ECET412 A

ECET412a
Principles of Communications Course

Course information
Scope of the course

Principles of Communications /
(Communications Engg 1)
Resources
Lectures and Announcements posted in Yahoo Group
Schoolbook
Course Syllabus
Reading Materials
Joel C. Delos Angeles B.S. ECE 2

Resources
Course material
Course text book:
Carlson, B., Crilly P. (2010). Communications Systems: An
Introduction to Signals and Noise in Electrical
Communication. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Additional recommended books

Electronic Communications Systems W. Tomasi. Prentice Hall, 4th ed
2001 (or 5th edition, 2004)
Material accessible from course yahoo group:

Message Posts
Lecture slides (.ppt, pdf)
Assignments
Joel C. Delos Angeles B.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 3

Scope of the course
Course Outline (May change depending on period

time constraints)
Introduction - (Prelims)
Fourier Series, Fourier Transforms and Continuous
Spectra (Prelims)
Signal Transmission and Filtering - (Midterms)
Linear CW Modulation - (Midterms )
Exponential CW Modulation (Finals)
4
Lecturer
Course responsible and lecturer and giving
tutorials:
Joel C. Delos Angeles
Office: CEAT CTH 214
Consultation Hours:
Saturday (3 to 4 PM)
Email: joeldelosangeles@yahoo.com;
jcdelosangeles@dlsud.edu.ph
5
Lecture 1
ECET412a
Lecture 1
Introduction
Primary Reference Book: Carlson Chapter 1

Tomasi Chapter 1
In Lec 1, we are going to talk about:
Introduction
Elements of Communications Systems
Modulation and Coding
Historical Perspective and Societal Impact
Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 7

Background and Objectives
Since information transfer is the same basic
function of all communication systems, we will:
Seek out and isolate the principles and problems of

conveying information in electrical form
Examine these principles in sufficient depth to develop
analysis and design methods suited to a wide range of
applications

Communication Link as Systems
What are transducers?

For our purposes, we will use the terms message and
signal interchangeably

Information, Messages and Signals
Message the physical manifestation of
information as produced by the source
Analog message - a physical quantity that varies in a
smooth and continuous fashion.
Examples: acoustic pressure, angular position of a gyro, or the
light intensity at some point in a TV.
Requires a specified degree of fidelity
Digital message - an ordered sequence of symbols
selected from a finite set of discrete elements.
Examples of digital messages are the printed letters, a listing of
hourly temperature readings, or the keys you press on a
computer keyboard.
Requires a degree of accuracy in a specified amount of time.
Message type determines criterion for successful
communication
Elements of a Communication System
Transmitter signal processing involves modulation and

may also include coding.
Channel - Transmission loss or attenuation of signal
power
Receiver operations include amplification,
demodulation, decoding, filtering
Distortion - waveform perturbation caused by imperfect

response of the system to the desired signal itself.
If the channel has a linear but distorting response, then distortion
may be corrected, or at least reduced, with the help of special
filters called equalizers.

Interference - is contamination by extraneous signals

from human sources, other transmitters, power lines and
machinery, switching circuits, and so on.
Addressed by filtering techniques

Transmission Types
Simplex
Full-duplex
Half-duplex

Fundamental Limitations
Technological Problems- can be solved in theory
even though perfect solutions may be impractical
Hardware availability
Economic Factors
Governmental Regulations
Physical Limitations
Subject to laws of nature what can and cannot be
achieved
Bandwidth (C or I is the information capacity in bps)
Noise
Hartley-Shannon Law

Fundamental Limits
When a signal changes rapidly with time, its
frequency content, or spectrum, extends over a
wide range, and we say that the signal has a large
bandwidth.
Similarly, the ability of a system to follow signal
variations is reflected in its usable frequency
response, or transmission bandwidth. Now all
electrical systems contain energy-storage
elements, and stored energy cannot be changed
instantaneously. Consequently, every
communication system has a finite bandwidth B
that limits the rate of signal variations.

Modulation
Modulating Signal + Carrier Wave
Continuous-wave modulation methods for

sinusoidal carrier modulation (e.g. speech)
Modulation Benefits and Applications
1) For Efficient Transmission antennas for line-of-
sight requires at least 1/10 of signal wavelength
2) To overcome hardware limitations minimize cost
if fractional bandwidth (absolute bandwidth /
center frequency) is kept within 1 to 10%
3) To reduce noise and interference (wideband noise
reduction using much greater transmission
bandwidth than the bandwidth of modulating
signal)
4) For frequency assignment
5) For multiplexing / multiple access

Coding Methods and Benefits
Coding is a symbol-processing operation for
improved communication when the information is
digital or can be approximated in the form of
discrete symbols (e.g. binary codeword)
Channel Coding involves error detection or

correction
Source Coding involves encoding fewer bits

than the original message or its representation
(eg. Compression)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

Skywave propagation uses the ionosphere (reflection)

Multipath interference can be an advantage or

disadvantage for signal propagation

Refraction wave velocity changes when passing
from one medium to another

Refraction wave velocity changes when passing
from one medium to another

Engineers are the agents of social change
Quote from : Daitch - Introduction to College
Engineering
Reading assignment : Societal Impact and

Historical perspective
Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction

Lecture 2
ECET412a
Lecture 2
Signals and Continuous Spectra Fourier Analysis

Tomasi Chapter 1
Signal Analysis Time and Freq Domain
Amplitude versus time
Amplitude versus frequency
A
Vpeak ?
1/f
time
? freq
Time domain Freq domain
Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE

Signal Analysis Phase spectrum
Phase versus frequency
A ?
? freq

?
Time domain ? freq

Exercise: Signal Analysis
Get one-sided/positive-frequency line spectra of:

Signal Analysis - Two-sided Spectrum
More valuable: From Eulers Theorem

Signal Analysis - Exercise:
1) Get two-sided frequency line spectra of:
2) ) Get two-sided frequency line spectra of:

Signal Analysis Phase spectrum
Phase versus frequency
A ?
? freq

?
Time domain ? freq

Signal Analysis Fourier Series Concept
Decompose periodic signals into sum of sinusoids.
Let v(t) be a power signal (i.e. power is non-zero)
with period T0 = 1/f0
Where:

Signal Analysis Alternative Fourier Expression
a0
f (t ) = + an cos(n0t ) + bn sin( n0t )
2 n =1 n =1
NOTE: Read on Fourier Series Discussion in

Tomasi (Signal Analysis Section) especially
Fourier Series Summary table
Application: ECET412La

Signal Analysis The Sinc Function
Incidentally, /T0 equals the

duty cycle
Over one period

Signal Analysis The Sinc Function
Incidentally, /T0 is the duty cycle
Exercise: Sketch the amplitude spectrum of a rectangular pulse train for

each of the following cases: =T0/5, =T0/2, = T0. In the last case the
pulse train degenerates into a constant for all time; how does this show
up in the spectrum? To what value does the period approach?
Signal Analysis Parsevals Power Theorem
The average power can be found by squaring and

adding the heights c(nf0) of the amplitude lines
(superposition of average power)
Compute for signal power of the following (R=1)

check using RMS computation:

Fourier Transforms and CONTINUOUS Spectra
Emphasized here is continuous in contrast to

discrete (in Signals and Spectra subject)
Difference between Fourier Transforms vs Fourier
Series? Or when to use one or the other?
What are non-periodic energy signals? What value
does the period approach?
Fourier Transform
Inverse Fourier Transform

Fourier Transforms and CONTINUOUS Spectra
Rectangular Pulse (function defined below also

known as rect() function
If
then

Fourier Transforms: Reciprocal Spreading
Short pulses have broad spectra, and long pulses have

narrow spectra
This phenomenon, called reciprocal spreading, is a

general property of all signals, pulses or not, because
high-frequency components are demanded by rapid time
variations while smoother and slower time variations
require relatively little high-frequency content

Fourier Transforms Rayleighs Energy Theorem
Integrating the square of the amplitude spectrum
over all frequency yields the total energy
So |V(f)|2 is the energy spectral density. You may

choose between time and frequency domain when
solving for power (Parsevals) or energy (Rayleighs)

Fourier Transforms Rayleighs Energy Theorem
While total pulse energy is

E = A2
We can band-limit the spectrum to

Fourier Transforms Theorems
Theorems are useful in order to generate transform
pairs without going through the difficulty of
evaluating the Fourier integral
Duality Theorem, if
Then
PROVE below: (Note difficulty of perfect bandwidth limit

in the frequency domain)

Superposition theorem simply states that linear
combinations in the time domain become linear
combinations in the frequency domain.

Fourier Transforms
Common Signal Fourier Transforms

Frequency Translation and Modulation - multiplying a
signal by a sinusoid translates its spectrum up and down in
frequency by fc.
Problem: Sketch the spectra of z(t)

Differentiation and Integration Theorems
Differentiation Theorem
Integration Theorem
IF
NOTE: Differentiation enhances the high-frequency

components of a signal. Integration suppresses
them.
Impulses and Transforms in the Limit
The unit impulse of Dirac delta function has unit
area (area = 1) concentrated at the discrete point
t=0
Problem: What is the graphical representation of

A(t - td)?

Impulses and Transforms in the Limit
What are the implications in the frequency domain?

IMAGINE: A unit impulse to have an area of 1 must
have infinite amplitude
Impulses in Frequency Domain

Impulses in Frequency Domain
A constant (DC) signal has no time variation and its
spectral content ought to be confined to f = 0
How about application of duality theorem? What does it

imply?
Impulses in Time
An impulsive signal with zero duration has infinite
spectral width, whereas a constant signal with
infinite duration has zero spectral width.
(extremes of reciprocal spreading). Using duality or
let 0 in
then

Symmetric and Causal Signals
Time-Symmetry Properties
thus,
where
even part of v(t)
odd part of v(t)

Note that if v(t) is real,
so,
When v(t) has time symmetry

either even where v(-t) = v(t)
or odd where v(-t) = -v(t)

Causal Signals defined by the property that
and precludes any time symmetry. Its

spectrum contains both real and imaginary
parts (unlike time-symmetric signals).
resembles
where
Thus, if v(t) is a causal energy signal, you can get

the Fourier transform V(f) from the Laplace
transform by letting s = j2f
Problems:
Plot the phase spectrum of rect (t/)
Find V(f) and plot the amplitude and phase

spectrum for
Hint:
Exercise 2.2-2:

Problems:
Find the Fourier Transform of a triangular pulse
given that
using the integration theorem

Problems:
Prove that the Fourier Series coefficients cn for the
periodic signal below is as follows. One period is
drawn here.
Prob 2.2-1
Compare decay of the spectrum of a cosine pulse

versus a rectangular pulse.
Problems:
Show that V(f) for v(t) is as follows (note () is
same as rect()
Prob 2.2-5
Apply time-delay theorem to

Problems:
Prob 2.3-10. Plot z(t) and
given
Preview of Digital Signal Processing:

Prelim
ECET412a
Lecture 3
Signal Transmission and Filtering

pages 112-124,126-131, 134-136, 137-140,
143-146, 147-151, 153-154,

In Lec 3, we are going to talk about:
Response of LTI Systems
Signal Distortion in Transmission
Transmission Loss and Decibels
Filters and Filtering
Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 3: Signal Transmission and Filtering 63
Background
Signal transmission - process whereby an
electrical waveform gets from one location to
another, ideally arriving without distortion.
Signal filtering operation which purposefully
distorts a waveform by altering its spectral content.
Most transmission systems and filters have in
common the properties of linearity and time
invariance (LTI).
These properties allow us to model both transmission
and filtering in the time domain in terms of the impulse
response, or in the frequency domain in terms of the
frequency response
Objectives
1. State and apply the inputoutput relations for an LTI system in
terms of its impulse response h(t), step response g(t), or transfer
function H(f) (Sect. 3.1)
2. Use frequency-domain analysis to obtain an exact or approximate
expression for the output of a system (Sect. 3.1).
3. Find H(f) from the block diagram of a simple system (Sect. 3.1).
4. Distinguish between amplitude distortion, delay distortion, linear
distortion, and nonlinear distortion (Sect. 3.2)
5. Identify the frequency ranges that yield distortionless transmission
for a given channel (Sect. 3.2).
6. Use dB calculations to find the signal power in a cable
transmission system with amplifiers (Sect. 3.3).
7. Discuss the characteristics of and requirements for transmission
over fiber optic and satellite systems (Sect. 3.3).
8. Identify the characteristics and sketch H(f) and h(t) for an ideal
LPF, BPF, or HPF (Sect. 3.4).
9. Find the 3 dB bandwidth of a real LPF, given H(f) (Sect. 3.4).
10. State and apply the bandwidth requirements for pulse
transmission (Sect. 3.4).
RESPONSE OF LTI SYSTEMS
Excitation-and-response relationship between input and

output
Energy storage elements and other internal effects may
cause the output waveform to look quite different from
the input
Impulse Response and Superposition
Assume: no internal stored energy so y(t) is due entirely

to x(t)
Linear (superposition principle applies):
Time-Invariant
Define: The systems response to an impulse input
Thus, the superposition integral:
Or, the forced response y(t) is the convolution of the

input (t) and the system impulse response h(t)
System analysis in the time domain thus requires

knowledge of the impulse response along with the
ability to carry out a convolution. Alternatively, we may
calculate first the systems step response
where
Define: unit step function
Time Response of an nth order system
The order n is equal to the number of energy-storage

elements (below is 1st order)
The step response (input is a step function)
Time Response of an 1st order system
The impulse response (when input is an impulse)
One can now find the response y(t) to an arbitrary

input x(t)
Time Response of an 1st order system
Let x(t) = A for 0 < t < , then the response is
System Gain and Phase Shift
Since Ay/Ax = |H(f0)| and any frequency f0, then H(f) is
the amplitude ratio as a function of frequency or the
amplitude response or gain
arg H(f) represents the system phase shift since y x
= arg H(f0)
Plots of |H(f0)| and arg H(f0) versus frequency gives the
systems frequency response
Joel
Engr.
C.Joel
Delos
C. Angeles
Delos Angeles
M.S. ECE Lecture 3: Signal Transmission and Filtering 73

ECET412 A

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ECET412a

Principles of Communications Course

Scope of the course

Joel C. Delos Angeles B.S. ECE 2

Additional recommended books

Material accessible from course yahoo group:

Joel C. Delos Angeles B.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 3

Course Outline (May change depending on period

Primary Reference Book: Carlson Chapter 1

Elements of Communications Systems

Modulation and Coding

Historical Perspective and Societal Impact

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 7

Seek out and isolate the principles and problems of

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 8

What are transducers?

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 9

Transmitter signal processing involves modulation and

Distortion - waveform perturbation caused by imperfect

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 12

Interference - is contamination by extraneous signals

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 13

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 14

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 15

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 16

Continuous-wave modulation methods for

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 18

Channel Coding involves error detection or

Source Coding involves encoding fewer bits

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 19

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 20

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 21

Skywave propagation uses the ionosphere (reflection)

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 22

Multipath interference can be an advantage or

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 23

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 24

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction 25

Reading assignment : Societal Impact and

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE Lecture 1: Introduction

Primary Reference Book: Carlson Chapter 2

Time domain Freq domain

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE

Time domain ? freq

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE

2) ) Get two-sided frequency line spectra of:

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE

Time domain ? freq

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE

NOTE: Read on Fourier Series Discussion in

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE

Incidentally, /T0 equals the

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE

Exercise: Sketch the amplitude spectrum of a rectangular pulse train for

The average power can be found by squaring and

Compute for signal power of the following (R=1)

Joel C. Delos Angeles M.S. ECE

Emphasized here is continuous in contrast to

Inverse Fourier Transform