UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof.

Steven Errede

LECTURE NOTES 10
WAVE GUIDES and GUIDED EM WAVES
We consider/investigate the conditions under which EM waves can propagate when confined to
the interior of some kind of hollow pipe also know as a wave guide. In the real world, wave
guides consisting of e.g. rectangular, cylindrical, or arbitrarily cross-section shaped conducting
and/or superconducting hollow metal pipes can be used to transport EM waves and EM energy in
the radio and microwave region of the EM spectrum, whereas, e.g. glass or plastic optical fibers act
as wave guides in the infrared, visible and even the UV portions of the EM spectrum.

We consider the simplest type of wave guide a perfect conductor C ,C 1 C 0

such that inside the walls of the perfect conductor: E 0 & B 0 .

n.b. in a perfect conductor E r , t 0 and by Faradays Law, if E r , t 0 B r , t t 0 .

So if B r , t 0 0 , it will remain 0t . A superconductor is a perfect conductor with B r , t 0
inside it (magnetic flux is expelled from a SC material known as the Meissner effect).

The boundary conditions at/on the inner walls of a perfect conductor are:

B d
E
t
0: C E d
dt S
B da 0 (1) Tangential E continuous: E 0 (since Einside 0 )

B 0 : Bda 0
S
(2) Normal B continuous: B 0 (since B inside 0 )

Note that free surface charges free and free surface currents K free will be induced on the inner
surfaces of this perfectly conducting wave guide so as to enforce these boundary conditions:

S
Dda Q encl
free : Doutside Dinside free and:
C
H d I encl
free : H outside H inside K free n

We assume {for the moment} that the wave guide has a rectangular cross section hence we will
use rectangular coordinates in the following discussions. Solutions for E and B must satisfy the

wave equations: 2 E c12 2 E t 2 0 , 2 B c12 2 B t 2 0 and the boundary conditions

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

We are interested in/seek steady-state monochromatic/single-frequency EM traveling plane

wave solutions - that propagate down the inside of the wave guide, e.g. in the z direction of the
above figure. Generically, these must be of the form:

E x, y, z , t Eo x, y ei kz z t n.b. for the cases of interest to us, the
wave number kz will turn out to be real.
B x, y, z , t Bo x, y ei kz z t

In the interior region of the wave guide, away from (i.e. not inside) the walls, Maxwells
equations must be satisfied, which, for empty space or e.g. air with air o and air o are:

(1) Gauss Law: E 0 (2) No magnetic charges/monopoles: B 0

(3) Faradays Law: E B t (4) Amperes Law: B o o E t 1 c 2 E t

The question then is, what restrictions arising from the boundary conditions (1) E 0 and

(2) B 0 are imposed on E and B in satisfying Maxwells equations (1) (4) above?
Note also that confined EM waves (e.g. for propagation inside of wave guides) are not
(in general) purely transverse waves!

The boundary conditions (1) E 0 and 2) B 0 will (in general, for confined waves)

require longitudinal components: E x, y and B x, y . Generically, our E and B - fields
oz oz

interior to the wave guide will thus be of the form(s):

E x, y, z , t Eo x, y e z with:
i k z t
Eo x, y E ox x, y x E oy x, y y E oz x, y z

and: B x, y, z , t Bo x, y e z with:
i k z t
B x, y B x, y x B x, y y B x, y z
o ox oy oz

If these expressions are inserted into (3) Faradays Law and (4) Amperes Law (above) we obtain:
(3) Faradays Law: (4) Amperes Law:

E oy E ox Boy Box i
(i) i Boz (iv) Eo
x y x y c2 z
E E B B i
i Box Note the cyclic
oy oy

oz oz
(ii) (v) Eo
y z y z c2 x permutations in
E B i
x, y, z for (i)-(iii)
ik z E oy i Box ik z Boy 2 E ox
oz oz
and for (iv)-(vi).
y y c
E E oz Box Boz
i Boy i 2 E oy
ox
(iii) (vi)
z x z x c
E oz Boz
ik z E ox i Boy ik z Bo x i 2 E o y
x x c

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

We can use the four equations (ii), (iii), (v), and (vi) to solve for E ox , E oy , Box and Boy
in terms of E and B , which, after some algebra yield:
oz oz

i E oz Boz
(a) E ox k
c k z2 x y
2 z

i E oz Boz
(b) E oy k
c k z2 y x
2 z

i Boz E oz
(c) Box z
k
c k z2 x y
2

i Boz E oz
(d) Boy k
c k z2 y x
2 z

We now insert (a) (d) above into the other two Maxwells equations:

(1) Gauss Law: E 0 and (2) No magnetic charges: B 0

E ox E oy E oz Box Boy Boz

0 and: 0
x y z x y z

We obtain (after some more algebra): two decoupled wave equations for E oz and Boz :

2 2
2

( ) 2 2 k z2 E oz 0
x y c
2 2
2

( ) 2 2 k z2 Boz 0
x y c

For monochromatic EM traveling plane waves propagating in the z direction:

Longitudinal component of E 0
Case I: E oz 0 but: Boz 0 : TE (Transverse Electric) waves.

Longitudinal component of B 0
Case II: Boz 0 but: E oz 0 : TM (Transverse Magnetic) waves.

Case III: Both E oz Boz 0 : TEM (Transverse Electric & Magnetic) waves.

n.b. TEM waves cannot propagate in hollow wave guides*

{*unless the wavelength cross-sectional dimensions a, b of the waveguide}.
TEM waves can propagate e.g. in a coaxial waveguide structure with a center conductor.

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

E ox E oy
Case I: E oz 0 {TE waves}, then Gauss Law ( E 0 ) becomes: 0
x y
E E
Bt

Case II: Boz 0 {TM waves}, then Faradays Law E
oy
0
z ox
becomes:
z x y

Case III: Both E oz Boz 0 {TEM waves}, from ( ) and ( ) above, we see that k c .
we must go back and fully solve equations (i) (vi) on page 2 (above).

Note that Eo for TEM waves {with E oz 0 } does satisfy E 0 and E 0 .

i.e. Eo has zero divergence and zero curl. Eo Vscalar Hence Vscalar satisfies Laplaces


equation: V 2V 0 . However, the boundary condition (1): E 0 at the inner
surface of waveguide the inner surface of the waveguide is an equipotential, i.e. V constant
at/on the inner surface of the wave guide.
Since Laplaces equation does not allow local maxima or minima (extrema) anywhere except
on the surfaces, then for a hollow waveguide, the potential V interior to the wave guide must be

a constant everywhere, hence: E V 0 everywhere inside the waveguide. No TEM
o

wave propagation can occur in hollow wave guides* {*unless the wavelength cross-
sectional dimensions a, b of the waveguide then TEM waves are a special/limiting case of TE
waves e.g. EM light waves in an optical fiber = waveguide!!!}.

Case I: Propagation of TE Waves in a Perfectly Conducting Hollow Rectangular Waveguide

Consider a perfectly conducting, hollow rectangular waveguide of (inner) height a and width b
as shown in the figure below {n.b. important: a b by convention!!!}:

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

For TE waves: E oz x, y 0 and: Boz x, y 0 , thus:

2 2
2

( ) 2 2 k z2 E oz 0 But: E oz x, y 0 for TE waves. i.e. 0 = 0 this equation

x y c
contains no information.

2 2
2

( ) 2 2 k z2 Boz 0 But: Boz x, y 0 for TE waves.
this equation does contain
useful information.
x y c

The boundary condition for Bo x, y is B 0 on the inner walls of waveguide.

But: Bo x, y Box x, y x Boy x, y y Boz x, y z . Then, referring to the above figure:

B 0 in the x -direction: Box x 0, y Box x a, y 0

B 0 in the y -direction: B x, y 0 B x, y b 0
oy oy

But from equations (c) and (d) above:

i Boz x, y E oz x, y
(c) Box x, y k
c k z2 x y
2 z

Boz x 0, y Boz x a, y
n.b. These terms = 0
then: Box x 0, y Box x a, y 0
0 because Eoz (x,y) = 0
x x for TE waves.

i Boz x, y E oz x, y
(d) Boy x, y k
c k z2 y x
2 z

Boz x, y 0 Boz x, y b
then: Boy x, y 0 Bo y x, y b 0 0
y y

Now, to solve the wave equation for Boz x, y :

2 2
2

Namely ( ) 2 2 k z2 Boz x, y 0
x y c

Use separation of variables technique try a product solution of the form: Boz x, y X x Y y

2 X x 2Y
2

Inserting this into the above equation : Y y

X x 2 k z2 X x Y y 0
x 2
y c
1 X x 1 Y y 2
2 2

Divide through by
X ( :
x Y y k z2 constant
X x x 2
Y y y 2
c

fcn of x only fcn of y only

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

The above relation can be true for arbitrary (x,y) points iff (if and only if):

1 2 X x
( ) k x constant
2

X x x 2

1 2Y y
( ) k y constant k x
2 2

2
Y y y

The characteristic equation (aka the dispersion relation) becomes:

2
2 n.b. kz ()
k x2 k y2 k z2 constant or: k z2 k x2 k y2 is frequency
c c dependent!

2
2
We can rewrite the characteristic equation as: k x2 k y2 k z2 k 2 k k k
c

2 X x 2Y y
The general solutions of the equations: k x X x 0 and:
2
k y2Y y 0
x 2
y 2

are of the form: X x A x cos k x x B x sin k x x and: Y y A y cos k y y B y sin k y y

The boundary condition B 0 requires not only:

Boz x 0, y Boz x a, y
LHS (c): Box x 0, y Box x a, y 0 but also RHS (c): 0
x x

Boz x, y 0 Boz x, y b
LHS (d): Boy x, y 0 Bo y x, y b 0 but also RHS (d): 0
y y

Since: Boz x, y X x Y y , these LATTER boundary conditions require:

X x 0 X x a Y y 0 Y y a
0 and: 0
x x y y

So if: X x A x cos k x x B x sin k x x and: Y y A y cos k y y B y sin k y y

X x Y y
Then: k x A x sin k x x k x B x cos k x x and: k y A y sin k y y k y B y cos k x x
x y

X x 0 Y y 0
Thus: 0 requires: B x 0 and: 0 requires: B y 0
x y

Hence: X x A x cos k x x and: Y y A y cos k y y

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

Likewise:

X x a m
0 requires: k x a m , m 0,1, 2,3, or: k x , m 0,1, 2,3,
x a
Y y b n
and: 0 requires: k y b n , n 0,1, 2,3, or: k y , n 0,1, 2,3,
y b

Then: Boz x, y X x Y y becomes, after absorbing/re-defining the coefficients

A & A into a single coefficient B :
x y o

m x n y m 0,1, 2,3,
Boz x, y Bo cos cos
a b n 0,1, 2,3,

The full (x, y, z, t) dependence is:

m x n y i kz z t m 0,1, 2,3,
B z x, y, z , t Boz x, y ei k z z t Bo cos cos e
a b n 0,1, 2,3,

The characteristic equation becomes:

2
m n
2 2 2
m 0,1, 2,3,
k k x k y
2
z
2 2
n 0,1, 2,3,
c c a b

Thus, having determined Boz x, y and, since for the TE mode: E oz x, y 0 ,

we can now determine E ox , E oy , Box and Boy in terms of Bo using equations (a) (d) above:

i E oz x, y Boz x, y i Boz x, y
(a) E ox x, y
c 2 k 2
k
c k z2 x y y
2 z
z
i E oz x, y Boz x, y i Boz x, y
(b) oy
E x , y z
k
c k z2 y x 2
c k z x
2 2

i Boz x, y E oz x, y ik Boz x, y
(c) Box x, y
c 2 k 2
k
c k z2 x y
2 z
z
x
i Boz x, y E oz x, y ik Boz x, y
(d) Boy x, y
c 2 k 2
k
c k z2 y x y
2 z
z

m n m 0,1, 2,3,
But: Boz x, y Bo cos k x x cos k y y with: k x , ky and: n 0,1, 2,3,
a b

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

Explicitly carrying out the spatial differentiation in (a)-(d) above, then for TE wave propagation:

i k y cos k x sin k y with: k m n m 0,1, 2,3,

(a) E ox x, y B , ky ,
c k z2 b n 0,1, 2,3,
o x y x
a
2

i k x
2

(b) E oy x, y Bo sin k x x cos k y y and: k z2 k x2 k y2

c k z c
2 2

(c) E oz x, y 0
ik z k x n.b. Bo Bo eiB Bo eiB .
(d) Box x, y Bo sin k x x cos k y y
c k z2 However, we can always
2

absorb/rotate away the phase B

ik z k y
(e) Boy x, y Bo cos k x x sin k y y e.g. by a global re-definition of the
c k z2
2
zero of time and/or a global
Bo cos k x x cos k y y
translation of the coordinate system.
(f) Boz x, y
Hence, let: Bo Bo .
The full (x, y, z, t) dependence is:

i k y
(a) Ex x, y, z, t Eox x, y e
i k z z t
Bo cos k x x sin k y y ei k z z t
c k z
2 2

i k x
E E x x E y y E z z (b) E y x, y, z, t E oy x, y ei k z z t Bo sin k x x cos k y y ei kz z t
c k z
2 2


(c) Ez x, y, z, t Eoz x, y e
i k z z t
0

ik z k x
(d) Bx x, y, z , t Box x, y e
i k z z t
Bo sin k x x cos k y y ei kz z t
c k z
2 2

ik z k y
B B x x B y y B z z (e) B y x, y, z, t Boy x, y ei kz z t Bo cos k x x sin k y y ei kz z t
c k z
2 2


(f ) Bz x, y, z , t Boz x, y e
i k z z t
Bo cos k x x cos k y y ei kz z t

Note that for the TE mode(s) of propagation of EM waves in a rectangular waveguide,

the E and B -fields are in-phase with each other the x, y and z-components of E and B
all have the common phase factor ei kz z t .

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

2
2 m n m 0,1, 2,3,
The wave number k z k x2 k y2 with k x , ky and n 0,1, 2,3,
c z a b

2 m n
2 2 2 2

Thus: k z k x k y
2 2

z c c a b

We can define a so-called {angular} cutoff frequency for the (m,n)th TE mode as:

m n
2 2

m , n c
a b

Thus, we can rewrite the above relation as:

m 2 n
2

2 2 2

m,n 2 m2 ,n
m,n 1
k z
c a b c c c

m n
2 2

Note that for {angular} frequencies below the cutoff frequency: m, n c

a b
Then: 2 m2 ,n 0 and: k zm ,n 1c 2 m2 ,n becomes imaginary, hence: ei kz z e kz z
which means that when m, n , the EM wave for the (m,n)th mode is exponentially damped.

Note also that m n 0 corresponds to k x k y 0 with k z0,0 c . But then, from the

above E - and B -field relations on the previous page, we see that for this kind of TE wave, that:
i kz0,0
z t 0
E x E y E z 0 and: B x B y 0 with: B z Bo e .

This is not a proper kind of propagating EM wave, because E 0 everywhere, and hence

e.g. Poyntings vector S 1o E B 0 Watts m 2 everywhere!!!

Thus, the lowest non-trivial propagating TE-type EM wave is the TE10 mode, where the notation
TEmn designates the (m,n)th mode of propagation. Note again, that by convention, the index associated
with the largest transverse dimension (here a) with corresponding integer index m is given first.

c
2
1 1
Thus, for the lowest TE mode, TE1,0: k 2 1,0
1,0
z
2
2
c c a

z 0 {i.e. is a purely real quantity} when:

2 1,0 2 c a 0
2 2
We see that k 1,0
i.e. when: 1,0 c a radians sec , or : f f1,0 1,0 2 c 2a Hz .

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

A Numerical Example - TE Wave Propagation:

Suppose the rectangular wave guides transverse internal dimensions are a 2 cm and b 1 cm

Then: 1,0 c a 3 108 m s 0.02m 1.5 1010 radians sec 4.71 1010 radians sec

This corresponds to a cutoff frequency of: f1,0 1,0 2 34 1010 Hz 7.5 GHz which is in the
microwave portion of the EM spectrum, and corresponds to a wavelength of:

z1,0 c f1,0 3 108 m s 3

4 1010 s 4 102 m 4.0 cm i.e. z1,0 2a !!!
c c
Thus, we see that if: z z1,0 2a , we cannot propagate TE1,0 waves because: f f1,0 .
1,0
z 2a
c c
We also see that if: z z1,0 2a , then can propagate TE1,0 waves because: f f1,0 .
1,0
z 2a

Precisely at the angular cutoff frequency for the TE1,0 mode, i.e. 1,0 c a , we see that the
wavenumber k z1,0 1c 2 1,0
2
0 2 z1,0 and thus z1,0 for 1,0 ,
where: z1,0 = the wavelength of the EM wave in the waveguide for the TE1,0 mode.

2 m n
2 2 2
1
Now suppose that 1,0 then: k z 2 m2 ,n
m ,n

zm ,n c c a b

The higher the angular frequency is, it then becomes possible to propagate TEm,n waves in
more than just one mode.
m n
2 2

There exists an angular cutoff frequency m, n for each TEm,n mode: m, n c

a b

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

Another Numerical Example - TE Wave Propagation:

A rectangular wave guides transverse internal dimensions are (again) a 2 cm and b 1 cm .
Suppose that: f 20 GHz 2 1010 Hz , thus: 2 f 4 1010 12.56 1010 radians sec with
corresponding vacuum wavelength o c f 1.5 cm .

m n
2 2

Which TEm,n modes are accessible ? m, n c

a b
1 c
2

1,0 c 4.711010 radians sec

a a
1 c
2

0,1 c 9.42 1010 radians sec

b b

2 2 2 2
1 1
1,1 c c 10.53 1010 radians sec
Degenerate,
because
a = 2b
a b a b
2 2 c
2

2,0 c 9.42 1010 radians sec

a a

3 3 c
2

3,0 c 14.14 1010 radians sec TOO HIGH !!!

a a

2
2 2 2 2 2
2 1 1
2,1 c c c 2 13.33 1010 radians sec
a b a b b

Thus, for f 20 GHz 12.56 1010 radians sec we can access/can propagate TEm,n waves
in the following 4 modes:

TE1,0 : 1,0 4.71 1010 radians sec

TE0,1: 0,1 9.42 1010 radians sec Degenerate,
TE2,0 : 2,0 = 9.42 10 radians sec
10 because a = 2b

TE1,1: 1,1 10.53 1010 radians sec

Note that if one operates a waveguide at an {angular} frequency that is above the cutoff
frequenc(ies) m, n e.g. of several (and/or many) modes (m, n), all allowed modes will propagate
in the waveguide simultaneously each mode propagates with their respective {frequency-
dependent} phase and group speeds {see below}. If one is only interested in transporting EM
energy, this is {probably} fine. However, operation of a multi-mode waveguide e.g. for
telecommunication purposes can be seen to be problematic single-mode operation avoids the
dispersive smearing-out effects on information-carrying modulation associated with the total
electric field (e.g. on the leading/trailing edges of digital 1s & 0s).

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

TEm,n Wavenumbers and Wavelengths Inside the Waveguide: a 2 cm and b 1 cm

2 2
2
TE1,0 : k z1,0 388.31 m 1 , z1,0 1.620 cm
c a k1,0


2 2

TE0,1 : k z 277.06 m 1 , z0,1 2.268 cm
0,1

c b k0,1
f 20 GHz
21010 Hz
Degenerate !!!
2
2 2

2,0 : k z 277.06 m 1 , z2,0 2.268 cm

2,0
12.561010 TE
radians / sec
c a k2,0



2 2 2
TE : k 1,1
228.23 m , z
1 1,1
2.750 cm
1,1 z c a b k1,1

Compare these to vacuum wavenumber ko 2

o 418.88 m 1 and vacuum wavelength o 1.5 cm .
Note that the wavenumbers and wavelengths inside the wave guide will change when the frequency
2 m n
2 2 2

f or 2 f changes, because: k
m ,n
m ,n
z
z c a b

Physically, the phase speed vmz ,n is the speed of propagation of planes of constant phase
m ,n k zm ,n z t constant and is associated with the ei kz z t phase-factor of the EM
wave for each individual TEm,n mode.

If m ,n k zm ,n z t constant , then m ,n t 0 which means that:

m, n m,n z t z t
k z z t t k zm,n 0 , or that: k zm ,n , or:
t t t t
z t z t
m ,n . The phase speed vmz ,n m ,n
t k z t k z

Thus, the phase speed of a TEm,n wave for the (m,n)th mode is:

vmz,n
k m,n
z m n
2 2 2

c a b
Since:
m n
2 2

m , n c then we see that the phase speed of a TEm,n wave is:

a b
c
vmz,n c for the (m,n)th allowed TEm,n mode!!!
k m ,n
z 1 m , n
2

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

For the (m,n)th TEm,n mode, EM energy in the waveguide propagates at the group speed:
1
dk zm ,n dk zm, n
v m,n
1
d d
gz

Lets explicitly determine vgmz,n :

dk zm, n d 1 2 1 12 2 1 c
m , n
2

d d c c m , n c m , n
2 2 2 2
2 m2 ,n

1 2 m2 ,n
2
m n
2 2

Thus: v m,n
c 1 m,n where: m, n c
dk zm, n c
gz
a b
d

It can be seen from the above relation that vgm, n c {always!}, as required by causality

c 1 m , n c 2
c
Note further that: v z vg z
m,n m,n 2

1 m , n
2

The instantaneous free surface charge and current densities induced on the inner surfaces of the
{perfectly conducting} waveguide due to the EM fields within the waveguide can be obtained from:

surf
ind
x, y, z, t o Esurf x, y, z, t nsurf x, y, z
and:
ind
K surf x, y , z , t 1
o nsurf x, y, z Bsurf x, y, z, t

where nsurf x, y, z is the local {inward-pointing} unit normal at x, y, z associated with a given

inner surface of the waveguide, and Esurf x, y, z, t , Bsurf x, y, z , t are the instantaneous
electric, magnetic fields evaluated at x, y, z , t on that surface, e.g. x 0, a and: y 0, b .

Note that Esurf x, y, z , t nsurf x, y, z is the instantaneous local normal (i.e. ) component of

the electric field at x, y, z , t on that surface, whereas nsurf x, y, z Bsurf x, y, z , t is the
instantaneous local tangential (i.e. ) component of the magnetic field at x, y, z , t on that surface.

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

The Physical Picture of EM Waves Propagating Inside a Wave Guide.

Consider an ordinary monochromatic EM plane wave initially propagating at speed c k
in the k -direction, making an angle with respect to the z -axis, as shown in the figure below:

Because the inner walls of the wave guide are perfectly conducting, they are lossless,
i.e. perfectly reflecting. The EM waves are thus multiply-reflected {n.b. with phase shift at
each reflection} as they bounce down the wave guide interfering with each other in such a
way as to form transverse standing wave patterns of wavelength x 2a m in the x -direction
and y 2b n in the y -direction!!!

The x, y wavelengths respectively correspond to the x, y-wavenumbers k x 2 x m a

in the x -direction, and k y 2 y n b in the y -direction. In the z -direction, the ensemble
(i.e. group) of reflected waves results in a traveling wave, with z-wavenumber:

m n 1
2 2 2 2

k m,n
z k x k y 2 m2 ,n
2 2

c c a b c

where: m, n c m a n b
2 2

The propagation wavevector associated with the initial plane wave is:
k k k sin
m n
k k x x k y y k z z x y k z z k x2 k y2
m,n

a b k z k k cos
Thus, because m, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, (n.b. both m = n = 0 simultaneously is not allowed),
only certain angles m,n will lead to one of the allowed standing wave patterns in x and y:

k zm ,n 2 m2 ,n c
1 m ,n where: m, n c m a n b
2
cos m ,n
2 2

k c

This original plane EM wave, traveling at angle m,n with respect to the z -axis travels at

speed c k (i.e. we assume that the medium (e.g. air, or vacuum) inside the wave guide has
o and o ).

14 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

But because this plane EM wave makes an angle m,n with respect to the z -axis,
the component of the initial waves speed projected along the z -axis is less than c :

z c cos m ,n c 1 m,n vgm ,n group speed !!!

2
z

The phase speed is the speed at which wavefronts (planes of constant phase) (e.g. point A in
the figure on the previous page) propagate down the wave guide these can move much faster
than c, because:

c c
vmz,n
cos m, n 1 m , n
2

Note that if m,n 90 (i.e. cos m ,n 0 ),

{i.e. when m,n }, for which vgm,n 0
and vmz,n !!! Physically, m,n 90
corresponds to standing waves in (x,y),
i.e. NO propagation along the z -direction
i.e. a 2-D resonant cavity!!!

Thus, the allowed solution(s) that we obtained on p. 8 above for the x, y and z components of
the electric and magnetic fields for TE mode propagation of electromagnetic waves down a
waveguide actually/physically represent the steady-state ensemble (i.e. group) wave solution
associated with the collective effect(s) of these multiply-reflected waves interfering with each
other as they propagate down the waveguide!
This group of multiply-reflected waves for the (m,n) th TE mode, TEm,n propagates down the
waveguide at the group speed vgmz,n c 1 m, n c cos m, n (hence the origin of its name!).
2

In the two figures below, we show plots of:

Normalized group speed: gmz ,n f vgmz,n f c 1 f m ,n f vs. f

2

and:

2


Propagation angle: m,n cos 1 gmz ,n f cos 1 vgmz,n f c cos 1 1 f m,n f vs. f

for several of the lowest-lying TEm,n modes, for a perfectly-conducting waveguide of dimensions
a = 3 cm, b = 1 cm.

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

3-D Picture of E and B -fields in a Rectangular Wave Guide for TE1,0 & TM1,1 Modes:

For TE0,1 mode, rotate above pix by 90

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

For TEm,0 modes - nodes at the mid-plane:

Time-Averaged Power Transmitted Down a

Rectangular Wave Guide in TEm,n Modes:
In order to calculate the time-averaged power transmitted down a rectangular wave guide
{of cross-sectional area A ab h w } we integrate the time-averaged Poynting vector,

S r , t over the cross-sectional area of the waveguide:
t
n z direction (here)
y b x a
,n z, t
Pmtrans S m,n x, y, z , t da Sm ,n x, y, z, t ndxdy da n dxdy z dxdy

A y o x o

1
From Griffiths Problem 9.11 (p.382): S m , n x, y , z , t e Em ,n x, y, z , t Bm* ,n x, y, z , t
2o

{Because f g 12 e f g * , where * denotes complex conjugation}

18 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

For the TEm,n modes in a rectangular wave guide:

Em ,n x, y, z, t Eom ,n x, y ei kz z t and: Bm* ,n x, y, z, t Bo*m ,n x, y e i kz z t m, n 0,1, 2,3,

2 m n m n
2 2 2 2

with: k z k m,n
z k xm k yn
2
, k xm , k yn
c c a b a b

and with: Eomn x, y E oxmn x E oymn y E ozmn z and Bomn x, y Boxmn x Boymn y Bozmn z

i k yn i n m x n y
E oxmn x, y
Bo cos k xm x sin k yn y Bo cos sin

c k z2
2
c k z2 b
2
a b
mn mn

i k xm i m m x n y
E oymn x, y
c k z2 2
Bo sin k xm x cos k yn y
c k z2 a
2 Bo sin
a
cos
b

mn mn
E ozmn x, y 0

ikmn k xm m m x n y
B *oxmn x, y
c 2 k z2

Bo sin k xm x cos k yn y ikmn

c 2 k z2 a
Bo sin
a
cos
b

mn mn

ikmn k yn n m x n y
B *oymn x, y
c 2 k z2

Bo cos k xm x sin k yn y ikmn

c 2 k z2 b
Bo cos

sin
a a

mn mn

m x n y
B *ozmn x, y
Bo cos k xm x cos k yn y Bo cos
a
cos
b

1
S x, y , z , t e E x , y , z , t B * x , y , z , t
Note: All time dependence
Then: i k z z t
2o vanishes { e factor}

x y z y x z x x 0
Very Useful Table: y z x z y x y y 0
z x y x z y z z 0

Then: E E x x E y y E z z B* Bx* x B*y y Bx* z
E x B *y x y E x B z* x z E x B *y z E x Bz* y
E B * y x E B * y z E B * z E B* x
y x y z y x y z

E z B x* z x E z B *y z y E z B x* y E z By* x

E y B z* E z B *y x E z B x* E x B z* y E x B *y E y B x* z

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

But Ezmn 0 for TEm,n modes, and skipping (much) algebra:

i B 2 m m x
1

1 m x 2 n y
Em ,n Bm, n
o
sin cos cos x
2 o 2 o
2 2
c k zmn
a a a b

i Bo2 n 2 m x n y n y
Then: 2 cos sin cos y
c k zmn b a b b
2

2 k z Bo2 n 2 2 m x 2 n y m
2
m x 2 n y
m ,n
cos sin sin 2 cos z
c 2 k z2 b a b a a b
2

mn

1
Then: Sm, n x, y, z , t e Em ,n x, y, z , t Bm* , n x, y, z, t
2 o

2 k z Bo2 n 2 2 m x 2 n y m
2
2 m x 2 n y

S m , n x, y , z , t m ,n

2 cos sin
sin cos z
2 o c k z2mn b a b a a b
2


Note that: S m, n x, y, z , t Sm ,n x, y, z , t z points in z direction, as it should!!

y b x a
Then: Pmtrans
,n z , t A m,n
S x , y ,

z , t da y o xo Sm,n x, y, z, t ndxdy
da n dxdy z dxdy

2 k z Bo2 n 2 y b x a 2 m x 2 n y m y b x a 2 m x 2 n y
2


2 y o x o y o x o
m ,n
cos sin dxdy sin cos dxdy
2 o c k z2mn b a b a a b
2

m x m x a n y n x b

a
dx cos 2
a

b
dy cos 2
b
But: sin 2 dx and: sin 2 dx
o
a o
a 2 o
b o
b 2

2 k z Bo2 ab m 2 n 2 m 0,1, 2, (m, n not both = 0

P trans
z, t m ,n
(Watts) with:
m ,n
8o c k z2mn a b
2 2
n 0,1, 2, simultaneously!)

m n c m n
2 2 2 2 2 2

But: k z k zm ,n 1
c a b c a b

2 m n
Now: ko where: ko vacuum wavenumber k xm , k yn
c o a b
c
o 2 where: o vacuum wavelength

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

Thus:

m 2 n 2 c 2 m 2 n 2 n mo no
2 2 2 2 2
c 2 m
2 o
a b 2a 2b 2a 2b 2a 2b

m n
2 2 2
mo 2 no 2
Thus: k zm ,n k k k 2
o
2
xm
2
yn k o 1
c a b 2a 2b

Bo2 ab m 2 n 2 mo 2 no 2
P trans
m,n z, t 2 ko 1
2 a 2b
8o c k zmn
b

2 a
2

1 2 Bo2 12 a 12 b m 2 n 2 mo 2 no 2
or: P trans
z, t ko 1
2 o c 2 k 2 2 a b
m,n
2a 2b
zmn

2 2 k y2n Bo2 12 a 12 b 2 Bo2 12 a 12 b n 2 n

But: Ex x, y, z , t dxdy with: k yn
A
c k z2
2 2
c k z b
2 2
b
mn mn

2 2 k x2m Bo2 12 a 12 b 2 Bo2 12 a 12 b m 2 m

E y x, y, z , t dxdy with: k xm
A
c k z2
2 2
c k z a
2 2
a
mn mn

Defining:
k y Bo Bo
n
E omx , n n
Magnitudes
c k z2 c k z2 b
2 2
mn mn of x , y
k xm Bo Bo m electric field
E omy , n amplitudes
c k z2 c k z2 a
2 2
mn mn

ko mn 2 mn 2 a b mo 2 no 2
Then: P trans
z, t Eo Eoy 1
2o x 2 2
m,n
2a 2a

ko 1 k 1 ko 1 1 ko 1 o o o
But: o and: c
c o o o c o o o o c o o

1 o 1 m,n 2 1 m,n 2 mo 2 no 2 o vacuum wave

P trans
z, t Eo Eoy ab 1 length c f
2 o 4 x
m,n
4 a b

The time-averaged power transported down the hollow rectangular waveguide for the
TEmnth mode is proportional to the square of the E-field amplitudes in the x and y direction!!

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

The {scalar} EM wave impedance of free space is:

Z o r E r B r o o c o o 120 377

(n.b. Z o is a purely real, quantity - because no dissipation in the vacuum!).

For TEmn modes of EM wave propagation in a waveguide that has perfectly conducting walls
(i.e. no dissipation/no losses), the EM wave impedance of the waveguide is also purely real:

m,n
ZTE ETE r BTE
r o Z o zm,n o Z o ko k zm ,n .

Then since:

2 m n
2 2 2
mo 2 no 2
k zm ,n k 1 ko k xm k yn ko
2 2 2

z
m,n
c a b
o
2a 2b

or equivalently zm,n o we see that: ZTE

m,n

Z o zm,n o Z o ko k zm ,n 377
for TEm,n modes of EM wave propagation in a waveguide.
We can thus write the EM power transmitted down the waveguide for TEmn modes as:

1 1 m, n 2 1 m ,n 2 o 1 1 m ,n 2 1 m, n 2
,n z, t
Pmtrans Eox Eoy A m ,n Eox Eoy A ZTE
m,n

2Z o 4 4 z 2 4 4

Where A ab = cross-sectional area of the rectangular waveguide.

Note also that this expression is analogous to P 12 V peak

2
R for electrical circuits, since
E 2 A ~ (Volts/m)2 * m2 = Volts2.

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

The Energy Density um, n x, y, z , t Stored in a Rectangular Waveguide - TEm,n Mode

Again, from Griffiths Problem 9.11 (p. 382) since f g 12 e f g *

1 1 1
Then: u x, y, z , t e o E x, y, z , t E * x, y, z , t e B x, y, z, t B* x, y, z, t
4 4 o

Then in the (m,n) th TE mode:

o 1
u m , n x, y , z , t e Em ,n x, y, z , t Em* ,n x, y, z , t e B m, n x, y, z , t Bm* ,n x, y, z, t
4 4 o

0 for TE modes

Em ,n E xm ,n x E ym ,n y E zm ,n z n.b. A A A*
2
Where:

And: Bm ,n B xm ,n x B ym ,n y B zm ,n z
0 for TE modes
Then: u m , n x, y , z , t
o
4
e Exm ,n E ym ,n
2 2

E zm ,n
2 1
4 o
e Bxm ,n Bym ,n Bzm ,n
2 2 2

2

o Bo 2 m x 2 n y m 2 m x 2 n y
2 2
n
u m , n x, y , z , t cos sin
sin cos
4 c 2 k z2 b a b a a b
m ,n

2

1 k B
n
2
2 m x 2 n y m
2
2 m x 2 n y


zm ,n o
cos sin sin cos
4o c 2 k z2 b a b a a b
m ,n

m x 2 n y
Bo2 cos 2 cos
a b

The time-averaged energy per unit length (Joules/m) in the waveguide for the (m,n) th TE mode is:
y b xa
U m,n z , t L um, n x, y, z , t da um,n x, y, z , t dxdy
A y o x o

where L (meters) is the length of the waveguide.

2

o Bo a b n m
2 2

Um,n z, t L um,n x, y, z, t da
A 4 c2 kz2 2 2 b a
m,n

2

1 kzm,n Bo a b n m a b 2
2 2

Bo
4o c2 kz2 2 2 b a 2 2
m,n

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

2

o Bo ab n m
2 2

Um,n z, t L um,n x, y, z, t da

A 4 c2 kz2 4 b a
m,n

2

1 k B
ab n
2
m
2
ab
Bo2
zm,n o

4o c kz2 4 b a 4
2

m,n

km,n Bo2 ab m 2 n 2
Now: P trans
m,n z, t S m, n x, y, z , t da 2
8o c k z2m ,n a b
A 2

m n 2 m 2 n 2 m2 , n
2 2 2

and: k
2
zm ,n k z m ,n
2
2
c a b c a b c

k zm ,n ab 2 2
Thus: ,n z, t
Pmtrans S m, n x, y, z , t da c Bo
A 8om2 ,n
U m,n z, t 2 ab 2
and: um ,n x, y, z , t da Bo
L A 8om2 , n

,n z, t
Pmtrans Watts Joules /sec m
Note that the ratio of: (i.e. dimensions = speed)
U m,n z, t L Joules m Joules m sec

k z ab
m ,n
c 2 Bo2
P z, t
trans
8om2 , n km ,n c 2 c
km , n c
m,n

U m,n z, t L 2 ab
Bo2
8 o 2
m,n

But: k zmn c m ,n or: k zmn c m, n

2 2 2 2 2 2

,n z, t
2
Pmtrans c
2 m2 ,n c 1 m, n vgmz,n !!!
U m,n z, t L

mn ,n z, t
Pmtrans
2

c 1 , n z , t vg z U m , n z , t
m,n
or: v or: Pmtrans m,n
L
U m,n z, t L
gz

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

Case II: Propagation of TM Waves in a Perfectly Conducting Hollow Rectangular Waveguide:

For propagation TM waves in a perfectly conducting hollow waveguide: E z 0 , but: B z 0 .

2 2
2

We need to solve the 3-D wave equation: 2 2 k z2 Ez 0
x y c
subject to boundary conditions on the inner walls of rectangular waveguide: E|| 0 and B 0

Following the same procedure that we developed for the TE mode case, let: Ez x, y X x Y y

X x A x cos k x x B x sin k x x 0 {at x 0 and x a} A x 0 X x B x sin k x x

Y y A y cos k y y B y sin k y y 0 {at y 0 and y b} A y 0 Y y B y sin k y y

Because m, n 0,1, 2,3 the lowest non-trivial TMm,n mode is TM11

kx m ,m1,2,3, n.b. m0 is NOT allowed here!!! X x 0 everywhere!!!

a
n
k y a ,n 1,2,3, n.b. n 0 is NOT allowed here!!! Y y 0 everywhere!!!

m x n x
Then: E z x, y E o sin k x x sin k y y E o sin sin with: m, n 1, 2,3,
a b
We can then determine the other components of E and B for the TM case, following the same
procedure that we used for the TE case:

ik z k x cos k x sin k y with: k m n m 0,1, 2,3,

(a) E ox x, y E , ky ,
c k z2 b n 0,1, 2,3,
o x y x
a
2

ik z k y
2

(b) E oy x, y E o sin k x x cos k y y and: k z2 k x2 k y2

c k z c
2 2

(c) E oz x, y E o sin k x x sin k y y

n.b. E o E o eiE Eo eiE .
i k y
(d) Box x, y E o sin k x x cos k y y However, we can always
c k z2
2
absorb/rotate away the phase E
i k x
(e) Boy x, y E o cos k x x sin k y y e.g. by a global re-definition of the
c k
2 2
z
zero of time and/or a global
translation of the coordinate system.
(f) Boz x, y 0
Hence, let: E o Eo .

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

The full (x, y, z, t) dependence for the TM case is:

ik z k x
(a) Ex x, y, z, t Eox x, y e
i k z z t
Eo cos k x x sin k y y ei kz z t
c k z
2 2

ik z k y
E E x x E y y E z z (b) E y x, y, z, t E oy x, y ei k z z t Eo sin k x x cos k y y ei kz z t
c k z
2 2


(c) Ez x, y, z , t Eoz x, y e
i k z z t
Eo sin k x x sin k y y ei k z z t

i k y
(d) Bx x, y, z , t Box x, y e
i k z z t
Eo sin k x x cos k y y ei kz z t
c k z
2 2

i k x
B B x x B y y B z z (e) B y x, y, z, t Boy x, y ei kz z t Eo cos k x x sin k y y ei kz z t
c k z
2 2


(f ) Bz x, y, z , t Boz x, y e
i k z z t
0

Note that {again} for the TM mode(s) of propagation of EM waves in a rectangular

waveguide, the E and B -fields are in-phase with each other the x, y and z-components of E

and B all have the common phase factor ei kz z t .
All the rest is {nearly} the same as that for TE waves:

z-component wavenumber: k zm ,n c m a n b
2 2 2
(same as before, for TE waves)

1
The angular cutoff frequency: m, n c m a n b k z m ,n 2 m2 ,n
2 2

c
vgmz,n c 1 m, n
2
1
Phase speed: vz c m,n
Group speed:
1 m , n and: vmz,n vgmz,n c 2
2

One difference for TM modes vs. TE modes is the EM wave impedance of the waveguide:
m,n
ZTM
Z o o zm,n Z o k zm ,n ko vs. ZTE Z o z o Z o ko k zm ,n .
m,n m,n

Since zm,n o and Z o o o 120 377 then we see that:

m,n
ZTM Z o o zm,n 377 whereas: ZTEm,n Z o zm,n o 377
The ratio of the lowest TM mode to the lowest TE mode is:

TM
m,n mTE,n 11TM 10TE 1 a 1 b
2 2
1 a
2
1 a b
2

Use the above E and B-field components to compute TM um, n x, y, z , t , Pmtrans

, n z , t , etc.

26 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

Case III: Propagation of TEM Waves in a Perfectly Conducting Coaxial Transmission Line:

We have previously shown that a hollow waveguide cannot support TEM waves E z B z 0
However, a coaxial transmission line, consisting of an inner, long straight wire of radius a,
surrounded by a cylindrical conducting sheath of radius b a does support the propagation
of TEM waves:

For TEM waves: k c . TEM waves travel at the speed of light c non-dispersive!

For TEM waves, Maxwells equations give:

(1) Gauss Law: E 0 (2) No monopoles: B 0

E ox E oy Box Boy
0 0
x y x y
E ox E Box B
oy oy
x y x y

B 1 E
(3) Faradays Law: E (4) Amperes Law: B 2
t c t

=0 =0

Eoy E ox
Boy Box i
(i) i Boz 0 (iv) 2 E oz 0
x y x y c
=0 =0

Eoz
Boz i
(ii) ikE oy i Box (v) 2 E ox
y y c
=0 =0
E B i
(iii) ikE ox oz i Boy (vi) ikBox oz 2 E oy
x x c
which can be rewritten:

E oy E ox Boy Box
(i) (iv)
x y x y
k 1 1
(ii) Box E oy E oy (v) Boy 2 E ox E ox
c ck c
k 1 1
(iii) Boy E ox E ox (vi) Box 2 E oy E oy
c ck c

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

Note that equations (iii) and (v) above give the same relation Boy 1c E ox
as do equations (ii) and (vi), B 1 E . ox c oy

Four of the following six relations are precisely the same equations of electrostatics and
magnetostatics for empty space (i.e. the vacuum) in two dimensions for the infinite-length line
charge, and the infinite-length line current problems, respectively:
1 1
Boy Eox Box E oy
c c
E ox E oy Box Boy

y x y x
E ox E Box B
oy oy
x y x y

Since a coaxial cable has cylindrical geometry/cylindrical/axial symmetry, the TEM electric
field (as in case of the infinite-length line charge problem) must be of the form:
A A A
Eo , where: A constant (Volts), cos x sin y , thus: E ox cos , E oy sin .

Similarly, the TEM magnetic field (as in the case of infinite-length line current) must be of the form:
A A A
Bo , , where: sin x cos y , thus: Box sin , Boy cos .
c c c

Thus, for TEM wave propagation in a coaxial transmission line, the E and B fields are:

A i kz t
E , , z , t Eo , e
i kz t
e

A
hence {again}: B , , z, t k E , , z , t
1
B , , z , t Bo , e
i kz t
e
i kz t

c c

2

Characteristic equation: k or: k , phase speed: v c , group speed:
2

c c k
vg 1 dk d 1 1 c c , hence: vg v c fcn no dispersion for TEM waves!

Note also that there are no restrictions on the value of k / no mode cutoff frequencies for TEM
waves propagating in a coaxial cable/waveguide/transmission line.
For TEM wave propagation in a hollow coaxial waveguide/transmission line that has perfectly
conducting walls (i.e. no dissipation/no losses), the EM wave impedance is (again) purely real:

coax
ZTEM ETEM r BTEM r o o o Z o 120 377 .

28 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

We explicitly show that the above E and B field TEM coaxial waveguide solutions do indeed
satisfy Maxwells equations and the boundary conditions:

A i kz t A i kz t
E , , z, t e and: B , , z , t e
c
1 A i kz t 1 i kz t
Gauss law: E

e

Ae
0

1 A i kz t
No Mag.Chgs: B e 0
c

B
Faradays law: E , note that {here}: k
t c
A 1 A i kz t A i kz t A i kz t
E ei kz t e z ik e i e
z c

B A i kz t A i kz t A i kz t
e i e i e
t t c c c

1 E
Amperes law: B 2
c t
A i kz t 1 A i kz t A i kz t A i kz t
B e e z ik e i e
z c c c c c

1 E 1 A i kz t 1 A i kz t A i kz t
e i e
i e
c 2 t c 2 t c2 c c

Boundary Condition 1: Tangential E a, b , , z , t 0 i.e. in z and/or direction(s).

A
But {here}: E , , z , t ei kz t . Hence this BC is satisfied!

Boundary Condition 2: Normal B a, b , , z , t 0 i.e. in direction.
A i kz t
But {here}: B , , z , t e . Hence this BC is satisfied!
c
Boundary Condition 3: Normal D out a, b , , z , t free a, b , , z , t ( D in 0 )
A
At a : free a, , z , t o ei kz t n.b. the total free charge on
a inner vs. outer conducting
A i kz t surfaces must be equal, but
At b : free b, , z , t o e opposite in sign!
b

Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 29

2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 10 Prof. Steven Errede

Boundary Condition 4: Tangential H out a, b , , z , t K free n ( H in 0 ), n
1 A i kz t
At a : K free a, , z , t e z n.b. the total free currents
o ac flowing on inner vs. outer
conductors must be equal,
1 A i kz t
At b : K free b, , z , t
but opposite in sign!
e z
o bc

30 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.