Computer software for spatial statistical analysis

Prepared by: Rodrigo Tapia-McClung

Last revision: November 22, 2005

• GeoDa (WIN) - Freeware

https://www.geoda.uiuc.edu/default.php
– Spatial Data Manipulation: create point shape files from text files, centroids for polygons, Thiessen
polygons from points, contiguity based spatial weights for polygons, distance based spatial weights
for points and polygons.
– Data Transformation: variable transformation (log, exp, etc.), queries, dummy variables (regime
variables), variable algebra (addition, multiplication, etc.), spatial lag variable construction, rate
calculation and rate smoothing.
– Mapping: quantile choropleth and standard deviational maps, outlier maps (box map), percentile
map, circular cartogram, conditional maps, smoothed rate map, excess rate map.
– Exploratory Data Analysis: histogram, box plot, scatter plot, parallel coordinate plot, 3D-scatter
plot, conditional plot.
– Spatial Autocorrelation: spatial weights creation (rook, queen, distance, k-nearest), higher order
spatial weights, spatial weights characteristics (connectedness histogram), Moran scatterplot with
inference, bivariate Moran scatterplot with inference, Moran scatterplot for rates (Empirical Bayes
-EB- standardization), Local Moran significance map, Local Moran cluster map, bivariate Local
Moran, Local Moran for rates (EB standardization).
– Spatial Regression: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) with diagnostics (e.g., LM test, Moran’s I)
Maximum Likelihood spatial lag model, Maximum Likelihood spatial error model, predicted value
map, residual map
• PASSAGE (WIN) - Freeware
http://www.passagesoftware.net/
– Calculate geographic distances and angles (Euclidean and Spherical).
– Calculate distance matrices from univariate or multivariate data.
– Calculate distance classes/bins.
– Calculate connections among point locations: Distances, Nearest Neighbors, Minimum Spanning
Trees, Relative Neighborhood Networks, Gabriel Graphs, Delaunay/Dirichlet Tessellations, Least
Diagonal Networks.
– Random point patterns.
– Convert point values into grids.
– Point Analyses: Dispersion indices, Second-Order Analyses (i.e., Ripley’s K function), Join
Counts.
– Transect Analyses: Quadrat Variance, Spectral Analysis, Fractal Dimension, Lacunarity Analysis,
Wavelet
– Surface Analyses: Quadrat Variance, Lacunarity Analysis, Wavelet.
– Scattered Data Analyses: Correlograms (Moran’s I, Geary’s c and Mantel’s correlation), Bearing,
Angular Correlation.

1
 – Miscellaneous Analyses: Modified t-test for correlation, Mantel tests (including partial Mantel
tests).
– Graphical Analyses: Coordinate plots (including connections, tessellations, superimposed maps,
etc.), Surface plots, Post plots, Transect plots.

• Rookcase (An Excel 97/2000 Visual Basic (VB) Add-in) - Freeware

http://www.lpc.uottawa.ca/ or
http://www.lpc.uottawa.ca/data/scripts/index.html
– Regular datset (lattice): Moran’s I, Geary’s c, Join-Count Statistics.
– Irregular dataset (lattice): Moran’s I, Geary’s c, LISA functions (local Moran’s I, Geary’s c and
Getis-Ord Gi and G∗i .
– Monte-Carlo simulations: create random distributions of Moran’s I, Geary’s c or Joint-Count
Statistics.
– Import an IDRISI image into Excel.
• SpPack (An Excel Visual Basic (VB) Add-in) - Freeware
Available by request to the author: george.perry@kcl.ac.uk
Perry, G.L.W. 2004. SpPack: spatial point pattern analysis in Excel using Visual Basic for Applications
(VBA). Environmental Modelling & Software 19:559-569 (Issue 6, June 2004).
Can perform tests in three broad classes: (1) nearest-neighbour derived (first-order) analyses; (2)
second-order analyses; and (3) simple grid-based analyses (with an ecological bias).
Tests can be performed on univariate and bivariate event sets, and can be performed on specific
subgroups of that data (e.g. if the data were divided into different species or size-classes, etc.).
Can also generate event sets (univariate or bivariate) for analysis or comparison; these artificial sets may
conform to complete spatial randomness (CSR), or be aggregated or over-dispersed at a user-specified
scale, or scales. Tests available in the program include:
– Ripley’s K;
– Diggle’s G and F ;
– k − th order nearest neighbours;
– Local PPA: Fotheringham-Zhan placement method, Getis-Franklin Local Second-Order;
– Neighbourhood Density Function;
– Grid-based and Spatial Autocorrelation: Simple Quadrat Based Mean (variance analysis), Global
Moran’s I and Geary’s c, Dispersion Indices.
• CrimeStat, version 3.0 (WIN) - Freeware
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/crimestat.html
– Spatial distribution: statistics for describing the spatial distribution of incidents, such as the mean
center, center of minimum distance, standard deviational ellipse, Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation
index, or directional mean, Moran correlogram that calculates Moran’s I for different distance
separations.
– Distance analysis: statistics for describing properties of distances between incidents including
nearest neighbor analysis, linear nearest neighbor analysis, and Ripley’s K statistic.
– ‘Hot spot’ analysis: routines for conducting ’hot spot’ analysis including the mode, the fuzzy
mode, hierarchical nearest neighbor clustering, and risk-adjusted nearest neighbor hierarchical
clustering. The hierarchical nearest neighbor hot spots can be output as ellipses or convex hulls.
Also has routines for conducting hot spot analysis including the Spatial and Temporal Analysis
of Crime (STAC), K-means clustering, and Anselin’s Local Moran statistics. The STAC and
K-means hot spots can be output as ellipses or convex hulls.

2
 – Interpolation: single-variable kernel density estimation routine for producing a surface or contour
estimate of the density of incidents (e.g., burglaries) and a dual-variable kernel density estimation
routine for comparing the density of incidents to the density of an underlying baseline (e.g.,
burglaries relative to the number of households).
– Space-time analysis: tools for analyzing clustering in time and in space. These include the Knox
and Mantel indices and the Correlated Walk Analysis module, which analyzes and predicts the
behavior of a serial offender.
• spdep: Spatial Dependence (for use with R - WIN, MacOS, Linux) - Freeware
http://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/Descriptions/spdep.html or
http://spatial.nhh.no/R/spdep/

A collection of functions that run in the R language to:

– Create spatial weights matrix objects from polygon contiguities, from point patterns by distance
and tesselations, for summarising these objects, and for permitting their use in spatial data
analysis.
– Tests for spatial autocorrelation, including global Moran’s I, Geary’s c, Hubert/Mantel general
cross product statistic, Empirical Bayes estimates and Assunção/Reis Index, Getis/Ord G and
multicoloured join count statistics, local Moran’s I and Getis/Ord G, saddlepoint approximations
for global and local Moran’s I.
– Estimate spatial simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) models.
• SAGE for Sun workstation only (running Solaris), for use with ARC/INFO - Freeware
ftp://ftp.shef.ac.uk/pub/uni/academic/D-H/g/sage/sagehtm/sage.htm or
http://www.shef.ac.uk/∼scgisa/newscgisa/research.htm
– Computing distribution statistics of attributes.
– Correlation analysis for every selected pair of attributes and cross-tabulated analysis on categorical
data.
– Local Getis and Moran I indicators and their significant values, and saving these results as new
attributes.
– Computing the relative risks for objects based on observed and expected counts by means of
empirical Bayesian and kernel estimations. Two models - Gamma and log-normal, are supported
for empirical Bayesian estimations.
– Fitting a classical linear regression model and the models with spatial error term and spatial
independent term as well as performing tests on the goodness-of-fit of the models, coefficients and
spatial dependence, and saving results such as residuals, fitted values and leverages as attributes.
– Fitting a generalised linear regression model.
• IDRISI (Win) - Licensed
http://www.clarklabs.org/
– Summary statistics of raster images.
– Produce Thiessen polygons around a set of irregularly distributed points.
– Spatial Autocorrelation of an image (Moran’s I).
– Triangulated Irregular Network, Kriging.
– Surface Interpolation and Spatial Trend on surfaces.
– Quadrat analysis.
– Measure the similarity between two images or maps.
– Create a random image with random values that obey either a rectilinear, normal, or lognormal
distribution, according to a user-specified mean and standard deviation.

3
 – Variograms using Gstat (a program for geostatistical modeling, prediction and simulation).
• ArcGIS 9 (Win, UNIX, Solaris) - Licensed
http://www.esri.com/
– TIN creation and manipulation
– Statistics for tables
– Kernel, Line and Point Density Functions
– Calculate distances
– Surface interpolation: Inverse Distance Weighting, Kriging, Trends.
– Cell statistics
– Map Algebra
– Block, Focal, Line and Point Statistics
– Raster creation
– Nearest Neighbors, Getis-Ord G and G∗ , Global and Local Moran’s I
– Measures for Geographic Distributions: central feature, standard deviational ellipse, linear direc-
tional mean, mean center, standard distance.
• Spacestat, version 1.91 and ArcView 3.x extension (WIN) - Licensed
http://www.terraseer.com/products/spacestat.html
– Creation and manipulation of spatial weights matrices
– Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA): descriptive statistics, join count statistics, Moran’s I
(global and local), Geary’s c (global), G-statistics (global and local Gi and G∗i ).
– Visualization: Box, Percentile, Spatial Lag Bar Chart and Spatial Lag Pie Chart maps. Moran
Scatterplot, LISA Local Moran, Moran Significance, G-Stat, Residual and Predicted Maps.
– Spatial regressions: Generic, Trend surface, Spatial regimes, Spatial expansion, Spatial analysis
of variance (ANOVA).
– Includes techniques to describe and visualize spatial distributions, identify atypical locations (spa-
tial outliers), discover patterns of spatial association (spatial clusters) and suggest different spatial
regimes and other forms of spatial non-stationarity.

• S-Plus (S+SpatialStats and ArcView GIS extension), version 7 (WIN, Linux, UNIX) - Licensed
http://www.insightful.com/products/splus/ or
http://www.insightful.com/products/spatial/default.asp or
http://www.insightful.com/products/arcview/default.asp
– Geostatistical data: Contour plots, 3D point clouds, Variogram plots and box plots Directional
variograms and correlograms, Empirical variogram estimation, Variogram models including spher-
ical and exponential, Ordinary and universal kriging, Block and Point Kriging prediction at arbi-
trary locations with standard errors, Parametric and nonparametric trend surface.
– Point Patterns: Point maps that include region boundaries, Spatial randomness tests, Ripley’s
K-functions, Simulation of spatial random processes, Local intensity estimation.
– Lattice Data:“Binning” of high density data into a regular lattice of counts, Geary and Moran spa-
tial autocorrelation coefficients, Spatial regression models including conditional and simultaneous
autoregressive models, Nearest neighbor search, Visualization of neighbor structures.
• A list of software, ordered by category/functionality, and listing the platform (WIN, Linux, etc.), the
type of GIS (Raster/Vector) and whether they contain geostatistical functions or not can be found at:
http://www.ai-geostats.org/.