
'

qt
'
z a u
-

D bzbh s h a nt e m : b b z
d h h mdna lz
und h d t
g
-
s
g a
-
es . r

I nt 3353i ?!

bo d h z i y d nt e bo b h zl i
m dna le
.
y c

4 20 Th e p ar t i c i p l e o f t h e fu t u r e i n t h e
. A tm an ep ad a i s fo r m ed b y add i ng
mdna lz i n t h e s am e m an n er .

uf au bh a vi s h y dnt e wfi rwwm: bh a vi s h yd- md na lz

'

t
a i ? nes h yd nt e m h
nes y d -md na lz

i t o ts y cf nt e i m : t o ts yd md na h -

m 7? e d h i s h y d -
nt e zz m m: e dhi s h y dmdna z l

fu t u r e p as s ive by
T h e p ar t i c i p l es
4 2 L o f t h e p r e s e nt an d ar e fo r m ed
a ddi n H1 7 1: md na lz i n t h e s am e m anner
g .

s
j m bkydmdna le mf
i q m m;
wa
bh zi yd nt e : au
h i h
b dv y d nt e bh dvi s h yd-m dna b
3 i?
11 bu d h yd nte
-
W : bu d lz y ci mdna lz s

s t z i yd nt e

E QIW :
-

s t dy d -
mdna b
ndy i s h y d
m nte ndy i s h d -m dna lz
f h i yd nte
_ _
z kr i y d _md a l
n l g
ma i} l

d
bh dvy m t e_
m : bh dvy dm d m O r like t h e Par t . Fu t A t m . .

Th e P as t P ar t i cip l e P a s s i ve i n a : t ab a nd t h e G er und i n m tv a .

Th e p a s t p ar t i c i pl e p as sive i s fo r m e d b y a ddi ng 3 : t ci lz mi l;
'

: 1:
422 . or

cri t ci lz , d o n e, m a s c 3 1m kri t d , fem ;

i kri ,
$ I Icrz t d m ,
'

to th e ro ot
q . 7 1 : 3 . .

n eu t . 55 : l z l nd lt , cut.

Th i s ter mi nat i o n a ta is, as we s aw ,m o s t O p p o s e d t o t h e i n s er t i o n o f i nt e r

m e d i at e i, so m u ch so t h at ver b s wh i ch m ay fo r m a ny o n e g e ner al t e n s e

w ith 3or f o r m t h eir

wi t h o u t p as t
p ar t i c i l e wi t h o u t i t
pal w a ys T h e n u m b e r .

o f ver b s w h i c h m u s t i n s er t z b e fo r e 71 t a i s ve r y s m all D )
'

g
'

33 2 ,
. .

B e s i d e s b ei ng aver s e t o t h e i n s er t i o n o f i nt er m e d iat e 3 i , t h e p ar t i cip i al

t e r m i nat i o n 71 t a , h a i n g v al w ay s t h e U d at t a , i s o ne o f t h o s e w hi c h h ave a

t e n d en c y t o we ak en ve r b al b a s e s .
( S ee
344 )
4 23 . T h e g er u n d o f sim
p l e ve r b s i s fo r m e d by addi n
g 3 1 t to the

m m

1 m; an I
m tva, h a in g v do ne m
'

t a
; gr 1 22,
g p d fr o m
roo . .
19 o r,
R p ,

nfam j ya vi tvcf, h a i ng p u r i fi e d v
'
.

The r u les t o t h e i n s er t i o n f t h e i n t er m e di at e { 2 b efo r e Ea !t vd h ave

'
"
as o

b een g i ve n b ef o r e . W i th r eg ar d t o t h e str e ngt h e ni n g o r w e ake ni ng o f t h e

 430 . P A R T IC I P L E S ,
GER UN D S ,
AND IN F IN IT IVE . 20 7

b as e ,
t h e g e ne r al r ul e is th at m t vd w i t h o u t i nt e r m e di a t e { 2
'

w e a ke n s , w i t h

i nt e r m e di at e { 2 s t r e ng t h e n s t h e r o o t ( Pan 1 2 , It al wa y s h a s t h e
'

. .

U d at t a In g i vi ng a f e w m o r e s peci al r ul e s o n t hi s p o int , i t w i ll b e c o n
.

ve u le nt t o t ake t h e t er mi n at io n s 71 t a and 33 1 tvd to g et h er , as t h ey ag r ee t o

r e at e x t e nt , t h o u gh n o t al t o g e t h er
a
g .

I . 3 : t ab a nd H T t va wi t h i nt er med i a t e
, i .

4 24 .If 3 : t l a l t ak e s i nt er m e d iat e
3 i t m ay i n ce r t ai n ver b p s ro d u ce G u na . In t h i s
cas e th e G n b f u a e o re WI t vd i s r e g ul ar .

I na , t o l i e d o w n, : rm: say i t dlt ( Pan . 1. 2, m

s ayi t v d .

Fa g sai d f d : svedi t d z o r l f ew: s vz nnd z ; l &

'

to s weat , s vedi tvd

'

, l .

g mi d t o be ft W : med i t dlz afi !medi t vd '

@
so

m
, , .

f
fra g lcs hvi d , t o dr i p , 12 1 : ks hved i t d ks /z ved i tvd .

1
d h r i s h , t o d ar e , ufr : d h ar s hi t alz ;

rm d h ar s hi tvd .

mgi s h

,
b to m ear h i t ( p t i nt ) ( Pa
,
ar s

a a e ,
n . 1 . 2, 20 ) a m ma r s hi tvtf .

1 1912, to p i fy m p vi t dl ( Pan
ur , m p a z . 1 . 2, a vi t v d , f ro m S ee N O . 1 56 .

425 . V b w it h p n l t i m t 3 m y m y n t
er s e u a e a a or a o t ak e G u na bf e o re
'

tl t a wi t h i nte r

m e d i at e i f t h ey ar e u s e d

im pe r s o nall
y .

E l dyo ti t dm, it h as b e en shi ni n .

dyut, t o s hi ne, d yuti t a m ( an
P


or g . 1 . 2,

42 6 . If 3 1 t
o d t ak e s i nt er m e d i at e it r e qu ir e s, as a g e n er al r ul e , G u na ( Pan . I . 2,

o r a t al l e ve nt s d o es no t p ro d uc e an
y w e ak e n i ng o f th e b as e .
a
li mit , to e xi s t a m
f ll m
,

d W

va r t i tv m t vd ( Pan ( 1

y a pa p fz ), t o
. s r a z s , to a ,
. 1 . 2,
1 . e .

p i fy l l l l p avi tv f ( Pan I 2
ur ,
'
c . .
,

Ver b s h o wever b eg inning with

, , c o n s o n a nt s , an d e n d i ng in an
y s i ng l e c o ns o n ant ex cept
v p ec d e d b y 3 5 if, t a k e G pt i o nal l y ( Pan 1 2 dyut , t o
{ i 3 u na O

'

3] or O , r e , r . .
,

s h ine , m dyo ti tvd o r

W dyu ti tvd
'

. Th e s am e O pt i n appl i es t o o

t s h, t o t h ir s t

q Tt ar s hi t vd
'

m s h , t o b e ar ; f

k s , t o

at t enu at e ( Pan . I 2, 2 .
f q l tr i s hi t vd or .

42 7 . T h o u g h t ak i ng i nt er m e d i at e 3 H T t va d o es
'
no t p ro d u c e G u n a, b u t , i f p o ssi bl e,

weak e ns t h e b as e , in S r a d , t o
Q cr y, r adi t vd ( Pan I . . 2, Fag ai d , t o k n o w , fa

d; W
' '

vi d i t v ma s k, t o s t e al , mus hi tvd ; 27 $ g r ah, t o t ak e , g r i h i t vd ; : 3 m

1 " },
y 2

t o d el ig h t , q l mada
'

m ( Pa n . 1 . 2,
7) qg mr i d, t o r ub ,
qrm mn d i t vt
'

;
g ud h , t o
c o ver ,
l
'

l g ud ki t vc f W kl i g
; , to h ur t, f l l ' '

7 va d , to S p e ak ,

m t
'
u dz t vd ; t o d w el l , a fr us h nu
'

aw s, .

42 8 Ro o t s e n d i ng in
R th or
E h
p , p r e ce d e d by a nas al , m ay or m ay no t dr o p th e

m
.

m d

n as al bf e ore H T t vd ( Pan . I . 2 , 23 ) g r a nt ki tv d or g r a t hi t v , h avi ng t w i s t e d .

Th e s am e a p pl i es to th e roo ts va c h , to ch eat , a n d
l u c h , t o pl u ck ( Pan . 1 . 2, 24 )
a tta i n vac hi t vd o r ats m t vach i t m t .

II T t vai, wi t h o u t i nt er med i a t e

3 : t all a nd i
.
3 .

42 9 . R o o ts e nd i n g in nas al s l en g t h e n t h e i r v o w el bf e ore i t t all an d H T t va ( Pan

. v1 .
4,

Wj a m, SITE : s d nt dlt , ai m da t ed

I to r es t , .

M kr a m, t o st e p m ay or m ay no t l en g t h e n i t s vo we l bfe o re 3 1 a t ( Pan . v1 .
4,
m
,

kr am, H IE : kr dnt a lz , ail l kr dnt vd o r kr a nt vd; kr a mi t vd

al s o

ai
' '
'
.

4 30 . T he f o ll o w i ng ro o t s, e n d i ng in na s al s , dr o p t h em b f e o re t a ll an d H Tt e d .
( Pan .

v1 .
4,
20 8 PA R TI C IP L E S ,
GER UN D S ,
AND IN F IN ITIVE .
431

y am, W d ; G r am 1 iti n a t d , p h CH Tr a tvd; 3 1 m m

to ch eck , h *
G T:
'

y y a tv , to s o r t, r a ta , ,

to b end 3 7f: na tdh W ha tvcf; E H; h an t o

, , , k ill , E H: ka t a h,

{i n h a tvd;

T
g a m, to

" H Tg atvcf; Wnan W

h ma t vd ;

g o ,
713 :
g ata ,
I , t o t h ink , R H: mat a h, E van, to

a sk
'

rl
t a n, t o s t r et ch , : t at a h, l t a tvd ;
' ' '

an d th e o t h er ver b s o f t h e T an cl as s ,

e nd i ng in

N o te O f t h e s am e ver b s th o se e n ding in i n dr o p t h e n asal b ef o re t h e g er un d i al 71 ;/ a

an d i n s er t
i t; mm p r a mdty a ( Pan . V I .
4, th o se e n d i ng in 3
1m m ay or m ay no t dr o p
the nas al bf e ore t h e g er u n d i al Tl y a ; W WI p r ag dtya or W p r ag amy a

.

431 . Th e f o ll o w i ng ver b s dr o p n al
n, a n d l en gt h en t h e vo w el .

W j an, to b
am a F
ear ,
s a n t o o b t ai n am:
3 W : j at ah,
'

m , , ,
s at a
'

h, man s dtvd ;
kh an t o di
g W : kh d t a h l a1m ,chatvd
I , ,
'
.

Ro o t s e nd i ng i n Q c h h o r v s u b st i t u t e 31 8 an d 3 322 ( Pan V I 4
I .

E , ,
. . .
,

W W pl
r a c h h, i p rz s htvd ; dtv, t o y Eff: d a ah,
'

p to as k ,
p ri s h tah a , y n

W

dyz ttva

2 . Ro o t s e nd i n
g i n r c hh , o r
i n) , dr o p t h ei r n al co n s o nant .
( Pan v 1 . .
4, 2I .
)
i ma r c hh , t o f i nt
a , md r t ah
ta r v, t o s t r i ke, td r na h .

4 32 . Th e f o ll o wi ng ver b s ch an g e t h eir
'

1 2: wi t h t h e p r e ce d i ng o r f o l l o wi ng vo w el in t o
S i 22 ( an
P )
@
. . v1 .
4, 2o .

! !
5

j 3 1 : t dr nah,
'

g ai l , t j d r nah, 3 j r t vd ; i t t va r t o h ast e n , tz i r tvci ;

va r to
5 1
'

, ,

fa
g s r i v, t o d r y, 63 : s r z Z
t a h 8 3 1 s r i i tvd ;
W ,

av, to p r o t e ct , 3 F : d t ah, W d tvd ;

W mav, t o b i nd , 1 H

. md t a h,
W mt vd .

4 33 . Ro o t s e n di n g in E at su b s t it u t e
31 3 d hy ai , t o
d; m e d i t at e , W WI: d hyd t a h,
W E T dhyd tva:
'

or
i; g ai ,
to s i ng , g t t a h, 7n? !
g i t vd . F i nal 2 '

e an d
HT 6 , to o ,

ar e ch an g e d
i m p 6, t o d r i nk ,
17f: p i t ali
'
Ci d /Le s u ck , : d htt ah,
\
'

to t; ,
t l p tt va; to
,

-
vi a r d httvd .

4 34 . Th e f o ll o wi ng r o o t s ch an g e t h eir nal vo w el i nt o Q i .

a do , t o o ut, fai rway s ( P441 v 1 1 4

far : d i ta h, w
h o to . . , ,
ni sh , fa n: Si f a h th a t
,

M i nd t o m eas u r e n : mi t ah M mi tvd ; W i s t h a s t an d , fan : s t hi t ah

'

s i t vd ; , , , , to ,

fear s t h i t va; m aha t o pl ace r m hi t ah f ar h i tvd

'

, , , 21 w , to

( E ia: htnah) W h i t va ( Pan V I I 4

l '
l eave , . . ,

Sh so s h ar p en a nd Q chho , b s t i tu t e i t ak e t h e r e gu l ar W (1
"

4 35 .
, to , to cut , s u
3 , or .

sh rm: a m], or W : sat ah,

'
farm an d or mm a n d ( P art . vn .
4,

4 36 . E x ce t i o nal p fo r ms :

E1 d d, t o
g i ve, f o r ms d a t t ah W T d a t tva ( Pan
'
. V II .
4,

m Sp h dy , t o g r o w , f o rms W
: sp hz t ah ( Pan . V I . I,

/ at ,
s ts to c al l ( wit h It p r a ), f o r ms m i :
p r as t t t a h ( Pan . v1 . 1 , 23 ) an d mai n: p r a s tz

ma h

( Pan V I I I . . 2,

ai
sy ,
to c u r d l e, f o r ms S : tnah

,
an d W
s tta h ,
co l d ; bu t W sa ms yana h '

, ro l l ed

u
p ( Pan . V I . I , 2 4,

W p ydy ,
t o g w,
r o fo r ms m : p i nah; b u t WTH: p ydnah a ft er c er t ai n p p re o s i t i o ns ( Pan .

v1 . I ,

4 37 Th e ver
. b s wh i ch t ak e S am p r a s ar an a bf e ore t a h an d H Tt s h a ve b e en m ent i o n e d

S ee ver b s wit h o u t i nt er m e di at e 3 332 , I 3, a n d

1
'

A ft p p er re o s i t i o ns en d i ng in vo wel s , a d a m ay b e d r o t, p a nd t h e nal i i an d 3 u o f a

pr ep m W W s uda t t a h f sz i tt a h

o s it i o n l en gt h en e d . : p r a da t t ah, : p r a tt a h; ,
( a: .
21 0 PA R TIC IP L E S , GER UN D S ,
AND IN F IN ITIVE .
44 3
i ndi c ato r y Eh 0 ; bh aj bh uj o , D h at u p ath a 2 8, to b end
an
,

t
y a : hh g na h
a .

6 . V er b s b egi nni ng wit h a d o ub l e c o n s o n an t ,

o ne o f t h em b ei ng a s em ivo w el ,

and e ndi ng in d, ai , s h O , c h an bl e t o 3 1 ( 2 ( Pan V I I I 2

=
=3 1 or E e, g ea . .
,

g l a i , m a : g l dna h, fad e d . E x cep t i 3 d hy a i , t o m e di t at e, u m:

d h yd t a h ( Pan V III . . 2, E m kh yd, t o

p r o c l ai m , m : kh y dt a h . In

a tr a i ,
t o p r o t ec t , m g hr d ,
to s m el l , th e su b s ti t u t io n i s O p t i o n al ; a rm:
tr dna h or an : tr d t a h ( Pan VII I . . 2,

7 M i
. s c ell an e o u s
p ar t i c ip l e s i n a : na h : {i np ar na h, o nl y i f d er i ve d fr o m
O p t i o n al fo r m af t rt : p dr i t a h ( Pan V I I
-
ar , t h en w i t h
'
an d
a: p an . . 2,

w h il e t h e p ar t i ci p l e f m i i ai d t o b e i
g pf t d t h ( Pan 2,
1
o 1 s s r a V I I I . .

l m: hs h i na h,
Pa fr o m far Ics h i , t o wa s t e ; : 3
1 : d yd na h,
fr o m f ai di v, t o

p l ay ,
( no t to g am b l e , wh e r e i t i s
an: l ag na h, fr o m a ?
!
l ag , t o be i n c o n t ac t wi t h ( n
Pa . V II . 2, I 8) al s o fr o m
w l aj ,
to be
a s h am e d ; si na h an d m a: syd na h, c o a ul at e d ,
g bu t sl m i
: si t a h, co l d ;

m as h am e d
( a
'

g t : h r i na h or 311 : h r tt a h, P n VI I I . . 2,

44 3 . N at i ve gr am m ar i an s enu me r at e c er t ai n w o r ds as par t ic ipl es wh i ch , t h o u g h by

t h ei r m ean i ng t h ey m ay t ak e t h e pl ace o f par t i cipl e ar e s, by t h ei r f

o r mat i o n to be
c l as s e d as a d e ct i ves o r s u s t ant i ve s
j b r a t h er t h an s p a t i ci pl s
a r e . Thus WE : p a kvdh, ri p e ;

W :
szis h ka
.
h ,
d r y ( Pan v I . . I, W : ks h dmdh, w eak ; r i h t h m; W h m r a s t i md h ,

cr o wd e d ;
E ra: p ha l l dh, e xp and ed ; W : ks h tvdh , dr u nk , & c .

444 . By addin
g t h e
p o s s es s i ve s u f x
a va t 1 87) t o t h e p ar t ic ip l e s
i n H ta an d =1 na a
,
n ew p ar t i cip l e o f ver y c o mm o n o c c u r r e n c e i s f o r m e d,

b e ing i n fac t r t i ci l er f e c t act ive T h i n: kri td h, d o n e , b ec o m es

a p a
p e
p us .
g
$ 372111 kri t dvdn, o ne wh o h a s d o n e , bu t g en er all y
-
u s e d as a d eni t e ver b F .

" i n t h e f e m i n in e
in
W h a ta m kri t a vdn, h e h as m ad e t h e m at ;
sa or 111

W sd kr i ta va t i , an d in t h e n e u te r
m t a t hr i t a va t . Th e y ar e r e
gu l arl y
de cl in ed t h r o u gh o u t lik e a d ect i
j ves i

n va t .

G er und i n It
y a .

) 1 44 5 C o m p o u n d ver b s bu t n o t ver b s p r e c e d e d b y t h e n egat ive p ar ti c l e

.
,

at a t ak e I ! T
, y a
( w i t h o u t t h e a c ce n t ) i n s t ead o f E n t a d h u s i n s t,
ea d o f . ,

m bh d t vd w e n d I i i
,
s a m hh d i/ a b u t a f rm aj i t v d n o t h av i n
g c o n
q u er e d ,
.

44 6 V er b s e n d i.n g I n a s h o r t v o w e l t a k e 31 t g a i n s t ea d o f It y a f a j i

.
,

j
t o c o n qu er f i l m j i tva h avi n g c o n qu er e d ; bu t f m vii i ty a h h i to
'

,
'
,
t
1 r v .
,

c ar r y 1 m bh r i tvd ; b ut s a mbh r i ty a h avi n co l l e c t e d E x ce t fa ks h i

1 , g p ,
.
,

w h i ch fo r m s m ma ks h iya h avi ng d e s tr o y ed ( Pan V I 4 , . .

,

Pan . V II I. 2, 4 9, all o ws l dyd na i n

E al l s en ses o f th e ro o t d i v, e x cept i n t h at o f
b
g am li n g ; s ee D h at u p ath a 26, I . l l? d yz tna and W W p a r i dyzna, p ain e d , co me f rom

a differ ent r oot, E K

di e
E , to p ai n ,
D h at up ath a 33, 5 1 .
 45 3 . VE R B A L A D JE C I IV E S
'
. 21 1

44 7 . C a u sat i ve b as e s wit h s h o rt p e nu l t i m at e vo we l , ke e p th e caus at i ve s uf xW ay

bf e o r e 11 1a
3 ( Pan V I 4, #41 ? t s a hg a mdy a ti , sa ng amaiyya h avi ng , cau se d to

m
. .

as s em bl e . Ot h er wi s e th e c au s at i ve s u f x is ,
as u s u a l , p
dr o t : M FR tar dya ti
'

, p r f
a tc r ya ,

h avi ng ca u s e d to a d van ce .
p dp dya ti
r f o r ms WW p rd

py a an d 1 mm p rd d
p yya,

h avi ng ca u s e d to r e ach ( Pan V I . .

4,

448 Th e . ver b s call e d

3 g h u 39 2 HTmd, t o m ea s ur e , N 1 s t hd , to s t a nd , m yd ,
to

s i ng o r to g o ,
11 p d, t o dr i nk or to p r o t e ct , E T hd , t o l eave , : 0 , t o ni s h , t ak e W 6 , no t

i i ( Pan V I . .
4, a do , t o cu t , W a va d dy a ; a ns t hd, I m mas t hdya . B ut mp 6 ,

m m

t o d r i nk , m ay f orm p r ap tfya or p ra
p t y a

4 49 . V b er s en di n
g i n
R m, wh i ch d o no t ad m i t O f i nt er m e d i at e i , m ay or may no t

d r o p t h e ir Ex .

72a m, t o b o w, W p r a ndmy a or W p r an dty a ; '

1
g a m , to g o ,

m dg dmya or m dg dty a . O th er ver b s e n d i ng in nas al s , n o t a d m i t t i ng o f i nt er m ed iate

or b el o n i
g gn t o t h e T an cl a s s , al wa
y d ro s p th ei r nal n as al . E x .
a h a n, W ma hatya ;

W Wj f W W Ichdya j i ngl e

o rm

Tet t an, p r a t aty a H i i kh an a nd an Ichany a or ,

or m j dy a
m
.

4 50 : Ve b s r e nd i n g i n a rt ch an g e it t o 2 tr , a nd , a ft er b
l a i al s, i nt o
an Ex .

'

f
vi t r y a, ha vi ng cr o s s e d ; s amp z i r y a, h avi n g l l e d .

45 1 . C er t ai n ver bs ar e i r r eg ul ar i n no t t ak i ng S a m pr as ar ana . Th u s E ve , t o we ave,

mm: p m
'
l
fo r ms r avay a ; i nj y d ,
to f ail , 311 u d
p jy y ;
a a vy e, to co ver , W W p r a vydya ,

bu t a ft er ft p ar i o pti o nal ly W p ar i vyc ya o r f ( Pan V I I 4 1 . .

,

So m e bs ch a ng e n al 2 an d
i t i nt o 6 Thu s 311 mt w

i mr mt nd ti h e
' '
'

331
45 2 . ver
{ .
, ,

3! W W m
'

d estr o ys , an d

mi , mi no t i , h e t h r o ws ,

form n i mdy a ; di , t o d es t r o y,

dya pt i o nal l y g ! terrai n vi tfz/ a ( Pan

a
p ad a t It, t o m el t , o vi l dy a or . vI . I , 50

C H A PTE R X V II .

VE R B A L A D JE C I I V E S
'
.

V er ba l A dj ect i ves i n am: t vyah ( or t avyhh ) W , : an iyah , a nd II: a

y h
( or a
y h a nd
y )
ah

45 3 T h es e V er.b al a dj ec t ives
( c al l e d K y )
r i t a c o r r es
p o n d i n m ean in
g t o t h e

Lat i n p ar t i c i p l e s i n nd us co nve y in g t h e i d ea t h at t h e a ct io n e xp r e s se d b y t h e
,

ver b s o u gh t t o b e d o ne o r will b e d o ne aim : kar t avyah m : ka r aniya h .

, ,

an: kdr y a h i ,
faci en d u s . E x . m 35 33 1: d h ar mas t vay d Icar tavy a h, r i gh t
i s t o b e d o ne by t h ee .

Ver su s m e mo r i al i s o f t h es e ver b s : ( W {i n rm W l 77
3 W m
W W " 3 7N
W
I A no t h er s u f x fo r fo r m i n g v er b al a d ect i ve s
j is W :

e l z ma h ,
wh i ch i s , h o wever , of

r ar e o c cu r r en ce ; p ac h, t o co o k , WWW: p a c he l i md mds hdh , b eans t to co o k ;

tar ta n: bhi d el i mah, b r i ckl e , f r ag i l e .

( Pan m . . I , 96 , var t .
)
E 8 2
 21 2 V ER B A L A D JE C TIV E S .
454

45 4 . In ord er to fo rm t h e a dj ective i n m : t avya b t ake ,

th e p eri ph ras ti c
fu t u r e , and i n s t e ad o f m M p u t Hal : t a vy a

Th v m m W f
'

{I dd t o gi a dd d 1I3 d dni l

us
, e t : d d tavy a y a z

g ai , to s i ng mmg dtd 1mm : g d t vya l

a z

s c nq r Si am: j t av lz
'

to o ue
j et ci e a
,
y

i b/ui , t o b e t avi t d m t bh a vi t avya t ava ni yalz

3 kr i , t o
1 do an ? !kar t ci Hi m: kar t avy ala 35 mm: kar ap i yak

i j , to g row o ld W j tt d
ar W 2j ar it avyalz W j ar aoya
f a g ks hmd , to em
iaF
v
-
astqaa r
'
.
W
s wea t Ics hvedi tci ks hvedi t avy a ks hved ani y a

1 mm m m zhi t avyaza W

31 ), t o k n w o m
*
bo dlz i td
'

arr b dh a o ani ya
rw am a m m a qmk s h
'

i k sh to d l z
, a or or ar a zz iy a z l
F kuch i

o s q W
u eez e k h i t d uc
m ku ch i t avy a W 3kuc h ani yalz

W
-
fqgmi h , to s prinkl at m dhd e e meh ani ya

1
311
g am, to go T g ant

3 dr z s t o
1 W
'

, s ee d r as kyd

81 d a z s h td
C au s .
t
'
dvay, t o W m
c au s e to be bh dvayi t avy alz bh dvani y alz

D es
m bubhs h, t o
31 m 31 m
W i sh t o be
'
bubhzi s hi t d bu bhd s h i t avya bubkw bu bhs kya
'
i s hazz iy alz

Int at.

bo bhzi y ap

qm mm : 331 1171311:
bo bhy i t d bo bhdyi t avy alz bo bhdyani ya bo bhyy ab

Int 1 f bo bh
.
'

W : W m
bo bh avi uf bo bh am t a vy a bo bh avani y alz bo bh a vy a

Int . a m bebh z dy

bebh i di t d bebhi dz t a vy alz

'
Q mm
bebh z d ani yalz

bebhi dy alz

orde r to form t h e adj e cti ve i n W : a nya lz i t i s

In
'

s u f c i e n t t o t ak e t h e roo t as i t app ear s b e for e Ha n t a v a o m i tt i h o eve r

y l n g w a, , ,

i n t e rm e di at e
3 an d p u tt i n
g m a nfy a lz i n s t e ad G u n a v o w el s b e f or e .
-

W a ny a l h ave o f co u r s e t h e s e m i v o w el fo r th ei r n al el em e n t an d
'
z ,
, ,

th er e c an b e n o occas i o n f o r t h e i n te rm edi at e 3 T h e m ay o f t h e
c au s ative an d t h e 11 3; af t e r co n s o n ant s o f i n t en s i ve s an d oth er d er i vati ve
ve rb s ar e as u s u al r ej e c ted bud h amqr bo d /z aya ti W
, , badh a ni .
,


,

g a e; l fa bh i d ,
g amt: bebh i dya t e, m bebh i d a ny a h
'
.

45 6 . In o r der to f orm th e ad ej cti ve in wk (m m at

/ , &c .
) it is

1 kar s h gd
'
kr as kyd 2 Icar s h g kr as h gavyalz 3
or . favy alz or .
456 , 3 .

4 N vrtk G n e e a es u a 345 , n ot e )
, e x c pt b for t rmi n tion
e e e e a s wh i h h ac v
e or

T h is t rmin ti o n i m
e a s p
/ at
g .
21 4 V ER BAL A D JE C TIV E S .
4 557

4 5 7 Th e f l l wi ng
. o o t th g n r l r l
ar e a f ew d e i r v ti v a es i n 11: y ak, f

orm e d ag ai n s e e e a u es :

g hu t h,
i d m y form
1
3 31:
g hy e,m : g yh l a( Pa III I o
9 Ka i ka ) j k u a or o a z '
n . .
,
10 ,
'

s us ,

t ch ri h u} : j kya 1T? g h t t k 31: g ri hy ft r W p ti d a fw

o e s ,
us ; ra , o a e, a , a e ra an

pa i v
; d t p k W 2 dy l ian c o m p , i t i (oPan III Is 6 ;ea 4, W u a a, o s on . .
, 10 1 1 .

b hm dya k t h d ra tory tol d by Brah m n);

o
'
t ba
{ l l bh i
, a s
y i n a a o e, i a,

c o mpo i ti on ( Pan III I 7 h m bh i y m g t l rri v d t B r h m h oo d )

s Tl t b . .
, 10 . ra a e a a a a, a e a a a

SITE d t r l farm: i hy p p il

s s, o u e, s s a ,
u .

We nd t i rt d b for 11: y I i n n l og y t t h g r n d i n 1! i h f o l o wi g
'

l
'

t
i ns e e e
y n e a z, a a o e e u s a, e n

V e rb s :

g i , to g o,
{W2i t y alz ; q s t u, to pr ais e , i
g? s t ut yalz ; vyi , to ch o o s e,
37a: vyi t y a i ; l
g dri , t o r eg a rd W : ,
dyi t yali ; bhgi, t o
b r W bkyi ty ea ,

a ; kri , t o d o , W
kr i t yalz th f orm
. B ut m any o f nd m tntb es e s ar e onl y d i n c rt in n
u se e a se ses , a us o e

co i d r d ns ppl ti g t h r g l
e e as su
{12 1 : g han
y b nd n e e u a r v rb l dj cti v
e Th a a e es . us u a a

m : g hy l both o cc r ; g : d hy l nd F331: d hy l &

o a i u

u ai a o a z, c .

45 8 V rb n d i
. n g i n
1 he
a j c h ng t
s e h i r n l c o n o n nt i nto 3
Q 1

9 i f tch or a e e a s a or e

f ll ow i g 1 : y ( ay t ) r q ir t h l ngt h ni g f t h v ow l T p k W dky m
o n a a
i e u p es e e e n o e e . ac ,
a ;

bh j tu , njoy o e bh g y m b t ,
bh j y m wh t i t b t n ( Pan I 3
o a ,
u o a , a s o e ea e . V I .
,

Th r h ow v r
e e ar e , v r l x c ption V rb b g i nning with g tt r l d n t d m it
e e , se e a e e s. e s e a u u a o o a

th b ti t ti on f g tt r l Lik wi t h foll owi g v rb W y j W yd h c k

e su s u o u u a s. e se e n e s : a ,
c ,
r u ,

m p v h 3 :
ra r i c h ac N
a t y j , p ij

j m y; a v h (,t T h a ,
z ,
a , a
:
a c o us

113 $
p j zz y am ( Pra m K s- a m il a , p .
55 b) .

I nni t i ve i n t um .

45 9 Th e i nn .i t iv e i s f or m e d b y addin
g tum, whi h h as no c a cc ent .

T he b as e h as t h e s a m e f orm as b efore p eri ph ras ti c fu t ure o r ,

b efore t h e am: t ci vya li f th e v erbal ad e j cti ve bu d h , bo d h i tum

o .
g .

( S E a ar kri s h zi a m d r a s h tum w aj a t i , h e g o e s t o
' '
ee x . s ee

Kri s h na ; E ma
. bh o lcta m kdl a li , i t i s ti m e t o e at .

V er ba l A d ver b .

4 6 0 . cc en t u at e d su fx zi a m wh ic h as a g eneral
B y m ean s o f the un a
'
a
, ,

ru l e i s add e d to th at form wh i ch t h e ve rb a s su m es b ef ore t h e p as si ve g i

,

r d p e r s s in r p as s v r b v r b or Fro j
(g g ao . a e .al a d e i s f . m e d m . :
33
,
bh u .
,

t o e at sa bh qj a m ; f ro m In p d to dr i nk I nd p cfy a m t i i a a r

, Ex , ,
. .
'

ag r e bh oj a m vr aj a t i h av i n
g r s t e a t e n h e
g o e s T h i s
, v e r b a l a d v e r b i s m o s t , .

fr e qu en tl y u s e d t w i c e o v e r E x i h z - a a f a bhtfi a m bh oj a m vr aj a t i h av ing
'
'
. .
,

e a t e n an d e a t en h e g o e s
( Pan I II 4 I,t i s l ik e w i s e u s e d a t t h e e n d o f . .
,

co m p o u n d s ; d va i dh miz lcdr a m h av in g di vi d ed ; u ch c ha i l kdr a m ,

z ,

l o u dl y .
 6
4 2 . C A US A I IV E '
va ne s . 21 5

C H A PT E R X V I II .

C A US A I IV E '
VER BS .

4 6 1 . S i m pl e root s ar e ch a nge d i n to c au s al b as es by G u na or V ri d dh i
o f th e ir ra di c al v o wel and by t h e a d d it i o n o f a nal { i Th e ro ot i s t h e n
, .

treat ed a s foll o wi ng t h e B h c l as s s o t h a t {2 ap pe a rs i n t h e s p e ci al t e nse s as ,

'

1 Wa y a Th u s *1 t b ec o m e s mfa bh ci o i an d t
. d vdy t i h e ca u s es to a ,

b e ; 3 bu d/l b e co m e s m bo d/l i a nd W bo d h i ya t i h e c au s e s to kn o w
? c
, .

Th e a cc en t i s o n t h e ci o f dya .

46 Th r l
2 . ccord ing t wh i ch t h vo w l t k ith r G
e u es a Vri d d hi o e e a es e e u na or ar e as

f oll ow s :

I Fi n l {i
. a d i f d 3 2 w{i n d a rt t k V r i dd h i
an ,
an 2 ,
a a e .

Th u s f8 ? s mi , t o l au g h , W m dyay a t i , h e m a kes l a ug h .

= 125

, t o l ea d , W '
naya ya t i , he c au s es t o l ead .

1 to wi m M ld i h m k s wi m
12 21 , s , p va y a t ,
e a es .

t o b e, m fa bhavaya ti '

,
he c au s e s t o be .

lc;r i , t o m ak e , W kdr aya ti , h e c au s es t o m ak e .

i k, t o s a c tt r smu rf?!kd
e , r a ya t i, h e c a us e s to c tt r s a e .

2. Me di al Q i , ri E li f o ll ow , ,
ed by a s i ng l e c o on nt t
ns a , ak e G una ; r!b e co me s

Th us gvi d '

,
t o k n w, o e daya t i , h e m ak es k n w o .

u d h, t o k ow W bo d kayati , h e m ak es k n w o
R n ,
.

kr i t , t o cu t , m kar t aya ti , h e c au s es to cu t .

gU dip , t o b e a bl W e, ka lp a ya t i , h e r en d e s r t .

3 Me.d i al
3 a o o
f ll we d by a s i n gl e c o n on n t i s a s t
l en g h e n e d , b u t h e t r e ar e m a ny e x c pti o e ns .

'

83
; s ad , to s it , W s dd y t i h
a t a ,
e se s .

a
p ,t t o f al l , h e f ell s .

E x c ptione s

1 . Mo st v rbe s en di ng in 2s
wi m : do no t le ng t h n th ir v ow e e el :

iVW W f a y amag ut i h e m ak es g o

m
'

I
'

g a , t o go , ,
.

em f a kr a maya t i h e c au s e s
-
h am, to s tri d e, , to s tri d e.

V erb s in
M am c
wh i h d o l e ng h e n t h e t v ow l e ar e ,

3
1 1 mm, t o d e si r e, W kci mayat e

, h e des i r es ; C au s . W c maya ti , h e m ak es
d es i r
e .

W a i n, to m ov W e, a ma , he m ov es ; C W au s . amaya t i , h e m ak es m
'
ov e .

c h ai n, to eat , W l c hama ti , h e ea

t s Cn W a s . c hd ma y a t i , h e m ak es ea t .

C W dmay at i , h e sh ow

i my a t i , h e

sum, i f i t m ean s t o s ee , sc s ees ; au s . s s ;

W Ws amayat i t

bu t , h e qu i e s .

y am , u nl es s i t m e an s t o e at , 1 IE FR s mo ke/t h a n}
'
C au s . W y dmay a t i , b e e xt e nd s ;

bu t a m y amay a t i , h e f e e d s .
21 6 C A U SA TIV E VER BS . 6
4 2

3 31 nam, t o b en d , opt ion all

y l engt h e ns i t s v ow l if e it is u s ed wi h t o t u pr po ition ;
a e s

W
n amay a t i o r maa na may a ti ,
h b nd e e s . If pr c e ed e d by a pr po it ion t h
e s , e

v o w el ort ( D b P 9
al wa
y t t sr om u
g h o e ai n s h . . 1 ,

33 m m t
1 , g t h o i t v o v om i t optio n l ly l
w l i f i t i d, w i th o t pr po i ti on ; a en e ns s e s u se u a e s

W dm y t i m v m y t i h m k vomit If pr c d d by pr po ition
e a a or a a a , e a es . e e e a e s ,

t h v ow l l w y o g h t t r m i n h rt ( D h P 9 6 7)
e e a a s u o e a s o . . 1 ,

I I A cl f v rb c oll c t d by n t i v gr m m ri n d b g i n i g w ith V h ; (D h P
. as s o e s
? g e e a e a a an s , a e n n a . .

9 ) d n t l1
g t h n th
, i r
I v o w l , Th m v rb m y opti o l l y r t i n th ir h ort
o o en e e e . e sa e e s a na e a e s

vow l i n t h 3 d p r i g ori t f t h c ti v p i v
e e r T h f ol l owi ng li t
e s . s n . a s o e au s a e as s e e s

c o nt i n t h m or i m port t m o g th v rb
a s e e an a n es e e s :

CA U SA I IV E
'
.

R o o t .
3r d Pe r s . Si ng . Pr es . Par .
3r d Pe r s . Si ng . A or . Pas sive .

I . 82
'

; M a i, to s tri v e W g h aya
yati
2 .

W vy a t h, t o f ea r W vy a t h ay a t i s nafu o r W i
a vyc t hi

3 .

Wp r a t h, t o b e fam o us M p r at ha
ya t i m or m a
p ii t hi
r

4 . HQ mr a d , t o r ub W mr a d aya ti V HF
? or W a mr c d i i
5 .
M kr ap , t o p ity m kr ap ay a t i m m m or a kr cp i i

6 H .

Q t va r , t o h rry u m r tva r aya t i m or W a t vc r i

i

7 . a j var t o , b rn with f v r W
u e e ? j var ay a t i wa ft or m j i
a vc r i

8 .

?
a na y t o ,
d nca W e n a gay a t i m or m ti
a nc g
i

9 .

smi t h, t o k ill W
s r a t h ay a t i m W or aer gt h i

10 . 31 mm , t o act

l W l p r ava nay a t i maa M or p dvgni

r

I I .

j va l ,
to sh i ne
'

l
'

H E W p r aj va l ay a t i m W or p dj v
ri
c l i

! rg t W ? !s mar aya ti W m M i

12 F s mgi , to as m i

. e re cr

1
3 .

g d , t o r p ct (es e ,
no t to t r) W
ea E d ar ay a ti m or W adc r i i
1 4. an 671 1, . t bo il o m ufa

s mp ay a a s m ut o r W e
asr gp i
15 .
mj ii d t l y t p l
t ,W o s a ,
o eas e , o j p y
a a ati m or W W aj gp i
h rp en
s t p rc i v
a o e e e

16 . WE c h l t tr m bl
; W a , o e e chal a
y a t i W or W a c hc l i
i

1
7 . m d t r joi c & c
g a F EW , o e e, . ma d ay a t i m or If? a mi idi
1 8 .
d o n d t ri n g W
ed um o s u , o d h va naya ti W or W IFE a d h v ni g
19 . da l , t o cu t W ( opt i o n l )
d a l ay a t i a W or W a di il i
20 . R
a o ul , to c ov r e W v l y t i ( opt i o n l )
a a a a s a fe: or W i
a vc l i

21 .
M s kh a l , t drop o F E W kh l y ti ( opt i o n s a a a al ) W or W as khc l i
i

22. t p ra ,
t o be as h am e d m t r ap ay a ti ma a o r m a tr gp i
23 .
Qkh i s a ,
t o w ane W i ks h ap ay a t i W Wo r m a ks h i ip i

D h at up ath a a s: g as are: we? s

aw ( fa (W 133

W
o lyn , ar e
m option l l y mi t ( i a
t t v rb with t pr po ition
h ort vow l d ) wh i l wi t h pr po i t i o th y mi t nd . e . s -
It
e e
s e em s

,
in deed h a th e
e e
e

s
s

ns
ou

e ar e
e s

,
a
s

noth i n
g l Se s e.h o w v r C ol broo k S n kri t Gr mm r p 3 7
ee, ot e e , e e, a s a a , . 1 ,
n e .

1
'

\
V it h t pr po iti on n d opti on l l y with pr po i tio n S ot
ou a e s ,
a a a e s . ee n e
2 1 82 C A U SATIV E V ER BS . 6
4 3

6 . chi , to coll ect C au s m

, - ch i a o t i
lt ch dp a ya t i
; o r r e ul arl
g y .
,

W ch dy a ya t i h e c au s es to co ll e ct , ( P a n v 1 1 . . .
,

7 a }
. c h h o to c u t
, m f a c h h y a ti ; ,
C a u s W F R c hh d y a y a t i h e c au s e s to c u t .
, .

8 W 11j dg z i to b e aw ak e
.
'

,
d
j g a r t i ; C au s W , j gd a r a y a t i h e ro u s es .
, .

fa ji to co n qu e r i nf aj ay a t i C au s W
, ,
d
j p y a a t i h e c a u s e s t o co n q u e.r , .

Io a {f
. t
-
I d a r i dvd to b e p oor , W r it! d avi d r d ti C au s , W d ar i d r a ya t i .
,

h e m ak e s p oor .

I I gh d i d h i to s h i n e QN d i d /l i t e ; C au s w f d i d h a ya t i h e c a u s e s to s h i n e
'
.
, , , .

a d m it to s i n gu l f?!d us hy a t i
, ,
C au s
W E d ds h aya t i h e c au s e s to s i n ; .
,

al s o o s /z ay a ti h e d e m or al i z e s ( n a
u r d P V,
I 4 . . .
,

I 3 \t d to s h ak e \f hr d h dno ti ; C au s W d h dnaya ti h e c au s es t o s h ak e
.
, , .
,
.

I4 .
p d to ,
d r i n k q l p i b a t i ;, C a u s m f a d
p y y a a t i h e c a u s es to d ri n k.
; ,

al s o f t
p ai m p yd a ,
t i to b e ,

1 5 I n p d to p rot e ct mf a p d t i ; C au s m
.
, , i p d l aya ti h e p rot e ct s .
, .

I 6 Ip r i t o l o v e M
.
, m i n d ,t i C a u s I m f p r i zz a
y a t i h e d e l i g h t s .
, .

1
7 . b h r a
t o ro as t q ,a r b h r iji a t i C a u,
s H a i f a

b h r a ji ya a t i h e m a k es .
,

ro as t o r u ur bh arj j aya ti fr o m #13

, ,

1 8 t bh i to f e ar sa bi bh et i ;
.
, , C au s mq bh dp ayate or W ? b/i is lz aya te .

,

h e fri gh t en s ; al s o r egu l arl y m uf f!bhd ya ya t i ( P a n v1 I . . .

,

f3!mi to t h ro w f mi no ti an d #1 mi t o d e s tro y n rt mi ndti form

, , , , , ,

th ei r C au s l ik e : 11 md . .

2 0 r i to o w o r to g o {11 % r i g
.
, , / a t e ; C a u s f t twf r e a a t i h e m ak es fl o w
, p y , .

21 .
g r ah to g ro
, w g r r o h a t i ; C a u
,
s g q r r o h a y a t i q u r r o p y
a a t i .

, ,

h e c au s es to gro w ( Pan V I I 3 . . .
,

22 . to adh ere fa l f l i ndti an d 3 h r?!l iya te ; C au s a it rqr l i na ya t i m l

,
' -
,

l dp a y a ti an d m , l dya ya ti ; a n d i f t h e root t ak e s t h e f orm 8 1 1d al s o , ,

W IdZ (
a y a t i Pa n vn Th e m e ani n g v ar i e s ; s e e Pa
. . n v1 5 1 . . .

2 3 E n vd to bl o w mi vd t i ;
.
,
C au s 31 W vdj aya ti if i t m ean s h e s h ak e s
, .
,
.

a t vi to o b t ai n
'

, C au s mqur vdp ay a ti o r W
,
vdy aya t i i f i t
.
v
,

m e an s to m ak e co n c ei ve ( Pan v 1 1 5 . . .
,

2 5 3 ve to w eav e E mr va g a t i ; C au s m a vdy a y a t i h e c au s e s t o w e ave

.
, , .
,
.

26 . vevi to co n c ei ve , vevi t e ; C au s 33 1 1f?!vevay a ti

, . .

2 7 Q vy e to co v e r a mr vy a y a t i ; C au s v
.
, , dy a y a ti h e c au s e s t o co ve r .
, .

2 8 3? vl i to ch oo s e fgTr vl i nd t i ; C au s ep ay a ti h e c au s e s t o ch oo s e


.
, , w r v l .
,
.

sa d to fal l Sl s i y a t e ; C au s qm t d t a ya ti h e fel l s ;
'
2 9 Si
g
'

.
, , .
,

i t m e an s to m o v e ( Pan v 1 1 3 . . .
,

0 to s h arp en m y a t i ;
3 0 3 h
. 5 , C a u s
, W d y y a a t i h e c a u s es to .
,

3 M s i d h to s u cc e e d f s mfa s i d hy a t i W p

1 .
,
C a
, u s s d d h a
y a t i h e .
,

b u t atmt s ed h a ya t i h e p e rfor m s s acr e d a ct s , .

to s tro W

3 2 {
}
I. s o ,
d e y w f s y a t i C a u s
, s d y y a a t i h e c a u s es to .
,
 4 6 6 . C A US A I I V E
'
vas es . 21 9

33 . E
gg sp h ur , t o s p arkl e ,
W wh u r a t i ; C au s m . l sp h dr a ya t i a nd

F mr sp h o r a ya t i , h e m ak e s p arkl e s .

34 .

m sp hd y, to gro w , E m ? sp h dy a t e ; C a u s m . ath sp hd vay a t i , h e c aus es

ro w
to g .

35 . fans mi to s m il e m ? s may a t e ; C au s m
,
s mdp a y a t e h e as to ni s h e s ;
, .
,

al s o W amdya y a t i h e c au s e s a s m il e b y s o m e t h i ng ( P a
, r a vr I . .
,

36 .
{ I h r i to b e a s h am e d
,
f i i l j ih r et i C a u s m h r ep y
a ,
a t i h e

m a k e s .
,

a sh am e d
( P a n V II
3 . . .
,

au s m
37 .
& h v e to c al l m,
h v ay a t i ; C ,
h v d y y
a a ti h e c au s e s t o c al l .
, .

8 h a n to k ill i f? ! h a nt i ; C au s W h d t a y a t i h e c au s es to k ill
3 .
a , g , .
, .

6
4 4 c au s at ive verb s ar e co nj u g at e d e x actl y li ke verb s o f th e C h ur
. As
cl as s th ere i s n o n ec es si ty fo r g i vin g h ere a co m p l e t e p ara digm L ike C h u r
, .

v erb s th ey re t ai n m a y th ro u gh o u t ex c ep t i n t h e r e d up li c at e d aori s t and ,

t h e b ene di ct ive Par as m ai p ad a ; an d t h ey f or m t h e p e rf e ct p e r i p h ras t i c al l y .

Th e o nl y d i f c ul ty i n c au s a t i v e v e rb s i s t h e f orma t i o n o f t h ei r b as e s an d t h e ,

form ati o n o f t h e a ori s t T h u s 31 kri as c au s at ive form s Pre s Par an d Kt m

.
, , . . .

m Q kdr aya ti te ; Im p f W
, , 3 a lcdr a ya t , t a ; Op t
-
W 7I .
,
0
, ,
-
.
,

,

kdr a yet ta Im p W
,
-
i c r a ya t u t dm R e d Pe rf W
.
, m

, ,
-
. .
,
0
,

c r aydfi ch a kdr a ch a /cr e A or W ,

-
a a ch i lca r a t ta Fu t .
,
0
, ,
- .

W i ll kdr a yi s h ya t i te ; C o nd W a kdr a i s h a t t 0
1
-
, 11 y y, a ; .
, , ,
-

Per F u t. . m kdr ayi t d ; B en .

W kdr ydt W e kd r a yi s h s h a i t .

6
4 5 I fc au s at ive verb h as to be u s ed i n t h e p as s iv e ma y i s dr o p t
. a ,

b u t t h e roo t r em ai n s t h e s am e a s i t w o u l d h ave b een wi t h w a y H e n c e Pres . .

kdr ya te h e i s m ad e t o d o ; u M p g/ a t e fr o m F r a h h e i s m ad e t o
,
; , ,

r w Th e i m p erf e ct O p t a t i v e an d i m p e ra t i v e ar e form e d r e u l arl Th

g o .
, g y e , .

p er fe ct i s p eri ph r as t i c wi th t h e au xili ar y v erb s i n t h e A t m an epad a .

1 ! a o f t h e p as s iv e
4 6 6 I n t h e g.en er al t en s e s h o w e v e r w h e r e t h e y , ,

di s app e ar s t h e c au s at i v e
W ay m a
y o r ma
y n o t r e app ear and we ,

th u s get t wo form s th ro u gh o u t ( s ee C ol eb roo ke p I 98 not e): , .

,

Fu t . ma a bhd vayi s h ye or W ?!bh dvi s hy e

V .

C o nd W . a bh dva
y i s h ye or W a bh dvi s h ye .

Pe r F u t . . m m bh dva yi tdh e or mfaarfg bh dvi tdlz e

' '
.

B en . W W bh d vayi s h i y a or W bh dvi s h iya .

Fi rs t A or . I . 1 . p M . a bh dva i s h i or W
y f a bh d vi s l zi .

2 . p m . : a bh dvayi s h yh d li or m m : a bh dvi s /z d l i t.

3 . p m fa a bh dvi
. .

F f z
22 0 D E S I D E R A TI V E vas e s . 6
4 7

C H A PTE R X IX .

D E S ID E R A TIV E VER BS .

b as e s ar e f orm e d b y r e d u p li c a t i o n t h e p e c u l i ari ti e s
D e s i d e ra t i v e
6
4 7 .
,

o f wh i ch w i l l h av e to be tre at e d s e p ar a t el y an d b y a d di ng s to t h e root
a , .

Th u s fro m bh d to be W bdbh ds h to wi sh to be Th e a cc en t i s o n t h e
, , ,
.

r e du pl i c a t i v e s yll abl e .

4 6 8 T h e s e n e w
. b as e s ar e co nj u a t ed li k e Tu d r o ot s
g gm b u b h d .

s h dmi,
3 3
13 f? !bu bh ds h as i , 1 3-
3 p i th bu bh ds h a ti ,
3 1 m
1 : bu bh ds kdva li , & c .

46 9 . Th e root s ; b c
e en
g i v e n b e for e
w hi h t ak e t h e i nt e m e d i at e r 3 i h av e

33 1 as w ell a s
, w h i c h t a ke i n t e r m e di a t e
3 T th o se
h u s fro m
v i d .
,

W

t o kn o w F etfaf i i di h w i s h to kn o w ; fr o m t y ato cro s s i i h

aq t t
{

v v
2
, s 0 , a r s ,

o r r ti t ar i s h t o wi s h t o cro s s
'

q , .

47 A g n
0 r .l r l t h o h
s a
g l i b l te x c pt i o
e a n i t m u e,
y b t t d t h t b u n di ng a e o e e s, a e s a e a as e s e

i n n c on on nt m y b
o e t r ngt h
s ad by G i f th y t k t h i t rm di t
a e s e
i i T h e ne un a , e a e e n e e a e . us

ag e d a f orm n
g a T m fa b b d hi h t i fe ds W
s
e

d i d vi h ti l o
u o
Q m fe m s a ; , e s a a s ,

c hi kar i s h a t i ;
g d ri , W d i dar i s h a t i . B ut fee bhi d ,
D es . rmrF
a bi bh i ts a ti ( Pas . 1 .

2,
{R g u h,
m il ? j ug huks ha t i 2, In f a t , c no G una wi h t out i nt r e

med i at e i .

th r
4 71 i m port nt ex c pti o n
. B ut In m y c th b
e e ar e f t h d i d r tiv a e s. an as e s e as e o e es e a e

i n i th r tr gth n d n w k n d; C d W di h t i O t h r b m y
s e e s
g en e e or ea e e ra , r ur u s a . e as es a

b tr ng th n d opt io l l y ; g1 dy t W
e s e e d i dy t i h t
e W d i dy t i h t
na a ,
a s a e or o s a e.

C rt i n b
e awh i c h d n t t k i nt rm di t {
as es ct l ly w k n d ; p W o o a e e e a e
'

2 ar e a ua ea e e so a ,

s us hup s a t i .

1 . V erb s wh i ch do no t t ak e Gu na th ou gh th ey h av e i nt erm e di ate 3 i

, .

g r a d, to cr y, E f l l r u r u di s h a t i ; gvi d ,
t o kn w, o W vi vid i s h a t i ;
mus h ,

to t
s e al ,
53m 1 mumus hi s h a t i .

2 . V erb s wh i ch m ay o r m ay t k G n th o gh th y h v i t rm di t i
no t a e u a, u e a e n e e a e .

V erb s b eg i nni ng wi th c on on nt n d di g i n ny i gl c on on nt x pt {y
s a s, a en n a s n e s a , e ce
'

or

i v,

an d h a i ng v {i 3 u f th ir v ow l ( Pan
' '
-
or or e e . . 1 . 2,

gadg e t , fagrt r di dyut is ka t e or a s ses s d i dy o ti sh at e .

B ut fe w di v, ef n t d i d evi s ha ti o r, wi h t o t u i
3 , gg r dudyds ha t i ( Pas
a . vn . 2,

vr i t , vi va r t i s h at e o r
W vi vz

i ts at i .

3 . V erb s e n d i ng in {i or 3 a, n o t tak i ng t rm di t in e e a e
i i , l eng h en h ei t t r v ow l ; e nal E r i
an d
b c o m
24 if
t de e r , an , a ft r l b i l
e
d a a s, r .
( Pan V I . .
4,

fa j i ,
to c on q r f T F j ig i h
ue , s a ti ;
3y a, t o mix , y y
u ds h a t i .

5 h i , t o do , W EEK
c hi ki r s h a t i ;
'
tr i , t o cro ss , l l l
i
t i tz r s h a t i

m
.

1
3 mri ,
t o d i e,
i g g p mumdr s h a t i ;
up d r s h a t i l
z ard
,
t o ll ,

.

If, h owev er t h ey t ak e i nt erm e d i at e 3 i th ey l ik ewi s e t ak e G un a

, , .

f8 ? W si s mayi s h a t e ; p r y W i i s ka te ;
1 924, t o
s mi , s m il e , i f ii , 3
to {p to u , pp av

s wal l ow W j g
i i h i m t r p ct W d i d ar i s ha t e
,
a r s a t ;
g e , o es e ,
.
2 22 D E SID E R A TIVE vanes .
4 73

3
? bad h, m bi bh a t sa t e, h e l o tha es .
W d dn, W d i ddi iz s at e, h e s tr i gh t
a e ns .

m fdn,
.
m he sh rp a ens .

R ed up l i ca ti o n i n D es i d er a ti ves .

4 7 3 B e s i d es t
. h e g e n e r al r u l e s o f r e d u p l i c a t i o n gi v e n i n 30 2

t h e f o ll o wi ng s p e c i al ru l es wi th r eg ar d t o t h e v o w el o f t h e r e d u pli c at i ve

s l l abl e ar e to b e o b s e r v e d i n f or m i n t h d i d r t i v e b as e :
y g e es e a

R adi c al w a a nd an d ar e r ep r e s e n t e d by 2 i n t h e r e d u pl i c a ti v e s ll abl

3 y e

n V II 4
( P a . .
,

11
1 p a ck, maa p ip a lcs h a t i ; E n s th d , m t i s h z h ds a ti .

4 74 . V
i e w an d
d , t s an d i n g as G una or Vriddh i o f r di c l
a a 3 a or 3 321, ar e

r pre e s en ed t by i n th e r e du pli c ti v a e s yl l a b l provi d

e, ed th e
y b e pr c d e e ed by R p, Q p k,
b, 3 6k, ( Pan V I I

m,
E 1 R y ,
S E r , l,
E v, . .
4,

1 9M
d
1 , p ip dvay i s h a t i , ( R ed A o r .

W . ap i
p ava t .
) S ee 3 75 .

b hd W , bi bhdvay i s h a t i , ( R e d . A
W or . a bi bh ava t .
)
3 y W a, i
yy avi s h a ti , an d C au s . D es i d . W i
yy dvay i s h a t i .

=
3j u fame wr
, j ii dvayi s h a t i ( R e d , . A or .

W a j ij avat ) .

B 5 W nundva yi sh a ti , ( R d A
W andna va t ) S ee
'

ut a v, e . or . .
375

4 75 . Ro ot E s sr a, t o o w,
g em , t o h ea r E d t un g p m t ppro ch g p l
, r u, o r , , o a a , u, to

swi m , c h f l l m nd r i m i l h r circ m t nc Option ll y t k {i 3 in

g y t u,
y o a , a u e st a u s a es a a e or a e

r d pl i c t iv yll bl
e u a e s a e .

E W
sr a, i dv yi h ti
W dv yi h t i
s sr b t t h
a i mm
s a d i d r
or s us r a s a ; u e s e es e a

ti v W e d h ti o nl y s us r s a .

dp y th C f f orm W hvdp yi h ti
s a , p e au s . o so a , s s us a s a .

47 6 R o ot s b
. e
g i n ni n g w i t h a v o w el h av e a p e c u l i a r k i n d o f i n t e rn a l
r e d u p li c at i o n t o wh i c h al l u s i o n w a s m ad e i n
, 37 8 T h u s
( P a n V I 1 2 ) . . .
,

a
? uch chh for m s
m { %
1 11 u ch i ch ch h i s h a ti .

root nd i n d o bl c on on nt
4 77 . If t h e e s a u e s a , th e rst l tt r e e o f wh i h i s c i n,
g d, or
E r,

th n th c ond l tt r i r d pli c t d
e e se e e s e u a e .

h s f w l
i fqfeaf a undi d

r
a c s c h i c h i h ti
ar , ar - s a . s
e a nd , - i s hat i .

es
t ab j ,
z f s rf auf a a bj ij - i s h a ti .

In a s hy t h e l as t c on on nt i r s a s edu pl i c t a ed .

a s hy , m i r s hyi y -i s h a ti or
W i r s hyi s h -i s ha ti .
( Pan v 1 . . I,

In t h e v rb b
e s eg i n ni ng wi h t kanddya t i 498) t h e nal y i s r ed u pl i t ca e d .

m Icazz ddy, kanddyi y -i s ha ti .

E x c ption l r
e a edu pl i c tion o cc r a u s in W c hi ki s h a t i , b es i d e s W c h i chi s ha t i ,

f rom fa c hi ( Pan . v1 1 .
3 , i n W j ig hi s ha ti from f: hi ( Pan . vn .
3 ,
&c .
 4 8 1 . I N TE N S IVE VE R B S . 223

C HA PTE R XX .

I N TE N S IV E V E B BS .

47 8 I n t e n s iv e ,
. t h ey ar e s o m e t i m e s c al l e d fr e qu e nta t ive b as es
or, as ,

ar e m e an t to co nv ey an i n t e n s e ne s s o r fr e q u e n t r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e act i o n

e xp r es s e d b y t h e s i m p l e v e r b S im p l e v erb s e xp res s iv e o f m ot i o n s o m e
.
, ,

t i m es r ec eive t h e i d ea o f tort u o u s m ot i o n if u s ed as i nt en s ives S o me , .

i n t e n s i v e b as e s co nv ey t h e i d ea o f r e p ro ac h or di s g r ac e & c ,
.

94 7 O n l
.
y b as e s b eg i nn i ng w i t h a co n s o n an t a n d co n s i s ti n
g o f o n e ,

s l l ab l e ar e li abl e t o b e t u rn e d i n to i n t e n s i v e b as e s V e rb s o f t h e Ch u r
y ,
.

cl as s c ann ot b e ch ang ed i n to i nt en s ive verb s Th e re ar e h o weve r s o m e .

, ,

e x c ep t i o n s Th u s a ? a t to go th o u gh b eg inni ng wi th a v o wel fo r m s
.
, , ,

? ! a l d tya t e h e w an d e r s ab o u t ; 3 a s to e at W a dy a t e
W ,
1
s
q r i , , ,

to go a n d? a r dr ya te an d mt f ar ar ti ( S id dh Kau m vo l I I p
,
g
E n dr nu .
-
. . . .
,

to co ver u nfi t -El i d r zz o ndya te ( Pan I II 1

, . .
,

4 8 0 T h e
. r e ar e t w o w a
y s o f for m i n g i n te n s i v e v e r b s :

'

1 . B y a p e c uli ar r ed u pli c at i o n an d ad di ng I: yd at t h e e nd Th i s yd h as .

t h e acc en t .

2 B y t h e s am e p e c u l i ar r e du pl i c a ti o n wi th o u t any m o di c at i o n i n t h e n al
.

p ort i o n o f t h e b ase Th e l a tt e r f orm occu r s l e s s fr e qu e ntl y It h as

. .

t h e a cc en t o n t h e r e d u p li c a t i v e s yll abl e .

B as es f or med i n t h e f orm er way ad m i t o f A t m anep ad a o nl y .

E hh d i n ll?!b bh d d t
x .
, o y e .

B as e s f orm ed i n t h e l atte r way ad m i t o f Par as m ai p ad a o nl y th o u gh a ccor di ng , ,

to s o m e g ram m ari an s t h e A t m an ep ad a al s o m ay b e form e d

,
.

E x g bh d M FR bo bh a vi t i o r m

bo bh o t i

. .
,

Th e Kt m an ep ad a w o ul d b e 335 3 bo bh dt e .

R oot s e n di ng i n v o w el s re t ai n t h e a ya o f t h e i n te n s i v e b a s e i n t h e g ene ral

t en se s ; root s en d in g i n co n s o na nt s dro p i t H en c e 331 F111 !bo bh dyi td .
,

but I
f
q
'

m s o s d ch i td
.
( Pan . V I .
4,

4 8 1 . W h en It
y a b as e i s gene rall y t h e s am e
is ad d e d , th e effe ct on th e

as i n t h e p as s iv e an d b e n e di ct iv e Par Th u s nal v o wel s ar e .

l eng t h e n e d : f a ch i to g a t h e r w ch ech i y a te ; m to h e ar shag ?!

,
a , , ,

1h r} d ed h iy a z e
o r dya t c 3 1 d i s c h ang e d to
Q to p ac e
3 i
.
= i \
n d h d l a r , ,
.

b eco m es k i n or aft er l ab ial s argdr I A i to cro s s Ra ?!t e TZ

, / a t e
,
; : r
, ,
:
to l l t p op dr ya te Fin al 3 vi h o wever wh en fo ll o wi ng a s im pl e
, .
'
5
, ,

co n s o n an t i s ch ang ed to ( l vi n o t to r i 3i kri to d o W
,
"
C h e /f r i gi d
,
: , ,
.

W h en f ol l o wi ng a d o u bl e co n s o n an t i t i s ch ang e d to we a v 8 3 s mr i t o : ,
224 IN TE N S IV E VE R BS .
4 82

rem emb er mi ni ?!s ds ma r ya t e Th e s e i n t en s i ve b as es ar e co nj u g ate d l ike

,
. .

b as es o f t h e D i v cl a s s i n t h e A t m an ep ad a It sh o u l d b e o b s erv ed h o wev er .
, ,

t h at i n t h e g en eral t en s e s root s e n d ing i n v o wel s r e tai n I t y b efor e t h e

i n t e rm e d ia t e 3 i wh i l e root s e n d i n g i n co n s o n an t s t h ro w o ff t h e 1: ya o f
,

t h e s p e c i al t en s e s al to g e th e r T h u s fro m 333331 bo bh dya a ngf qm bo bh d y i td ;
.
,
- -

fro m sew bebhi dy a stre am bebh i d i t d ,

.

4 82 W h e
. n 11 a i s n o t a dd e d t h e i n t en s i ve b as e s ar e tr eat e d li k e ba s e s
y ,

o f t h e H u c l as s Th e rul e s o f r e du p li c at i o n a r e t h e s am e
. O b s e rv e h o w e ve r .
, ,

t h at v e rb s wi th n al or p e nu l t im a t e g yi h av e p e c ul iar f or m s o f t h e ir o wn

4 98 ,
an d v e r b s i n
i s t a rt fro m a b as e i n e r a v an d t h e r e for e h av e
g r ,

f 3 1 t ar mafi !t d t ae mi ; 3r d p er s p l u r
a

an d i n t h e r e d u p l i c at i v e s yll abl e r
u $
'
. f , , . .

l m t dt i r a t i .

8
4 3 A ccord i ng to t h e ru l e s o f th e H u cl as s t h e we ak t e rm i nat io n s re qu ire
.
,

G u na H e n c e fro m bo hu d h W bo bo d h mi bu t
m bo ,

hud h ma h Fro m ah); bo hh d M FR ho bho mi M FR bo bh a vdni ; b u t #1 5 5 :

.
, ,

h o bh dma h R e m a rk h o w e v e r t h a t i n I 2 3 p s i n g P r e s 2 3 p s i n g
.
, , . . . . . .
,
. . . .

I m p f 3 p s i n g I m p i i m ay b e o p t i o n all y i n se rt e d :
.
, . . . .

33W bo bo dh mi o r
W b o bu d h i m i ; W ho bh o m i o r W bo hh a vi mi .

A n d r e m ark fu rt h e r t h a t b e for e t h i s i nt e rm e di a t e 1
, a nd l i ke w i se b e for e

w eak t e rm i n at i o n s b eg i n n i n g w i t h a v o wel i n t e ns i v e b as e s e n di n g i n c o n ,

s o na n t s d o n o t t ak e G u n a
( P an VI I
3 H e nc e
W b o bu d h i mi . .
, ,

E m
bo l md h dni a bo bu d h a m Fro m f vi d
g , a g .
,

PR E SE N T . IM P E R FE CT. IM P E R A TI VE .

W
f
th or

veved mi o r vevi d i mi a vevi d a m vevi d dni

E q o r
W W or

veve ts i o r vevi d i s h i a vevet o r a vevi d i h vevi d d h i

Ra or a t or Q3? or
m
veve t t i o r vevi d i t i a veve t or a vevi d i t vevet t u or vevi d i tu

vevi dva h, &c . w g a vevi d va Q Frm

vevi d dva

R u l es f
o R edup l i ca ti o n f or I nt ens i ves .

8
4 4 Th e s i m p l e s t w ay to form t h e p e cu l i ar r e d u p l i c a t i o n o f i n t en s i ve s , i s
.

to t ake t h e b a s e u s e d i n t h e g e n e ral t e n s e s , t o ch an g e i t i nto a p as si ve b as e

by ad di n
g t h e n to red u pl i c at e a ccor d i n g to t h e g en e r al ru l es o f r ed u p li
11 a
y , ,

c ati o n and l as tl y to rai s e wh e re p o s si bl e t h e v o w el o f t h e r e d upl i c ati ve

, , , ,

s l l abl e b
y y G u n a
( Pa n V II 4 a n d 31 a to a n d .
( P an V I
. I 4 , . .
,

f a ch i to g at h e r q ch iy a = ch ech i ya t e ; EIEIF
, ,
'
G

H ch ech eti,

.

N kr u to ab u s e ,
gm : h r uy a n gian t: c h
, o /cm y a t e ; m c h o kr o s h z,
i ra
-
.

E l i tr a it /c to app ro ac h , tr au kya f l ai l?! t o tr au ky a t e ; nae; t o tr a a hti

, ,
.
 226 I N TE N SIV E VER BS .

4 90 . The s am e a ppl i es to r t oo s en d i n g in a yi , if u s ed i n t h e Par as m ai p ada .

( an
P .

fwc h a a c h ar kar t i

k i; a kar z t i
q y r . .

a fa r c h a r i kamti

. WW c h a r i kar ti .

cha r

i kamt i

. W c h a r i ka r ti .

49 1 . A f ew f rq e u en a t ti v b e a s e s ar e pc
e u l i ar in th e fo m a i o n r t o t
f h eir b as e

p l s dsvap ti I

b ut F TE ( Pan

s o ap , to s l ee s o s h up y a t e ; . . V I .
,

m
,

FI
E s ya m, to s o u nd, W s es i mya t e bu t sa ms yanti .

a eye , to c rw v
o ve ,
eri fy
/ a t e ; bu t a m vci vy dti ; or 4 83) 3 1 % v vyet i .

m d ir W ? f? mi vas h yi ( Pan I

vdvas ya t e ;
"
e et s , to es e, al13 . . V I .

m
,

t r g rd I
W

c h dy , o e a ,
c keky a t e ; c h eketi .
( Pan V I . .
,

WWp ydy t gr w w W IFE p dp yati I,

,
o o , p p i y a te ;
e .
( an
P . V I .

t o s w el l , 31 W

s o sya t e o r

sesvi ya t e ; l

se
et i sv . Pa
( n . V I . I ,

{Q h an , t o k i l l , W j eg hni ya t e ; m j a g h a nt i .
( Pan VII 4 3 . .
,
o ,
V ar t .
)
WTg h r a ll W W r dt i ( Pa VII 4

, to sm e , j e
g h r fy a te ; j g
d h . n . .
,

a n d hma t o
'

,
bl o w, W d ed hmfy a t e ; smur fs d dd hmd ti .
( Pas . vu .
4,

1
3
9% t o s w all o w, j eg i l y a t e ; W j cig ar t i

.
( Pan . VIII . 2,

f5!
si

, to l i e d o wn , W
s ds a

a t
yy e ;
'
s es et i .
( Pan . VII 4 .
,

4 92 . F r o m d er i vat ive
rb s n e w d e ri vatives m ay b e f o rm ed m o s t o f ve ,

wh i ch h ow eve r ar e rath e r t h e cre at i o n o f g r am m ari an s th an t h e p r o p er ty

, , ,

o f t h e s o k e n l an u a e T h u s fr om W b h d a y a ti t h c au s al o f L bh d
p g g v e ; .
, ,

h e c au s e s to b e a n ew d e s i d e rati ve i s d e ri ve d W , W bi bh dva yi s h a ti h e , ,

w i s h e s t o c a u s e e xi s t e n c e S o fr o m t h e i nt e n s ive sh i l l?!bo bh yat e h e .

,

e x i s t s r eal l y i s f o rm e d $ 181M ?!bo bh y z s h a t i h e w i s h es to e xi s t real l y ;

, ,

t h e n a n e w c au s ati ve m ay b e f rm e d 331 W bo bh uyi s h ay a tz h e c au s e s a

o , ,

wi s h to e x i s t r eal l y ; an d ag ai n a n e w d e s id e r ati ve sh m bo bh dy i s /z a
i ,

i / tz h e wi s h es to e x c i te t h e d es i re o f r e al e x i s t e nc e
'

y s z a , .

Th e fo ma io n r t an d c njo u
g a ti o n o f t h e In t e ns i ve i n t h e Par as m ai p a d a , or th e so - c ll d
a e

C h ar k ar i t a, h ave g i ve n r is e to a g r t
ea d e al o f dis c ussio n am o n g na ti v e
g r am m a ri na s.

A cc rdi ng to th ir th ry y mz , t h e I t fi t m ane p ad a

o e eo s i gn o f th e n en s ive ,
h as t o b e su p

p r es se d by l k B y th i
u . s su ppr i n t h c h g es s o e an es p ro du c ed in th e ve rb l b a as e by R y an)
wo u l d ce as e ( Pan . I .r 1 A n f g ka y
, e x c pt rt in ch g
e ce a an es wh i h c ar e c o n s id e e d as a i a r a,

ch an
g t ff ct i g t h b
e s n o a eCh g f t h r t th t
n et t k as e , s u ch r d p l i c t i as e u a on . an es o e oo a ar e o a e

pl c t l y i t h I t At m b t l i n t h I t n P
a e no on n d i ti ctl y m nti n d by
e n e ns . .
, u a so e n e s . ar .
, ar e s n e o e

Pa i i VII 4 8 9
n n , A b t th r ch g n t dir ctl y xt d d t t h I t
.
, 2 2. P o u o e an es , o e e en e o e n e ns . ar .
,

g mm i d i m d i f rm m h pt b c

Th t h P k i ya K
'

ra ar an s er .
Pa
us e ra r - au u o s so s o z , e au s e n . V I .

I 9 pr crib
, I , l py t
es th r th riti f rm l y M
es d v p ti w i th
so s z u a e; o e au o es o o n s s a or

i v p t i C l br k
scs a
'
l l w gf h k t i ( p
. o e bc Pa o o I pr crib W
e a o s c e e . e au s e n V I . .
, 21 ,
es es

ch ki y t
e d t h c mm nt y g
a e , an i f f &a i i h k t i
e B t C l br k ( p 3 )
o e ar ar u es n a vo u r o c e e . u o e oo e . 21

c t f rm b c l y th t Pan
d s eli ne i f o it i in t h A tm
o
9 l l w
s es n e, e au s e s e . on a . V I . 1, 1 ,
a o s

W i my t W h th r t h P f ct h l d b p ri ph ti c
s es a e .
r d pli t d i l ik wi e e e er e s ou e e r as or e u ca e s e se

a m t p i t m g g r m m ri n ;
oo o n m f rm i g W a on b bh vd h kd a th r a a s so e o n o a c a r a, o e s
th i s b blnz v th r ai ms b bl dv
o a, o e s o z
'

a .
 496 . D EN O M IN A TIV E VER BS . 227

C H A P T E R XXI .

D E N O M IN A TI V E VER BS .

4 93 . Th ere ar e m an y c l
ve e a rrb s
l y d e ri ve d i n S a n s kr i t w h i c h
f r o m ar e

n om i n al b as e s an d wh i c h e ne r al ly h ave t h e m e a ni n b
*
g , g o f e h av i n g l i k e o r ,

tr eating s o m e o ne like o r wi s h i ng fo r o r d o i ng wh ate ve r i s e x p re s s ed by t h e

,

n o un T h u s fr o m a yena h awk we h ave m

. ye ndya t e h e b eh ave s
, ,

lik e a h awk ; fr o m 33 p a l m s o n W p u t r i y d t i h e t r ea t s s o m e o ne l i ke
, , ,

a s o n o r h e w i s h es f o r a s o n
,
S o m e d e no mi n at ive s ar e fo r m e d w i th o u t any
.

d e ri vat i ve s yl l abl e Th u s fr o m arm!krz s h z t ci mlt k i s h z z a ti h e be h ave s like

'

.
,
r ,

Kri s h n a ; fr o m l p i tri fath e r l t fap i t dr a ti h e b e h ave s li ke a f ath er

'
.
, , ,

Th es e d e no m i n ative ve rb s h o weve r c ann ot b e fo r m e d at p l e as ure ; and m any

, ,

eve n o f t h o s e wh i c h w o u l d b e s an c t i o n e d b t h e rul e s o f n a ti ve g r a mm ari ans

y ,

ar e o f r ar e o cc u rr e n c e i n t h e n at i o n al li t e r a t u r e o f In di a Th es e ve rb s s h o ul d .

th erefo re be l oo ked fo r i n t h e di c ti o nary rath e r th n i n a g ra mm ar A fe w a . .

ru l es h owever o n th eir fo rm ati o n an d gen eral m e an i ng m ay h ere be g ive n

, , ,
.

D eno mi na ti ves i n II
y a,
P a r as m a i a d a
p .

4 94 . By a d di n
g 11
y d t o t h e b as e o f a n oun ,
d en o m in ati ve s ar e fo rm e d

g a wi sh . From I ?!g ,
o co w, 7 13 1 f? !g avya ti , h e w i s h es f o r c ows .

e c all ed n o m in al d e s i d er ati ve s , an d t h ey n eve r g o ve rn a

ti ve s ar e fo r m e d e xp re s s i ng o n e 8
am e a ya , d e n m i n a o

l ooki ng u p o n o r t re ati ng s o m e thi n g l ik e t h e s u bj e c t e xp re s s e d b y t h e n o un .

Th u s fr o m ga p u tr a s o n 32:13a l i p ut r i ya ti s is hya m h e tre ats t h e p u p il l ike

, ,

a so n By a si m il ar p ro c e s s m
.
p r d s d d fy a t i fr o m
m p r d s d d a
p al a c e , , ,

m ean s to b eh ave a s if o n e w e re i n a p al ac e mm p r d s dd i y ati

kuyydm bh i ksh u lt t h e b egg ar l i ve s i n h i s b u t a s if i t w e r e a p al ac e

,
.

49 6 B f r t h
. i Tl
y e o e s a,

I F.i n l
5! nad 31 d ch ng d t {6; gm td d gh t r ga m tty t i h wi h
a a ar e a e o sa , au e ,

su a ,
e s es

f d gh t r
or a au e
'

nd 3 u n gth n d ; f p t i m t r tr t m t r;

{ i l h l ik
' '

2. a ar e e e e a , as e , e ea s e a as e

I v p t 35 m k vty ti h wi h t b p t
' '
ca z , oe , a a , e s es o e a oe .

Th ey ar e c all ed r t m l i d h fr m l i i g it i
i n S ansk i id cr d d d u, o z a, s sa , a u e s o un ,
an

3 d i m f 1 3, d h
ordt t ( C r y G r m m p
u, r o o . a e ,
a ar ,
.

M t t ct b t R SIW H ty t i h wi h t t t h pr p r

1 i d i i i m d t

'
nu e n w
s nn o s ar e a e e ee as a n a , e s es o ea a e o e

ti m n d W
e, a l ndy t i h i r v ly h
as a

r
g y; b t w a W ,
W M
e ki
s y h wai h eno u s un e een a a ,
e s es

f w t r nd m l d y t i h t v
or a e , a n d cr v

f
u w t r; b t w
an a W W f d h dy t i h
,
e s ar es a a es or a e e een an a , e

i g
s dy f w l th n d m
r ee or d h i y ti h
ea ,
k f
a m m y ( Pan VII 4 an a ,
e as s o r so e o ne . . .
,

e
g z
228 D E N O M IN A TIV E VER BS .

3 .
H z

bc e o m es (

I r t $1} ,
0 bc e o m es
m 7 b e co m e
ac , "S da s
m i
a l) ; l qp i tr i
'

, t r
fa h e ,

f m p i t y a , h e tr t ea s l ik e af th r ; 3 m m h i p
a e , s , W WII? ndvy a t i , h e wi sh e s

fo r a sh i p .

4 . Fi n al i n th r n l c
is d r pt
n nt r m i n
o n ch ng d ;
, W
an d o e a o nso a s e a u a e r dj a n, k i ng ,

W dj i y ti h tr t m l ik
r k i ng ; W 1 p y
'
a
1 m,
il k e ea s a an e a a as , ,

m il k ; mi k p ch W l vd hy t i ( Pan 5) m n a ma s ,

h wi h e f s es or 4 c , s ee ,
c a . I .
, I

w r h ip W l m y t h w r h i p ( Pan III I
'

o s na as a z, e o s s . .
,
,

'

D eno mi na t i ves in I !y a 4tmanep a d a

,
1 .

4 97 . A se c on d cl as s b y o f d e n o m i n ati ves , fo rm e d
a d di n g I t y d h as ,

t h e m eani ng o f b eh av mg l i k e o r b e c o m i n g l i ke o r ac t u all y d o i n g wh at i s , ,

e x res s e d b y th e n ou n T h ey d i ff e r f r o m t h e
p r e c e di n g c l as s b
y g e n e r a ll y
p .

fo ll o wi ng t h e A t m an ep ad a *
an d b y a di ffe r en c e i n t h e m o di c at i o n o f t h e ,

nal l e t te rs o f t h e n o mi n al b as e Th u s .

I . Fin al 21 a i s l en gth en e d ; sawsyena h aw k y endya te h e b eh ave s , , ,

l i k e a h aw k ; W a bd a s o u nd W a bd dya t e h e m ak e s a s o u n d , , , ,

h e s o u n d s ; st bh r i a m u c h W bh r i dya t e h e b e c o m es m u ch ; , , ,

at? ka s h ga m i s ch i ef m
kas h l dy a t e h e p l o t s ; fm r o ma nt h a
, , , ,

ru m i n ati ng r o m a nt h dy a t e
,
h e ru m i nat e s Th e n al t o f ,
.

f em i ni ne b as e s i s g en e r al l y d r op t an d t h e m as c uli n e b as e t ak en ,

i n s t ead ; g m ku md r gi rl g a u nt} kum dr dya t e h e b eh ave s li ke a

'
'

, , ,

g i rl ( Pa n V I
.
3 3 6 . .
,

2 an d 3 F in al 3 2 an d 3 u sh o d a ar e t r e at e d a s i n 4 9 ; 31%
6
'
'
.
, ,

uchi p u r e
W ?! u ch ya te h e b e c om e s p u r e
'
.
, , ,

4 . F i n al
i n i s d ro t
p a n d t h e
p r e c e di n
g v o w e l i s
,
l e n
g t h e n e d ; m j r d a n ,

k i n g t ram?!r dj dy a t e h e b eh aves l i ke a k in g ;
, , us h man h eat , ,

m us hmdya te i t s en d s o u t h eat , .

S o m e n o mi n al b as es i n o th ers m u s t n III I
an d 7 1 m a
1 y ( P a I I
) h e ,
. .
,

t reated li ke n om i nal b as e s i n 3 a H enc e f ro m fag q vi dvas wi s e z z y } = .

' '

, ,

vi d va s ya te o r vi d vdy a t e h e b eh ave s li k e a w i s e m an fr o m m p ay a s , ,

mil k t ram?!p ayas ya t e o r m

,
a d a te
p y y i t b e c o m e s m i lk ; f r o m m ,

ap s ar a s W , ap s a r dy a t e s h e b eh ave s l i k e an A
p s ar as ; o m T ,
im b r i h at ,

g r e a t 3 , 3 m ?! br i h d a te h e beco m es
y g r e at ( P a n I I
,
I I . . .
,

4 98 S m v b cl d t g th r by ti v gr m m ri K d adi i

. o e er s ar e as s e o e e na e a a an s as an v s, . e .

b gi nni g with K ndu Th y t k 11 y b th i n P m ip d n d At m n p d nd k p

e n a . e a e
'

a, o ar as a a a a a e a a, a ee

i t th r gh t h g n r l t
ou e d r t h r tri cti
e e a ppl yi g t th r d m i tiv i H y
e n s es u n e e es o ns a n o o e e no na es n a

N n ndi ng i 3 d r p it b f r I l y
ou s e Th fr m 8 1E g d fr fr m
n a o e o e

a. us o 3 a a a, ee o

Th o s e th at m a
yt ak e b tho Par as m ai p a d a an d At m an ep a d a ar e s ai d t o b e f o m e d by r
W E ky as h , th e r es t by Icyaiz . Th us f ro m 8% l o h i t a, r e d, l o hi t dya ti
o r -t e, he bc e o m es r ed .
( Pap . 1 11 . I ,
I3 .
)
2 30 P R E P S IT I N S A N DO O P A R TI CLE S .
5 3 0

S o me o f th ese ve rb s ar e al w ays At m anep a d a . Th us f ro m W p uc h chh a , t ail ,

W
ut
p u c h c kh ay a t e, h e l i ft s up th e t il ( Pan I II I
a . .

m
,

If W ag
/a is to b e ad d e d to no un s f rm d b y t h
o c nd ry i
e e se o a a x es
ma t ,
va t, i ni m
m t b dr pt Fr m Hm
,

vi n, th es e af x es m us e o . o sr ag vi n, h avi n g g a l an ds , r
H m j
s r a ay a t z
'

If ay a is ad de d t o f em i ni ne b as e s , th ey ar e g e r r pl c d by t h c rr p nding
n e al l y e a e e o es o

c b r wh it W

ui
m as u li n e as e . F o m s ys ay t y ti h m k
e, h e a a , e a es er

wh it e ( Pan . V I .
3,
Ce rt ai n ad e j ct i ves wh i h c ch ang e th ir b e as e bfr e o e
{8 i s h gh a o f th e su p rl ti v
e a e, do th e
s am e bfr
e o e =3 1 !aya .
g mz z du,

'

so f t W
, mm d ay a t i , h e so f t ens ; gt dr a, f ar ,

m f d avay a ti , h e r em o ves .

S o me n o m i nal b as es t ak e W dp aya . T h us f ro m W s at
y a, tr u e, m s a tyd
p ay a t i ,

he s p e ak s tr ul y ; f r o m ar t ha, s en s e, W ar

t h dp ay a t i , h e e xpl ai n s .

D en o mi n a t i ves wi t h o u t an A
y zr
i .

3 50 cc r d.i n g A
t m o t h ri t i v r y n m i n
o l b m yso b t en d i ntau o es e e o a as e a e ur e o a

d n m i n ti v v rb by d d i ng t h
e o a e e rd in ry v rb l t rm i n ti
a f t h Fi t D i vi i e nd o a e a e a o ns o e rs s o n, a

t ti ng t h b l ik v rb l b
r ea e a se f th B hu cl
e a V i dd d t t h b
e a x c pt
as e o e as s . a s a e o e as e, e e

wh r i t x i t
e e l r dy
e t h n l f t h n m i n l b
s s a ea as ; th r n l n d m di l v w l t k
e a o e o a as e o e a a e a o e s a e

G n wh r p
u a, ib le e i t h B h u cl
o ss e, as n e as s .

Th fr m m I yz h p m I ri hz ti h b h v l ik Kri h n ; fr m W T mdld
us o
'

i
'

c
'

s i a, c s ia , e e a es e s a o ,

g l n d W
ar a IFE m d l dt
, i i t i l i k g l n d I m p f
W m d ld t A ,
W s e a ar a , . a , or .

mdl d i t ; fr m i f? k vi p t k v y ti h b h v li k p t ; f m f? vi

a s o a , oe , a a a , e e a es e a oe ro ,

b ird i nrr v y ti h i li k b ird ; fr m n: p i tn f th r mt f p i t ti h i s

,
a a , e es e a o

, a e ,
'

ar a , e

dj n k i ng H a ms dj d t i h i l i k

l ik f th r ; fr m W
e a a e o ki ng ( Pas I
r a , ,
r na , e s e a . V .

4,

XX II C H A PTE R .

P R E P O SITION S A N D P A R TI C LE S .

5 0 4 T h e f o.ll o w i n
g r
p p e o s i ti o n s m a
y b e j o in e d w i t h v e r b s a n d ar e t h e n ,

c all ed Up as ar ga i n S ansk ri t ( Pan I 4 5 86 1 ; I 4 8) . .

,
.

fa a ti b ey o n d a ft !a d h z o ve r ( s o m eti me s t d h i ) 3 3 m m aft e r
'

. .
, , , .

a t !ap a o ff w: ap i u p o n (s o m e ti m e s ll
, . $ 5 !a bh i to ward s , ,
.

3 3 a va d o wn ( s o m e t i m e s E va)
an 6 nea r to ud u a n p
u a
, p .
, .
, .
,

n e xt b el o w : d u b il l F ni i n to d o nw a r d s f m l W i th o u t

3
, a .
I : ,i .
, ,
. r
,
.

WU p ar d b ack aw ay t r r o d b f o r i
'

, p a r z a u n u p
, r a e e n.
p r a z , .
, .
,

b ack Fr vi a part Ii 3 a m to g e th er 3 an w el l Th ey all h ave t h e

. e
,
.
, .
,
.

u d dt t a o n t h e r s t s yll abl e e x c e t 3 5 !

a bh z =
p .

C e rt ai n a dve rb s c all e d G a t i i n S an s k ri t a t er m a l i c b l l o to
5 50 .
pp ,a e a s ,

Up a s ar g as ( Pan 1 4 m ay b e p r e x e d li k e p r ep o s i t i o n s to c ert ai n
. .
, , ,

p ar ti c u l arl y to
1 6 1 1 21 to b e
m as to b e
a : k r i to d o
, an d 1 11
1y a m ,to g o , , , , ,
.
 5 7
0 . O
P R E P SI TI N S A N D O n a r ro w s . 231

W a ch ekh a ; e .
g. m a ch ch h ag a ty a , h avi n g a
pp r o ac h e d m
a ch ch h o dy a , h avi ng r
ad d e s s e d . g: a d a lz ; e g .
m am . a da z kr i t l ya ,
h avi ng d o ne i t th u s .

W a nt a r ; e. g. m a nl a r i ty a , ha vi ng p as s e d
b e twe e n . a l am ; e .
g . a l a i tlcr i tya , h avin g o rnam e nte d .

was as tam ; e .
g . W i nn a s ta a t a
g y , h avi ng g o ne to re s t ,
h a vi ng
W dvi lt ; W i g dvi r bh ya h avi ng ea e d . r rt : t i r a li
'

s et . : e .
g .
,
a
pp
e .
g rg} !
.t i r o bh y a ,
h avi ng di s a
pp e a r e d .
g p
t : um a; e .
g .
W
p h avi n
ur a s kr i ty a ,
g p l a c e d b e f o re 8 9, I I . mg: p r d d u lz ; e .
g .

p r d d u r bh zl a , h avi n
y g b e c o m e m an i fe s t .

sat a nd
W a s a t, wh en

xp res s i ng reg ard o r c o nt e m p t ; e g W

e as a t kz i tya h avi ng di s . .

,

reg ard ed m s dks h d t ; e g W . s dks h d tkz i i ya h avi n g m ad e

. .

,

k n o w n W o r d s l i ke 3 3 ? ukl z i n
W

u kl i kz i ty a h avi ng m a d e w h i te
.

J , , .

( H e r e t h e fi n a l 3 1 a o f
W u /c l a i
s c h a ng e d t o
i S o m e t i m e s bu t r ar e l y , ,

n al 3 a o r m d i s ch an g ed to an d Fi n al {2 and 3 a ar e l e ngt h e ne d ;
'

= .

x xi i s c h a n
g e d to r ? n al m a n a n d a s ar e c h a n g e d t o
i f ;

e g . . r dj i lcri ty a h avi ng m ad e ki ng ) W o rd s l ik e a t } i fr f i n
,
.
,

q zi r kr z ty a h avi n g as s en t e d W o r d s l ike t d t i m i ta t ive o f

a a
'

.
, ,

s ou nd ; e
g m a m k h d
. t k i
r y
. t a h av i n g m a d e M el t t h e s o u n d p
,
r od u c e d ,

i n cl e ari n g o n e s th r o at
.

5 0 6 S e v e
. r al o f t h e
p pr e o s i t i o n s m e n t i o n e d i n 5 30 ar e al s o u se d wi t h

n o u n s a nd ar e t h e n s aid to o v e rn c e rt ai n c as es T h e y ar e t h e n c all e d K a r
, g .

map r a va ch a ny a an d th ey e qu e nt l y fo ll o w t h e n o u n w h ic h i s g o ve rn e d b y
'

th e m ( Pai n 1 4 . .
,

i s g o ve r n ed b y s i fa a t i b ey o n d ; E l f )!a bh z to wa r d s ; 11ft

, ,

t i ai n s t ; ft r 1! u on E x J f
p r a a
g 3
3 a n u a
,
e ; 3 up a
p =
, , .

m a t i nevar a l I s var a i s n o t b e y on d G o vi nd a ; z , ut
ve n o m w a s fo r H ara ; W vi s h zm

e d aft e r Vi s h nu ; m t h a r i i s ur d lz
p =3
3 a ,

by nfa p r a ti , ri ft p ar i , m a
p a , an ( in . E x .

a mr i t am, i m m o rt al i ty i n re tu rn f o r f ai th ; W : at
W f av t r i ga r t e bh yo vz z s h l o d eva li , i t
'

ap a

In Tr i g a r t a, or V ii fa nW
m: p ar i tr ig ar t ebh y a lt
-
,
r oun d
ch i n g Tr i g ar t a .

an d a dh i . E x . F a '
up a

a K r s h p ana i s m o re th an Ni s h k a ;
a

h m a d a t t a lz , B r ah m a d a t t a o ve rn s o ve r t h e Pa fi c h al as
g .

m an y oth e r a d ve rb s in S an s k ri t s o m e o f w h i c h m ay
,

e u sed as an ad ve rb .
2 32 P R E P OSITI N S A N D O P R TI A C LE S .
5 0 7

T h u s fr o m mand a la, sl ow ,
m a nd a m ma nd a m, sl o wl y ,
sl o wl y ;
s a f

ig
'

/t r a m, qui ckl y ;
t rul y d h r u va m, .

2 . C e r t ai n c o m p o u n d s e n d i n g l i k e a cc u s at i ve s o f
,
n e u t e r s ar e u s e d ,
ad ver

b i all y s u ch a s W d a kt i cc o r d i to o o r

, y a t h a n
g n e s
p w e , . Fo r
th e s e s ee t h e ru l e s o n c o mp o s i ti on .

A d ve rb s o f p l ac e :
3 .

war a nt a r ,
t
wi h in , wi h 10 0 t t ac c aim a nt ar d . an d
g e n .
; b etw een ,
wi h .
,

b etween wi th ac c ,
a nt a r ezi a . wi t h a cc ; wi th ou t w i th , b et w e en ,
.
,

m d r d t f ar o ff wi th ab l afg : va h z li o u t s i d e w i th abl m

a cc .
, ,
.
, , .

s a m a y d n e ar w i t h a c c
, m i n m lcas lz d n ear w i th acc M up ar i
,
.
'

, , .
,

abo ve o ve r wi th ac c an d g en
, , a ch e/ m i ll h i gh o r l o u d
. .
, ,
.

n i ch a i lz l o w
,
SN a d h a lz . b el o w w i th g en an d abl W EI: a va b b el ow
:
, ,
. .
, ,

w i th g e n n: ti r a lz acro s s wi t h a c c o r l o o
.
{3
,
i h a h e r e
a pn ,
u r d . .
,
.
,

b efo re W s a ma ks h a m W s d ks hd t i n t h e p res en c e W
.
,
e a kd d t ,
.
,

f ro m S p
. t : u r al b e f o r e w i t h g e n a
, s m a m d I n s a c h d m
,
i l? s ci /ca m . i
, , ,

W IT s a i n d mi? s dr d h a m to g e th e r w i t h i ns t r W a bh i t a l
,
o n all s i d es . c, ,

m
, ,

w i th a c c W : ubh aya t a l
. o n both s i d e s w i t h acc ad ma nt dt
z
, ,
.
,

f r o m al l s i d e s d dr a m far w i th acc abl an d g e n

. 33% ,
a nti /t a m
,
.
,
.
,
.
,

n ear wi t h ac c , dbl and gen w ri dh a lc m p ri th a k ap art

.
, , .
, , .

4 A .d v e r b s o f t i m e :

mp r d t a r e a r l y , u n i s d y a m a t. e v e fa i r! d i v d b y d a
y $ 35 11 : a l md a
, y .
,
.
,

b y d ay E51 11 d o s h d by n i g h t
.
5 ma kt u m by n i gh t
, W a s h d e arl y .
, .
,
.

r i ns u a a d at t h e s am e t i m e m d to d h l y t r d y
g :y g p , E a
y a a
y a : y a i e s e a .
,
.
,
.

g : p zi r ved u lt
y y es t e r d ay a : ,v al to m o r ro w m p a r e d y a vz
.
V a, -
.
'

to m o rro w a j yo l l o ng fa t chi r a m ch i r ezz a F a r m ch i r dy a

-
. a c, .
, , ,

fa r ts ch i r ci t fa t s : ch i r a s ya l o ng a m s a nd
m m

,
ea nd t s a na t
, .
, , ,

e rp e tu al l y i i i a r a m qu i c k l y sa na i s l o wl y a n : s a d y a b at
p .
, .
,
.
,

o n c e t tr s amp r a t i no w m p una r g: muhuli {In bh il ya l mt

.
, .
, ,
i,

vd r a m a ai n
g ,
m s a kz i t. o n c e
a pn u r d f o rm e r l y

p
,
r v a m .
,
.
,

b efo r e 3 583 z i r d l z va m af t e r
.
m p s a a d i i m m e di at el y ,
m p
. a c h d t ,
.
,

a f t e r w i th ab l $11 3j d tu o n c e u o n a t i m e e ve r
, .
p W a d/l uri d n o w
, , .
, .

i d dnm n o w t i aa s a nt a t a m i a m a m al way s
' '

s a dd

'

, .
, , ,
.

a l a m e nou h
g w i th d at o r i n s t r
, , . .

5 A.d v e r b s o f c i rc u m s t an c e :

qt" m i s hd r th a n m i t h d f al s el y
, y W E
E m a n d k
M , i s h a a li tt l e
i
.
n ? , ,
.

t zs h ni m qu i e tl y m vz i t h d m U dl d i n vai n s d mi h al f
3 M

g H
i

, .
f l , t
, .
, .

-
s si g n a ka s md t u n e x e c t e dl y d i w h i r m

a
t i
p , up v z u n a s
p e : .
, .

m i th a l to ge th e r z
, Inn: p r dy a l f r e qu e n tl y al m o s t
.
W a t i va e x c e e d i,
, .
'

i ngl y am} kd ma m i i i j o s h a m l dl y s m c r tai n l y

'
.
g a , a v a y a e , .
, .
23 4 CO M P O UND WO R DS .
5 1 1

5 11 .
t
S o m e i m es t h e s i g n O f t h e f e m i ni n e g en d e i n t h e r i o r p r l m nt e e e s o f a c mp d
o o un

m ay b e rt e a i ne d c
T h i s i s h i ey t h e a s e wh en t h e f e m i ni n e i s c tr t d ea e as an a pp ll tiv
e a e,

x m
. .

an d wo ul d l o s e it s di ti ct i
s n ve m e an i n g b y l o s i ng t h e f em i ni ne s u f :

ka l ydzz i mdt d, t h e m o th r f
e o a t
b ea u i f ul d au g h tr
e ( Pan . V I .
3, 3 15 2 k ghi bhd y h a r a ,

K If t h e f e m i ni ne f rm m r pr d i c t

h avi ng a a th i f o r o ne s wi f e ( Pan . V I .
3 , o s a e e e a e,

r x; h FN Tt s o bh an a bh dr a tif l wif

i t g ene al l
y l o s es i t s f em i n i ne s u f Q H y h h i g b
, av n a eau u e

( P
"
n V I .
3, 34
The ph o ne ti c r u l es t o be o b rv d
se e ar e th o se o f e x t rn l S
e a an d h i wi h t c rt e ai n m o d i c ti
a o ns ,

e xpl ai n e d in 2 4 s eq .
*

55
$ 1 2 . C o m p o u nd w o r d s m igh t h ave b een d ivi d e d i nto su b s tanti val ,

ad ej c ti val a nd ad verb i l Th u s w o r d s l i ke H735 3 : t a tp ur us h a h h i s m an

,
a .
, ,

W nfl o tp a l a m b l u e l ot u s fan i dv g a va m t w o ox en W ( I ni
'
'

a
, g ,
z , ,

d h zi ma u fi r e an d s m o k e m i gh t h ave b e e n cl a s s e d a s s u bs tanti val ;

, ,

bah uv h i h p o s s e s s i ng m u c h r ic e as a n a dj e c t i val ; an d W
, y a t h d a kt i , ,

a cc o r d i n g to o n e s s t r e ng t h a s an a d ve r bi al c o m p o u n d

.
,

N ati ve g ram m ari an s h o w eve r h ave a d p t ed a di ffe re n t p r in cip l e O f di vi, ,

o

s i o n cl a s s i ng all c o m p o u n d s u n d e r s i x diff e r e n t h ead s

,
u nd e r t h e nam es o f ,

Ta tp ur us h a , Kar ma d h dr a ya , D vi g u, D va nd va , B i hi , an d
'
a h u vr A vy ay z bh d va .

Ta tp ur us h a i s ac om p o u n d i n wh i c h t h e l as t wo r d i s d ete rm i ned by th e

p r e c e din
g w o r d s f o r i n s t an c e 37 36 3 : t a t p a r as h a h h i s m an o r W
, ,
-
, ,

h k i ng m an

r dj a- a r a s h a
p ,
s .

gAs a r t erm
e n e al t h e Ta tp ur us h a c o m p o u n d c o m p re h e n d s t h e t wo

s u b d i vi s i o ns f Ka r m a d h dr ay a ( )
o I b an d D vig u ( I c
) . T h e Kar m adh a
r ay a i s i n f ac t a Tatp u ru s h a c o m p o u n d i n wh i ch t h e l as t ,

d et erm i ne d by a p r e c e d in g a dj e c ti ve e g M ni l o tp a l a m b l u e 10 ,
. .
,

Th e c om p on e n t w o r d s i f d i s s ol ve d wo u l d s t an d i n t h e s a me c , ,

wh e reas i n oth er Tatp u ru s h as t h e p re c e d i n g w o r d i s g o ve rn e d b y

l as t t h e m an o f t h e k i ng o r r e w oo d i e w o o d fo r r e
, ,
-
, . . .

T h e D vig u ag ai n m ay b e c all e d a s u b di vi s i o n o f t h e
b e ing a c o m p ou n d i n wh i ch t h e r s t w o r d i s n o t an adj e
bu t al w ay s a nu m eral fz nei d vig a va m t w o ox e n o r Fg g , ,

f o r t w o ox e n .

O cc a s i o n al l
y b as e s en d i n
g i n a l o ng vo w el sh o rt en it , an d b
vo wel l engt h en i t i n t h e m i d dl e o f a c o m p o u nd ; m u d aka, wa t e

h r i d aya , h ea rt fr q
tl y b tit t t h b , e
mu en d ( i d su s u e e as e s u an . s . u a

ai m : h z i d g h h rt d i

ro
w l : h i d y g h ( Pa
a ,
ea - s e as e , o r il r a ar o a . n V I . .
3 5
,
1

T h p rt i cl g k
e wh i ch i i t
a e d d t xpr c t m pt
u, s n en e o e es s on e ,
as

a b d B rah m n
a b tit t Wi g l d i d t rm i tiv c mp d
a , su s u es ea n a e e na e o o un

w ith c n nt E g : k d hy h b d c m l m t k
o
g s o na s : T h a us ra a a a e e sa e a e

m
, .

n d 7 mt r i a W c rr
'

33 v d a
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a, a 3 1 : k d t h h b d i g d ; i 1 a ra a a a a a e c

ST h b f r um p t h i
.
,

g r as s .T h m p t i c l i c h
e sa g d t E e ar e s an e o

e o e a n

kdp i h h n d O p ti n l l y b f r W p
a a , a h o( Pa v 3
a e o e ur us a. n . 1 .
,
10 1
 5 3 1 , C O M PO UN D W R O DS .
23 5

T h e s e th ree cl a s s es o f c o m p o u nd s m ay b e c om p reh e nd e d u nd e r th e
g e n e r al n a m e o f D e t er mi na t i ve C o m o und s w h i l e t h e K ar m a d h zi r a a I b
p y ( ) ,

m ay b e d is t i ng u i s h e d as o pp o s i ti o na l d e t e r m i nat i ve s t h e D vig u ( I c) as ,

nu mer a l d et e r m i nat i ve s .

I I T h e n e xt c l as s c al l e d D va ndva c o ns i s t s o f c o m p o u nd s i n wh ic h t wo w o rd s
.
, ,

ar e s i m l y j o i n e d to g e th e r t h e c o m o u nd t ak i n i t h r t h t r m i t i o
p p g e e e ,e n a n s

o f t h e d u al o r l u r al a cc o r d i n to t h e n u m b e r o f c o m o u n d e d n o u ns
p g , p ,

o r t h e t erm i n ati o ns o f t h e s i ng u l ar b e i ng treate d a s a c oll e c ti ve te r m : ,

s a
a? ag ni d h z l mau r e an d s moke ; m m
-
, a a ku a p a l dsd h - -
,

n o m p l u r m as c t h r ee k i n d s o f p l ant s o r
. . .
W s aa ku sa p a l dam ,
- -
,

n o m s i ng n e u t . Th ey wi l l be c al l e d Co l l ect i ve Co mp o und s
. . .

I I I T h e n e xt c l a s s c al l e d B a h uvr i hi b y n ati ve gr am m ari an s c o mp ri s es c o m

.
, ,

o u n d s wh i c h ar e u s e d as a dj e c ti ve s Th e n ot i o n e x r e s s e d by t h e l as t
p p .

w o r d an d whi c h m ay b e vari o u s l y d e t e rm i ne d f o r m s t h e p re di c at e o f s o m e
, ,

oth er s u bj e c t Th ey m ay b e c all e d P o s s es s i ve Co mp o unds Th us g fg :

. .

ba h u vr i h i h p o s s es se d o f m u ch ri c e s c il
-
,
d esc h c o u n tr y ; m ,
.
,

d
r p a v d bh ar g a h o s s es s i n a h an d s o m e w ife s c il ( n r dj ci ki n
a
p g , g , .
, .

D e te r m i nat i ve c om p o u n d s m ay b e t u r ne d i nto p o s s es s ive c o m p o u nd s ,

s o m e t i m e s w i th o u t an
y c h an e
g e x c e t th at o f a cc e n t
p s o m e t im , e s b y ,

s l i h t c h an es i n t h e l as t w o rd
g g .

T h e g e n d e r o f p o s s e s s ive c o mp o u n d s l i k e th at o f a dj e c t i ves c o n fo r m s , ,

to t h e g en d e r O f t h e s u b s tan ti ves to whi c h th ey b el o ng .

Th e l a s t cl as s c all e d A vy ay i bh ava i s f o rm ed b y j o ini ng an i n d e cl i n ab l e

'

, ,

ar ti c l e w i th a n oth e r w o r d T h e re s ul tin c o m o u nd i n w h i c h t h
p g p . e ,

i n d e cl in abl e p ar ti cl e al way s fo r m s t h e r s t el em e n t i s ag ai n i n d e cl in a bl e , ,

a nd e n e r all y e n d s li ke a d ve rb s i n t h e o r di n ary t e r m i n a ti o n s o f t h e
g , ,

n o m o r acc n e u t ; . . a d h i s t r i f o r w o m an
. as i n w e W
-
, ,

a dhi s tr i r i h a kdr dni h o h o l d d u t i ar e f o r w om en T h ey m a

g y u s e es , y .

b e c al l e d A d ver bi a l C o mp o und s .

I . D e t er mi na t i ve Co mp o unds .

T s c l as s Ta t u r u sh a)c o m p r eh e n d s c o m p o u n d s i n w h i c h g e n e rall y
5 3 1 h.i ( p
as t w o r d o v e rn s t h e r e c e di ng o n e Th e l as t w o r d m a
y b e a s u b s tan t ive
g p .

or a ar ti c i l e o r a n a dj e c ti ve i f c ap abl e o f g o ve rn in g a n o u n
p p ,
.

1 . C o mp o u n d s i n wh i c h t h e r s t n o u n w o ul d b e in t h e A ccu s ati ve :
lm k i h s i t h m f o to K i h d d t n K r i h n
n n n r s n a e
p e n e n o s a
-
r s a r a
g e ,
. . .
, ,

i n s t ead o f f mi fem: kr i s h na m sr i t a h z m a r: d u hkh a a t i t a h m f 11

g
f - . . .
.
,

h avi ng overc o m e p ai n i n s t e ad O f z m a : d u hlch a m a t i t a h

g ,
W .

va r s h a bh o gy a h m f n to b e e nj o y e d a y e ar l o ng
-
, . . . m u m : g r d m a .

d i m f h i r ch d h il l i t ad o f gwi um: gr d ma m
p p l
r t a 11
,
av n
.
g e a . e t
. e v a g e n s e ,

H h 2
23 6 CO M P O UND Wo R D s .
5 3 1 4

p r ap t a h i t i s m o re u s u al , h o w eve r
,
to y sa m a m: p r dp t ag r dma h

( n
Pa . II . 2, S i m i l arl y ar e fo m e d r d e t e rm i n ati ves by m ean s o f
a dve rb s or
p r ep o s i t i o n s, su ch as mr r a ti
g i r i , p
as t t h e h i ll , u s ed as

a n a dve rb , or as an ad e j c ti ve W , : a t ig i r i h, u l tram o nt an e
a bh i mu kh a m , fac i n g , & c .

2 . C o mp ou n d s i n wh i ch t h e rs t n o un o u l d b e in t h e Instru m en tal
w

W : d h ci nya -
ar th a h, m w eal t h .
( ar t h a h )( a c qu i r e d
) y g
b r a i n
( d h d ny en a
) .

W m : s anku l d - hh a n a d h m , . a
p i e c e kh a nda h) c u t
( ( ) by n i pp e r s
( sa nit a

l dbh i h) .
313 m : d dt r a - ch ch h i nna h, m f . . 11 . c u t
( ch h i nna h) b y a k n i fe

( d d t r ena
) .
{tr a m h a r i t r
p d r
t ot
a he c t e d tr d t a h b y H ar i
m f ( ) -
E m : , . . 11 . .

d eva d a tt a h g i ve n ( d a t t a h) b y t h e g o d s ( d eva i l ) o r a s a p ro p e r n am e w ith

-
,
z ,

t h e s u pp o s e d au s p i c i o u s s e n s e m ay t h e g o d s gi ve h i m (D i eu ,

191 1111 : p i t i s a ma h m f 11 l i k e t h e f t h e r i e p i tr i s a ma h

3 r a c
-
. . . .
, , . .

na kh a ni r bh i nna h m f 11 c u t as u nd e r (ni bh i nna h)b y t h e n ail s (na kh a i h)

-
, . . .
r .

l m : vi sva up d s y a h m f n to b e w o r s h i p p e d b y all

- . . . .
,

s va y am Icz i t a h m f n d o n e b y o n e s el f
-
. . .
,

C o m o u n d s i n w h i c h t h e r s t n o u n w o u l d b e i n t h e D at i ve :
3 .
p
oo o r a s acri c i l s tak e
W y pd a d d r u n w -
d ( d dr u ) f , .
g o a

hi t a h m f u g o o d ( hi l a h)f r c o w s (g o bh y a h) FE W : d vii a ar t h a h m f u
,
. . . o .
z
, . . .

obj e c t (ar th a ) i e i nt e nd e d f r Br ah m an s D e te rm i n ati ve c o m p o u nd s

,
. . o .
,

wh en t re at e d as p o s s es s i v t ak e t h e t e r m i nat i o n s o f t h e m as c fe m an d e, .
, .
,

n eu t e
g . F3 3 1 ?" 1 13
.m l : d.vij dr t h d y a vdg d h fe m g r u el f o r Br a
1 h m a n s ,
. .

4 C. o m p o u n d s i n w h i c h t h e r s t n o u n w o u l d b e i n t h e A b l a t i v e :

W ch o r a bh ag a m n f e ar ( bh a g a m) ar i s i ng f r o m th i e ve s
-
,
.
( ch o r e bh y a h
) .

E m : s va r g a p a t i t a h m f n fall e n f r o m h eave n -
Elm , : ap a g r d ma h
. . . .
-
,

m f n g o n e 0 m t h e vi ll ag
. . .
'

5 C.o m p o u n d s i n w h i c h t h e r s t n o u n w o u l d b e i n t h e G e n i t i v e :

WW : t a t p ur us h a h m h i s m an i n s t e a d o f t asy a o f h i m p ur u s h a h t h e m an
-
,
.
,
*
, , , .

r dj a p u r us h a h m t h e ki ng s m a n i n s t e a d o f r dj h o f t h e ki ng

,
.
,
a , ,

p u r u s h a h t h e m a n ( E
, R IE : r d j a s a lc h a h m t
. h e k i n
g s f r i e n d I n t h es e -
, .

.

c m p o u nd s s a kh i fri en d i s ch ang e d to s kh a h
o , ku mbh a hdr a h a
,
a .
-
,

m ak e r ( kdr a h) o f p ot s ( kum bh d nd m) g o a l a m a h u n d re d O f c o w s .
-
,

6 C o m p o u n d s i n wh i ch t h e r s t n o u n w o u l d b e i n t h e L o c ati ve :
.

m f g : a ks h a s a u nda h m f n d evot e d to d ic e
-
, ur o j a h
. . m f . .
-
,
. .

p r o d u c e d o n t h e b r eas t .

p j
u a lca h,
w o r h ipp r
s e of th e g o ds, & c .
23 8 CO M P O UND WO R D S .
5 8 1

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%sr ah a ; c f. m : u tt a md h a h, t h e l a s t d ay
S o m e t i me s $13 . a h na is
b s ti t u t e d a h an ; d ah a h t h e f o r e noo n
fo r W v n 335 7
- '

su p r , . s :

ku p a r as h a h, m
-
as c . a b ad m an , or $136 13: lcdp ur us h a h ma : p m .

d ch ci r y a h, m as c . a h e re di t ary t e a ch e r ,
i 6 o n e w h o h a s b een a t each e r
. .

e fo r e fo rm e rl y (p )
m br d h ma na h, m as c
( d h d y ) b W : a a no n
-
c r a or . .

Brah m an i e n o t a Br m :o ,
va h m a s c a no n h o r s e i s n o t
. . ah m an . u- a ,
.
-
, . .

a h or s e 1 mm : g h a na yd ma h m f u cl ou d b l ac k f r o m g h a na cl o u d
.
-
,
. . .
-
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a n d s ydm a bl ack i nm : i s h a t p i hg a l a h m f n a l i ttl e b ro wn

,
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111
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5 8 I n
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e a w r d i p l osc d l t n t t o na o ou s, e ua o s a e as .

vip ra
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au r a w h i t B ah m n ;,
W a dj d d h m h t h l w e t k i g r
; m as : bh t a r a a , e o es n ar a a

f h th h t h b t B h r t ; 35 m m: p
r es a ,
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es ti g r l i k ma a a g t m n ur us a- ra , a e - e an , a r ea a

Th
aw g : vri dd k h pri m o w n ra a ,
a e co .

I c . N u mer a l D eter mi na ti ve Co mp o unds .

5 9 1 t r m i n ati ve c o m o u nd s t h e r s t p o rt i o n o f w h i c h i s a n u m e r al
. D pe e , ,

ar e c al l e d D vig u Th e n u m e ral i s al way s t h e p r e d ic at e O f t h e n ou n w h i ch

.

f oll o w s T h ey ar e g ener all y n e u t e rs o r fe m in i ne s an d ar e m ean t to e xp res s

.
, ,

ag r e ga t e s ,b u t th e y m ay al s o f o r m a dj e c t i ve s th u s b e co mi n
g p o s s es s ive
g ,

c o mp ou n d s w i th o r wi th ou t s e c o n d ary s u f x e s
,
.

If an ag greg at e c o m p o u nd i s fo rm ed nal 3 a i s c h an g e d t o i t fe m o r i n , ,
.
,
3

s o m e c as e s to E l a m n e u t Fi nal 3 1 a n an d 31 d a r e c h an g e d to i t o r 3 a m
, .
3 = .

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l

P ,
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al ga d uy a ng u l a m n eu t wh at h as t h e m e as u r e o f t wo
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ng e r s fr o m d vi t w o a nd a ng uli h ng e r ; n al i b ei n g c h ang e d to a
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( P a n I I . .

1 ,
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m a d e i n a d i sh wi t h ve c o m p art m e nt s fr o m p a ti eh a n ve a nd , , ,

kap ci l a m n e u t ( Pan I I I 5 1 5 2 ; I V 1 W tr i l o ki fe m

-
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, , , , ,

t h e th r ee w o rl d s h e r e t h e D vi g u c o m p o u n d t ak e s t h e fe m t e r m i nati o n .

to e xp re s s an ag g reg ate ( Pan I V I t r i bh uva na m n eu t t h e . .

-
,
.

th re e w orl d s : h e re t h e D vi gu c om p ou n d t ak es t h e neu te r t er mi n ati o n .

W a a ku mam f e m an as s e m b l a e o f t e n y o u t h s
t ? ch a tu r
'
d g
-
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u
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5 Th
20 f ll w. i ng l pp l
e
y t ot h c h ng o f t h n l yl l b l r u es a o e a es o e a s a es

c mp nd V ry f w f th m g n r l r q iri ng ch ng with t
o ou s . e e o e ar e e e a as e u a a e ou
 5 2 0 . C OM PO U ND Wo R D s . 23 9

pr c d ing w rd i n t h c mp d Th g r l r l
e e o s e o g iv n t o un ft rw rd t h m . e e ne a u es ar e e rs , a e a s e o re

sp c i l wh i l r l f t h f rm ti n f n i ng l c mp d
e a , e u es or e o l ft t
a c h c m p nd
o o o e s e o o un ar e e ou ,
su o o u s

b ing with in t h ph r f d i cti n ry r th r th n f gr m m r

e e s e e o a o a a e a o a a a .

1
.
r i c h v r H E p ,
t w
e se, p w t r 3: d h c
ur h r
,g m o
p t h i
n, n p th d d u , a e ,
ur ,
a e, a ,
a ,
a

n l 3 ( Pa a v 4 a t d h n . h h . h l f v r
, Th i i O pti l with ar ar c a , a a -
e se . s s o na

m p t h i ft r t h a g t i v 3n a e
p t h m W
e ne : p t h dh
a e a; a a a o r a an .

W
2. d j k i n gr
W h
a n, d y fl ? k ,hi f r i d b c m u ( T 3 d j
a n, W E h a 1 m , sa , en , e o e r a, a a,

kh m sa : m hd dj h ( Pa V 4
a; a r a . n . .
,

3 m if m c h i f b c m m x c t
. w i t as , ean s e m ,n e o ll es u r as a ; a s c o r as a ,
a e e en

h r ( P a o V se
4 L i k w ni . f t r . t p ,
t i if t h l c t i v i xpr e d ; se a e ra , e o a e s e es se

p t y m
ra n t h c h
ur a s a t ( P a V , 4 o e es n . .
,

4 W b c c m
i

k hi m W l h i f i m

y a s e e, t e o t n es
y : g v k h h
a cs a, e as e s o ea e e a a s a a

wi d w ; b t m
. , .
,

n o b dh m ndk hi t h u
y f B r a h m ( P a vr 4 a s , e e e o a an . n . .
,

5 W c t
m t m r W t

. 3 3
a nd s, ar , y i n as l k k
an , s o ne, n l a a as , o , s a r as , a e, a e a a

if t h c m p d xpr
e o ki d o un f rm n m e c l dy
es s e s a m b l k ir n n or o s a a e . as a ,
ac -
o

b t m : u d y h pi c f g d i sa a ( Pa V 4
a , a e e o oo ro n . n . .
,

6 m b hm
. b c m a n b hm i f pr c d d by t h n m f c ntry ; W
ra an e o es ra a, e e e e a e o a o u

u d ht s b hm hr s Brah m n f S a h t ( Pa V 4
ra ra a , a A ft r g h nd WET a o ur s ra n . .
, e a a

m h d th t a b tit ti i pti l ( Pa V 4 a su s u on s o o na n . .
,

7 m t t r ll M
t k h k l
3 f 31 171 a m d a ? k 2 d m t k h l
. n a n s o a
g es n a t a ag e r a a au a r a a s a z ,

Vil l g c rp t r ( Pa v 4 a e a en e . n . .
,

8 W v m d g t k
n l ft r i l l t i d ft r c rt i w rd t th m f
'
. s t
. o a es a a a e a an a e e a n o s , no e na es o

w ith wh i ch i t i c m p r d ; m
, , ,

ni m l a a s, 3 dk h sv h d g f s di
o b da e ar s a a ,
a o o a e, a a

th r w ( Pa V 4
o n . .
,

9 3 m
.
3 d h v n b c am 53 85 !d hv a f t r pr
e o p i t i n esw a s : p d d h v h ( P aa v 4 a a e e os o s r a . n . .
,

10
W . d m h y ms n nd
W an , l m h i r b c m, 1a1T H a m nd E T? l m f t o r W l an, a , e o e s e: a o a a e

p t i ra n ,
d 3 3 ; a nu, al m h r g l r ; ac a n l m m d v a nu o a , e u a a u o a ,
a .

w it h t h h i r g i n ie r g a l r l y ( Pa
or V 4 ra ,
. e . e u a . n . .
,

1 1
m . t m b c m a m t m
as e oft r 3 3 es li m nd dh a as a a nd h e " a va , sa ,
a an a; a a

t m m bli n d d k
a as a ( Pa V 4
, ar ne s s . n . .
,

bc m ft r mm W nd T R t p t El m :
I2TEE . h r d os h e o es v ra
a
as a a e ,
o a, a a a;

n h h
a li t ry ( Pa V 4
ur a as a so a n

m
. .
, . ,

v h bcm ar c v as h f t r a s: b h m
e o es n d {F i h ti ar c br h m as a a e ra a a as ; a a

v h m th p w r f
ar c as a Brah m n ( Pa V 4
, e o e O a a . n . .
,

4 I 1
t . b c
'

m ITEl
g v
e o x c p t t
es t h n d
'

f

n d ja ct i v l D
a, e i g W e p h a y v m e e o a a e a v u . u c a a a ,

v c w b t t in : p h g l b gh t f v c w ( Pa v 4
g

e o s u a c a u z, ou or e o s . n . .
:

5
1 n . h i p b c m
al s, s 7 W 3 d v ,i f i t f
e o r m m r
es i c l gg g t ; n p a,h n d v m o s a nu e a a re a e a c a a ,

v h ip n t wh n i t f rm n m ri c l dj cti v ; i T F : p h l w rt h -

e s s : o e o s a v u e a a e e 'I
a c a na u z , o e

h ip ( Pa v 4
s s . n . .
,

6 TR n
1 . h ip ft r
a u, I ?! d h s b c m WT? ndv
,
a e dh dv m h lf
ar a, h ip
e o es a; ar an a , a a s .

( Pa V 4 n . .
,

71 m t ?
. k h d i m r f gr r i

, b a c m t eas u e o gg g t ; d a n, i k h d e om es

a r a a s an a re a e

r a

l ft r at ?
a so a dh e d h kh d m ( Pa V 4
ar a; ar a ra . n . .
,

8 m ft r f3 d i fa t i m y t t k l V
1 . j l i h ndf l a a a a u g g g a e n ; v or r ,
a , as a n a re a e, a e a a

W dvy j l m m d y j l i t w h ndf l ( Pan V 4

, ,

a a a or v a a , o a u s . . . ,
24 0 CO M P O U ND WO R D S .

19 .
W a ng ul i , n g e r, af e tr n u m er al s a n d c b i n d e l i na l e s , bc e o m es a ny
dvyang u l am, a l e ng h t o f t w o ng er s .
( Pa V 4 n . .
,

2o . s a kt hi , th i g h , be c o m es so hth ft r
o a e u t t a r a, I ?
f !mgri a
g , a nd
1 % p um a ,

w p u ll r va s a /ct h am.
'

( Pan . V .
4,

21 . U fa r dt r i , t r p rt itiv w rd ft r m
n i gh t ,
af t er nkhy dt gm!

s ar va , af e a e o s, a e sa a,

p ny l ik u w i f t r ma,l d i d cel i n b l ,
se ab c m ( lea t F
nui n a : m er a s an n e a es e o es r r o sa a

dt h t h wh l n i g h t ; Ri n a !
r ra , p l v ed t h t h f
o e r n i g h t ; d v i d t m tw i r ar r a ,
e o e- r ra , o

nigh t ( Pa V 4 s n

m
. . .
,

22 .
W l d y d r t h
a t o n, m c irc m t n c
a b ,
c m
un

3
3 eh : e savdh l e u s a es , e o es a na ; s ar na z ,

t h wh l d y b t n t ft r n m r l wh n i t xpr
e o e a : n gg
u g t ; E 3 2d vy h h
o a e a u e a e e e s s es a a re a e a a ,

tw d y E x c pt l
o ap ys d h
. m g d d y e d kdh
a so m n nd m un a ,
a o o a , an e a ,
. a .

a s i ng l e d ay .
( Pan .
y 4 , 88.

II . C o l l ect i ve Co mp o unds .

5 2 1 . C o ll e c ti ve
c o m p o u n d s ( D v an dva) ar e d ivi d e d i n to two cl as s es Th e .

r s t c l a s s ( c all e d {f a t i t a r et a r a ) c o m p ri s es c o m p o u nd s i n w h i c h t wo o r m o re
W o r d s t h at w o u l d n atu r al l y b e c o n n e c t e d b y a nd ar e u ni t e d t h e l a s t tak in g
, , ,

t h e t erm i n at i o n s e i t h e r o f t h e d u al o r t h e p l u ral a cc o r di ng t o t h e n u m b e r ,

o f w o r d s fo rm i n c o o c o c c
g t h e m p u nd T h e se n d l as s
( al l e d W s a md hd r a
.
)
c om p ri s es t h e s a m e ki nd o f c o m p o u n d s bu t f o r m e d i nto n eu te r n o u n s i n t h e
s i n u l ar
g { E m a h .as t y a sv a u a n e l e
p h a n t a n d a h o r s
-
e i s a n i n s,
t a n c e o f t h e ,

fo r m e r h a s tya va m t h e el e p h an t s an d h o r s e s (i n an arm y ) an i n s tan c e

, , ,

o f t h e l a tt e r cl a s s Likewi s e W su lcl a lcz i s h na u wh i t e an d b l ac k 7 1211115

.
-

g a v as v a

m a c o w a n d a,
h o r s e .

If i n s t e a d O f a h o r s e an d an el ep h an t {E l na h a s tya sva u t h e i n t e nt i o n , ,

i s to e x p r es s h o r s e s a nd el ep h an t s t h e c o m p o u nd t ak e s t h e t e rm i n at i o n s o f ,

t h e p l u ral m : h a s tya vd h
, .

5 Som r l
22 .
g i v n te w h i c h w
u es ar e r d h l d t n d er t i n as D v nd o m o s s o u s a s a a va co

p d W rd with f w r yl l b l h ld t d r t W
ou n . o s e e s iv Ia es s
v S v ou nd s an s : s a - ces a a u, i a a

W rd b g i ni g w ith v w l d di g i n 5 ! h l d
'
K av n t


es a I o v iv ces a as au . o s e n n a o e an en n a s ou

t d r t I i nd K i h W rd n di ng i g i ( g

s an s i l ri h
: s a- c s n au , E : h) n d
sa a r s na . o s e n en . e a

3 a (g n e h) h l d t d t {h a h i h
. o s ou H i nd H r
s an rs l : ar - ar au , ar a a a a so

bh ktri bh g y
o - th j y r d th
o a u, j y d L tl y w rd f g t r i m p rt nc h l d
e en o e an e en o e . as , o s o r ea e o a e s ou

h v pr c d nc
a e
W
e e d e d i t ye : t h g d d t h d m ; W
eva - a b dh m n
au, e o an e e on r a a

k h t iy
s a r B ah m au , a d K h t iy r an an md t d p i t a m t h sr n
a rd f th a a r a u, o e a a e

i
n e ar li r S k it m
e an s
p i t d m
r d t d f th r d m t h r ( Pa v 3ar - ar , a e an o e . n . 1 .
,

5 3 W rd 2 .d i ng i Hi {7 xpr o s iv en f r l ti n h i p n cr d titl f rm ing th

2, e es s e o e a o s , or sa e es , o e

t m mb r f
rs e c m p nd n d b i g f ll w d by n th r w rd di g in
e o a o ou ,
a e n by o o e a o e o en n or

S pE t u r a,n c h g t h i rso
Em i nt 5 " dan
( P a e
v e
W m
3 d t i tf p i t i f r m n -

o 1
, 3 y r . o

W
.

W
,

f th r n d m th r ; r
mdt dp i t
q
a r a u,
p i t r i + a a
p t f
e m a
p iot dp t e u ra o u r au ;

E ! + 71p t i f rm lm ml h t dp t d
l -
? h t i
o r o z t h H tri n d P t i p i t
o o o r au , e o a o r r es s .

5 4 W h
2 n th . m f c rt i n d iti
e e na c m p d d t h t m ti m l gth n
es o e a e es ar e o o un e , e rs so e es en e s

it l v w l ( Pan
s na o
3 e Th ma m ? mi t dv . V I .
, Mitr nd V r n ; us r a r un a u , a a a u a

W ERE? g i h m Ag ni n d S m a n s o Si m il r i r g l riti
au , pp r i n w rd l ik
a o a. a r e u a es a ea o s e
 24 2 C OMP OUND W OR D S .
5 29

i b tit t nal 3 r g dm a nd fa tr i ;
W : dvi mr d ha,
'

mdr dh an, h ead, su s u es a aft e

3 .

v
h a i ng t wo h ead s .
( Pa v 4 n . .
,
I I

M m
o \0
Elf
o

4 . l o ma n, h a i rt ,
r su t b d ? v hi l
s t i t u t es W 3 nt
n al 3 a af e a n a r an a z a ar

l m Z h v i g t h h iry p rt i i d
o a z, a n ( Pan v 4 e a a ns e

m :g n l
. . .
,

5 . W d ikd o
n s b c o m H H ,
i
n f i t t d
s e, t t h n d e f n m ; 3
es

n as a , s an s a e e o a a e o as a e,

cow o d i -n n k ;
se ,
b t n t ft r F i -
. e. 3 t hd l
a
Ws a e t hl d i k l u o a e t s a; s a -n s a z,

l rg a o d ie -n h g
se Th , m ch .
g et k
. p
a l c f tor pr po . i ti o n ; m e sa e an e a es a e a e e s s

nn
u wi th pro m i nt n o
as a , ( Pa V 4 a 8 ne se. n . .
, 1 1 ,

6 Aft r 3 g: d l
e a,
g { f 8 h l t f rrow
u l, d orM k t hi th i gh m y
sa , b t it t e a u an sa a su s u

m : h l m : h l i ( Pan v 4
.
, , , ,

l 3 na a; a a a or a a . . .
,

7 . A f t r t h m p rti c l W p j d prog y d at m d l d m i d
e e sa e a es , tr t d lik r a , en , an

e z ,
n , ar e ea e e

no n n d i ng i
u s e
g i s t d mm d / 65 n ( P a v 4 as ; : i e 1 .
. n . .
,

W! n W
?

8 . d h m l w pr c d d by
ar a, a w ord i tr t d l i k
, e e n o n nd i n g i n M
e o ne T , s ea e ea u e a

k lydz d h md ( Pa v 4
a za ar . n . .
,

9 . i mj mbhd j w ft r c rt i word b c o m
a , a ,
a j m eb h ; e j a nm b k d s, e es a an su a .

E f j d ft r u p m b com l ( P a n v 4
IO . k nu, nd
n e e, a
j e H
gp j: ru a sa , e es u; ra uz . .
,

Th i i opti o l f t r
s s a d h v ( Pa v 4
na a e r a n . .
,

I I .
M ad h d d r b c o
as , u m W d h e , k z d d h n
e i ( Pa n v 4
es I an u z o . . .
,

12 . E d / m b w b c om W d h nv n W
ca s, o , p e hp d h vd h v i ng
es b w f a a ; us a an , a a o o

w r ( Pa v 4
o e s In n m
n . th i i O ption l
.
, I a es s s a .

W j dya wi f b c om m j d i
W Pan v 4 34 )
'
I3 .
, e, e ( es n ; . .
, I .

Th? b t i t te s t r c rt or P
1 4 .
g dh an m ll a, s
g e n d h i ,
f su i n w d s ; u g n d h i l ( a a a e e a s a z . n.

V .
4, 1 35

WT? oot b com t r c rt ord

15 . a
p da, f ,
e es UTE; p aid af e e ai n w s ; W vy dg h r ap dd .
( P31) . V 4;
1 38

1 6 . tooth b c om d t ft r m y word ; d
d a n t a, ,
id e h v i ng t w t th es a a e an s a n, a o ee ,

( i g n f c rt i g ); f m
s o a d vi d ti e ( Pa v 4 4 a n a e e . a . n . .
,
1 1

1
7 .
W6 k k d h u m ap b c
u o m
o
m k
a,

b
k d
b
f t
or
r c r t i n w or
p
d
v
nd i
ro
n, c rt i n n

v
e ; es a u a e e a s a e a se s es

W ( Pa

351 j t k k d y g l l f h
a a a i h m h g w na 4
u ,
a un u e e s u s a e . n . .
,

1 46
1 8 ST.

E w as a nd oth r word b l ong i g t e s e n o th e s am e cl as s add nal 3 ka ;

'

W
vy dh o r as k bro d ch t d
a , ( Pa v a - es e . n . .
4, I51 .
)
W ord s i n 31 572 ad d nal di ka i n t h e f em i ni ne ;
W ba hus vdmi kd, h a i ng m any v
'

19 . .

m as t r from s
e s, dmi n, m as tr e .
( Pan . v .
4,
20 . Fe mi n i word i n i f
ne s ,
l i k e 3 3" na di , an d w ord s in W , a dd nal ai ka ;
W
v
ba hu kumdr z ka, h a i ng
W ba h ubh ar t ka b: h aV i ng m an y

m an y m ai d e n s
h b d us ( Pan v 4 an s . . .
, I
Mo t oth r w rd m y
21 . s e o s a or m ay n o t a dd n al Hi ker ;
W 2ba hu md l a kalz or

ba h umdl ci kalz o r si
gma : bakumdl ah .
( Pan . v .
4, I

IV . A d ver bi a l Co mp o u nds .

A d verbi al o r i n d e c l i n abl e co m p o u nd s ( Avyayi bh ava) ar e f orm ed

5 9
2 .

j o i ning an i n d ecl i n abl e p art i cl e wi t h a noth e r w ord Th e re s ul t i ng co .

p o u nd s i n wh i ch t h e i nd e cli nabl e p art icl e f orm s al ways t h e rs t

,

ar e a ai n i n d e cl i nab l e n d n r ll d l i k d v r b i n t h
g a
g e e a
y e n e a e s e , , ,

t e rmi nati o ns o f t h e n o m or ac c neu t . . .

 53 1, CO MP O U ND wo ans . 2 43

E x am p l e s : wrgz a d hi -h ar i, u pon H ari , i n s t e ad o f a ft !( a mi l d h a r a u,

lo c . s i ng . E
m a nu -vi s h nu , af e t r V i s h nu , i ns t ead o f $1
3 a nu

vi e/ m i g u m, ap a -I
c r i
ac c . s h n a m ,
s n . ne a r to Kr i s h n a .

ni r -ma ks hi ka m, f re e fro m i e s , yl e s s l y . a t i -h i ma m , p as t the

wi n te r ,
a ft e r t h e wi n t e r i n s t e ad
, o f wl
ati h i ma m, ac c . s in
g .

W p r a d a ks h i na m, to t h e righ t . a nu r p a m ,
af e t r t he for m ,
i .ccor d ingl y i n s t ead o f mg mi a nu r dp am acc s i ng m u ffs g a l /ul
e . a , , . .

sa kt i accordi ng to o ne s ab il i ty i n s t e ad o f W W a kt i r y a t h d

, , .

e u t z i na m wi t h t h e
-

g r as s ;
m i s a t i
z zz a m a t t i h e ea t s
( e v e r
y t h i n
g)

,

e v e n t h e g r as s i n s t ead o f
W F : t r i nena s a h a wi t h t h e g ras s
, ,
.

y d v a c h c hh l o ka m a t -
e v e r y v e r s e
m fg d, m u k t i u n t i l n al d el iv e r
y .
,
.

a nu m n r t h G n a a d m n ar t h e -
g ga a ea e a
g u
p,
a a r e . a ,

au t u m n ; fro m
m ar a d au t u m n ( Pan V 4 W Pa j m s a m
, . .
,
-
a ,

at t h e app ro a ch o f o l d a e ; fro m
g j a m s o ld a e
g egaw
, m
s a mi t or 3 1 mm up a s a mz d h a m n ea r t h e r e w oo d ; fro m -
m s a mi d /z
'

,
-
,

r e woo d -
W up a r dj a m near t h e ki ng ; fro m m r dj an ki ng
.
-
, ,
.

53 T0h r. o m A v i b
e e ar e s
y y h av t h t l m e t f w h i c h ia n t i d c l i n
as b l e r s e e en o s o an n e a e
-
l
c e. E ts g ti hgh d g
x . t t h t i m wh n t h c o w
s a t n d t b m il k d ;
- u, a e e e e s s a o e e

g m t t h p l c wh r t h v G ng a m t ( n r t h Madh v a g h at t
a a ,
a e a e e e e e a s ee ,
ea e a -r o a

3 W p t y g g dm m w t f t h v i ll gra a - r a , es o e a e.

Th f oll owi n g r l
e ppl y t t h ch ng f t h n l yll bl i n d v rb i l
u es a o e a es o e a s a es a e a

W ord s end in g i n mu t es ( k, kh , g , g h , c h, o kh , j , j
h , t, th , 4 , d ,
h t , t h , ( 1,
d h , p , p h ,
b,
bh )
m ay or m ay no t tk a e nal 3!
a
"
u
p as ami d kam o r u
p a s a mi t , n e a r
t h e r e -w oo d ( Pan V 4,
m
. . .

2 . W ord s en d i ng in m an s u b tit t
s u e nal EI a "
El a d hydt ma m, wi h t r e ga rd to o ne

s el f .
( Pan V . .
4,
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a e o e or e sa e o un a n . e e

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i n t h p t p rti ci p l
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337
as I I Th f orm w i th o t i t rm d i t
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ee nd 33 : s e , er . a s e ,
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m o v d ( Pan v
e 53 ; v 4 3 )
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K k 2
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23 .

w a
j ,
t o g o , t o th r o w .

P W . I w a i t II E m u s t b e s u b s t i tu te d i n t h e g en er al tenses b efo r e
, .

t e r m i nat i o ns b e g in ni n g w i t h vo w e l s B efo r e al l c o n s o nant s e x c ep t { ( Pan . .

s s ub s t i t u t i o n i s o p t i o n al i e b o t h
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Pf 1 W 2 o r W 3 . m , 4 .

[m fm ] , 5 w i gs
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a n,

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s an ct i o n e d b y Pani ni ) .

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( C o l e b r o o ke )

R m n Pf . 1 . Permi t 2 . fa n w or m , 9 .
W 3, I A .
na
l ,

F W . W, B l m .
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ll .
, m ur,

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W b el o n g s t o 6
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25 .
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65
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T h e A n ub a n d h a E e p r e ve nt s t h e l e ngt h e ni ng o f th e vo wel in t h e ao r i st .

P . 65 s u Pf . m , IA .

W 0 10 V ri dd h i ,

26 .

u
y p , t o p r o t e ct ,

Th e ver b s
g p
u , t o g u ar d , d hdp , t o war m , f3
? vi c kh , to g o , p an, t o t r afc , W p an,
to p r ai s e , t ak e W dy a i n t h e s p e ci al t e ns es , and t ak e i t o pt i o nal l y in th e r est .

( Pan I I I . . I, 28 ;

hfqwr ,
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,

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Pt . T m : or
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or 1 13111 : II C au s T t mr r hmnqw D
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m m o r
g m: ( no G u na, b ec au s e th e vo w el i s l o ng ),
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331 1113
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28 .
m t ap , t o bu r n , 33 ,
2

P . Huf f!l l Pf . I . HE W 0r hm 335 , 3 WWW , IA . L W ,

m
.

a m t, 3 m , 6 . F . nt s xw
, P F mm B. .
, .
m u Pt 7m , .

Th e c a u s at i ve c ann o t h ave sh o r t a, an d th o u
gh b o th W e s t er g aar d and B o eh t l i ng k

Ro t h g i ve t h e sh o r t a , t h ey p ro d u ce no au t h o r i t
y f o r i t . Th e p ar t i cipl e W is e
q u all y
im p o s si bl e , a n d s h o u l d al wa
ys be ch ang e d i nt o W t

25 4 B ntI C L A SS , PA R A SMA I PA D A VE R B S .

N o t e 1111 m ay b e u sed in th e At m . with t h e p p re . if i t i s e i t h er i nt r a ns it i ve,

W R E : t h e t r ee s p r ead s , or g o ver ns as it s o bj ect a m em b er o f th e ag ent s

b o dy ;

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o r th h i s h an d . Li k ewi s e w it h t h e p p re . W ,
5

,
if it i s u s ed

L
r ee ct i vel y ; m h e h ea ps t o g et h er h i s o wn r i ce . Li k ew i s e a ft er 3 1 1, wh e n i t

m ean s t o es po use ; U H: Ram a m ar r i ed S i t a: h er e t h e A o r m ay al s o b e a m .

;
m f

l ik e 3 3 b e divul g e d an o t h er s au l t s .

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m ike , l ik e O n th e C au s at ive , s ee 4 6 1 .

N o t e m ay b e j
co n u g at e d in th e At m anep ad a ( Pan . . II I . I,

Th e A nu b an dh a 3 g i ve n t o i t by m e g r amm ar i an s i s d ecl ar e d wr o ng by o t h er s .

so

33 mi .
g a m , t o go ,

P W . ll Pf . 1 . m a) , 2 . s mm or W , 3 . W , 4 . w 3 ,
2 8

m 3 N G m

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Pt . Pe r f W . or 3 111 3 171 , G er . 11 m .
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, if i nt r an s i ti ve . Th e C au s . t o o , w it h t h e pr e p .

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f llo ow th e At m .
, i f i t m eans t o h ave p at i en ce ; m m W ai t a li tt l e . In

. th e At m . t h e nal
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m

( S ee

I A m . F . 111 % w u Pt .

5 3 : ( Pen VI II . . 2, G er . Wa i n u
Pas s max} , C au s W . .
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Int .

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s tar} saur, W
i
C au s D es . f t or r
a ( Pan . V II . 2, I nt .

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Vo w el l engt h en e d i n s pe c i al t en s e s ( s ee N o . Init i al s ib il ant u n ch ang eabl e

36 . fa j i , t o e x cel .

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, 3 W , 5 .

6 .
W 2, 7 . W W , 8 . faw , 9 . tw at, I A .
3 F M .
, P F . .

B .
M II Pt f t, .
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a m: 6 fa n: 7) P

o nl
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Pa . 111 . 1 , 1 1 II as s .

W
f o ll o w s t h e
, C au s W .

A t m anep ad a
E, Aor
i
.

m
w th t h e p r e o s i t i o n s
, D es . l m , Int .

p I ra an d fa .

Th e ch ang e o f
{ i nt o "\i n t h e r edu pl i cat e d p r f e e ct is an o m al o u s

B H IJ C A SS , L PA R A S MA I PA D A vas es . 25 5

t ak e pl ace i n a nt o w i t h er al t h o u
g h t h e r ul e o f Pani ni m ig h t see m to co m pr eh e nd

t h at ro o t a ft er i t h as t ak en S arnp r as Ar ana . f o r ms it s r edu pli cate d per fect

37 .
w a lcs h , to o b t ai n ,

m f ll
a t s }. o o ws al s o the Sn l
c as s ,W a ks hpo ti &c .

P M u Pf . 1. 2 mm , L W OP W , 3 .
1 m m, 4 .
W or m ,

5 .
m y , 6 .
W t, 7 . wa f ers o r m , 8 .
m , 9 .

m :, I A . n w f mi
or W , 2 W 2, 3 W 1 , 4 .
W 01

W , 5 .
W 0 r W , 6 W 0?

C au s .
W W , Aor .

W , D es . W W 1?

m , t o h e w, fo ll o ws
W th r o u
g h o ut , al s o in th e o
p ti o nal fo r m s o f t he
Sn c l as s .

8 Ir ri s h , t o d r ag alo n t o f ur r o w
3 .

g , .

P . f ll Pf . I . m , 2 . W , 3 . W , 4 .
W m 335 , I A . I . a ,

2 .
W , 3 . r e
t , 5 . 6 . m , 2 W , 83 13 1 1 9 W ;
or m m &c .
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f o r m s wo u l d b e ,

IA . 2 . 1 . wi th , 2 . Sa
m , 3 . wi f e,
IA .
4 . 1 . id . 2. a
m :, 3 a .
m ,

IA . 2 .
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m , 5 . m m , 6 .
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w m . . , 9 s a .
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F m or W P F 259 1 ,
or ll Pt G er .
ggi!l l P as s C au s
m
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s ts , Aor w .
il
l or wat er ,
D es .
W 71, In t .
, W a t? o r

Th e pecul i ar G u na an d Vri ddh i o f 53 ,

'

vi z . ( an d U , i ns t e a d o f N
S an d R T
E ,
t ak e p lace
n ec es s ar il
y i n 1
11
7 , to e m it , an d
@ 31
3
to s ee ( Pan . v1 . I, G E T,
W , an d

W K p tio n
: o al l
y i n ver b s wit h p e n u l t i m at e a whi ch j
r e e ct i nt er m e d i at e 1 ( Pan V I I

m
,

m
. .
,

to r e o i ce ,
j amo r t , A or . m , m or

39 .

r ush , t o k ill .

M 5 am M

P u Pf . L ss ,

2. , 9 F6 3 . 1, 1A , F t tf
. s ur fw, P . E n

or {Wai n 337 , II .

4 o .

us h , to b ur n .

P . i fa,
I . E B II Pf . I .
sa
i nta m
-
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&c .
, IA . F . 2f w1 ,
P . F auna E m u Pu s m o r

4 5
2 ) II D es . f f f .

g mi h , to r i n kl e
4 1 . s
p .

F 3 12 1 u
eag , fnf gw, I A W Q F sul fa P
- -
Pf . L 2 .
. .
25 6 1311 6 C LA SS ,
PA R A SMA IPA D A V ER BS .

Pt . t ha t, P e rf . R
m ( F
a r m ) , G er . g!II C au s z ut , W m , D es .
W ,

I nt . fngr, i ie , (fnz , W es t er g )
.

42 .
ag
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dah , to bu rn .

P . u Pf . 1 .
m t
ga u), 2 .
Ef gw o r sen t F m , . r P F m B . .
, .

m , IA . L W , a w a i t, 3 .
a m , s w a n } 6 W mm , .
, ,

Pt am: InC au s
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u Pf . ml , IA . m ai n F W P F m , .
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m
t h e di ff e ren c e b e tween a an d 1% in th e B e ne d . II P t Tri m G er r aw
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, D es . .
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P w as:
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, . m m , F m . r, P . F m .
,

B .

m ar sa
w u Pt mm , mai ns ma a:.

N ot e W i th r r q ot
e
g a d t o t h e i ni ti al l i ngu al s i bil ant , t h e Pr a s 1 d a
_
u es t h e V ar tt ik a t o

Pan m

. l i f i
v1 . 1, 64 , as I A r
m a g i n al n ot e says ,
W
mfw naaaz i nfazm gm 25m

m 93

M W :

m e I W W w a s ? a m n aa m fa m m u

2d a i to cl ean s e
7
4 6 .
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Th i s v rb i s
t e d i s i ng u i sh e d b y a m t 1 p fro m oth r v rb
u e e e s, l ik e 31 d d & c . th r forIt i s e e e

n t co pr r m i s e d u nd e t h e v rb i t t h e r t ori t ( g d form )
3
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g h u t e s ak e s s a s r ,

d do n t b tit t i f E f HT6
an es o su s u e or e or " .

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. .
, . 1 .
, &c .
, F W .
, P F . .
awn, B .

M II P t m : II Pa s s Emit C au s M F
R . .
, .
, D es .
W , Int 31 .
W ,

47 . Q dhe to d ri nk , ,

Th i s v erb i s o n e o f th e s i x so - c al l e d

g g h root u s ro t o s c
wh i h i n t h e g en e rlt
a en s es

ha v e fo r th ir b 31 dde as e or 1" d hd .

P . w i u P11 1 1 2 3 , 3 .
4 .
am , 5 an
y , 6
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w as 7 a . . m ,

8 .
an, 9 . It adm i s t IA 3 . . II A . an d R e d I I A . .
25 8 C LA SS , PA R A SMA l PA D A VER BS .

9.
g s II A m .
, F .
W , P . F .
spar,
-
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m u C au s mm (W . he
dr iv es ) D e s W , .
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Int .
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5 2 . H
g s ad , to p eri sh ,

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P : z fa ) Pf or m
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C au s ma a .
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I .
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31 ( to co n c e al
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ATMA N E PA D A VER BS .

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33 79 IL
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va s , to d w el l .

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6 .
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th e p as s i v th t
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26 2 B u t} CL A SS , ATMA N E PA D A VE R B S .

7 8
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g a y, .

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4 .
W 9 5 . W , 6 . W , 7 . 33 m , a w n or

9 . W , F . wf nwir, B m . II ( Im a m , D es W W . .

W i t h no i t fo r m s t ra m?!h e e e s ( Pan . vn I . 2, Ge n m ; wit h n, w it ; an d

wi th aft , w ai t .

79 .
g i ll , t o ai m .

P w 1 II Pf W IA 3 29 , F W B W ll C au s W
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80 . am m
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R ama?!n Pf .
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3 .1 m , A or .

W , D es .
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I nt .
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81 . a m h is , t o c o u gh ,

P aim} n Pf
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82 . f s i v, to s er ve ,

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f r m D faf , I nt

a
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, es . .

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3 .
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p er s . s in
g . h , I mit t, . I st p er s . sin
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, B . II P as s 1 1h } , A o r . . m , C au s . WW W , Aor .

m , D es .

W , I nt .

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85 .
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i n t h e g en er al t en s es .

86 d yu t , t o s h in e ,
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y
P i . n ?!u Pf fag ? .
( Pan . vn .
4 , IA W . o r
W 6
3 7 : Pan 1 . .

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W , D es .

fagm o r l , In t .
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N o t e Th e b b e g i nni ng wi t h i ll a d mi t th e II A Par as m aip ad a

ver s
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87 vr i t , t o be,
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P . Hi II Pf . IA . or
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afur o r a f , B . 3% ll C au s .
 B HO

C L A SS , ATMA N E PA D A vas es . 26 3

t ,
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m m an w u .
4 , D es . W or FE W , In t .

N o t e Th e ver b s b eg i nnin g w it h
31 , i . e .

, F ig , ar e o pt io nall y Par as m ai

p ada in th e ao r i s t , f ut u re , c o nd iti o nal , d es id er at i ve ( Pan . 1 .

3 9 , 1 Th e s a m e ve r b s do
no t t ak e 1: i n t h e i r Par as ma i p a d a t e ns es ( Pan Fi g 60 ,
. v1 1 . 2, as to
31 , s ee . v1 1 . 2,

an d I 3, 93
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.

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or or P
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a . vu . 2, 59 ; s ee N o . B M or W e ll Pt .

m at , G en uif gm or aim ( Pan . v1 .

4 3 , 1
) ll C au s m , D es . or

W or l m .

89 .
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f l i
q qp, t o b e

a bl e ,

P . 331 %u Pf .
ma, I A .
3 W or 6 .
sa
w , or II Aor .

Pa w , R a f su
-
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9 0 .

vya t h , t o f e ar , t o s u ffe r
p ai n .

P W . II Pf . W ( Pam vu .
4, IA W
.
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A o r ma a . C au s W .
, D es . W W , I nt . W , wa f er .

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W , F . II Pt ( 1n G er .
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Th e ver bs a ? j var , x
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4, 20 ) b efo r e w eak en i ng t er m i nat i o n s b e
gi n ni n g wi t h co n s o na nt s ,

e x cept s em i vo w el s , an d if u s e d as m o n o syl l a i c b no m in al b as e s . H en c e $ 3
53 : j i i r zi alz ,

3 s r i i t alz , 3 i?d t a lz , '13 : mdta

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m D es .

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.
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N H
an d ch an S wh en =51 wo ul d b e
i nt o f ll o w ed by th e r es ul t o f the
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am al
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g wi t h a fo l l o wi n g d ent al Pan . v1 .
3, 1 12 .

III . Par a s m ai p ad a an d A t m a n e p ad a Ve r b s .

{ dj , t o sh i ne ,
94 .
a r

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4, I 25 ) , IA .

W 9 m ,
26 4 1311 0 CL A SS ,
PA R A SM A IPA D A

AND A TMA N E PA D A VE R B S .

95 . Fri kh a n, t o di g .

P wafa II
.
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Pf 3 W . .
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9 .
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.

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9 .

t, I A .
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F .
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W ,

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h t o h i de ,
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g u ,

K
{ g u h t ak es 5 5 22
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bf e o re t er m i nat i o n s b eg i n ni ng wi t h vo wel s t h at w o u l d or d i nar il y

r e qu ir e G un a.

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II A .
W F M . F
R B , . 2 13
% ll Pas s . z ,
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mm ,
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I nt .

j t o w o r s h ip
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g a me , 5 m .
in i , 6 .
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P .
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W ,
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m u Pt . as : u Pa s s Em ir . .

t h ei r o wn , o r ar e o th er wi s e d i f cul t .
26 6
TU D C L A SS , PA R A SMA I PA D A vas e s .

7 mu ch , t o l o o s en ,
10 .

C er ai n ver
t b b s eg i nn i ng wi t h m i ck t ak e a nas al in th e s peci al t e nses . Th e
y ar e ,

much , a l up ,t o cu t , g vi al , t o n d, fa l l ip , t o p ai nt , l si ck

, to s p r i nk l e ,

k it , to cu t , f z khi d, t o Ps i n, m\P
is t o
, fo r m. ( Pan v 1 1 . . 1,

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H ,m I A . a
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sa
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Pt fe w . .

10
9 .
m ap , t o p ai nt .

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e

(i 3 6 7)
II . Pa r as m ai p a da Ve r b s .

1 10 . a
ge /c m , to cu t,
( 5f t )
3

P afar ( s ee N o 1 0 7) u Pf
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W F a wt
,
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II . P F a m B W I!Pt $3 : l l . .
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r
l
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or ai e a
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337 ,
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1 1 1 .
gg i t o be cr o o ke d , t o b en d .

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g w i th
l m; ( D h t u p Ath a 2 8, 73
1 0 8 d o
) no t ad m it o f G un a o r

V i ddh i ex c pt i n t h
r , e e r edu pl i c at e d p f er e ct , th e c a u s at i ve , a n d t h e i n t e n s i ve Par as mai
p ada ( Pan 1 2 1 ;
. . .
, 345 , no t e .
)
P W . n Pf . IA .

W , FW .
,
P F . .
g m
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II C au s .

m y I nt gi z a,

1 1 2 .

m vr a sch, to cu t ,

m , W

q fa ( s ee N o . 10 5) u Pf . I . 2 . s a ti n o r was ,
IA . or

W W1 337 I , . F M. o r m ,
B .

M II Pt .

33 m .

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P .
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,
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m or m l l Pt E di t: l l Pas s . . C au s m ,

D es . W .

N o t e A t er f an d R EIT,
7
7 t ak es an i nit i al R i f i t m ea ns t o c ut o r to s tr ik e : m
a

h ecu t s ,W ; l m he cut s o r he s t r i k es ( Pan . v1 . 1 , 1 40 ,

M 80 m 3
h e dr o s ( Pan p . v1 . 1,

t o t o u ch

3 sp ri s ,
14 . 8
11 .

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5 .

m 0r
W OY
W , E m or m fa ,

B W . u Pt . II D es .

W ,
Int .

W , m .
e

1 1
5 .

11 76 0 11 11 , to as k. .

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m ,
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32
IA
W . F W , .
, BM . .
II Pt 119 : . ll Pass .
ga s} , C au , D
 C L A SS PA R A S MA IPA D A 26 7

D IV , vs aes .

1 1
w y
6 m
. t o l e t o ff , .

R m u P12 1 33 3 51, m u fn o r m ( s ee N o 4 8) .
, IA .
W , R a m u
Pt .

1 1 7 . 311 3
maj i , t o s i nk ,

( D i v) i ns er t bf b

majj an d a nasal e o r e s t r e ng t h e ni n
g t er m i nat io ns egin ni ng wi t h
n as

co ns o na nt s , e x c e pt n as al s a nd s e m i vo we l s .
( n
Pa . v1 1 . 1,

m II P12
P 1 1 1113 , 2 .
1 mm o r W , IA .
3 .
W 1 ( 6 . wais t,
9 W F m ,
.
, P . R i m :1 Pt . 3 mm
, G er . t hat or wi n 43 )
8 II C au s .

W , A or W .
, D es .
W , Int W . }, m .

1 1 8 .

s h , t o wi s h ,

P .
{ %
3 1 ( s ee N o .
3 1 ) , L EW " Pf 2
W , 3 i
s ,n 5 3
3 1,

m
. . . .

m m fz , P R m o r Y l !

6 . i, T t
i ,an 8 .
i n, 9 .
i3 :, IA .
, F . Iz .

337,
II . I
) II Pt {2 : . G er .

{g1 or t h a t II PaSs .
{w} ,
A o r i t

d , C a u s m t . .
, A or .

III . A t m an e p ad a V e r b s .

1 1
9 e. i , t o di e ,
i
i mz i , t o d i e , t h o u g h
'
an At m anep a da verb ,
t ak es At m anep ad a f or ms o nl y in t h e S pe c i al

t en se s, t h e ao r i s t , a nd b en e d i ct i ve . Pa
( n . 1 .
3,
P . W L i s te ns , O f , L u Pf m o m , 2
et
, . . R a, 3 . m , a m ,

I A L i mi t s , 2 s wan,
. F R f mi , P F . . . . Hi t ter , B i
rd}? In Pt .

I
i i : II Pa s s W .
, C au s . m , D es .

g ,
rlI n t . W .

b s er ve dri , t o

1 20
g . o ,

P . fast} ll P , I A .
-
er 7r F af a r}
g
P F ,
.
,
. .
ai r , B
331)? II Pa s s .
W ,

C au s .
31 W ,
D es .
33 ,
2 It i s ch i e y u s ed wi t h t h e p r ep o s i ti o n
=3 1 to re
g ar d, to c o n s i de r .

D i v C l a ss ( D i vd d i ,
I V C la ss ) .

I Par a sm ai p a da
. Ver bs .

1 21 . fag d i v, to p l ay ,

P a t?! f a, I A W F E wta P R i m E m

. 14
3) n Pf .
, .
, .
, it

Pu g : o r E3 : 44 2 , G er J
In 43 1 , 1
) E
or f am II C au s 3m '
.
, D es .

W 01
'

gf f ? a I nt 33W ?? o

t , t o d anc e ,
1 22 .

nr z

P-
j

r
q
v II Pf 3 mi , 9 g,
z I A
W , F a wt or w in 337 ,

m
. . . . .

II . 2 ) II Pt =3 :
1 . II C au s .
aq , A or . or
W , D es . W 01

Fi nal
'
5
3 i s ch an g e d to ft 1 10 ) i n th e s p e ci al t en s e s o f Tu d b
ver s, li k ewi se bf e o re the

!
T o f th e pas si ve an d b enedi cti ve ( Pan . v 1 1 4, . f
A t er war d s ft ag a in b ec o mes
M . acc o r d i n g

t o Pan v 1 4 , 77 . . .

M 111 2
'

26 8 D IV C LA SS , PA R A SMA I PA D A VE R BS .

P fa k

n Pf 3 a .
m 9 was : ( G u na 33 0
) o r as : 3 ,
2 8 I A

m
. ,
. .
. ,

W ar 11 A .
m r . w e or a wr B . s ea n Pt .

ah ): n C au s . R af a 6
4 2, D es . W or f i f 337 I I , .

1 24. t so to sh arp en , .

Verb s e n d i ng in 0 rop
d 0 b efore t h e 1 !ya o f t h e D iv cl as s ( Pan VII . .
3
, e .
g .

i t c hh 8} t o ni sh , a do , t o
'

o , to cu t , so, cu t .

P .
m ,
I .
m , I an; . n Pf .
: 15 ? IA .
W m 11 A .

m
r F W P F m B W , .
, . .
, .
39 )2 II Pt .
m : o r f mr :
4 35 ) ll

Pas s W C au s W D es W
.
,
.
, .
,
Int .

1 2
5 . i t so , t o n i s h .

R a . H a
m , R m , P F tmn, R
. .
m
39 2 ) II P t n k, . G er .
(
a m ll Pa s s . If rl r C au s W .
, D es .

m ,
In t .

1 26 . an v a dh ,
y t to s tri ke .

P rmt .
( s ee N o . 10 5) ll Pf 3 . m 9 ,
W , I A . LW ,

W W m m ai, 8 m
-
2 . :, 3 .
, 4 .
, 6 . Er 7 W .
, .
,

1 2 7. tp , t o d el ig h t
.

P 7gwr n Pf
. . h m , W or HE W ,
01
m
'

I A .

W or
337 I 3) o r , .

W ( s ee No .
3 )
8 or II A .
m ,

F fwf o r mi rth or
.
a a fa, P F W m, Hi
t . . t or a m, a m u P t 3w: . ll

Pa s s W C au s m
Int .
.
, .
, Aor . mm or m m , D es .

W or W ,

1 28 .
g;
" muh , t o be foo li s h .

P ga fa u
. Pf . I.
W , 2 .
W or
gai n: o r
g fti
s , I I A . su
m 6
3 7, M M ,

E M F?!o r ntfz wt,

P F . . RN or 1 2
9 ) or m II Pt .
gm: or ( a: ll

P as s . C au s W .
, D es .
W , W or
W , In t .
W , W
or m .

Fin al a c h ng d t
, K a e o ,
a nd l e ng h en e d t b for e e

1 Th e
'

S ar v ti g i v b i d
as a orm f t h t ori t
es es es th e se co nd ori t t h option
a s e al f s o e rs a s

W m 33 7 I 3 W I ? )
35
A cc or d i ng t Pa , 55.
, or o n . III. I ,

t h f orm f t h r t ori t e ll ow d i n t h At m n p d o nl y ; b t l t r gr m
s o e s a s ar e a e e a e a a u a e a

m ri n fr q ntl y d m i t f orm
a a s eopti on l Wh i ch
ue oppo d t t h gr m m ti c l y t m
a s as a ar e se o e a a a s s e

of P a i ni S om ti m t h v io f th tri c t r l f P anini m y b xpl i d by t h

n . e es e e as n o e s u es o a e e a ne e

d m i i o n f d i ff r nt root in t nc i n N r r t or t m d
'

a ss f o 3 w
e eh t h i P i
s , as ,p or s a e, o I 0 e e e s a s ar as a a a.

m
.
,

l g i v n i n t h S ar ,v t i wh i c h i
e w ro ng i n t h D i v c l em ig h t b r f rr
as d t t h e
a ,
s e as s , e e e e o

Kr i cl as s .
 C H U R C LA SS ,
PA R A SMA I PA D A V ER BS O N LY .

u r d d i X C l a ss )
Oh m C l a ss ( Ch ,
.

Par a s m ai p a d a Ver bs o nl
y .

I 36 .

35 c h ar ,
to s t eal .

R M n P s ht ui am
'

,
F W .
,
B a h311
-

(i 3 )
86 II Pt . m t, G er t l r II P as s . C au s W .
, D es .

No I n t en s i ve
I
37 . fa ch i , to g a th e r ,

ch an ge s wh i ch root s u n d erg o as c au s ati v es ta ke l i kewi s e p l ac e if t h e

Th e ,

s am e root s ar e tr ea t e d a s Ch u r ve rb s H en c e accordi n g to 4 6 3 II 6 .
, .
,

fa a s a ,
C h u r v e r b m a
y f o r m P a m o r W t h e v o w el ,
h o w e ve r .

, , ,

rem ai ni ng s h ort b e c au s e a s a C h u r verb f? i s s ai d t o b e 4 6 2 n ot e

) ll
, , ,

IA W Or
m , E m or
m .

ot S v r l Ch r v rb
N e m rk d e
M i
e a n t l ngt h ni ng th ir v ow l s o m
u e s ar e a e as , . e . as o e e e e , e

of wh i ch w r m t i o n d i 4 6 m o
e en g t h c t i ven S c h t k no w t m k
e n 2, a e au s a es . u ar e o , o a e

k nown t po nd a ; t po nd ; mi i f i t m n t f d W t l i v
o u o u , ea s o ee o e.

1 38 kt to pr ai s e
.
, .

F
i 4 6 2, ) IA
W 37 7)
-
R a 2 II or

S u C l a ss (S o d d i V Cla s s ) ,
.

I Par asm ai pa d a and A t m an e p a d a V e r b s

. .

1
39 .
g su , to di s t il ,

P W I g 3 2 1
a'
6
) II Pf W A tm I A m
@
.
, . 2 . .
, . .

r vat i al l o w s al s o ( A

t h e S a as 33 b t ai ns t Pa n v n 2 t m ht ;
1 u a g r .
,
'

t h e S ti r all o w s al s o F
. a? ( bu t s ee Pan v1 1 2 F W P F rm
. .
, .
, . .
,

B W u Pas s
.
A OL W C au s a m A or $1133 31 D e s W
. Int , .

, .
, .
, .

N o t e Th e 3 f m b d ropt b ef r t rm in tion b g i nni g wi th a '1 nd
a y
'
o a e o e e a s e n or , a no t

r quiring G n b t th i i n
e u a u s s o t th c i f a i pr c d d by c on o n nt
e as e Th i xpl in s e e e a s a . s e a s th e

d o b l f orm w : nd g t w : nd
W nd 3 3
W nd
W ; d

3
t 3
u e s a , a , a , a an

W W m W

At m ed: s? m:
.
ga or or or , or . Th e
sa m r l ppl i t t h T v rb
e u e a es o e an e s .

I 4O . fa ch i , to coll e ct ,

PW EI!II Pf fa a mor W W o r Fags? or accor di ng to B h ar advaj a

. .
3 .
, 2. ,

335 , W or W , 9 . fa g : or Pa g A t m Fi . or fai r ( nw
Pa n .

,
3 ,
I A JsI mn
b

Atm . s ti rs , F M .
, P F 91711, B ai
. . .
m II

C au s . a mut or W 6
4 3, II 6 , . an d No . D es . W o r

(P air v1 1 .
3 ,
Int . w .

1 41 . (a
; st r i , to co ver ,

P .

W II Pf . m , A tm . ma} , IA E .

m , A t m W Y (no t.

 eu cu ss , PA B A S MA IPA D A vnas s . 27 1

if W ) or
33 .
2 5 ru l e . a wh i h c a pp l i e s to th e A t manep ada o nl y ) .

F . m 33 ,
2 P F Hi1 B
. .
, . E ri
n , A t m g i f t: . o r m (6 33 ,
2 5) u
Pas s . C au s . m D es W , .
, I nt .

I 42 .
5 vr i , to ch oo s e ,

P .
3 61f : 1 ll Pf . 1 . m m
) , 2 . TQ M
, 3 . W , 4 W , 5 W 3 1, 6 W
m
. . .
,

7 , 8 3a,
. I A .
33 ,
2 or m Atm . m 34 )
0 or
ar a
i 337, II . F . aft wt or W ,P F i am or m B
.
, .

m , Atm .

afct v
' '
( no t m y, Pai n . V II . 2, 39) II Pa s s Fars i A or W
.
, .
, C au s at mt

D es . W , W or W , I nt . W .

II . Par asm ai p ad a V e r bs .

I4 f
3 g h i ,
. to g ,
o

to g ro w .

P fET-l
. II Pf fawn:.
( Pan . V II .
3 , I A
W , F m , P F P1"
@1
. . . .
,

B . 1 11 u C au s .
g m , A or W .

m ( n
Pa . v1 1 .
3 , D es .
W ,
I nt .

I 44
w . b le ea k, to be a ,

IA
w F W .
, .
, R E M n Pa stas: u

Pas s ? W E it c an b e d o n e
) C au s m f , , A or .

W , D es .

W ,
In t .

14 5 .
1
3 em , to h e ar .

Thi s verb i s by na ti v e gr m m ri
a n c l a a s as s e d wi th th e B hu v rb th o e s, ugh as i rr g l r
e u a . It
su b tit t 91 % f
s u es
'

5 or

sr u in th e S p ci l t
e a ens es .

or
1
5m: n Pi:

(i334 : 3 W . 4 S -
n , 7 533
.
81
, 9 .

IA .

W , F . z hwfa ,
P . F . aha r,
-
B .

m P as s u A or . s u rfer, C au s .

Aor .

W m D es .
W ( Pan 1
3 . .
, Int .

1 4 6 .
m y to o b t ai n a ), ,

P 3 . . m , a w ay , 9 .

W W ,
I .
W ,
a
m ,
I 35
. 5 m , 2
% u

Pf . mu ,
A OL
W , F m a a P
. . F . s mn u Pt m . : n Pas s mt l ,
C au s i l m l ,

II I . A t m an e p ad a V e r bs .
27 2 TA N C LASS ,
PA R A SMA I PA D A AND A TMA N E PA D A V E R BS .

3 m , 4 n , s . a1 m ,
a m , 7 .
m fg , s en es, 9
s W ; or L W ,

2. W t, 3 W ,
R E M !o r W ,
o r sr fml , E m or W W II
P t are : . u Pas s . s t as h , A or .
m , C au s W .
, A or .

W , D es .
W ,

I nt .

Ta n C l a ss ( Ta nvd d i ,
V I I I C l a ss ) .

A ll v er bs be l o n gin g t o t h i s c as s l ar e Pa r as m ai p ad a and

A t m a n e p ad a V e r bs .

1 4 8 . t a n, to s tr e tch ,

P . m ,
I .

W ,
O .

m ,
I .
m ; A tm P . . I .
w ,
0 . m ,

I . II Pf .
9 B an I A m i nor . . A tm .
3 . W or
a m
m t o r m u F af rwr P F i tem , B m At m fa
'

: , . r
,
. . .
, . :

li s Pt G er r " or rm II Pa s s m or 3 7 1% C au s Hm r,
'
'
E ll . . e .

Aor . W 1 D e s rafawt o r t f Int ri

, .
, . m .

N ot e V erb s o f t h e T an cl as s m ay r ai s e t h ir p e e nu l ti m t a e sh ort vow l e by G u na ; w

t o go , or W W gm? HT tT, s ar . II . II 3 , .

at ks h z zz , ! to kill
'

1
5 0 . .

P M or M II I A .
m il , At m .
W m

1 5 1 . I l a; s un, to o b tai n ,

P R al f?!II Pf
. . 11W , A t m i n} , I A w i l l ( cl ) A t m
. .
, . W or m Pa
( n .

11 4 . 79 ;
I52 .
3
'

h e, to do ,

3 b
" for w k t rm i t i on b c o m
Mi e e ea e na s e es 3
E Ica r , b ut b for tro
e e s ng t rm in t ion s
e a kur .

B for nd
E m e d th
Ry e a , an e o f th e O pt ti v a e, t h e V ik ar a n a
'

d i r j ct d b
'

a s e e e , ut th e
r d i c l 3 u i t l g th d
a a
'

s no en ene .

P ai . I 3 wf
. , .
, 4 .
t, 5m .
, 6 .
w , 7 . 8 .
w ,

9 .
W ,
I . L W I EI, 2 . m , 3 .

m , 4 .
W , 5 .
W ,
6 .
W , 7 .
W ,

8 W 9 W 0 I
9 t, I 1 W 2.
3 m 4 m
m
. , .
,
. .
, . . .
, , .
, . .

5 .
W , 6 .
E E l , 7 W

.
, 8 .
W , 9 . ll Pf . 1 . m 3 ) , 2. 3 . W ,

3 W , 6 .
m z, 7 q , 8
a a . .
a m ,
IA . I m a , m m , 3 .
W ,

4 . W , 6 . m , 7
-
. sz a m, 8 . w a s, 9.s mrg F . a lf al fa, P F . . a i r, B .

L l ,
'

2. $
5 1 118 3 .
4 . fa me 5 . m , 6 . W , 7 . W , 8 .

9 .

A t m an e p ad a : P . 2.
W , 3 .
W , 4 .
,

7 5 83,
8 73. I . 1 . ? n 2
W 93 .
w as , 4 .
W , 5 .
w i n d, 6 .

8 .
W , 9 m , 2. 3 W , 4 .

5 .
W , 6 .
W , 8 .
9 . II Pf . 2 .
,
27 4 m i CL A SS . PA R A SMA IPA D A Ar m ATMA N E PA D A vanes .

1 57 g .
g r ah , t o t ak e .

Thi s r o ot t ak es S m a p r as ar ana i n th e s p eci al t e nses an d b f o e ot h er w k

e r ea eni ng t er mi nati ons .

( Pan . V I. 1 , I6 .
)

I
m A t m ? i u 2. W a m 41 9
5 5
@
. . : ,

5 . 6 .
m g 9 . IA .
1 un .
i ts 34 1 a n d 34 8

a w ai t . 3 .
13
m .
A tm . L W FH. 2 .
W 3. 3 W . K W . R F .

II . Par as m ai p ad a V e r bs .

I 5 S .
m f g/ d ,
t o gr w w eak o .

Th i s r oot t ak es S am pr as ar ana i n t h e s p e ci al t e n s es an d b f o ot h
e re er weak eni n g t er m i nat i on s.

( See No .

P rmr, L E
.

W , 0
W , L W u H L f i l ,

a f a l m o r m
a w .
1 14 -
W , R M ,
R M Pt .
ah : (m as

par ti ci p l e w ou l d b e wr o n g , s ee Pan . V III . 2, 44 bu t i t o c c ur s in th e s en s e

o f o ld K os h a, e d . L o i s el .
p . an d i n th e Ve d i c S an skr it ; s ee Ku h n,
B ei t r i g e , vo l . W . p . G er . W , W II C au s .
W ,
D es . W ,

I nt .

1 59 .
mj d

, t o kn w o .

Thi s ver b b su sti t u t e s mj d i n t h e s

p e ci al t en s e s .
( an V I I 3,
P . .

P .
W ,
La
w , 0 .

W , L a n g n Pf 3 33, l a .

m , E m ,

m Evan u Pas s am} , A c n w fe C ana m f fi )

- -
E mi Pt . u , ,

( See
46 z , II . I A or . ar
m , D es .
m , Int . m i .

1 60 .

band h , t o bi n d .

R m , I .

W , II Pf . L W mm ,
or or

T ai t, I A . I . a m , 2. W 5 3 . W m , 4 5 13 1
73 35 . W 33 6 W . E I, 7 . m ,

8 . W E, 9

. F ml , P F 3 1 ,
. . .

m It Pt . G er .

W H P as s .

A or .
W ,
D es . l m ,
In t . W , W .

II I A t m ane p ad a Ve r bs
. .

1 61 .

1
E
m ,
to ch e r i s h ,

0 .
3m ,
1 .
31 mi " Pa ara,
IA -
W or m m W ,

R N or W ,
or R m or
3 h! t II Ph
i l : ll

Pa s s fa .
,
C au s M F
R . D es . W or W W ,
I nt . w , i &c .

C o ntr act ed for m s o f t h e D es . and Int .

, a r an d
 AD CL A S S ,
PA R A SMA IPA D A vanes . 27 5

A d C l as s ( A d ad i I I C l as s ) , .

I Pa r as m ai p ad a Ve r bs
. .

62 d, t o e at
1 .
g a .

P . L u te , m a a , 3 . wf a , 5m m , 6 1m .
, 7 . 1 m , a m , g a f er,
f
I . L WTQ, m m ( P5 1) . V II 3, .
3 W , 4 m , 5 Ti , 6 I f, 7 . . . . . m ,

8 . m , 9 1 .
m , (1
m , H, L W I, 3 F 5 , m
1 L WQTF .

,
.
m
1 W , 9 % II Pf L W ,. o r s u bs t i t u t in
g II,
2. W , 4 .
W , 5 . 6 .
w t, 7 .
W , 8 .
W ,
H A .

1 . m , 2. m , F . u n t , P F . . m ,
R
m n Pt .
1 , G er .

w , W ( n
Pa . II .
4, 3 )
6 II P as s a .
,
C au s .
W ,
Aor . m m , D es .

1 63 . 1 193 4 ,
t o eat .

I 64 . : 11 md , t o m e a s ur e .

P . mr, I a .
m , 9 mmo r my 0
1 .
.

,
m , 1 . :
e u Pf . ma, I A .
W ,

F mw t, min, P F B a II Pt rm G er l m , WIN II Pas s N W Aor

@13
. . . . . .
.
,
.
,

w i t h , C au s m aa, A o r . .

m , D es . m , Int . W , W l or 1 .

I 65 . In d
y , t o go .

P3 11911, I .
c m or I .
111
3 ll Pfi m, 1A
M ,

F . m , P . F . B .

m [I Pt . II P as s . C au s . 1 11 m , Aor .

m , D 88 . W , I nt o W e

I 66 . a n Ichyd, t o p r o cl ai m .

P l i nl . I
m 0
W I s i ng I: Pf II A
N F m
@1
. . .
. .
, .
,
.
, , ,

P R m m Pas s u n i}, A c n m
-
.
u na1 , R or 111 II Pt . : II . z , C au s .

m , Aor .
m ,
D es. l m , Int . W .

1 67 . va , t o d e s ir e .

Th i s r oo k
t ta es S ampr as uana b foe re t h e st r o ng t er mi nat i on s of the s p e ci al t enses, an d in th e

weak eni n g f o m r s g e n er al l y .

P o L E M , m 5 2. 12 , 4 . W 39 s o , 8 o w :

I . I. m mm 3 w , , .
, 41 3s , 6 E l si ,
.

9 am 0 '
m I W , . I .
,
2. 3 3 g, 4
. .
5 3 i
.
, 7 .
m ,

i ns er t s 3 b fo
e re t er mi nat i o n on is c s s t in g o f o ne c o n on s ant .

1 W h en I?
'

is a dd e d imm wi at el y t o t h e n l o n o na c s ant o f a r oot , i t is ch ang e d to i

( Pan . V I .
4, 3 2 I, n ot e I .

II In t h e t e ns es wh er e E is de ci e nt ,
is use d i nst ea d .

II Th i s i s f or m ed f r o m to eat , a r e du pli cat e d f o rm o f ( n

Pa . II .
4,

N 11 2
.
2 7 6 AD CLA SS , PA R A SMA I PA D A VE R B S .

8 are,
. In Pf 3 2 . . mm , 9 . F a .
m , P . mm ,

B W . u P as s . C au s m ufa, D
'
es .
W , Int . m ar i n
g } , awfy .

68 h a n, t o k ill
1 .
a .

Th i s ver b d op r s it s n l i a n b fo e re th e str o n
g t e r m i nat i o ns o f th e s p iltn
ec a nd i n t h e s es , a e

w eak eni ng f or m s g e ner all y if t h e t er m i nat i

, o b ns egi n w it h any c on o nt x p t n l
s na s e ce as a s

or s emi v ow l e s ( Pan . V I .
4, B fo e re t o ng
s r t er mi nat i n s o b gi n i ng wi th vow l
e n e s,

{ ha
E
t nb om R ( P In t h e o d b d i ct i ve E[ o a d/1 i s s ub
ec es g h n an . V II .
3 , a r i s t an en e
R
s t i t ut ed . Th e d e s i d er at i ve, i nt en si ve, an d th e o
a r i st p as s i ve ar e d er i ve d fr m o mi g h an,
th e cau sat i ve fr m o g h at .

P . L fw
g z, L i fe , 5 .
3m 1
, 6 g m,
.
9 }i.
t , I . I .

2-
m 9 4 m a 6 W 9 T m , 9 W ,

0
W
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7 .
m , 8 E H, 9. . II Pf . I . W i
( ) L ,
( n
Pa . V II .
3, 2 . W or wr ist,
4 a f
.
t er, ga ng s 6 .
m z, 7 a t
. , 9 . I A .

W , F .

W , P .
F 3 1 B.
, .
m II PL . G er .
g m, 44 9) ll Pas s ( . ,

A or .
W or m C au s .
W , A OL
W ,
D es . W a fe
r, Int .

i
s r -
11 %or W ( Pan . V II .
4, 3 0 ,
van, h e ki ll s ), W .

69 t o m ix
1 .
gy u, .

V b er s o f th is cl as s e n d i ng in 3
'

u t ak e, i n t h e s p eci al t e ns e s , V ri d d h i i n st ea d o f Guna b ef or e
weak t er m i nat i on b s e g i nni ng wi t h c on on s a nt s . ( Pan nv u .
3,

P . w ri ts , 5 .
3m , 6 .
gm , 7 .
3m , 8 .
3V ,
1 . 9 m ,

at W l l W 6 W E I, 8 W W 0
m
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ai l ;
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2 .
, 3 i .
, 4 .
5 .
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,

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"

, 5 .
E d , 6 .
7 . m , 8 .
g '

,
II Pf 3 . .

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W ,
F u . wr P F ,
. . u m , B .

m u Pt gm . u Pas s .

A o r W 93 , . C au s . El m ,
D es .
W or f anfaqf , I nt '
.
W , m
1 70 .

6 m , to sh ou t .

b m i b o o p
l

m ay t ak e f t er m i n at i ns f th e e ci al
6 5
1 t all
' '

Th e ver s
,
r u, s tu e re o s t e ns e s
b e
g i n ni ng w it h c nso on t an s . ( Pan . V II .
3,

P . L ee: or ( W ,
or ( E MS , or t dif a, or 9 w
o r .
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.

or s az
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C au s . U m , D es .

Not e T h e S ar a svati g i ves

W , m , an d 11 1 ; b ut s ee 33 2, 4 . It li k
e xt end s th e u se o f
g to a t o p r ai s e .

1 7 1 . to go .

P . L t i , m afia, 5 .

3 , 8 .
3w , 9 .
1 i fi r I , .
27 8 AD C LA SS ,
PA R A SMA I PA D A m as s .

m : , 1131 1: o r w ( Pan : . III . I, 1 13

) It P as s .
W ,
A O L W I , C au s n qf a, .

1 75 . T 1 each , t o s p eak .

B L W , 5 . m , or

g
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m , 3 .

m , 4 . W ,
6 . W , 7 . m , 8 . m ,

9 . (l m , 4 . W , 6 3 3 8, .

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II Pf .
9 . II A .

W F .
m , P F m . .
,

B .
m It Pt . II Pa s s . A or m .
, C au s W .
, A or .

m ,

D es .
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1 7 6 .

sg m d ,
to cr
y,
Th e v rb d E l w p w
e s (
ra
j k h
, t k i i b f or t h t rmi n t i o n
a ,
as , GE -

o u, a s a e e e e e a s

of th p ci l t n b g in ing wi th co n on nt , x c pt R y ( Pan VII

e S e a e s es B f or e n s a s e e . . 2, e e

w k t rmi n ti o ns c o n i st i ng f One c o nso nant i t i s i n rted ( Pan VII 3 98)

ea e a s o , se . .
, or,

a cco ding t o t h r 8 ( Pan VII 3

r
o e s, a . .
,

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.f d ,
1
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m
.

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W A or W D es
W , . , . or s earc h ,
I nt . ne w} .

1 77 .
j a ks h , to eat , t o l au gh

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1 W a ks h, poor M h wk
3111
t o h i ne d
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t rul e m di dht t
,

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a s, o , bhy ta , o s e, e , o a , ar e a as

( r d upl
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a e i n d E
3 t i n t
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a a u e r e s. u . es e a

i m p r ti v nde a d in t d f M e, a i n t h 3 d p r p l r i m p rf c t a : s ea o an e r e s . u . e e

9 . 31 m , La m ar
w , or
m ,

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.
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mm , 6 am s , 7 3
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3 .

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6 .
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111. 1 , 9 M .

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( s ee p r ef a c e p i x ) F W P F , .
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, , .
, .

D es . m . N 0 Int e ns i v e .

Th e 3r d p r pl r pr n t o f Ef d n t o cc r ( Si d dh K
e s . u . es e o es o u .
- au m vo l . . I I p 1 )3 o rd . . 20 ac c

i ng t o oth r t h wh ol p l r l i w nti ng ; cc ording t om n

e s e e u a s a a o s e o gr d p r pl r i form d
e s. u . s e

f rom
II to eat , f rom W ; t o l au g h , f rom
 AD cu ss, A TMA N E PAD A vanes . 279

I p o o r (Pan V I 1 I 92 acce nt )
F
79 { y
r d.
a r i dr d , t o be . . .
, , .

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ar r eb for t o ng t rmi
a s e a e e s e a e ses e e s r e .

n tio b g inning wi th c on o n nt ( Pan

a ns e 4 B fo e stro ng t r mi nati o n a s a . V I. , e r e s

b gi nni ng with vow l t h W 6 i l o t ( Pan 4

e e s e s s . VI .
, I

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,

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m . w een. 9 .
2 m u P z z f t or

W
( S i d dh -Kau m
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m w
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p . F .
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4 , 1 1 4, P F . .
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1 80 co
. m m and
( Pa we
n VI 1 , to , . .
,

ads is ch an ged to M a b efor w k ni ng termi natio n b gi nning wi th conso n nt

a e ea e s e a s,

nd in t h cond ori t ( Pan VI 4 a e se a s . . . ,

P . L mn , L ynne , 3 .
m , 4 mm , a m ,
I . 1 . 31 mi m or w , a ,

3m .
4 .
m , 5 .
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m u Pt . 11

P as s .
W , C au s W .
,
D es .
W , In t .

II . At m an e p ada Ve r bs .

1 81 .
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P . L a
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w , 8
.

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m ,
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Th e oth er fo rm s ar e su ppli ed fro m m or m ,

th e R ed . Pe rf . O p ti o nal ly ,

I 82 .
31 26, t o r ul e .

r oot {31% t ak es
{3 b fore t h
e e z ud pr
e s . si ng . pres ent and im p ti v er a e ( Pan . VII . 2,

r b f or th
k s am e, an d li k ewi s e i ns e t an d
'

i d an d Hi j an do th e { 3 e e e par s .
p l ur .

pr nt [i m p rf ct ] nd i mper ti ve ( Par vn
es e , Th co mm nt ator
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a a n . 2, e e s, h weo v er ,

xt nd t h l tt r r l t
e e S not t Pa VII
e 7
a 8 e u e o ee es o n . . 2, .

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PA R A SMA IPA D A A ND A TMA N E PA D A VE R BS .

K a rm aor me , B mme
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( n vm . 2,

4 5) ll P as s . A or . W , C au s m , A or . D es
w ( Pan .

VIII .
3, I nt .

1 85 to l ie d own t o sl eep
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Th e ve rb 5 365 t ak es G i n th
u na p ci l t n ( Pan VII 4 e s e a e ses . .
,
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Pt .
mm: ll P as s mm? ( Pan V I I . . .
4, A or W .
,
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1 86 .
g to g o , Pa
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Th e
3g h u ve rb s 39 2 dr p d b f r
o tr ng t rmi n ti e o e s o e a o ns , wh en o th r r e ed u pl i c t a ed

ve rb s ( s ee N o .
9 )
6 cIh n g 3 1 6 t i t ( Pan a e o . . V I. 4, II 2,

P . I W .
, 2.
W W , 3 .
W , 4 .
5 .
m , 6 .
7 .
m , 8 .
W , 9 .
W ,
A tm o

I . 2. }
E ,
R 3 .
4 .
5 . 6 .
TR, 7 . 8.
9 . L L a w ,

3 1331
2
1 , 4 .
m , 6 .
W , 7 .
m , 8 .
m , 9 .
my A t m , L W .

3 .
m , 4 mate
.
, 5 .
w an t, 6 .
W . 2 W . 9 W .

Atm . I . 1 .
W ri t, ( Panw r .
4, 3 .
mg , 4 .
a m ,

6 .
( i f, 7 W .
, 9 .
m ,
A tm I . . 2 .
4 W , 5 .
W WI, 6 .
W ,

7 .
33mi , ll Pf . or
331 1 1,

9 .
3 A t m 2, . L EE , 2 .
{i
F a w ,

8 .
#23 8 ,
II A . r .
W ,
A tm . a p
s ee . F .
W IN ,
P F . .
m ,
B 3 111
1 A tm , .
W e I I Pt .
a : G er .
z i t ,

W II P as s .

A or .
W IF
E, C au s .
W ,
Aor .

W ,
D es . W ,
In t .

20 1 n d h d,
\ to l ac e ,
.
p
rb i s c onj u g ate d li ke at
Thi s ve . It oul d b e r em em b er ed h owever th at
sh , ,

t h e a sp i rati o n o f t h e n al v if l o s t , ,
m u s t be th r o wn fo rward o n t h e i ni ti al
\
h e n c e z u d p er s du al P r es W : & c . . . 1 1 8 n ot e ) Th e Pt i s fa n G er
, . .
,
.

WW .

0 o 2
2 84 R UD H C LA SS ,
PA R A S M A IPA D A AND ATMA N E PA D A VER BS .

20 2 . F71
3 my, t o cl e an s e ,

Th e ver b s fai nt ] hi , m] , t o se prt a a e, an d l vz s h

, to em br c a e, t ak e G u na i n t h ei r

r d pl i c tiv yl l bl ( Pa
e u 4 7 a e s a e . n . V II .
,

Re d pl i c t d v rb ( bhy t
u a e h vi ng h o t m di l v w
e s a as a , a a s r e a o el do no t t ak e G u na b for
e e

w k t rmi n t i n b g i ni g wit h v w l i t h
ea e p ci l t n
a o s e n n o e s n e S e a e s es .
( Pan . v1 1 .
3,

rm 3 m W W W

P L etafi f I
i

. 9 l , 2 .
. .
, .
,
. I .
, 2 .
, 3 .
:

1 Wft I II Pf raa,
7 9 L-TF ,
T 3 .
. .
~ a .
,

I A .
sa
w or II A . m ,
F a r P F a t B f i
.
, . .
,
.
a t A tm ,
.
M ? II

A or . g
m ,
D es m I n t i f r}
.
,
.

R u dh C l a ss ( R u d h ci d i ,
V I I C l a ss) .

I . Par a sm a i p a d a and A t m a n ep a d a V e r b s .

20 3 .

r a d /z , to s h u t o ut ,

P m fg I
'

t
l t O t r
m
a , 1 mg n Pf 1 0 5 th 2 g m, 3 W
m
.
, .
, . . .
, . .
,

IA . ar or II A .

m , Atm . a g a, F
r
. mt , P . F . 13 1 ,
B m Atm W ? n
.
, . Pt . G er .

w ,

w n P as s . A o r w l , .

C au s fwufw D e s E W 3 s u ,

.
, .
, I nt .

.

I I Par as m ai p a d a Ver bs
. .

20 4 .

m si g h , t o d i s t i ng u i s h ,
P L W , 2 WW , 3 WW : 4 f i lm : 5 fi l m, 6 f i rm: 7 fi g ", 8 o
WW ,

9 . I . L i
l w , 3 m , 5 W .
W , 6 .
m ,

frm, a f r m smmfm, m

8 . f , 9 .
"a
, I . f
L 2 .
( or fsifa ), gy I: Pf .

uw, I I A .
sa tBu -
m , F .
i t al fa, P . F .
$ B 21 , .

W n Pt rs : u P as s
. . f sl ,

C au s .
W , D es . W , I nt .

20 5 . h i z s , t o s t r i ke ,

W m W m

P . fg afa , I

. I .
, or , 3 W .
( ,

fi , 7 E li . a , 9 .
m , (l m
b I . I . fz l l ,

gy m II
m B fi rmQ u Pt fi m u

Pf Fa a , I A P g fam,

a fg F F

-
. .
, F . . . . .

P as s fi g } .
, C au s fi w r, A . or .

W , D es . l m , Int .
W ,

20 6 . bh a j , t o br eak ,

P . m , I M . a ,
g 0 . 3 3 m , I . mg n Pf . mi s t, I A .

W , F . m ,

P F W B . .
, .

m II Pt . II P as s . Ra , A or . or @1153 4 0

C au s m .
, D es .
W , I nt .
W ,

20 7 . a j , to an oi nt ,

R m , La ma , 0 5 5 mm L , i ng u Pf W .
,
IA M , F .

m or W m

or i grfr,
gs 'z B . II Pt . G er . f n or
( Pan . v

II Pas s
 A P P E N D I X II .

O n th e A ccent i n S a ns kr i t .

1 . A l th o ugh o k b l ongi ng t t h V di p i o d
i n S anskr i t t h e accent i s m ar k e d i n w r s e o e e c er

o nl y
y , t i t i m p
e o t sg i vi g l t m
r an ce as
y d if l t p o i nt f g mm n i n w
a c ue o an cu s o ra ar s o so

g en ll
er a y k n o wl d g d
act h t v n n l me t y g e m m w o l d
a m e i m p e f t wa i t h o t
e et en ar ra ar u s ee er e c u a

l ea st th g n l o t li n
e e f th er a
y t m f uS k i t nt
es o t i o n I d t m
e s i n d th s e f o o an s r acce ua . e er e er e re

i n t h i n w di t i o
s e f my g m me t m k thn o nt i n ll c rawh it ar m d t b o ar e a cc e a as e s er e s ee e o e

p t i ll y f l b t i n o d n t t p pl x t h b g i n wi th t h m k f
r ac ca use u , u r er o nt I h v
o er e e e n er e ar s o ac ce ,
a e

a d d d t h m i n t h t n li t
e e t d w o d o nl y e ra th t t d t m y t ill l
s er a e h i g mm r s , so a a s u en a s ear n s ra ar

a nd h i p s di g m i n D v ag i
ar a n on s n d bo t th e nt
an nt il t h
ar , nt
u t h m;
c cer e a u e a cce s, u e ac c e s e

se lv es a tt t h i n ot i r ac nd b l h i m t gl
s t
c e, a n d ffe na t i g mm ti l e a a an ce o s ee cau s e a e ec n ra a ca

o p t i o wh i h oth wi w o l d m i n ni nt lli gi bl Th if w l ook t t dy l t

er a ns c er se u re a u e e. us e a r a a, r e e,

b t t i bh t ib n d tt fy t em I g b t i md w g ; t bdd hdmi I k now

u r z ,
r t ti ;u s, a a, er us a , o , u , e o a , ,

b t t ddm I t i k ; t v fkt m t p k b t ktdl p ok n w t on h w t h p o i ti on

'

u u z, s r e a c u ,
o s ea , u u z, s e , e s ee a ce o e s

o f th e accen t it h th ,d i l yll bl
e er o n n th t m i ti o n i n n
e ra ca th t ngt h ni ng
s a e or o e er na , ue ce s e s re e

or w k ni ng f t h b
ea e nd h w th i
o t n gt h ni ng nd w k ning
e as e, a t d o i g i n ll y n
o s s re e a ea e r es e r a o a

ra t i o n l n d i nt ll i gi b l p i n i p l
a a e e r c e .

Th
2 . t i ll d i n S n k i t S m i
e a cc en s t on
ca nd e o di ng t t h d i pt i o n a s r ca , . e . e, a ac c r o e es cr

o f n t iv g mm i n t h
a e ra n b n d o bt t h t i t w
ar a s ll y m i l
er e ca It m nt t h e o u a as r e a us ca . ea e

t l i i g n d f l li g f t h vo i
ac u a r s n a p o d d by t h t i o n th l x ti o n nd t h wid
a n o e ce, r u ce e en s ,
e re a a , a e e

o p ing f t h vo l h o d ; i t w
en o e m i l m o d l t i on p
ca c r sli t h wo d as a n d it u s ca u a e cu ar o eac r , a

o p ond d t wh t w ll t h ing i ng t h nt i l n f th p k whi h t h o gh i n

c r r es e o a e ca e s or e ca e a o e s ea er , c , u

mo d n l g g er mo t p
an pt ibl i n wh ol nt n m y l o b l l y p iv d i n
ua es s er ce e e se e ces , a a s e c e ar er ce e

th tt
e u n f i ngl w o d
er a ce o s e r s.

b ut M dr y

W h at ever t h e accent b m e i n l at er t i m es , i t s
f p r o s o di c , accent us , i e by
eca ver y nam e o . .

o o
s ng , sh ws t h at i n G r eek a nd at i n, t o o , i t was r i g i nall
y mu s i cal , t h at t o no s m eant Li t c h , o p
i t ch , bar ys, l o w it ch , an d t h at p er i Sp o meno s, dr awn r u nd, d i d no t r ef er r i g i n
p p o o

o x ys , h i g h

al l y t o t h e si gn o f t h e cir cu m e x ,
bu t t o t h e v i ce o b ei ng dr awn u p an d o
d wn i n p ono
r u nci n g

a c1r cu m ex e d syl l a bl e.

3 Fo r gr
. amm at i cal p pour s es w e h ave t o d i st i ngu i sh i n S an s k it r t wo ac cen t s o nl y , th e
'
ad at t a an d p on o n d by i i ng t h v i c t h v n t by
th e s va r z
'

ta . Th e uddtt a is r u ce ra s e o e, e s a
'

a a

c om b in d ai i ng n d f l li ng
e f th v i c
r s A ll vow l wh i h h v n i t h
a f th
a nt o e o e . e s c a e e er o e s e acce s

ar e ca ll d n dd t t i e with o t ddt t
a ut h o gh t h y m i g h t wi t h q l j t i
a, . e. b ll d u u a, u e e ua us ce e ca e

as v it ar wit h o t t ha, v it Th n dd t t i mm di t l y p
u e s d i ng n d dt t
ar sv i t a. e a u a, e a e r ec e a u a or ar a

vow l i om t im s ll d n d dtt t ( an I 2 2 9
P *
e s s e nn t e ca e a u a ar a o r s a a ar a . . .
,
,

B opp fol l owi ng P of o R oth ( N i p L V I I I ) ll th i

, r es s r r . .
, ca s s ac cent s anna t a t ar a , as if fr m o
s a una a , t d p d ; i t i h ow v
e d ri v d f o m
r es s e nn th p s, e er , e e r sa a, e ar t i ci pl e o f s a d, to s i nk .
7 . ON TH E A CCE NT IN sansx a r r . 28 7

In t r ansl i ter ate d w o r ds I mar k t h e ud dt t a by t h e acu t e , th e o ri

g i nal m ar i t a b
y t h e

c ir cu m e x .

E ver y
y ll a l e wi t h u t
s b o e it h e r t h e m ar k o f u dd t t a o r s va r i t a has t o be co ns i d er e d as

g r amm at i cal l y u nac c ent e d ; an d an u nac c e nt e d s

yll a le b b fo e re an uddt t a o r o r ig i nal sc ur i t a ,

as ph o n t i
y e c all a nuddt t a t a r a . If t h e a nudd t t a m u s t b e ma r ke d i n t r a ns li t e r at e d w o r ds , it

can b e m ar k e d b y t h e g r a vi s Th us i n t e &va r d h a nt a , t h ey gr e w, t e h as t he u ddt t a , a t h e

If t h e t w o w r d s c al e s ce i nt t e va r dh ant a , t h e n e t a ke s t h e s var i t a , t !var dha nl a

o o o

a nu d dt t a

. .

S i m il ar l y, s r u c hf + i va b om ec e sr u c h va ; g t r f + amba ka m b om t
ec e r
y d mba ka m .

4 . In S ans k r it t h e accent s ar e i nd i cat e d i n t h e f o l l o wi ng w a

y:
Th e ud dt t a i s n ever i nd ic at e d at all , b ut o nl y th e sc ur i t a , ( wh et h er o i gi n r al o r de p e n d e nt , )
a nd th e a nud dt t a t a r a ( s anna t ar a ) ,
i . e . th e a nud dt t a i m m e d ia t ly p
e r ece d i n g a n uddt t a

o r svar i t a s l l a bl f th e L f th e a nudd t t a t a r a is
y e. Th e s i gn o s var i t a is ,
t h at o

W h enever w e n d a s yll a bl e m ar k e d by t , th e s i gn o f th e a nud d t t a t ar a , we k no w t h at

th e ne xt s
yll b
a l e, i f l eft wi t h o u t an
y m ar k , i s ud dt t a ; if m ar ke d by it is s var i t a .

H en ce W 3is a
g mlz
{a l l
is , [cam/J .

A m ono s
yll a ic w b od r , if uddt t a , h as no m ar k at al l . Ex .
ydlz , 3 nu

.

A m o no s yll a bi c wo d r ,
if anu dd t t a , i s m ar ke d by Ex . 3: c a l, l 3 3 nalz .

A mo no s
yll a bi c wo d r ,
if s va r i t a , i s m ar ke d by Ex .

6 : wi ll .

5 . As a g e n er al r ul e ever y w o r d h as b ut o ne s yll a bl e e it h er u ddtt a o r svar i ta , t h e

r es t o f th e s
yll b
a l es b ei n g a nuddtt a .A ny s yll a l e m ay h ave t h e acce nt b
B ut i f a n uddtt a .

s yl l a bl e i s f ll w e d by o o an a nu dd tt a
y b
s ll a l e, i t s anud dt t a i s ch ang e d i n o wh at i s call e d t h e t
de p en d ent Svar i t a Ex . W ay m a d

. H er e
M ag , o r i g i nal l y a nud dt t a , is p o no
r u nce d

an d m ar ke d as a nu ddt t a t ar a ; f? !m u d dt t a , a n d i s t h er ef o wi t h o ut m ar k ; WT mi

is re a ny ,

o r i g i n all
y a nu dd t t a, b om ec es sc ur i t a, an d i s m ar k e d a cc o r d i ngl y . I n t r an sl it er at i on t hi s

de p e n d en t so ar i t a n ee d no t b e m ar k e d , no r th e a nu d dt t a t a r a B ot h m y b t . a e r ea t e d as

a nudatt a ,
'

i . e. wi t h o ut
gr a mm at i cal accent , wh i l e t h e ir ex t p on n i t i o n in S n k
ac r u c a a s r it , to be

d es cr i b ed h er eaft er , i s o f im po t r an c e to V e d i c s ch ol ar s o nl y .

6 . If a w o r d s t an d i ng by i t s el f o r at t h e h ea d o f a se nt n b g i n wi t h v l
e ce e s se er a anu d dt t a

syll a bl es, t h ey h ave all t o b e m ar k e d by t h e s i gn o f an udd t t a t ar a Ex

W 6p nuv5 all ;

m
. .

'

hd ayyiz yd .

7 B y s.er vi ng t h es e s i m ob
l e r u l es ,
n o d u t ca n r e m ai n as t o t h p
e gr amm at i cal acc e nt o b
o
o f any w r d i n S an s k r i t T h e f l l wi ng i s a l i s t o f t h e r i nc i al cl as s e s o f acce nt e d w r d s
. o o p p o
i n S an skr it :
I . A w o rd c on i s st i n
g o f o ne s
yl l b
a l e wh i ch h a s t h e ud dtt a, is c all e d ud dt t a . Ex .
I

1 12 ya z ,

mi , 55 h i m
'

a .

2 . A w o r d wh i ch h as t h e a da t t a

o n t h e l as t s yll a bl e, is c al l e d ant o dd tt a . E x . a fa r:
W jam ui '

3 A w
. o r d wh i ch h as t h e u dd t t a o n th e r st s
yl l a bl e , i s c al l e d dd yudd t t a . Ex . ( nd r alz ,

i tal h dt ci .

4 . A w o rd wh i ch h as t h e uddt t a o n t h e m i d dl e s
yll b
a l e, i s c all e d mad hyo ddt t a

. Ex . W
ag m nd,

ag m bhi

.

5 . A w o rd c on s i s t i ng o f o ne s
yl l b
a l e wh i ch h as t h e o r i g i nal s c ur i t a, is cal l e d so a r i ta .

'

E x 3 Ice d , at. : 8125 2. 1

6 . A w o rd whi ch h as t h e o ri
gi n al so un t a
'

on t h e l as t s yll a b l e, i s call e d a nt as va r i t a .

E x . W I ka nyci
 288 ON TH E A CCE N T IN SA NSKR IT .

7 A w r d wh i ch h as t h e
. o
r i i n al
g o sc ur i ta on t h e m i d dl e s
yll a l e, i s b cal l e d ma d kyasvar i t a .

Ex h r i d ayy dya
'

. .

8 A . w o r d wh i ch h as t h e o i gi
r n al s va r i ta on th e r st s
yll b
a l e, i s call e d dd i svar i t a .

E s vci r zz ar e .
'

x .

9 . A w o r d wi t h o
u t a d att a o r s va mt a,
'

is c al l e d s a r c anud att a

. E x . 3 1 c all ,
'

na h .

10 . A wo r d wi t h tw o a dat t a s
y l l b
a l es , i s call ed dvi r ud at t a ;
W : br z h asp ati lz

. H er e t h e
r st s
yll a l e isb '
a dat t a, an d i s t h er ef o r e no t m ar k e d at all . Th e c
s e o n d s ylla bl e is
a nu d dt t a, an d ac c r o d i ng t o r ul e w o ul d b om ec e s va r i t a . B u t as th e ne
yxt
ll a e i s s bl
'
a d at t a a ai n,
g th e a nudatt a b om ec es anu d at t a t ar a, an d i s m ar k e d acc o r di n l
gy Th e .

t h ir d s
yl l b
a l e is a datt a , an d t h e l a st , o r i g i nall y a nu d att a , b om ec e s s var z
'

ta .

b t b om b

In mi t r dvar a zz aa , t h e r st s
yl l a l e is a nu d dt t a , bu ec es anu ddtt a t a r a, e cau s e

an a d at t a
'
o o
f l l ws . Th e s ec o nd s l l a
y bl e is
'
a d att a , s o i s th e t h ir d , an d h ence n ei t h er

o f t h em h as y m ar k T
an h e f u r t h s yll a l e , . o b b ei ng a nu ddt t a, b om ec it es so a r a,

b e cau s e o o
i t f ll ws an a dat t a Th e l as t s yll a l e i s . b anudat t a an d , as n ot hi ng f o l l o w s,

i s l eft wi t h o ut a m ar k .

II . A w o rd wi t h t h r e e a dat t a s
yll a l es , i s b c al l e d t r i r u dd tt a i ndr d byz h asp dt i

.

8 . If w o r ds o m t o g th i n
c e e er a s e nt en c e , th e s am e r ul es a p pl y t o t h em as to s i ng l e

w o r ds . Th u s if awo d d i ng i n d at t
r en a
'
a o o
i s f l l w e d by a w odb r e
g i n ni ng wi th an anudat t a

syll a bl e, th e a nu d dt t yll b al i pso n o a e s r u n ce d as s va r i t a f Th u s 1 12 + 3 , i . e .

ydIz + c ha,

b om W
ec e wh er e t h e m ar k o f th e de p e nd e nt sc ur i t a o n d c h a sh ow s t h at 1 1 ya

h as t h e a dat t a .

If a w o r d e nd i ng in an a nud att a o o
i s f l l w ed by a w o r d b e
g i n n i n
g wi t h a n a dat t a or

b om W b om

i ta , t h e a nuddt t a a nu d dt t a t a r a Ex ta m
'

svar ec es . . . c a nay a t ec e

W j
a a na
y a t tam

.

If a w o r d e n di n g in a svar i t a , w h i ch re pl aces an o i gin

i s f ll we d by a n t h er
r al a nudd t t a, o o o
w o r d h avi ng t h e u d dt t a o n th e b
r s t s ll a l e , t h e g en er al r u l e r e u ir e s t h e so ar i t a,
y ei n
g q b
o r i g i nal l
y an a nudat t a , to b omec e a nu dat t a t a r a , s o t h at w e h ave t o wr i te W y de c h a t at
H .

H er e we s ee t h at 11: ya]; h as t h e a dat t a,

b e cau s e ot h er w i s e , at th e b e
g i nn i ng o f a s e nt e n ce,

it w o ul d h ave t o b e m ar k e d wi t h a nu d at t a t a r a .
'
A s
'

3 c ha h as t h e a na dd t t a t ar a, we s ee t h at
i t wa s o r i g i n all y a nu dat t a, a n d b e c a m e a nad at t a t ar a ,
'
b ec au s e th e ne xt s
yll a l e db
j
' '
at h as t h e
a dat t a, wh i ch n ee d n o t b e m ar k e d .

If i n s t ead o f
t at, wh i ch h as t h e a dat t a , w e p u t t ky ai k wh i ch h as t h e avar i t a
, ,
w e sh o ul d
h ave t o wr i t e E l : y as t h e sc ur i t a o n t hy aIa sh owi ng
'

ch a hydlz , t h e s i gn o f rst, t h at
[t y a];ot b datt f i n t h t
cann i t w o l d h v n m k n d wo l d
e a a, or q i v it
a cas e u a e o ar ,
a u r e u r e a ar a

o n th n x t f oll o wi g
e e
yll b l ; d o d l n
y t h t si t n o at b e d a t tan f i n t h t s ec i tn ,
a ca n e anu
'
a, or a c as e

o l d n t b p d d by n ddt t t
c u o e r ece e a a nu a ar a .

If n o i g i l a i t f ol l ow
r ftna n l datt
so ar it
a t i th ign f t h
s a v it
er a b t it a a a, r e a ns e s o e s ar a, u

i t h n i m p o i bl t m o i i h d p d m
'

s e
y w h t hss t h t i e
g o k sa t h g n l e t er t v a t s n ar s e r a or e e en en s a a.
' '

O nl y if n dat t f ol l o w d f t 5 I d it v t
'

E 5 dt md + kv?i ( R v 64
' '

x . . I. 1 , ,
a a a e a er ce , s s ar z a

wo l d u m in ( re wh i l t h d p n d t
a s ee i t wo l d b om e n dd t t t
e e e en sc ur a u ec e a u a ar a .

If w o d a h r suc a
y g bhi asl h v i n g t h d a t t n y d g t n
ar ua a d b y i t lf i t t, a e a a o ,
s a s se ,

m t h v th t o nl y n d ! i mm di p d h

us n dd t t t
a e i gn e a a 11 a ar a w h i h s t l
, y no t u er na , c e a e r e ce es e

b ! p y f ? m wh i h

a dat t y l l l a sb t l i k w i a n de, 55 nd u eB t ifse u d d b i
er g a a r u. u r ece e a , c

h as adatt n th l t t h t yl l bl t k
a o e asth ,
wt e th r s c nd q i n m k t l l
s a e a es e se a a er, e se o r e u r es o ar a a ,

a nd t h t h i d k ep i t n ddtt t m k ; W
r ee s s a u t gm m n yag bhil
a ar a ar a

r a a z .
29 0 ON TH E A CCE N T 1 N SA NSKR IT; 1 1

nvi ndr a

. ate: evd + ht + as ya = ev d hy s ya (Rv . 1 . 8,

na di pl i i: b om
l
A ls o ,
7
R I , ur .
i na dya z ,

l but g en . s ing . F
E
E T: na dy d z , l ecau se in t h e f r er

t h e t er m i nat i n i s o o igin
r al l
y a na datt a, i n t h e l att er a d at t a .

c. If an a d at t a e o r o c ol a e s ce s w it h an ( el i d ed ) m a chi ne a, i t t ak e s s ve n
'

ta ( Pr t .

E
Ex . '
33 3 % =
l
r 5 3 7f t e + avar dh a nt a =

t var d lz ant a
"

A cc o r di ng t o Mandk eya al l a dat t a v ow l e s c o al e s ci n

g wi t h an ot h dat t vo w l
er a nu
'
a e ,

b om
ec e s var i t a . T hi s i s al s o th e cas e in c er t ai n B rah m an as ; s ee K i l h o n B h h ik
e r , s a

s t r a, I 5 . .

Th e acce nt s p od r u ce d by t h e C al e s cence o o f v ow l e s h ave t h e f l l wi ng t ech ni cal o o nam e s ,

t ak en fr m t h e o n am e o f t h e S an d hi t h at g ave r i s e t o t h em
I . Pr asl i s h ta , t h e o
ac cent o f t w o v wel s u ni t e d i nt o
o n e ( s a mac esa ,
'

ektbhava

) .

A bhz ni hi t a , t h e t f t w vo w l f wh i h t h e s ec n d o i s t h e el i d e d

2 . ac c e n o o e s o c a .

3 K s.h az r a , t h e
p
'

accen t f t w vo w l
o f wh i h t h
o e s o c e r st h as b e e n ch an g e d in t o a s em i v ow l e .

4 Tai r o vyaj ana , t h e v it

s pl i g n datt
ar a, r e ac n a a nu

a, if se p ar at e d by o o
c ns nant s o
fr m t h e

m
.

p r e c e d i ng a datt a
'
. E x . ag ni m i le .

5 . V a i vgi tt a

( or p ad a vr i t t a ), t h e sc ur i t a, re pl ac i n
g a n anu ddt t a , if se p ar at e d by an h i at u s
o
fr m t h e p r e ce d i ng a d at t a

( P rat . Ex .
'

1 ! yd i ndr a
6 . Jdtya, t h e sc ur i t a in th e b o dy o f a w o r d, al s o call e d ni t ya , i nh er e nt . It i s al ways

p r e ce d e d by ei th er 31 o r v, an d p o int s to a p i o d in th
er e h i st oy r o f S anskr it i n wh i ch
t h ese s e m iv ow l e s r et ai n e d s om th i g f th e n o e ri vo w l n t e a ur e . It m ay, i n f act , b e t r e ate d
as m e di al ks /z aip r a a nd it i i m p o t nt t h t whs th p r a a er e e ecul i ar po
r nu n ci at i n o f t h e o
d iff er ent s var i t a s i s d e s cr i b d t h t f t h j dty
e nd t h k h
, a o e a a e s ai
p ra is s ai d t o b e i d ent i cal

( j
V a . Pr at . 1 .

1 1 . pp
B y a l yin g t h es e r ul e s we can wi th p er f ect c er t ai nty d i s c ov er whi ch s yll a bl e in
each w r d h as t h e
g r aom m at i cal acce nt , wh et h er a d at t a o r se c r i t a . U nf ot r u n at el y m any
w od r s lo se t h ei r a c cent in a s ent enc e , p ar t i cu l ar l y t h e ve r b wh i h c , in a d i r e ct s e nt e nce , is
con i d s er e d as a m er e en cli t i c o f th e n uno t o w h i ch i t b l on g e s. O nl y i n r el at i ve an d

c d it i
on o nal s ent en ce s , o r om oth t i t i on w h en a ver bb eg i n s a s ent en ce , an d u n d er s e er r e s r c s

wh i h f ll y d
c i b d by n t i v g m m i
ar e u d th v b
e s cr t i it i d p d t e nt a e ra ar a ns , o es e er re a n s n e en en ac c e .

V o t iv l o l o th i
ca nt
es a s xc pt t t h b g i nni ng fse nt nc wh n t h y h v t h
e r acc e , e e a e e o a se e e, e e a e e

a ccent n th t yll blo W ith t h x p t i o n h o w v v y t d t by f ol l o w i g

e rs s a e ese e ce s, e er , e er s u en ,
n

th l h
e r u es
g i v n will b b l t d t m i
er e n w h t i t h l e
g m m t i l
,
nt f ny e a e o e er e a s e r ea ra a ca acce o a

B e si d es t h e t ai r o vy aj ana an d t h e vai vg
r i t t a, wh i ch we sh o ul d c al l th e de p en de nt
s var i t a , oth e r su b divi i o n s s ar e m ent i on ed by s om e au t h o i ti r es . T h u s if c om p o un d w o r ds

ar e divid ed (in t h e Pa d ap zi th a ) by t h e avag r a h a , t h e t a i r o vya j a na i s c al l e d t ai r o a i r d ma .

Ex .
s
9 6 p a t au . If a w o r d i s d i vi d e d i n t h e Pa d ap eth a, t h e r st h al f e n d i ng in a

s va r z t a
'

p r e ce d e d by an a datt a , an d th e c
s e o nd h alf b e g i nn i ng wi h t an u dat t a ,

the svar i t a is
c al l e d Ex . H er e t a i s a dat t a , mi i s s va r z t a ,
'

t h en f l l w s t h e o o
avag r a ka o r p au s e o f d i vi s i o n , a nd af t er t h at na, wh i ch i s a
g a i n a dat t a .

H er e a ki nd of

kamp a t ak es pl a ce , an d th e s var i t a i s m ar k e d a cc o r d i ng l y .
,
Th o u gh th e n am e t at h abh dvy a

is no t me nt i o n ed in th e r st Pr at i sek h ya, t h e p ecu l i ar ac c ent w h i ch i t i s m e ant f o r i s f ull y

d escr i b ed i n S ut r a 21 2. In t h e c om m en t ar y o n t h e V aj . Pr et ( 1 2 0 ) i t woul d per h ap s
. be
b ett er t o wr i t e as a mhi t avat i ns t ead '
o f s va s az hi tdva t ; W eb er I nd S t u d , . . vo l . N . p . 13 7 .

1
'

S ee B h es hi k a -s ut r a, ed. Ki l h o e r n, II . 1 - 31 ; W h it n ey i n , B eit r ag e z ur ver g l ei ch e nd en

'

S p r ach f o r s ch u n
g , vo l . I . p . 18 7 .
 ON THE A CCE NT IN S A N S KB I I '
. 29 1

w o rd o ccu r r i ng i n t h e h ym ns o f t h e R i g -ve d a Th e sys tem o f m ar i ng t h e adat t a and . k

secr i ta in th e

S ata pat h a -B r eh m ana i s s li gh t l y d iff er e nt , as m ay be see n fr m Pr f es s r o o o
W eb er
s i nt r d u cto oy
r r e m ar k s , a n d p ar t i c ul ar l
y fr m D o r . Ki el h o r n

s l ear ne d n ot es on th e
B h s h i k a-s tr as .

12 . Q ui t e d iff er ent fr m t h e d et er m i nat i o on o f t h e gr am mat ical ac ce nt is t h e q u es t i on

h o w the ac cent s sh o ul d be p o no n d r d in u ce or i nt o n e a s e nt e nce , and p ar t i cu lar l y in t h e
h ym ns an d B r h m anas o f th p i ip l V d
e Th i q
r nc a e as . s u es t i o o
n c nce r ns th e st u d en t o f t he
V eda o l y nd d iff
n , a er ent au t h o it i diff
r th i p o i t
es er o n s n . Th e f o ll o wi ng sh otr r e m ar k s m ust
f i nt A o
'

be su c e . c c r d i ng t o t h e R i g -ve d a-Pr t is kh ya ( 18
7 th e ud dl t a is hi g h , t h e
a nuddt t a lo w ; o f th e sva r i t a o n e p o ti o n i
r s h igh er t h an u dd tt a , the r e st l ik e ud dt t a , e x ce pt

if an a datt a o r se c r i t a o o
f l l w s , i n w h i ch cas e th e vo i c e s i nk s o
d wn to t h e a nuddt t a p it ch .

Th i s s i nk i n g o
d wn i s c all e d kamp a , sh ak i ng . A ll a nud dt t a s
yl l a bl es , o o
f ll wi ng af ter s va r s ta
'

( wh et h e r o igi
r nal o r de p en d e nt ) ar e pr o no u nce d wi t h a dat t a p itch I x p
e ce t t h e l as t , w hi ch

o o
i s f ll w e d a
g ai n b y e i t h er a d at t a o r s va r z
'

ta, an d t ak es t h e l o w p it ch o f a nu dd tt a Th is
p on n
r u ci at i o n o f a nu d dt t a s yll a bl es wi t h a dat ta p it ch is call e d t h e P r ac h a ya ac cent

W e h ave t h er ef o r e o nl y t h r ee k i nd s o f pit ch , ( no s pe ci al a nuddt t a t ar a p it h b c ei ng r eco g ni z e d

'
i n t h e Pr t i s kh ya) wh i ch i n t h eir r e l at i ve po s it i on m a
y b e re p r e s e nted by

Th u s i n W mdddyasva
'

svii r z z a r e, E
! m6 i s a nud at t a ,
'

ada i s a dat t a , 1 *ya is s va r i t a ,

s va i s anudd t t a , g svdr h
b ot h bu t p o no u nce d k e a dat t a .
'

F is s var i t a , p a r e, a nu ddt t a , r li

In W : dd a bd h ap r ama t i r vds i s h th alt ,

5 !a is
'
ud at t a ,
da b i s s va r i t a,

W d h ap r ama p ono ! a nu d dtt a, is udd t t a,

' '
ar e a nu dat t a, bu t r u n ce d li ke a d at t a, ti is a va

M p on o '
ai a]; is se c r i t a, t hala i s
,
a nudd t t a , b ut r u n ce d as u d at t a .

O t h er S akh as

var y i n p o n n i ti on f th
th e r u c a o e accent s , as m ay be s een o
f r m t h ei r r es p ect i ve

Pr at i s Akh yas
'
. Mu c h o nf i o n h
c b n us as ee cau s e d x
b y m i i ng u p t h e se dier ent s yst em s , an d ,

in p ar t i cul ar , b y tr in
y g t o n il toh l r ec c e e r u es o f t h e R ig -ve d a -Pr ti s kh ya wit h t h e r ul es
'

o f Panini . A cc o r di ng t o P anini ( 1 . 2 , 2 9 s eq .
) th e udd t t a i s h i gh , t h e a nuddtt a l o w, b u t t h e

so a r i t a i s h alf h i gh an d h alf l o w, an d th e a nu dd t t as o o
f ll wi ng aft er sc ur i t a o
( gi i
r n l a or

de p en d e nt ) ar e p on o
r u n ce d m o n ot o n o u sl
y wh il e t h e l as t o f t h em , i mme di at el y

L ong aft er t h i s was wr i tt en I saw D r. H au g

s d e s cr i ti p on o f th e acce nt s in the

Zeit schr i f t d er D M G . . . vo l . x vn 799 . H pe g i ve s t h e i nt er val s m u ch s mall er ,

. .
so t h a t if

th e a na d dt t a i s c, th e u dat t a o o
w ul d b e d, an d t h e s var i t a w ul d r i s e t o c
n d o bt
Th is i s . o u

r i gh t , an d i t will b e eas y t t n i b om y raw n o t t

s cr i o n o d
e i ng l y I o nl y
o t ai n i t b n a acc r . re e ca u s e

it i s cl ear er t o th e e
y Weh t
. i v y i m p o ta t s o n m i ng m y vi w i
er D H ng
r an ,
as c r e , s r . a

s

r e m ar k t h at i n li s t e ni ng t th it t i o n f t h P d it h
o e r ec o l d n t p i v y diff
a o e an s e c u o e r ce e an er e nce

b et ween th e

a datt a a nd t h n d it t i f p o n o n d wi t h p
e a u c as h y v r u ce r ac a a s ar a .

P p 2
29 2 ON TH E A C CE N T 1N SA NSKR IT .
1 2.

p '
r e ced i ng a n ew a dat t a o r s var z t a,

o
i s l wer t h an a na dat t a , an d
'
h en ce cal l ed s annat ar a o r , by
th e c o mm ent at o r s , ana datt a t ar a . Th i s s ys t e m, t o o , t h o gh diff nt f o m th f o m
u er e r e r er , g i ves

us onl y t h r ee ki n d s o f m u s i cal p it ch , wh i ch m ay b e a pp ox im t l y p nt d by
r a e r e r es e e

a d att a, sva mta , eka sr a t i .
'

a nud cz tta r a ,

E kaf r u tz i s d es cr i
'

b ed as wi th o u t any de nit p it
e ch ( t r a z svar a
y p avdd a ), an d migh t t h er ef ore

b e i nt en d e d f o r m er e m o n ot o n o u s r eci t a ti ve
*
.

It i s c ommonl y u s ed as o
syn nym u s o wit h p r acki t a ; e. g . u ddtt amayam p r a chi t am
eka r uttti p
'
ar y aya t , l vaj . Pr et . IV . 1 38.
29 4 I NDE X OF NOUNS .

g kr o shgu j ack al , , 2 36 .
m 3 dd rc i , wif e, 1 49 .

kh aj , l am e, 1 63 .