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by
S. H. Russell
Introduction
Direct Combustion
This paper will discuss the two general forms of the direct com
bustion of RDF (as it has been defined earlier); the use of RDF as a
primary fuel, and its use as a supplemental fuel. This paper will also
attempt to identify needed areas of research for each of these direct
combustion forms.
300
RDF as a Primary Fuel
301
Comparison and Research Needs
Both the unprocessed RDF firing and processed RDF firing primary
fuel systems have been constructed and have operating experience. The
question of which form is more desirable is unanswered. A comparison
between the two not only points out the advantages and disadvantages of
each, but identifies certain areas for needed research.
Steam flow variation.--It has been shown that steam flow variations
are less severe in a processed RDF primary fuel system than in an unprocessed
RDF system.l Processed fuel has a higher degree of homogeneity than raw
refuse creating a more uniform heat release, and a fire which is easier to
control. Unprocessed fuel units have fuel firing systems which are modi
fications of systems originally designed for incineration of raw refuse.
Many times, the goals of'refuse incineration conflict with the goals of steam
generation from unprocessed refuse. A goal of incineration is not necessa
rily to create a uniform heat release rate which is important in steam
generation. An area for research is to identify how to control steam flow
variations in an unprocessed fuel system. Areas for investigation are:
boiler control technology, travel ing or reciprocating grate design, and
auxiliary fuel modulating techniques.
302
boilers are designed for 37% excess air leaving the boiler as compared
to an excess air figure of 84% at the boiler exit in the Nashville mass
burn system. Higher air flow per Btu released means more gas to clean up.
Research should address the effects on stack emissions of refuse fuel
homogeneity, fuel composition, firing system design, boiler geometry, fire
control with auxiliary fuel, and air pollution control equipment design
and operation.
303
may allow this fuel to be handled with exisitng coal-handling equipment
which is not compatible with shredded fuel, reducing boiler modification
costs. Consequently, several companies now market systems or equipment
which produce various forms of densified fuel. Figure 2 shows that the
d-RDF is typically produced with either wet or dry methods involving size
reduction to less than I inch (2.54 cm) nominal particle size, magnetic
separation, density separation, drying, and densification.
Conclusion
304
corrosion, stack emissions, conomics, and combustion efficiency, could
serve to reduce-the uncertainty inherent in this new technology.
305
Footnotes
l
Sommerlad, Robert E. Quality and Characterisitcs of Steam Produced
From Wastes, unpublished paper presented at the Engineering Foundation
C onference on Present Status and Research Needs in Energy Recovery from
Solid Wastes, September 21, 1976.
306
TA 13L I
Chicago, City of 1972 1800 4 units, each 110 275,414 gas Walther GmbH
1l1in01s Chicago (1633) (50) (19.3,212)
Braintree, Town of 1971 240 2 units, each 30 250, sat. gas R Hey Stoker Corp.
Mass. Braintree (218) (13.6) (17.5, sat.)
Harrisburg, City of 1972 720 2 units, each 92.5 250,456 oil Walther GmbH
PA Harrisburg (653) (37.4) (17.5, 236)
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0 Montreal, City of 1970 1200
-..J
Que Montreal (1088) 4 units, each 100 225,500 oil Dominion Bridge Co.
(45.3) (15.8,260)
Nashville, Nashville 1974 720 2 units, each 135 400,600 gas B&W
Tenn. Thermal (653) (61.2) (28.1,316)
Transfer
Corp.
Norfolk, U.S. Navy 1967 360 2 units, each 50 275, sat. oil Foster-Wheeler Corp.
VA (327) (22.7) (19.3, sat)
Quebec Cty, Quebec Urban 1974 1000 2 units, each 81 680,600 oil Dominion Bridge Co.
Que. Conirnuriitl' (907) (36.-7) (47.8,316)
Suagus, RESCO 1975 1500 2 units, each 185 890,875 oil Dominion Bridge Co.
Mass. (1361) (83.9) (62.5, 486)
TABLE 2
NEW'Bollet:s:
Akron City of under 1000 3 units, each 126 560,479 #2 oil density separatio:-:
Ohio Akron construction (907) (57) included in fuel
processing
w EasHamilton City of in operation 600 2 units, each 106 250, sat. oil No stearn market
0
CO Ont. SWARV Ha m il ton since 1972 (544) (48. 1) (17.5, sat)
&ist ing Bo il e r:
Ames, Iowa Ames Municipal City of Ames #7 360 900,900 Tangential 8% - 10% coal, gas operating
Units 5, 6, Electric Service Solid Waste ( 163) (63,482) regula rly with
&7 Recovery Syst. #6 125 725,825 travelling 10% - 50% coal, gas RD F since
(57) (51,441) grate Nov . 1975
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#5 95 710,825 travelling 10% - 50% coal, ga
o (43) (50, 441) grate
CO
Eridgeport, Unit"d Resource cyclone 30% - 40% coal, oil RDF pla"t
Conn., Bridge- Illuminating Recovery .burne rs under design
port Harbor A s s ociates
Station Units
HI a nd #2 United
St. Louis , MO Union Electric St. Louis Demon 2 units, each 925 -- tange nt i al 9% - 27% coal, ga.s demonstratio:1.
Meramec Plant s tra tion Plant (420) syspension plant :10 lon,;:.::
opera ring
regula dy
Piqua, Ohio Piqua Electric June 27, 1975 Chain 150 454,750 CE Black Claw- coal 20 - 240/.
B oiler No.4 Utilities Power 7 hours Grate (68) (31.9,399) son (#2 fuel,
Plant Stoker 3 /8"dia. )
tv
a Wright U. S. Air Aug. 1975 Edge Moor Black Claw1: oal 23 - 27%
Travelling 2 units, each 125, sat.
Patt e, son Force 30 hours Grate 80 (36.3) (8.8 sat. ) Iron Works son ({12 fuel,
AFB Spreader 3/8" dia.)
Boiler Plant Stoker
Oshkosh, Wise. University of Aug. 1976 Vibrating 50 lIS, sat. Wi.ckes Gruman coal 20 - 24'r."
University of Wisconsin 8 hours rate (22.7) (8. I, sat.) (5 /8" dia .. )
Wi sc onsin,
Oshkosh Campus
Boiler Plant
,.---SHREDDING
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COMB U S TION
SUPPLIMENTAL FUEL
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DIRECT CO M BUSTION
UN - P R OCESSED REFUSE
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SHREDDED FUEL DESI GNED AS A
REFUSE
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ASH
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