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System
History: Karl Landsteiner
RBC
Glucose
Galactose
Precursor
Substance
(stays the N-acetylglucosamine
same)
Galactose
Formation of the H antigen
RBC
Glucose
Galactose
N-acetylglucosamine
Galactose
Fucose
H antigen
The H antigen is the foundation upon which A
and B antigens are built
A and B genes code for enzymes that add a
sugar to the H antigen
Immunodominant sugars are present at the
terminal ends of the chains and confer the ABO
antigen specificity
A and B Antigen
The A gene codes for an enzyme (transferase)
that adds N-acetylgalactosamine to the
terminal sugar of the H antigen
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
RBC
Glucose
Galactose
N-acetylglucosamine
Galactose
N-acetylgalactosamine
Fucose
Formation of the B antigen
RBC
Glucose
Galactose
N-acetylglucosamine
Galactose
Galactose
Fucose
Genetics
The H antigen is found on the RBC when
you have the Hh or HH genotype, but NOT
from the hh genotype
The A antigen is found on the RBC when
you have the Hh, HH, and A/A, A/O, or A/B
genotypes
The B antigen is found on the RBC when
you have the Hh, HH, and B/B, B/O, or A/B
genotypes
H antigen
Certain blood types possess more H antigen
than others:
Greatest
amount of H O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B Least
amount of H
The O allele
Why do Group O individuals have more
H antigen than the other groups?
The O gene is a silent allele. It does not
alter the structure of the H
substance.that means more H antigen
sites
A A
A A
Group O Group A
Many H Fewer A
antigen sites H antigen
sites
A +++ 0 +
B 0 +++ +
O 0 0 +++
AB +++ +++ +
Non-secretors (sese):
A, B, O, and AB 0 0 0
Another Bombay
Group O RBCs cannot be given because they still
have the H antigen
You have to transfuse the patient with blood that
contains NO H antigen
ABO Blood Group
ABO Antibodies
Landsteiners Rule:
Normal, Healthy
individuals possess
ABO antibodies to
the ABO antigen
absent from their
RBCs
ABO Blood Group System
B 9 Anti-A
AB 4 --------
O 44 Anti-A,B
Anti-A1
Group O and B individuals
Anti-A1
contain anti-A in their serum Clinically Abs class
However, the anti-A can be Significant IgM
separated into different Sometimes
components: anti-A and
Thermal HDNB
anti-A1
range No
Anti-A1 only agglutinates the
4 - 22
A1 antigen, not the A2
antigen Transfusion Reactions
There is no anti-A2. Extravascular Intravascular
No Rare
Anti-A,B
Found in the serum of group O individuals
Reacts with A, B, and AB cells
Predominately IgG, with small portions being
IgM
Anti-A,B is one antibody, it is not a mixture of
anti-A and anti-B antibodies
ABO antibodies
IgM is the predominant antibody in Group A
and Group B individuals
Anti-A
Anti-B
IgG (with some IgM) is the predominant
antibody in Group O individuals
Anti-A,B (with some anti-A and anti-B)
ABO antibody facts
Complement can be activated with ABO antibodies
(mostly IgM, some IgG)
High titer: react strongly (4+)
Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-A,B
Clinically Significant Abs class
Yes IgM, less IgG
Thermal range HDNB
4 - 37 Yes
Transfusion Reactions
Extravascular Intravascular
Yes Yes
ABO Antibodies
Usually IgG
Active at 37C
Auto-Anti-H Allo-Anti-H
No No Yes Yes