TABLE OF CONTENTS

No. Title Page

1 Abstract/Summary

2 Introduction

3 Aims/Objective

4 Theory

5 Apparatus

6 Methodology/Procedure

7 Results

8 Calculations

9 Discussion

10 Conclusion

11 Recommendations

12 Reference / Appendix
1.1 ABSTRACT

This experiment is about how to determine the concentration acetic acid in vinegar solution. The

method that used for this experiment is titration. There are two important things to do which are

standardized the molarity of NaOH based on graph and calculation and then determine the

concentration of acetic acid in vinegar solution also based on graph and calculation. By doing this

important procedure, the morality of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in

vinegar can be determined by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution.

1.2 INTRODUCTION

Concentration of solution is the amount of solute in a given amount os solvent. There are 2

specifics term to express concentration, which is molarity and percent by mass.

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

(Equation 1-1) moles of solute

Molarity (M)
liter of solution
Percent by mass is the mass in

grams of solute per 100 grams of solution.

(Equation 1-2) grams of solute

Percent by mass 100%
grams of solution
Vinegar is a week

acid and contain a dilute concentration of acetic acid. The molecular formula of acetic acid is

CH3COOH. By performing a titration, molarity and percent by mass can be determined.

Titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the

concentration an unknown solution ( What is a Titration, n.d). The purpose of titration is to determine

the equivalence point of the reaction.

Equivalence point is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of acid and base have

been mixed.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
To determine the morality of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar

by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution.

1.4 THEORY

For this titration process, a typical burette has the smallest calibration unit of 0.1mL to dispense a

small, quantifiable increment of solution of known concentration. The known concentration solution

for this experiment is NaOH solution while vinegar is unknown concentration solution.

Equivalence point only occurs when the moles of acid in the solution equals to the moles of base

added in the titration. For example, the stoichiometric amount of 1 mole of the strong base, sodium

hydroxide (NaOH), is necessary to neutralize 1 mole of the weak acid, acetic acid (CH3CO2H), as

indicated in equation 3.

NaOH (aq) + CH3CO2H(aq) NaCH3CO2 (aq) + H2O (l) (Equation 1-3)

In this experiment, the equivalence point occurs when the moles of acid in the solution equals to the

moles of base added in the titration. For example, the stoichiometric amount of 1 mole of the strong

base, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is necessary to neutralize 1 mole of the weak acid, acetic acid

(CH3CO2H), as indicated in equation 3.

NaOH (aq) + CH3CO2H(aq) NaCH3CO2 (aq) + H2O (l) (Equation 1-3)

The sudden change in the pH of the solution shows that the titration has reached the equivalence point.

pH in an aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ion concentration. Symbolically, the hydrogen ion

concentration is written as [H3O+]. pH is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion

concentration.

pH = - log [H30+] (Equation 1-4)

pH scale is a method of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution. Solutions having a pH < 7 are

acidic, pH = 7 are neutral, pH > 7 are basic. For example, a solution having [H30+]= 2.35 x 10-2 M
would have a pH of 1.629 and is acidic. Ph electrode will be used in this experiment. The titration is

initiated by inserting a pH electrode into a beaker containing the acid solution (pH within 3-5). As

sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is incrementally added to the acid solution, some of the hydrogen ions will

be neutralized. As the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the pH of the solution will gradually

increase. When sufficient NaOH is added to completely neutralize the acid (most of the H3O+ ions are

removed from the solution), the next drop of NaOH added will cause a sudden sharp increase in pH

(figure 2-2). The volume of based required to completely neutralized the acid is determine at the

equivalence point of titration.

Figure 1-2: Acid-base titration curve of weak acid titrated with NaOH.

In general, primary standard solutions are produce by dissolving a weighed

quantity of pure acid or base in a known volume of solution. Primary standard acid or bases have

several common characteristics:

they must be available in at least 99.9 purity

they must have a high molar mass to minimize error in weighing

they must be stable upon heating

they must be soluble in the solvent of interest

Potassium hydrogen phthalate KHC8H4O4, and oxalic acid, (COOH)2, are common primary standard

acid. Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is the most commonly used based. Most acids and bases (e.g. HCl,

CH3COOH, NaOH, and KOH) are most available as primary standard. To standardize one of these

acid or based solutions, titration of the solution with a primary standard should be done. In this

experiment, NaOH solution will be titrated with potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The equation

for this reaction will be:

KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) KNaC8H4O4 (aq) + H2O (l) (Equation 1-5)

Once the sodium hydroxide solution has beeb standardizes, it will be used to titrate 10.00mL aliquots

of vinegar. The equation for the reaction of vinegar with NaOH is

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCH3COO (aq) + H2O(l) (Equation 1-6)

Knowing the standardized NaOH concentration and using equation 6, we can determine the molarity
and percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution.

1.5 MATERIAL & APPARATUS

250 mL Beaker, buret, measuring cylinder, sodium chloride solid, KHP solid, distilled

water, pH electrode, electronic weighing scale, stirrer, retort stand, vinegar, volumetric

pipette.

1.6 PROCEDURE

A. Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution.

1. 250 mL of 0.6 M sodium hydroxide solution was prepared approximately from NaOH solid in a

beaker and the calculation had be checked by laboratory instructor in order to preparing the solution.

The calculation had been recorded.

2. The 250 mL beaker had been weighted and the mass had been recorded to the nearest 0.001 grams.

1.5 grams of KHP added into the beaker. The mass of KHP and beaker recorded to the nearest 0.001

grams. The mass of KHP by difference had been calculated and recorded into the table. 30 mL of

distilled water added into the beaker and the solution had been stirred until the KHP had dissolved

completely.

3. This solution titrated with NaOH and for every 1 mL additions of NaOH solution, the pH recorded.

4. Step 1 to 3 were repeated in order to run a second trial to standardize the NaOH solution.

5. The graph of pH versus volume of NaOH added been plotted. From the plots, the volume of NaOH

required neutralizing the KHP solution in each titration can be determined.

6. The molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1 and 2 had calculated.

7. The average morality of sodium hydroxide solution for titration 1 and 2 had calculated. The

resulting sodium hydroxide concentration will be used in part B of the experiment.

 B. Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar.

1. 10.00 mL of vinegar transfered into a clean, dry 250 mL beaker used 10 mL volumetric pipette.

Water had been added sufficiently from 70 to 100 mL in order to cover the pH electrode tip during

titration.

2. 1 mL of NaOH been added into the vinegar solution and the pH been recorded.

3. Step 1 and step 2 repeated for second trial.

4. The graph of pH versus volume of NaOH added been plotted. From the plots, the volume of NaOH

required to neutralized vinegar in each titration can be determined and data been recorded.

5. The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2 had been calculated.

6. The average molarity of acetic acid for each titration had been calculated.

7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1and 2 had been calculated.

8. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar had been calculated.

1.7 RESULT

A. Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution

Volume of NaOH (mL) Titration 1 (pH) T tration 2 (pH)

i
1 5.16 5.42
2 5.34 5.50
3 5.46 5.53

4 5.58 5.60
5 5.71 5.71

6 5.79 5.80
7 5.92 5.92
8 6.04 6.07
9 6.17 6.19
 10 6.33 6.34

11 6.51 6.45
12 6.83 6.93

13 8.89 11.65

14 12.24 12.28

15 12.45 12.49

The average reading of part A

Volume of NaOH (mL) Average reading of pH

1 5.29
2 5.42
3 5.50
4 5.59
5 5.71
6 5.80
7 5.92
8 6.06
9 6.18
10 6.34
11 6.48
12 6.88
13 10.27
14 12.26
15 12.47
 B. Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar

Volume of NaOH (mL) Titration 1 (pH) Titration 2 (pH)

1 4.42 4.49
2 4.47 4.80
3 4.94 5.00
4 5.13 5.18
5 5.28 5.33
6 5.43 5.48
7 5.60 5.64
8 5.76 5.78
9 5.98 6.01

10 6.28 6.39

11 7.99 10.57
12 11.54 11.56

13 11.81 11.80
14 11.95 11.97

15 12.06 11.97

The average reading of part B

Voleme of NaOH added (mL) Average reading of pH

1 4.46
2 4.77
3 4.97
4 5.16
5 5.31
6 5.46
7 5.62
 8 5.77
9 6.00
10 6.34
11 9.28
12 11.55
13 11.81
14 11.96
15 12.02

1.8 CALCULATION

Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution.

1. Calculation for preparing 150mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution.

mass
mol of solute
moleMolarity
of solute
00.15
.6 Mmol
mole
volume
mass
of solute
molar mass
40of gsolution
0.25 Lmol
mole ofmass
solute 6g 0.15 mol

2.

Titration 1 Titration 2
Mass of beaker (g) 99.9388 99.9388

Mass of beaker + KHP (g) 101.4497 101.4454

Mass of KHP (g) 1.5109 1.5066
Volume of NaOH to

neutralize the KHP solution 13.00 12.40

(mL)
3. Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide for each titration 1 and 2.

Titration 1

Calculate the moles of KHP used in the titration.

1 mol KHP
1.5109 g KHP 0.007399 mol KHP
204.2 g KHP
From equation 5,

calculate the moles of NaOH required neutralizing the moles of KHP.

1 mol NaOH
0.007399 mol KHP 0.007399 mol NaOH
1 mol KHP
Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution.

1L
13.00 mL NaOH 0.01300 L NaOH
1000 mL

mol NaOH 0.007399 mol NaOH

M 0.5691 M NaOH
L of solution 0.01300 L solution

Titration 2

Calculate the moles of KHP used in the titration.

1 mol KHP
1.5066 g KHP 0.007378 mol KHP
204.2 g KHP
From equation 5,

calculate the moles of NaOH required neutralizing the moles of KHP.

1 mol NaOH
0.007378 mol KHP 0.007378 mol NaOH
1 mol KHP
Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution.

1L
12.40 mL NaOH 0.01240 L NaOH
1000 mL

mol NaOH 0.007378 mol NaOH

M 0.05950 M NaOH
L of solution 0.01240 L solution
4. Calculate the average molarity of sodium hydroxide for each titration 1 and 2.

Calculate the moles of KHP used in the titration.

1 mol KHP
1.5088 g KHP 0.007389 mol KHP
204.2 g KHP
From equation 5,

calculate the moles of NaOH required neutralizing the moles of KHP.

1 mol NaOH
0.007389 mol KHP 0.007389 mol NaOH
1 mol KHP
Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution.

1L
12.80 mL NaOH 0.01280 L NaOH
1000 mL

mol NaOH 0.007389 mol NaOH

M 0.05773 M NaOH
L of solution 0.01280 L solution

Molarity of acid and percent of vinegar

1.

Titration 1 Titration 2
Volume of NaOH required to

neutralize vinegar (mL) 11.10 10.60

2. Calculate the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2.

Titration 1

Calculate the moles of NaOH that reacted.

1L
11.10mL NaOH 0.0111L NaOH solution
1000 mL

0.05773 mol NaOH

0.0111 L NaOH solution 0.0006408 mol NaOH
1 L NaOH solution

Calculate the moles of CH3COOH neutralized by the moles of NaOH

1 mol acetic acid

0.0006408 mol NaOH 0.0006408 mol acetic acid
1 mol NaOH

Calculate the molarity of the CH3COOH solution

1L
10 mol acetic acid 0.01 L acetic acid solution
1000 mL

mol acetic acid 0.0006408 mol acetic acid

M 0.06408 M acetic acid
L of solution 0.01 L solution

Titration 2

Calculate the moles of NaOH that reacted.

1L
10.60 mL NaOH 0.0106 L NaOH solution
1000 mL

0.05773 mol NaOH

0.0106 L NaOH solution 0.0006119 mol NaOH
1 L NaOH solution
 Calculate the moles of CH3COOH neutralized by the moles of NaOH

1 mol Vinegar
0.0006119 mol NaOH 0.0006119 mol acetic acid
1 mol NaOH
Calculate

the molarity of the CH3COOH solution

1L
10 mol acetic acid 0.01 L acetic acid solution
1000 mL

mol acetic acid 0.0006119 mol acetic acid

M 0.06119 M acetic acid
L of solution 0.01 L solution
3. Calculate the average molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2.

4. Calculate the percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2.

Titration 1

Calculate the mass of acetic acid in the solution

1L
10 mol acetic acid 0.01 L acetic acid solution
1000 mL

0.0006408 mol acetic acid 60.06 g acetic acid

0.01 L acetic acid solution 0. 0003849 g acetic acid
1 L solution 1 mol acetic acid

Calculate the mass of the acetic acid solution

1 g acetic acid solution

10 mL acetic acid solution 10.00 g acetic acid solution
1 mL acetic acid solution

Calculate the percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

0.0003849 g acetic acid

percent mass acetic acid 100% 0.003849% mass acetic acid
10.00 g acetic acid

Titration 2

Calculate the mass of acetic acid in the solution

 1L
10 mol acetic acid 0.01 L acetic acid solution
1000 mL

0.0006119 mol acetic acid 60.06 g acetic acid

0.01 L acetic acid solution 0.0003675 g acetic acid
1 L solution 1 mol acetic acid

Calculate the mass of the acetic acid solution

1 g acetic acid solution

10 mL acetic acid solution 10.00 g acetic acid solution
1 mL acetic acid solution

Calculate the percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

g acetic acid
percent mass acetic acid 100%
g acetic acid solution

0.0003675 g acetic acid

percent mass acetic acid 100% 0.003675% acetic acid
10.00 g acetic acid

5. Calculate the average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar

1.9 DISCUSSIONS

1.10 CONCLUSIONS

In this experiment, the sample of vinegar acid had been analyzed. Two trial had been carried out. The

average molarity of

1.11 RECOMMENDATIONS

1.12 REFERENCES/APPENDICES

What is a Titration. (n.d). Retrieved from World Wide Web:

http://chemed.chem.perdue.edu/genchem/lab/techniques/titration/what.html
Petrochemicals: Probe Economics forecasts change to propylene, butadiene pricing. (n.d).

Retrieved from World Wide Web:

http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2011/09/26/9494873/petrochemicals-probe-

economics-forecasts-change-to-propylene-butadiene-pricing/