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The hoisting system consists of the derrick, traveling and crown blocks, the drilling
line, and the drawworks. The drilling rig uses a derrick to support the drill bit and
pipe (drill string). The derrick is a steel tower that is used to support the traveling
and crown blocks and the drill string. There may be no more identifiable symbol of
the oil and gas industry than the derrick on a drilling rig.
The crown and traveling blocks are a set of pulleys that raise and lower the drill
string. The crown block is a stationary pulley located at the top of the derrick. The
traveling block moves up and down and is used to raise and lower the drill string.
These pulleys are connected to the drill string with a large diameter steel cable.
The rotating equipment turns the drilling bit. This equipment consists of
the swivel,the kelly, the rotary table, the drill pipe, the drill collars, and the bit. The
swivel is attached to the bottom of the traveling block and permits the drill string to
rotate. The kelly is a square or hexagonal shaped section of pipe that is attached to
the swivel. The kelly fits in a matching slot in the rotary table. As the rotary table
turns the kelly is also turned. The movement of the kelly rotates the drill string and
the drill bit.
Drilling pipe is round steel tubes about 30 feet long with a diameter of from 4 to 5
inches. The drill collarsare used to add weight on the bit. Drill pipe has threaded
connections on each end that allow the pipe to be joined together to form longer
sections as the hole gets deeper.
The drilling bit is used to create the hole. Drilling bit sizes range from six inches to
three feet in diameter. The most common drill bits are roller cone bits and diamond
bits. Roller cone bits have three cones containing rows of teeth. The cones rotate
on bearings and turn as the drilling bit rotates.
The teeth cut and crush the rock to create the hole. The bit also contains small
nozzles that spray drilling fluids to remove the rock fragments from the bottom of
the hole.
Diamond bits have a single fixed head that contains many small diamonds. As the
bit turns the diamonds cut the rock. Diamond bits also have nozzles to wash away
the broken pieces of rock. Different drilling bits are used depending on the type of
rock that is encountered.
DRILLING PROCESSES
1. Preparation
Preparing a drilling site involves ensuring that it can be properly accessed and that
the area where the rig and other equipment will be placed has been properly
graded. Drilling pads and roads must be built and maintained which includes the
spreading of stone on an impermeable liner to prevent impacts from any spills but
also to allow any rain to drain properly.
2. Drilling
Vertical Drilling
A hole is drilled straight down into the ground. A special drilling mud is used to cool
the drill bit, carry the rock cuttings back to the surface and also to provide stability
to the walls of the borehole. Once the hole extends past the deepest freshwater
aquifer (typically 300 1000ft), the drill pipe is removed and replaced with steel
pipe, called surface casing.
Next, cement is pumped down the casing and then back up between the casing
and the borehole wall, where it sets. This cement provides a bond which prevents
any fluids moving between the casing and the hole. In doing so, this creates an
essential, impermeable protective barrier between the well bore and any
freshwater sources. At this stage, rigorous tests are carried out to make sure that
the bond is completely impermeable before any more drilling takes place.
Typically, depending on the geology of the area and the depth of the well, extra
casing sections are put in, much like surface casing, and then cemented in place to
ensure that there can be no movement of fluids or gas between those layers and
the groundwater sources.
Horizontal Drilling
What makes drilling for hydrocarbons in a shale formation unique is that it is
necessary to drill horizontally. A well is drilled vertically to the right depth called the
kick off point, and at this point, the well bore begins curving to become horizontal.
One of the advantages of horizontal drilling is that its possible to drill several
laterals from only one point on the surface (surface drilling pad) which minimises
the impact and scale of activity on the above ground.
When the target distance is reached, the drill pipe is removed and more steel
casing is inserted through the full length of the well bore and, once again, the
casing is cemented in place.
Once the drilling is finished and the final casing has been installed, the drilling rig is
removed and preparations are made for the next steps, well completion.
3. Well completion
The first step in completing a well is to create a connection between the final
casing and the rock which is holding the oil and gas.
A special tool, called a perforating gun, is lowered to the rock layer. This
perforating gun is then fired, creating holes through the casing and the cement and
into the targeted rock. These perforating holes connect the rock holding the oil and
gas and the well bore.
Since these perforations are only a few inches long and are performed more than a
mile underground, no activity is detectable on the surface. The perforation gun is
then removed before for the next step, hydraulic fracturing (fracking).
This stimulation fluid is pumped at high pressure out through the perforations made
by the perforating gun. This process creates fractures in the shale rock which
contains the oil and natural gas.
The sand is left in the fractures in the rock in order to keep them open when the
pump pressure is relieved. This crucially allows previously trapped oil or natural
gas to flow to the well bore more easily.
4. Production
Once the hydraulic fracturing process is completed, production can begin, oil and
gas can flow from the well bore and the fracturing fluid can be recovered.
During initial production of the well, about 25-75% of the fracturing fluid is
recovered. This is either recycled for use on other fracturing operations, or safely
disposed of according to government and environmental regulations. This whole
process of developing a well typically takes from 3-5 months and includes the
following activity:
one to three months of completion activities including between one and seven
days of stimulation.
This initial three- to five-month investment has the potential to deliver a well that
will produce oil or natural gas for 20 to 40 years, or more.
5. Well abandonment
When all of the oil or natural gas that can be recovered economically from a
reservoir has been produced, the land is returned to the way it was before the
drilling operations started.
Wells will be filled with cement and pipes cut off 3-6 feet below ground level. All
surface equipment will be removed and all pads filled in with earth or replanted.
The land can then be used again by the landowner for other activities, and there
will be virtually no sign that a well was once there.
Sistema de izaje.
Los bloques de la corona y que viajan son un conjunto de poleas que subir y bajar
la sarta de perforacin. El bloque de corona es una polea estacionaria situada en
la parte superior de la torre de perforacin. La polea viajera mueve hacia arriba y
hacia abajo y se utiliza para subir y bajar la sarta de perforacin. Estas poleas
estn conectadas a la sarta de perforacin con un cable de acero de gran
dimetro.
Los dientes cortan y trituran la roca para crear el agujero. El bit tambin contiene
pequeas boquillas que rocan los fluidos de perforacin para eliminar los
fragmentos de roca desde la parte inferior del agujero.
Pedacitos de diamante tienen una sola cabeza fija que contiene muchos pequeos
diamantes. Como el bit se los diamantes cortan la roca. Pedacitos de diamante
tambin tienen boquillas para lavar las piezas rotas de roca. Diferentes barrenas
de perforacin se utilizan dependiendo del tipo de roca que se encontr.
1. Preparacin
2. Perforacin
-Perforacin Vertical
-Perforacin Horizontal
Una vez que la perforacin est terminada y la caja final se ha instalado, se retira
el equipo de perforacin y los preparativos estn hechos para los prximos pasos,
as finalizacin.
Dado que estas perforaciones son slo unas pocas pulgadas de largo y se llevan a
cabo ms de un metro de milla, ninguna actividad es detectable en la superficie.
La pistola de perforacin se retira a continuacin antes para el siguiente paso, la
fracturacin hidrulica (fracking).
Este tres inicial a la inversin de cinco meses tiene el potencial de ofrecer un pozo
que producir petrleo o gas natural para 20 a 40 aos, o ms.
Los pozos se llenarn de cemento y tubos cortos de 3-6 pies bajo el nivel del
suelo. Todos los equipos de superficie sern eliminado y todos los cojines
rellenados con tierra o replantado. La tierra puede ser utilizada de nuevo por el
propietario para otras actividades, y no habr prcticamente ningn signo alguno
del pozo.