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ACID-BASE TITRATIONS - I
CONCEPTS AND TITRATION CURVES
9/21/2016 7:41 RA CUEVAS, R.Ch,. M.Sc.
PM Analytical Chemistry
 Introduction
2

Popular method of analysis

Relative ease
Speed

Low-cost

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 Introduction
3

Successful titration
Availability
of suitable titrant
Fast and quantitative reaction

Means of estimating equivalence point

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 Solutions and Indicators in Acid-Base
4
Titrations
Standard Solution
Strong acids: HCl, HClO4, H2SO4
Strong bases: NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2

* Never use weak acids and bases as

titrants!

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 Solutions and Indicators in Acid-Base
5
Titrations
Indicators
Isa weak organic acid or a weak
organic base whose undissociated form
differs in color from its conjugate acid
or its conjugate base form
(solvatochromic)
Indicator pH range: pKa 1

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 Is a weak organic acid
or a weak organic Visual Indicators
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base whose
undissociated form
differs in color from its
conjugate acid or its
conjugate base form
(solvatochromic)
HIn + H2O In- +
H3O+
Hin: colorless
In-: purple
Indicator pH range: pKa
1
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 Common Indicators
7

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8

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 Solutions and Indicators in Acid-Base
11
Titrations
Titration Errors with Acid/Base Indicators
Determinate error
Occurs when the pH at which the indicator changes
color differs from the pH at the equivalence point.
Can be minimized by choosing the indicator
carefully or by making blank correction
Indeterminate error
Originates from the limited ability of the eye to
reproducibly distinguish the intermediate color of
the indicator
Average visual uncertainty: 0.5 to 1 pH unit

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 Solutions and Indicators in Acid-Base
12
Titrations
Variables that Influence the
Behavior of Indicators
Temperature

Ionicstrength of the medium

Presence of organic solvents

Colloidal particles

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 Titration Curves
13

Plots pH as a function of the volume of

titrant added (how does the pH
change with every mL of titrant added
into the analyte?)
Follows the progress of the titration
process
Measured experimentally
pH electrode and meter
Or calculated using equations from
principles of equilibrium

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 Types of Acid-Base Titrations
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Strong Acid with Strong Base

Strong Base with Strong Acid
Weak Acid with Strong Base
Diprotic and Polyprotic Systems
Weak Base with Strong Acid
Diprotic and Polyprotic Systems

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15 Strong Acid Strong Base Titrations

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 Important Mathematical
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Relationships

For the following examples, let us consider the

titration of KOH analyte with HBr

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 A A Initial point
B B Before Eq.Pt.
C Eq. Pt.
D After Eq.Pt.

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 A. Initial Point
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Only the analyte exists in solution

pH is determined by the analyte

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 Example 1
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Calculate the initial pH for the titration of 50.00 mL

of 0.02000 M KOH with 0.1000 M HBr titrant.

12.301

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 B. Region Before Equivalence Point
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Every addition of acid titrant reacts with the base

analyte to form salt and water.
At this region, the acid is the LIMITING REAGENT
while the base is the EXCESS REAGENT

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 Example 2
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Calculate the pH after 3.00 mL of the HBr titrant

(0.1000 M) has been added to 50.00 mL of
0.02000 M KOH analyte.

12.121

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 Board Work 1
22

Calculate the pH after 5.50 mL of the HBr titrant

(0.1000 M) has been added to 50.00 mL of
0.02000 M KOH analyte.

11.909

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 C. At Equivalence Point
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Complete neutralization of analyte by the titrant

ONLY the salt and water product is present in the
solution!

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 Example 3
24

Calculate the volume of 0.1000 M HBr needed to

completely neutralize 0.02000 M KOH analyte

10.00 mL

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 D. Region After Equivalence Point
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Presence of EXCESS TITRANT

pH determined by titrant in excess

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 Example 4
26

Calculate the pH after addition of 10.15 mL

0.1000 M HBr to 50.00 mL of 0.02000 M KOH
analyte.

3.603

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 Board Work 2
27

Calculate the pH after addition of 11.00 mL

0.1000 M HBr to 50.00 mL of 0.02000 M KOH
analyte.

2.785

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 Effect of Concentration and Choosing
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an Indicator
(A) 0.0500 M HCl
titrated w/ 0.1000 M
NaOH
(B) 0.000500 M HCl
w/ 0.00100 M NaOH

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 Exercise 1
29

Generate the titration curve for the titration of

50.00 mL of 0.0500 M HCl with the following
volumes of 0.1000 M NaOH at 250C.
0.00, 10.00, 20.00, 24.00, 24.90, 25.00, 25.10,
26.00, 30.00.

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end

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