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A SUMMARY OF PERFORATED WALL <>

WIND TUNNEL STUDIES
AT THE
ARNOLD ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT CENTER
By
M. Pindzola and W. L. Chew
PWT, ARO, Inc.

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August 1960
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 AEDC-TR-60-9

A SUMMARY OF PERFORATED WALL

WIND TUNNEL STUDIES
AT THE
ARNOLD ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT CENTER

By

M. Pindzola and W. L. Chew

PWT, ARO, Inc.

Thisdoc
-f-been approved formic release
* d'stnbutlon is unlimited, uu AFJ3&<;

August 1960 {$UJL.

ARO Project No. 210707

Contract No. AF 40(600)-800 S/A 11(60-110)

AF - AEDC
Arnold AK Stn TVTDI
 AEDC-TR.60-9

ABSTRACT

A summary of the work done at AEDC in the development

of perforated walls for application to transonic and supersonic
wind tunnels is presented. Results are summarized for nor-
mal slanted, and slotted hole walls in the Mach number range
from 0. 90 to 2. 50. The slotted hole data, presented for the
first time, indicate that the characteristics of a perforated
wall can be determined independently of the free-stream Mach
number.

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 AEDC-TR-60-9

CONTENTS

Page
ABSTRACT 2
NOMENCLATURE 5
INTRODUCTION 6
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Required Wall Characteristics 7
Predicted Characteristics of Perforated Walls 7
Reference Pressure Distributions 8
EXPERIMENTAL WALL CHARACTERISTICS 8
COMPARISON OF REQUIRED AND EXPERIMENTAL
WALL CHARACTERISTICS 9
EXPERIMENTAL MODEL TEST RESULTS
Basic Distributions 11
Effects of Wall Porosity 12
Effects of Wall Angle 12
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 12
REFERENCES 13

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure
1. Required Flow Characteristics in the Flow Field about
a 20 Cone-Cylinder Model of 2-Percent Blockage at a
Position Corresponding to the Tunnel Wall 16
2. Average Flow Characteristics in the Flow Field about
a 20 Cone-Cylinder Model of 2-Percent Blockage at a
Position Corresponding to the Tunnel Wall 17
3. Required Flow Characteristics in the Flow Field about
a Parabolic-Arc Body of Revolution of 2. 8-Percent
Blockage at a Position Corresponding to the Tunnel
Wall 18
4. Schematic Layouts of the Perforated Walls
a. 22-Percent Normal 19
b. 6-Percent Slanted 19
c. 10-Percent Slotted 19
 AEDC-TR.60-9

Figure Page
5. Test Section Configuration for Wall Characteristic
Study 20
6. Experimental Wall Characteristics for the 22-Percent
Normal Hole Wall 21
7. Experimental Wall Characteristics for the 6-Percent
Slanted Hole Wall 22
8. Experimental Wall Characteristics for the 10-Percent
Slotted Hole Wall 23
9. Comparison of Required and Experimental Wall
Characteristics 24
10. Body Pressure Distributions on a 2-Percent Blockage,
Cone-Cylinder Model with 22-Percent Normal Hole
Walls 25
11. Body Pressure Distributions on a 2-Percent Blockage,
Cone-Cylinder Model with 6-Percent Slanted Hole
Walls 28
12. Body Pressure Distributions on a 2-Percent Blockage,
Cone-Cylinder Model with Modified 10-Percent Slotted
Hole Walls 31
13. Effect of Wall Porosity on Body Pressure Distributions
of a 2-Percent Blockage, 20 Cone-Cylinder Model
a. Normal Hole Wall 33
b. Slanted Hole Wall 34
14. Effect of Wall Angle on the Body Pressure Distributions
of a 2-Percent Blockage, 20 Cone-Cylinder Model
at M * 1. 30
a. Slanted Hole Wall 36
b. Slotted Hole Wall 36
 AEDCTR.60-?

NOMENCLATURE

Cp Pressure coefficient, (p - pA)/q,

(Cp)w Wall pressure coefficient, >(pM - pc)/q

Cp_ Slope of the pressure coefficient versus flow
inclination (characteristic) curves
M Free-stream Mach number
p Local static pressure
pc Plenum chamber static pressure
p/pt Ratio of local static pressure to free-stream
total pressure
pw Free-stream static pressure
q^ Free-stream dynamic pressure
x/d Distance from model nose normalized by the body
diameter
9 Flow inclination relative to the free-stream
direction, radians
 AEDC-TR-60-9

INTRODUCTION

In 1948 the NACA {Ref. 1) demonstrated that a wind tunnel with partially
open test section walls could be used not only for extending the choking
Mach number of a subsonic tunnel but also for testing at and above a Mach
number of 1. 0. In later studies at Cornell (Ref. 2), a wall with discrete
openings instead of longitudinal slots was used for the same purpose.

The satisfactory cancellation of two-dimensional shock waves was dem-

onstrated at UAC in 1951 (Ref. 3) by using a wall with discrete openings
drilled normal to the test section walls. In these studies, optimum results
were obtained with walls In which the ratio of open to total area was 22 per-
cent. Later studies at the Ohio State University (Ref. 4) and the Arnold
Engineering Development Center (AEDC) (Refs. 5 through 8) demonstrated
the effectiveness of walls of this porosity in the cancellation of the bow
shock from a three-dimensional model as well. These studies were used as
a basis for design, and the initial set of walls for the 16-Foot Transonic
Circuit of the Propulsion Wind Tunnel (PWT) at the AEDC was fabricated
with this geometry (see Ref. 9).

In an effort to improve the expansion wave cancellation qualities of

the 22-percent normal hole wall, investigations were initiated in the 1-Foot
Transonic Tunnel at the AEDC in 1954. These studies led to the develop-
ment of a wall of 6-percent porosity in which the perforations were slanted
60 deg from the normal. As shown in Refs. 10 through 13, significant
improvements were attained in the reduction of the expansion wave reflec-
tions from the test section walls while good compression wave cancellation
properties were retained, particularly at Mach numbers near 1.20.

Work was continued in the Mach number ranges from 0. 95 to 1.15

(Refs. 14, 15, and 16) and above 1. 20 (Refs. 17, 18, and 19) to determine
the porosity requirements for the slanted hole wall at other than a Mach
number of 1. 20. These requirements were shown to decrease below a
Mach number of 1. 20 and increase above this Mach number.

An effort was then made to reduce the Mach number dependence of

the wall by the use of slotted holes. This report presents the results
of this effort as well as a summary of the previous studies conducted at
the AEDC.

Manuscript released by authors July 1960.

 AEDC-TR.60-9

THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The theoretical studies performed during the AEDC investigations

were primarily concerned with predicting the wall characteristics required
to provide an interference-free boundary. In the course of these studies,
interference-free pressure distributions were obtained on various models
to serve as a basis for the evaluation of the test results. Some theoretical
work was also done in predicting the characteristics of walls of various
hole shapes. This information was used as a guide in the selection of the
various wall configurations to be tested.

REQUIRED WALL CHARACTERISTICS

To obtain the required characteristics of the test section walls, the

flow fields about the experimental test models were first calculated.
Characteristics were then obtained by calculating the flow conditions along
a line parallel to the free-stream flow direction at a distance from the
model corresponding to the position of the wall.

For purely supersonic Mach numbers, where the bow shock is attached
to the model, the flow field conditions were obtained by the method of char-
acteristics (see Ref. 11). Atypical example of these conditions showing
the pressure coefficient plotted versus the flow angle is presented in Fig. 1
for a 20-deg cone-cylinder model of 2-percent blockage at a Mach number
of 1.5. The values of the pressure coefficient and flow angle represent
the conditions existing in the flow field at a position corresponding to the
tunnel wall. With the assumption that the average flow conditions are
described by a line joining the extremes of such curves, Fig. 2 was pre-
pared to indicate the influence of Mach number on the required wall char-
acteristics.

An approximation of the required characteristics at transonic Mach

numbers was obtained in Ref. 16 for a parabolic-arc body of revolution
using supersonic linearized theory. The results for a model of 2. 8-percent
blockage are shown in Fig. 3. In both Figs. 2 and 3 the slope of the curves
decreases as Mach number is increased.

PREDICTED CHARACTERISTICS OF PERFORATED WALLS

Various investigators have made analytical studies of the flow through

perforated walls in an effort to predict their behavior (see Refs. 13, 18,
20, and 21). These studies have met with limited success, however.
 AEDC-TR-60-9

because of the many parameters, such as the boundary layer thickness,

hole shape, and wall thickness, which influence the flow through the walls.
In general, therefore, it has been found necessary to obtain the actual
wall characteristics by experimental means such as presented in a later
section on experimental wall characteristics.

In some cases it is possible to obtain a qualitative picture of the

test results from the theoretical studies. This is exemplified by the
reasoning which led to the use of the slotted hole. With the assumption
that the perforated wall acts as a series of wings at a small angle of attack,
as suggested in Ref. 20, the Mach number dependence of the wall was
essentially eliminated by use of the slotted hole, as will be discussed
later in this report.

REFERENCE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS

At Mach numbers above 1. 20, theoretical surface pressure distribu-

tions on the test model are used as a basis for comparison and evaluation
of the experimental data. These distributions were obtained in the process
of calculating the flow field conditions used to specify the required wall
characteristics. The accuracy of these curves as base plots was checked
by obtaining test data in a tunnel where the model was well within the test
rhombus. Excellent agreement was obtained.

For Mach numbers below 1. 20, interference-free data for the test
model were obtained from tests conducted in the 16-Foot Transonic Cir-
cuit of the PWT. Since the model was 1. 915 inches in diameter, repre-
senting a blockage ratio of 0. 008 percent in the large circuit, the data
are believed to be free of interference from the test section walls.

EXPERIMENTAL WALL CHARACTERISTICS

During the studies at AEDC, experimental wall characteristics were

obtained for a wide variety of perforated test specimens. Results pre-
sented in this report, however, are limited to the three configurations
shown in Fig. 4, i. e., the 22-percent normal, the 6-percent slanted,
and the 10-percent slotted hole walls.

The results presented in this section were obtained in the 1-Foot

Transonic Tunnel. The tunnel configuration (see Fig. 5) consisted of a
3. 5 by 9 inch test sample mounted on a specially fabricated movable top
wall. A secondary plenum chamber was used to isolate the flow through

8
 AEDC-TR-60-9

the test sample. Flat plate orifices were used in the secondary plenum
chamber evacuation line to measure the total flow rate through the sample.
Mach numbers up to and including 1.0 were established in the test region
with a sonic nozzle in conjunction with auxiliary suction. Supersonic
Mach numbers over the test sample were established with a flexible Laval
nozzle and suction. The boundary layer thickness approaching the test
sample was held constant by convergence of the top and bottom test section
walls.

The cross flow characteristics are presented as plots of pressure

coefficients versus the flow deviation angle at the test specimen. The pres-
sure coefficient, <Cp) , was obtained as a difference between free-stream
static pressure and the static pressure in the secondary plenum chamber
divided by the free-stream dynamic pressure. The flow deviation angle, 8,
was obtained as a ratio between the rate of flow per unit surface area of
the test sample and the rate of flow per unit cross-sectional area of the
free stream.

The wall characteristics for the normal, slanted, and slotted hole
walls are shown in Figs. 6 through 8, respectively. The significant
features of the characteristics are pointed out in the following paragraphs.

The characteristics of the normal hole wall (Fig. 6) show that a slight
outflow (positive 0) is obtained with zero pressure differential across the wall.
The wall offers more resistance to outflow from the test section than for
flow from the surrounding plenum into the test section.

The most pronounced effects of slanting the perforations through the

wall (Fig, 7) are first, to shift the characteristics to where outflow is
maintained with a pressure coefficient as low as -0. 04 and second, to
increase the resistance to inflow to values more nearly required for ex-
pansion wave cancellation. A definite Mach number effect on the character-
istics is noted for both the normal and slanted hole configurations.

By slotting the holes in the direction of the airflow (Fig. 8), the Mach
number dependence of the wall is essentially eliminated. The resistance
to outflow, however, is greater than the resistance to inflow.

COMPARISON OF REQUIRED AND EXPERIMENTAL WALL CHARACTERISTICS

Comparisons of the required wall characteristics for a 2-percent

blockage, 20-deg cone-cylinder model with the actual characteristics of
the 22-percent normal, 6-percent slanted, and 10-percent slotted hole
walls are shown in Fig. 9. The CPfl values for the curve labeled'^equired1

9
 AEDC-TR-60-9

are twice the value of the slopes of the characteristic curves presented
in Fig. 2. The assumption is made that the pressure differential avail-
able to exhaust the stream mass flow is twice that existing behind the
disturbance wave in the free stream because of the added strength of
the wave reflection. The data points for the various wall specimens
represent the slopes of the characteristic curves presented in Figs. 6,
7, and 8 as well as higher Mach number data as presented in Ref. 18.
Slopes indicated by the solid symbols were obtained in the region of out-
flow and those indicated by the open symbols in the region of inflow at
opposite extremes of the characteristic curves.
From these plots it can be seen that for Mach numbers below 1.6,
the actual trend in the wall characteristic parameter with Mach number
for the normal and slanted hole walls in the region of outflow is in direct
disagreement with the required trend. By decreasing the slope of the
characteristic curve for the slotted hole wall in the region of outflow,
this wall would appear to offer some advantage over the others. A
definite improvement in the inflow characteristics of the slanted hole
wall over that of the normal hole wall is noted. The slotted hole wall
also shows some improvement as the Mach number is increased above
0.9. These results tend to verify the suggestion that the perforated
wall acts as a series of wings at small angles of attack. As is well
known, the lift of a high aspect ratio wing increases with increasing
Mach number in the subsonic speed range and decreases in the super-
sonic range. This Mach number dependence falls off, however, as
wing aspect ratio is reduced. With this background, it was reasoned
that a wall with transverse slots rather than round holes would provide
the proper characteristics in the Mach number range above 1.0. Such
a wall was therefore investigated and found to have a characteristic
opposite to that predicted in the Mach number range from 1.0 to 1.4.
It was then reasoned that the characteristics were governed by the
Mach number at the wall rather than the free-stream Mach number.
The Mach number at the wall was known to be approximately 0.7 of
the free-stream value. A longitudinal slot was therefore tried, giving
the Mach-number-independent results presented.
The data points at Mach numbers of 2. 0 and 2.5 in Fig. 9 were
determined from wall characteristics presented in Ref. 18. These
characteristics were obtained in a different manner from those pre-
sented in Figs. 6 through 8. The technique employed was to measure
the flow through all four walls of the perforated test section at various
wall angles or, in effect, at various wall pressure coefficients. The
data are therefore influenced to some extent by the resulting variations
in boundary layer conditions over the plates at the different wall angles.
AB will be indicated later, the values of all of these results appear to
be high. The data do follow the expected trend of a decrease in slope
with an increase in Mach number.

10
 AEDC-TR-60-9

EXPERIMENTAL MODEL TEST RESULTS

Wall interference studies have been made at AEDC using models of

different shapes and various blockage ratios from 1/2 to 6 percent. The
results of these tests are best exemplified by the data obtained with a
cone-cylinder model of 2-percent blockage and 20-deg cone angle. There-
fore, only these data are included in this summary report. The evalua-
tion of the interference is made on the basis of comparisons between ex-
perimental pressure distributions on the surface of the model and the
theoretical and interference-free data mentioned previously.

BASIC DISTRIBUTIONS

Pressure distributions on the model in the Mach number range from

0. 95 to 2. 00 are presented in Figs. 10. 11, and 12 for the 22-percent
normalj 6-percent slanted, and a modified 10-percent slotted hole wall,
respectively. The modification to the slotted hole consisted of slanting
the leading edge of the slot to increase the open area exposed to the free
stream as shown in Fig. 4c. The influence of the bow shock from the
model on the body pressure distribution is confined primarily to the
data points filled in solidly, whereas that of the expansion wave from the
cone-cylinder junction is confined to the data points marked with a cross.

The data presented in Fig. 10 were obtained with test section walls
of 22-percent porosity with normal holes. The cancellation of the model
bow shock was satisfactorily achieved at a Mach number of approximately
1.3. Above this Mach number the wall was too closed, whereas below 1. 3,
the wall was too open for the shock disturbance. Throughout the Mach
number range for which the data are shown, the wall proved to be too open
for the expansion disturbance originating at the cone-cylinder junction.

Similar data are presented in Fig. 11 for walls of 6-percent porosity

with slanted holes. Optimum shock cancellation is again obtained at a
Mach number of approximately 1. 30. Below this Mach number this wall
was again too open, whereas above 1. 30 the wall was too closed for the
shock disturbance. Cancellation of the expansion disturbance, however,
was much more satisfactory throughout the Mach number range with this
wall.

The final set of basic distributions, presented in Fig. 12, was obtained
with the modified slotted hole wall (see Fig. 4c). The wall modification
was made to reduce the slope of the outflow characteristics of the basic
slotted wall without affecting the inflow. The desirability of such a shift

11
 AEDC-TR.60-9

is apparent in Fig. 9. In the range of Mach numbers from 1. 2 through

1. 5, the shock cancellation properties of the wall were satisfactory.
Above a Mach number of 1. 30, the expansion wave cancellation prop-
erties of the wall were also satisfactory. At a Mach number of 1. 30 the
effects of a disturbance from the reflection of the expansion wave are
noticeable, and the effect becomes significant when the Mach number is
decreased to 1. 20.

EFFECTS OF WALL POROSITY

The effect of porosity on the cancellation properties of the normal

and slanted hole walls is presented in Fig. 13. It is apparent that the
character of the reflected disturbances can be changed significantly by
a change in the effective wall porosity. The results show that the porosity
requirements for acceptable shock cancellation with the normal hole wall
(Fig. 13a) vary from 22 percent at a Mach number of 1. 2 to 20 percent
at a Mach number of 2. 0. The optimum porosity for expansion wave can-
cellation in turn varies from 12 percent at 1. 20 to 22 percent at 2. 0. For
the slanted hole wall (Fig. 13b), optimum wave cancellation is obtained
with a wall porosity of slightly below 3 percent at a Mach number of 1. 05,
6 percent at 1.2, and slightly below 12 percent at 2. 0.

EFFECT OF WALL ANGLE

Typical effects of wall angle on the cancellation properties of the

slanted and slotted hole walls at a Mach number of 1. 30 are shown in
Fig. 14. From these results, it can be seen that the character of the
wave reflections can be altered significantly by wall angle changes.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

In the preceding sections, an attempt has been made to indicate the

more important parameters which affect the wave cancellation properties
of perforated walls. The effective porosity of the walls to both inflow and
outflow is of course of prime concern, and it was shown that walls of
various geometries can be made to produce either the proper outflow or
the proper inflow conditions at any particular Mach number.

For a normal hole wall, the proper porosity for shock cancellation
differed significantly from that required for expansion cancellation at any
one Mach number. This situation was shown to be manageable with a

12
 AEDC-TR-60-9

slanted hole wall at any one Mach number, but the porosity of such a wall
had to be varied to obtain satisfactory shock cancellation results over a
range of Mach numbers. Finally, tests of a slotted hole wall indicated
some improvement in shock cancellation over a small Mach number range
but not nearly enough to satisfy the requirements over the wide range of
operation of the PWT. This later wall also appeared to lack the expansion
cancellation properties of the slanted hole wall at the Mach numbers below
1.30.

Some measure of control of the cancellation properties of a fixed wall

configuration is seen to be available by use of wall angle position. The
effect is attributable to the differences in the boundary layer thickness at
various wall angles and was first pointed out in Ref. 3. The range of
control, however, again is not as large as required.

The walls for the PWT circuits, as a result of the AEDC Btudies, are
of the slanted hole variety. A porosity of 6 percent was chosen for the
transonic circuit test section walls, whereas for the supersonic circuit a
porosity of 11 percent was selected. Since these walls are most effective
at Mach numbers of 1. 3 and 2. 0, respectively, some measure of wall inter-
ference must be accepted at other Mach numbers. A variation in wall angle
can be used to minimize this interference. Small discrepancies in the data
in the overlapping test range at Mach numbers from 1. 5 to 1.6 must also
be expected.

The results with the slotted hole indicate that the wall characteristics
can be made independent of the free-stream Mach number. Although en-
couraging, the wave cancellation properties of the wall are not considered
superior to those with the slanted hole wall. A greater resistance to inflow
is required at the lower Mach numbers. It is also believed that some method
of retaining the pressure recovery characteristics of the slanted hole wall,
wherein outflow is maintained at negative Cp values, is required at Mach
numbers below 1.30.

REFERENCES

1. Wright, R. H. and Ward, V. G. "NACA Transonic Wind Tunnel

Test Sections. " NACA RM L8J06, October 25, 1948.
2. Goodman, T. "The Porous Wall Wind Tunnel - Part I - One-
Dimensional Supersonic Flow Analysis. " CAL Rpt
No. AD-594-A-2, October 1950.

13
 AEDC-TR-O-9

3. Pindzola, M, "Shock and Expansion Wave Cancellation Studies in

a Two-Dimensional Porous Wall Transonic Tunnel. " UAC
Research Dept. Report R-25473-5, September 11, 1951.
4. Ward, V. G. "Investigation of a Large Fuselage Model (Six Per
Cent Blockage) in the PWT Transonic Test Section Pilot
Model at the Ohio State University - Part I - Pressure
Comparisons at Zero Lift with 22-1/2 Per Cent Porous Test
Section Walls. " Sverdrup and Parcel Report No. R500-43,
June 7, 1952.
5 Chew, W. L. "Wind Tunnel Investigations of Transonic Test
Sections, Phase I. " AEDC-TR-53-10, October 1953.
6. Goethert, B. H. "Flow Establishment and Wall Interference in
Transonic Wind Tunnels. " AEDC-TR-54-44, June 1954.
7. Chew, W. L. "Wind Tunnel Investigations of Transonic Test
Sections - Phase II, Comparison of Results of Tests on
Five Perforated-Wall Test Sections in Conjunction with a
Sonic Nozzle. " AEDC-TR-54-52, March 1955.
8. Chew, W. L. "Cross-Flow Calibration at Transonic Speeds of
Fourteen Perforated Plates with Round Holes and Airflow
Parallel to the Plates. " AEDC-TR-54-65, July 1955.
9. Dick, R. S. "Calibration of the PWT 16-Ft Transonic Circuit
With an Aerodynamic Test Cart Having 20-Percent-Open
Perforated Walls and Without Plenum Auxiliary Suction. "
AEDC-TN-58-24, June 1958.
10. Gray, J. D. and Gardenier, H. E. "Experimental and Theo-
retical Studies on Three- Dimensional Wave Reflection
in Transonic Test Sections - Part I: Wind-Tunnel Tests
on Wall Interference of Axisymmetric Bodies at Transonic
Mach Numbers." AEDC-TN-55-42, March 1956.
11. Dubose, H. C. "Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Three-
Dimensional Wave Reflection in Transonic Test Sections -
Part II: Theoretical Investigation of the Supersonic Flow
Field About a Two-Dimensional Body and Several Three-
Dimensional Bodies at Zero Angle of Attack. " AEDC-TN-
55-43, March 1956.
12. Chew, W. L. "Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Three-
Dimensional Wave Reflection in Transonic Test Sections -
Part III: Characteristics of Perforated Test-Section Walls
with Differential Resistance to Cross-Flow. " AEDC-TN-
55-44, March 1956.

14
 AEDC-TR-60-9

13. Goethert, B. H. "Physical Aspects of Three-Dimensional Wave

Reflections in Transonic Wind Tunnels at Mach Number 1. 20
{Perforated, Slotted, and Combined Slotted-Perforated Walls).
AEDC-TR-55-45, March 1956.
14. Estabrooks, B. B. "Wall-Interference Effects on Axisymmetric
Bodies in Transonic Wind Tunnels. " AEDC-TR-59-12,
June 1959.
15. Pindzola, M. "Comparison of Linearized Transonic Flow Theory
With Experimental Pressure Distributions About a Parabolic-
Arc Body of Revolution. " AEDC-TN-59-89, August 1959.
16. Pindzola, M. "An Investigation of the Required Wind Tunnel Wall
Characteristics at Mach Numbers From 1.01 Through 1. 20. "
AEDC-TN-60-33, February 1960.
17. Hamilton, C. V., Parker, G. H., and Ramm, H. "Experimental
Determination of Auxiliary Suction Requirements in the PWT
Supersonic Model Tunnel at Mach Numbers 2. 0 and 2.6."
AEDC-TN-57-2, March 1957.
18. Ramm, H., and Jones, M. "Use of Perforated Walls for Shock
Cancellation at Supersonic Speeds. " AEDC-TR-59-15,
July 1959.
19. Chew, W. L. "Determination of Optimum Operating Parameters
for the 1-Foot Transonic Tunnel Utilizing Cone-Cylinder
Bodies of Revolution. " AEDC-TN-60-69, April 1960.
20. Maeder, P. F., and Wood, A. D. "Transonic Wind Tunnel Test
Sections." ZAMP, Vol. VII, 1956, p. 177.
21. Goldbaum, G. C. "Research Work on Supersonic Wind Tunnels
to Investigate the Use of Perforated Walls. " WADC-TR-
55-185, March 1956.

15
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18
 AEDC-TR-60-9

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19
 A E D C
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[).04

/$}

CryCi
-0 .01, 0.1 )1 0. 02 0.1 33
ct>r

D.04

Fig. 6 Experimental Wall Characteristics for the 22-Percent Normal Hole Wall

21
 AEDC-TR-60-9

Symbol Mach Number

O 0.90
D 1.00
o 1.20
A 1.U0

0.12^

(cpX
0.08 0
O
O.OU

AH /

).01 0 / 0 .02 0. 03 o.c

19
&
_(1_ nil

=K3J08

Fig. 7 Experimental Wall Characteristics for the 6-Percent

Slanted Hole Wall

22
 AEDC-TR-60-9

Symbol ] 4ach dumber

o 0.90
1=1 1.00
O 1.20
<> 1. 30
i 1. ko

0.12
1

(Cp>v

0.08

0 .ok

a.
02 -0.01 , ) 0. 01 0 02 0. 03
t1
[
^ n /NI,

Fig. 8 Experimental Wall Characteristics for trie 10-Percent

Slotted Hole Wall

23
 Symbol Wall
Normal (22%)
O Slotted (10%) Non-Modified
O Slanted (6%)
A Slanted (12%)
Solid points show slopes in outflow region.
Open points show slopes in inflow region.
M = 2.0 and 2.5 data from Ref. 18 {no inflow
data available).
10 **^ k^

- s- -*"

"8 s <>

\s
f /
8
'
A \< i
yk
i
v\ (

H H >

4- ] Required
1
-.
1? r1
>
m
o
O
0.8 1.0 L.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.6
H

o>

Fig. 9 Comparison of Required and Experimental Wall Characteristics

 AEDC-TR-60-9

Affected by the reflection of

the bow compression waves
H Affected by the reflection of
the shoulder expansion waves

O.k IDV

\
P
/Pt
M . 0.95
0.5

\J
1

XCDC 3XC33IX
0.6
c p*

H
O.k L 14 1.00
p
/p t V \
0.5
V.,
B
rfft fin mi JTT Tfr
s* t=^ >

0.6 <
^Jl
F
0.3

?
A
O.if

0.5

0.6

Fig. 10 Body Pressure Distributions on o 2-Percent Blockage, Cone-

Cylinder Model with 22-Percent Normal Hole Walls

25
 AEDC-TR-60-9

Affected by the reflection of

the bow compression waves
C3 Affected by the reflection of
the shoulder expansion waves

0.3
M 1.20
?
/pt
o.k q 3ECP

0.5
c
u TXL <YJ8'

0.3

p
\
^
vp: L. -
M * 1.30

- P
^
ki/ r^

nr
O.ll ^^

0.2

?
/pt M = 1.1*0
0-3

c tai mr
O.U

0 2 k 6 6 10
x/d
Fig. 10 Continued

26
 AEDC-TR-60-9

Affected by the reflection of

the bow compression waves
E3 Affected by the reflection of
the shoulder expansion waves
0.20

V
1
0.2i* \
^ M * 1.50
^
ut EJ ^1 n
0.28
IH^
m
B
E9

0.32
[
kp ^

O.36

0.06

'/Pt M - 2.00
,
0.10
:H
H
>
RT1 ttCE TT i-D
L tea -T r-Ui w^cP
O.llt

0.18
0
IOT
r
2 k 6 10 12
x/4

F ig. 10 Concluded

27
 AEDC-TR-60-9

H Affected by the reflection of

the shoulder expansion waves

0.4 c \

7t
M 0.95
0.5
_J
tp-mn 1L -n-E-ED-D-m
0.6
[ r0* V
0A
F \
\ N = 1.00
0-5 1iN. ^^

J j^3 5"5c TLX2

[ UJX&*
&& 1
0.6

0.3

b
o.i* VN] M 1.10

0.5
s Hu B C
tf^UOQ zfrt
3^ rcP
-o^

[ tq-| fP
J

0.6
8 10 12
x/d
Fig. 11 Body Pressure Distributions on a 2-Percent Blockage, Cone-Cylinder Model
with 6-Percent Slanted Hole Walls

28
 AEDC-TR-60-9

Affected by the reflection of

the bow compression waves
S Affected by the reflection of
the shoulder expansion waves

{
k
0.3
M 1.20

N
=

?
/r

O.k [cb|
^ 3?K) H^***W dJ UP

0.5 H 5CB1

0.3
M : 1.30
PA u
p
DC

u
t
o.k
tJD^a

0.2

P
At
P
M = 1.^0

bcff 0 -cfa
0.3

L
r
^ jj
O.lf

2 U 6 8 10 12
x/d
Fig. 11 Continued

29
 AEDC-TR-60-9

Affected by the reflection of

the bow compression waves
0.20

V
0.24 vN
h

M 1.5

0.28
b
n H u^
H
J

fdr Et^-nQTFt:

c1 Q
0.32
T1
r
O.36

0.06

p
A
0.10
M - 2.0
L
~o~t ] D

D
0.1k

wr
I1

0.18
0 2> * 13 13 13 u1
x/d
Fig. 11 Concluded

30
 AEDC-TR-60-9

12 Affected by the reflection of

the shoulder expansion waves

0.3

7
o.k
K^
^
M = 1.20

fti-
L^
V"u
_B

0.5

0.3
L M = 1.30
p
ft n
/pt ^ L-L
^HaL-S

1M U
A 1L
0.4

0.2

k
c K rat arfi M = l.UO
0.3
Ltn nfl
r*
U^ u
c =b w
o.W

0 2 I* 6 8 10
x/d

Fig. 12 Body Pressure Distributions on a 2-Percent Blockage, Cone-

Cylinder Model with Modified 10-Percent Slotted Hole Walls

31
 AEDC-TR-60-9

Affected by the reflection of

the bow compression waves
0.20

P
/l

0.24 V
[ M 1.50
D

0.28 Ssl&few
0.32 [ #1 Lftl PI

0.36

0.12

l
\L
M = 1.80
0.l6 \L^

0.20
M fe- -*-i
Dn^
cc
b^ WH
T 1'

-V 4*J
m

c nPdbr-F=;
D

0.2U
2 4 6 8 10 12
x/d
Fig. 12 Concluded

32
 AEDC-TR-60-9

Symbol Porosity, percent

D 12
O 22
O 29
A 33
V 42
Solid points affected by the
reflection of the bow com-
pression waves
X'd points affected by the
reflection of the shoulder
expansion waves

0.32

0.10

P
/ jVkr o
t
0.1*4
1F
$8S
%Wf
&
M = 2.0

0.18
6 d 10 12 11+
x/d
a. Normal Hole Wall

Fig. 13 Effect of Wall Porosity on Body Pressure Distributions of a 2-Percent

Blockage, 20 Cone-Cylinder Model

33
 AEDC-TR-60-9

Symbol Porosity, percent

A 3
O 6
Solid points affected by the
reflection of the bow com-
pression waves
X'd points affected by the
reflection of the shoulder
expansion waves
0.30

P/t
M 1.03
0.40
1

0.50
8Sr

0.60

0.30
H = 1.20
P
/Pt

0.40
*
s? 3K>- ^0

0.50
8 10 12
x/d

b. Slanted Hole Wall

Fig. 13 Continued

34
 AEDC.TR-60-9

Symbol Porosity, percent

A 3
O 6
a 12
Solid points affected by the
reflection of the bow com-
pression waves
0.20

0.30
-i \

\\*& J~> ,,
f^jrfwt
N - l.Uo

0.40 "

0.10

P
/Pt d
N ^^rr: bbfi: EL -D
M i 2.00

-** U k
O 1 ^Q
o.iu r c u
^
*

0.18
6 8 10 12
x/d

b. Concluded
Fig. 13 Concluded

35
 AEDC-TR-60-9

Symbol Wall Angle, min

O -20
0
A +30
0.2
P
A
0.3

1
pq b* HNJHJB|
O.k
< my
0.5
a. Slanted Hole Wal

0.2
P
A
0.3
^fc

O.k
d|ftB y
0.5
2 i* 6 8 10 12
x/d
b. Slotted Hole Wall

Fig. 14 Effect of Wall Angle on the Body Pressure Distributions of a 2-Percent

Blockage, 20 Cone-Cylinder Model ot M = 1.30

36