IAETSD-JARAS Wire Screen Matrices Packed Bed Solar Air Heater Performance-An Exergetic and Energetic Approach

IAETSD JOURNAL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCES, VOLUME 4, ISSUE 4, SEPT /2017
ISSN (ONLINE): 2394-8442
Wire Screen Matrices Packed Bed Solar Air Heater Performance-An

Exergetic and Energetic Approach
Dr. Ashwini Kumar 1, Dr. Aruna Kumar Behura 2, Ravi Kumar3, Amit Kumar4
1Professor(Asst.), Department of Mechanical Engineering, H.S.B.P.V.Ts GOI, College of Engineering- Parikrama,

Ahmednagar-414701, India.
2Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poornima Foundation, Jaipur, India.
3Reseaerch scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, N.I.T., Jamshedpur-831014, India. 4Associate consultant, Praxis Value,
Karol Bag, New Delhi, India.
1Corresponding Authors ,E-mails: aknitjsr08@gmail.com1, akbehura.nit@gmail.com2, kumarravi646@gmail.com3,

amit2171k@gmail.com4
ABSTRACT.
The present work relates to the energetic and energetic approach for the performance of packed bed solar
air heaters with blackened wire screen matrices pack. The characteristic equations for heat transfer and fluid flow in
packed bed solar air heaters have been used in order to analyze the effect of system and operating parameters on
energy and energy performance. Finite difference solution algorithm has been developed to obtain numerical
solutions of the governing equations. Results revealed that mass flow rate of air are a strong parameter affecting the
effective and energetic efficiencies. The energy efficiency increases with increase in mass flow rate whereas energetic
efficiency decreases with increase in mass flow rate. It has been found that the effective thermal energy gain and
effective efficiency increases up to a specific value of mass flow rate, attains maxima and then decreases sharply.
Results also show that there exists an optimum value of bed depth for a given matrix. The optimum bed depth of
packed bed solar air heater with absorber M5 is found to be 25 mm. The effect of air temperature rise on energy and
energy performance of packed bed solar air heater having absorber M5 for variable insolation has also been
reported.
Keywords: Bed depth, solar air heater, solar energy, packed bed.
Nomenclature
Aab Absorber plate area, m2
Asw Surface area of wire screen, m2
Acs Bed cross-sectional area, m2
Avd Surface area per unit volume of duct, m-1
To Cite This Article: Dr. Ashwini Kumar, Dr. Aruna Kumar Behura, Ravi Kumar and Amit Kumar,. Wire
Screen Matrices Packed Bed Solar Air Heater Performance-An Exergetic and Energetic Approach.
Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 90-108
91. Dr. Ashwini Kumar, Dr. Aruna Kumar Behura, Ravi Kumar and Amit Kumar,. Wire Screen Matrices Packed Bed Solar Air
Heater Performance-An Exergetic and Energetic Approach. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4,
Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 90-108
cpa Specific heat of air, Jkg-1K-1
csw Specific heat of wire screen, Jkg-1K-1
ccg Specific heat of cover glass, Jkg-1K-1
dw Wire diameter of wire screen, m
Dh Duct height, m
Eteg Thermal energy gain, W
Eeteg Effective thermal energy gain, W
Exdest Exergy destruction, W
Exin Exergy input, W
Exu Exergy output ignoring pressure drop, W
Exu , p Exergy output considering pressure drop, W

Exw Exergy of work, W
fp Friction factor
Ga Mass flow rate based on collector area, kgs-1m-2
G0a Average mass velocity in bed matrix based on free flow area m , kgs-1m-2
pAcs
hf Convective heat transfer coefficient between wire screen and air, Wm-2K-1
hg Convective heat transfer coefficient between cover glass and surrounding, Wm-2K-1
hvf Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Wm-3K-1
hw Wall heat transfer coefficient for cover glass, Wm-2K-1
I0 Insolation at top glass cover, Wm-2
I01 Irradiation at the bottom surface of cover glass, Wm-2
I02 Irradiation at the bottom plate of absorber, Wm-2
I0 y Intensity of solar radiation at depth y from top surface of the bed, Wm-2
kef Effective thermal conductivity of packed matrix, Wm-1K-1
ks Thermal conductivity of wire screen matrices, Wm-1K-1
Lc Length of collector, m
m Mass flow rate of air, kgs-1
n Number of wire screen layers
nw Refractive index of screen wire
p Bed porosity
Pm Mechanical power
P Pressure drop
Quf Useful heat gain. W
Q0r radiative heat flux, Wm-2
rcg Reflectivity of cover glass
Vw p
rH Hydraulic radius , m
A sw 1 p
R Universal gas constant, Jkg-1K-1
Re p Reynolds number
4 rH G 0 a

R0 Radiosity at the top surface of cover glass, Wm-2
R01 Radiosity at the bottom surface of cover glass, Wm-2
R02 Radiosity at the bottom absorber plate, Wm-2
1. INTRODUCTION
A conventional solar air heater generally consists of a glass cover, an absorber plate with a parallel plate below forming a rectangular
duct of high aspect ratio through which air to be heated flows. The air to be heated flows between the glass cover and the absorber
plate. The heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and air is quite low resulting in low efficiency of the system and high
heat losses. The simplest and the most efficient way of using solar energy is to convert it into thermal energy for heating applications
by using solar collectors. The solar air heater, is one of the successful solar technologies, is less expansive then other solar collectors
and it uses less material. The main applications of solar air heaters are space heating, seasoning of timber, curing of industrial products,
drying of agricultural product such as crops, grains, seeds, fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. However, their usefulness as energy
collection device has been limited because of lower thermal efficiency primarily as a result of low convective heat transfer coefficient
between the absorber plate and the flowing air leading to higher plate temperature and greater thermal losses.
In the last two decades, for enhancement of thermal performance of solar air heaters have been proposed and investigated by number
of researchers (Mishra and Sharma, 1981; Hastani et al., 1985; Sharma et al., 1991; Bhushan and Singh, 2011; Bahrehmand and Ameri,
2015; Chouksey and Sharma, 2016). Such design includes: honeycomb collectors, use of fins and baffles, use of artificial roughness on
the absorber plate, corrugated absorber, and packing of porous materials in the air flow channel. Many investigators (Sharma et al.,
1991; Chouksey and Sharma, 2016; Collier, 1979) investigated porous materials as an attractive choice for improving the thermal
performance of flat-plate solar air heaters because of some distinct advantages. Packed bed matrix absorbs solar radiation in depth
and has high surface area density resulting in enhance heat transfer rate to the flowing air. Absorber having a bed packed with slit-and-
expanded aluminum foils matrix (Shoemaker, 1961; Chiou 1965), iron turnings (Cheema and Mannan, 1979), crushed glass (Collier,
1979), hollow spheres (Swartman and Ogunade, 1966), iron chips, aluminum chips and pebbles (Mishra and Sharma, 1981), wire mesh
screens (Sharma et al., 1991; Chouksey and Sharma, 2016; Beckmann, 1968) have been reported.
These studies indicate that such air heaters have superior performance as compared to that of plane collector. A packed-bed solar air
heater having its duct packed with optically semi-transparent material was proposed and heat collection and storage characteristics were
investigated theoretically and experimentally by Hastani et al. (1985). Varshney and Saini (1998) have experimentally investigated the
heat transfer and flow friction characteristics of solar air heater having its duct packed with wire mesh screen and the correlations have
been developed for the Colburn j factor and friction factor for porosity range of 0.89 to 0.96 and packing Reynolds number range
from 182 to 1168. Similar type of experimental investigations on wire mesh screen were reported (Thakur et al., 2003; Prasad et al.,
2009) for different porosities range i.e. 0.667 to 0.880 and 0.599 to 0.816 respectively.
Mittal and Varshney (2006) experimentally investigated the thermohydraulic performance of packed bed solar air heaters having its
duct packed with blackened wire screen matrices of different geometrical parameters. A design criterion is also suggested to select a
matrix for packing the air flow duct of solar air heater which results in the best thermal efficiency with minimum pumping power
penalty.
Aldabbagh et al. (2010) experimentally investigated the thermal performance of double pass steel wire screen packed bed solar air
heater and reported that the efficiency of the double pass is found to be higher than the single pass. Lalji et al. (2011) experimentally
investigated the heat transfer, flow friction and exergy analysis of wire screen packed bed solar air heater for high porosity range
(0.9614-0.9984) and for different shapes and correlations have been developed for Colburn factor and friction factor in terms of
porosity and operating parameters. The counter and parallel flow packed bed solar air heaters are investigated theoretically and
experimentally by Dhiman et al. (2012).
The effect of air mass flow rates and bed porosity on the thermal and thermohydraulic efficiencies of the counter and parallel flow
packed bed solar air heaters are investigated. The thermal performance of a double glass, double pass solar air heater with packed bed
was experimentally and theoretically investigated by El-Sebaii et al. (2007). At that work, they indicated that, the best performance was
achieved with gravel as a packing material above the absorber plate when mass flow rate is 0.05 kg/s. Also, based on the results of their
work, the values of thermal efficiency with gravel were 22-27 % higher than that without the packed bed. Verma and Varshney (2015)
developed a mathematical model to investigate the effect of system and operating parameters on the thermal and thermohydraulic
performance of wire screen packed bed solar air heater for high (0.887-0.958) and low (0.599-0.729) porosity range. Chouksey and
Sharma (2016) investigated theoretically the thermal performance characteristics of solar air heater having its duct packed with
blackened wire screen matrices.
However, in all the above cases, the provision of artificial roughness and glass cover has remained limited to only one side (top side)
of the solar air heater duct except those of the recent ones (Prasad et al., 2014; Kumar et al., 2016a, Behura et al., 2016a; Behura et al.,
2017; Behura et al., 2016b; Kumar et al., 2016b; Kumar et al., 2017a), wherein it has been concluded that three sides roughened and
glass covered solar air heaters perform even better than those of one side roughened and glass covered solar air heaters, but friction
factor also increases. The effect of glass cover has been shown (Kumar et al., 2016c) by performing an investigation that has given
even better performance for three sides glass covers as compared to that of the one side glass covered one.
The authors (Prasad et al., 2015), analysis could reveal that, corresponds to the optimal thermo hydraulic performance in
three sides artificially roughened and glass covered solar air heaters, which have further been verified by taking an experimental
investigation (Kumar et al., 2017b). Investigation for jet plate solar air heater with longitudinal fins has been carried out by Kumar et
al., 2017c. Use of booster mirror in three sides solar air heaters for characterizing thermal performance and heat transfer & plate
temperature behaviors has been introduced (Kumar, 2016a and 2016b). Further the review papers given (Ravi Kumar et al., 2016 and
Kumar and Alam, 2016), may be useful in vital studies of roughness importance in the field of solar air heater performance.
Correlations for three sides artificially roughened solar air heaters with transverse wires have been developed (Kumar et al., 2017c), for
three sides roughened one as well as three sides glass covered solar air heaters.
In history, there has been a noticeable increase of interest in the applications of second law analysis to the design of thermal systems. A
typical thermal design based on the first law of thermodynamics allows us to address issues related to the energy balance of the system.
The second law of thermodynamic analysis combined with a standard design procedure of a thermal system gives us invaluable insight
into the operation of the system. However, exergy analysis, derived from both the first and second laws of thermodynamics, as
compared to energy analysis, takes into account the quality of the energy transferred. The main purpose of the exergy analysis is to
determine the reasons of the thermodynamic faults of the thermal and chemical processes. Exergy (or availability) analysis is a
powerful tool in the design, optimization, and performance evaluation of energy systems. This analysis can be used to identify the main
sources of irreversibility (exergy loss) and to minimize the generation of entropy in a given process where the transfer of energy and
material take place (Kotas, 1994). According to Dincer and Rosen (2004), exergy analysis is an effective thermodynamic scheme for
using the conservation of mass and energy principles together with the second law of thermodynamics for the design and analysis of
thermal systems, and is an efficient technique for revealing whether or not and by how much it is possible to design more efficient
thermal systems by reducing the inefficiencies. The concepts and definitions of exergy analysis are well recognized.
Recently, several researchers have undertaken many studies covering the thermodynamic analysis of solar air heaters. Karsli (2007)
estimated the first and second laws of efficiencies of four different types of air heating flat-plate solar collectors. Optimization analysis
on the net flow of exergy in flat plate collectors for air heating is performed by Altfeld et al. (1988). They reported that the collection
surface characteristics, especially those of the extended surface, diminished the air flow, thus increasing the net flow of exergy and the
energy efficiency of the device. Gupta and Kaushik (2008) established the optimal performance parameters for the maximum exergy
delivery during the collection of solar energy in a flat-plate solar air heater.
They investigated the effects of aspect ratio, mass flow rate and channel depth on the energy and exergy output rates of the solar air
heater and found that the solar air heater should have high aspect ratio, low duct depth, and low inlet temperature of air. They also
observed that if the inlet temperature of air is low, then maximum exergy output is achieved at low value of mass flow rate. Comakl
and Yuksel (1994) carried out the experimental investigation on four types of solar air heaters. The exergetic efficiencies of the
collectors were calculated and comparisons were made among them on the basis of the exergetic efficiencies. Ozturk and Demirel
(2004) carried out an experimental investigation on the performance of a solar air heater with packed bed absorber. They observed that
the exergy efficiency varies from 0.01 to 2.16 %, while the energy efficiency in the range of 2.05 33.78 %.
In addition, the exergy and energy efficiency of packed bed solar air heater enhances as outlet air temperature increases. Kurtbas and
Durmus (2004) investigated five types of solar air heaters, which had different front absorption surfaces. They concluded that there
was a reverse relationship between dimensionless exergy loss and heat transfer, as well as pressure loss. The more important
parameters in order to decrease the exergy loss were found to be the collector efficiency, temperature difference of the air and the
pressure loss. Torres-Reyes et al. (2003) established a generalized methodology to determine the optimum path flow length of the
working fluid by means of a thermohydraulic model developed from the first and the second law points of view. Ajam et al. (2005)
derived the equations to study the exergetic efficiency of solar air heaters and used MATLAB to optimize the system. Layek et al.
(2007) presented the mathematical model for predicting the entropy generation of a solar air heater having chamfered rib groove
roughened absorber plate. They found that the entropy generation decreases with increase in relative roughness height. Esen (2008)
experimentally evaluated the energy and exergy efficiency of four types of double-flow solar air heaters with and without obstacles on
the absorber plate and concluded that the use of obstacles in the air duct of the double flow collector is an efficient method of
adapting air exchanger according to user needs.
To analyze the effect of protruded roughness geometry on heat transfer and flow characteristics of duct used in solar air heaters, an
experimental investigation was performed by Bhusan and Singh (2011). They observed that the addition of protruded roughness to the
absorber plate led to an increase in both heat transfer coefficient and friction loss. From the exergetic efficiency viewpoint, Singh et al.
(2012) analytically studied the addition of discrete V-down rib roughness to conventional solar air heater. They found optimum
roughness parameters of the discrete V-down rib for a given Reynolds number at which the exergetic efficiency was highest. Alta et al.
(2010) presented an experimental study based on energy and exergy analysis in order to determine the performance of three different
types of flat-plate solar air heaters. Their results showed that the energy and exergy efficiencies of air heater with fins and double glass
cover are higher. Bahrehmand and Ameri (2015) presented mathematical models for single and two-glass cover solar air collector
systems with natural convection flow. They investigated effect of key parameters such as longitudinal fins with rectangular and
triangular shapes, dimensional and environmental parameters on energy and exergy efficiencies and concluded that systems with two-
glass cover are more efficient. They also reported that systems with triangular fins have higher energy and exergy efficiency. In the
present paper theoretical investigations on energy and exergy performance of solar air heater having its duct packed with blackened
wire screen matrices of varying geometrical parameters listed in Table 1, is being reported. Fig. 1 shows the different types of
galvanized wire screen matrices used with packed bed absorber.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Fig.1 Types of woven wire screens used in absorber of packed-bed collector

2. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
The solar air heater having its duct packed with blackened wire screen matrices as shown in Fig. 2 has been considered. The channel of
width Wc , depth Dh and length Lc and having one glass cover, is uniformly heated from top by solar radiations transmitted through
glass cover.
Fig. 2 Radiative heat transfer
These transmitted radiations heat the packed bed matrix which in turn heat the air flowing through the channel with a constant and
uniform velocity, uf in x direction. The air then emerges out of the channel at higher temperature. The parameters involved in the
heat exchange process have been indicated in Fig. 2. Here R0y and I 0 y represent respectively the value of radiosity and irradiation as
a function of vertical distance parameter y. R0 and I0 , R01 and I 01 , R02 and I02 are respectively radiosities and irradiation at upper
and lower surface of glass and at the absorber plate respectively.
a. Energy Equations
The transfer of heat in the packed bed solar air heater takes place by simultaneous radiation, convection and conduction. The
mechanism of heat transfer is discussed in details in the authors recent paper (Chouksey and Sharma, 2016).
3. HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS
Energy balance equations have been developed by Hastani et al. (1985) for a system shown in Fig. 2. The assumptions made in the
analysis are as follows:
Bed and air temperature is a function of x and y.

The temperature distributions within packed material and the cover glass are uniform
Conductive heat transfer in the flow direction is negligibly small
Natural convection is not generated within the channel
The physical properties of the packing material are independent of the temperature.
Each basic equation is given for the unsteady heat transfer in the channel as follows:
For packing material

p
csw sw (1 p) (k ef b Q 0 r ) h f Avd ( p f ) (3.1)
t y y
where, p is the temperature of packed material (K)
f is the temperature of air (K)

b is the temperature of packed-bed and can be approximated by average temperature of the packing and the air as:
p f
b
2
The initial and boundary conditions for Eq. (3.1) are:
t 0,0 y D h ; p fi (3.2)
b
t 0, y 0; k ef h W ( p cg ) 0 (3.3)
y
b
t 0, y Dh ; k ef Q0r 0 (3.4)
y
For air:
f f
c pa f p h f Avd ( f p ) c pa f u f (3.5)
t x
The initial and boundary conditions for Eq. (3.5) are
t 0,0 x Lc ; f fi (3.6)
t 0, x 0; f fi (3.7)
For cover glass

d cg
ccg cg tcg hg ( cg a ) h w ( cg p ) Q 0 r 0 Q 0 r1 (3.8)
dt
t 0;cg fi (3.9)
These energy equations have been modified in the present investigation for quasi-steady state conditions as per convention in solar air
heaters. This analysis therefore neglects the effect of storage which appears to be small in comparison with amounts of energy transfer
involved. Accordingly, the heat transfer equation developed by Hastani et al. (1985) for the system (bed) shown in Fig. 2 can be written
as,
b
k ef Q0r h f A vd P f 3.10
y y
Using the relationship between volumetric and area heat transfer coefficient (h vf A vd h f ) the above equation can be modified to:
b
k ef Q0r h vf p f (3.11)
y y
The boundary conditions for the system can be written as:
b
At, y=0; k ef h w p cg 0 3.12
y
where, hw is the wall heat transfer coefficient for the glass cover
Furthermore, Hastanis analysis did not consider the effect of wind convection and sky radiations because experiments were performed
indoor. Therefore the boundary condition at top surface of the collector (i.e. at y=0) has been modified to include the above effects by
introducing the overall loss coefficients, U ol , as is conventionally considered for outdoor conditions.

Writing heat loss term, hw p cg in terms of overall loss coefficient, U ol , Eq. (3.12) can be modified to:
b
At, y=0; k ef U ol b a 0 (3.13)
y
b
At, y=D; k ef Q 0r 0 (3.14)
y
For the air flow, the energy equation can be written as:
f
c pa f u f h f A vd f p (3.15)
x
where, f is the density of air (kgm-3)
uf is the average velocity of air in duct (ms-1).

Using volumetric heat transfer coefficient, hv, the Eq. (3.15) becomes
f
G a c pa h vf p f (3.16)
x
with f fi at x=0 (3.17)
The following non-dimensional parameters are introduced in order to normalize the above equations:
b f * a x * 2h vf Lc ** 2h vf Q 0r
ec y , b* , f* , a , x , h vf ,h , Q*0 r and
fi fi fi Lc Gacpa vf kef ec2 k ef fi ec
U ol
U*ol
k ef ec
Eqs. (3.11) to (3.17) can be rewritten as follows:
For Packing Material
2 b*
2

Q*0r h ** * *
vf b f (3.18)
Introducing the value of Q*0r from Eq. (2.9), the above equation can be rewritten as:
2 b*
R *01exp R *02 exp 0 h **
2
*
vf b f
*

which further simplified as:
2 b*
2
R *01 exp R *02 exp 0 h ** * *
vf b f (3.19)
with following boundary conditions:

At, = 0
b*

U *ol b* a* 0 (3.20)
At, 0
b*
Q *0r 0 (3.21)

For Air
f*
x

h *vf b* f* (3.22)
with following boundary condition:

At, x 0
f* 1 (3.23)
4. NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Equations (3.10) and (3.16) are two dimensional, linear coupled partial differential equations. An exact analytical solution of this system
of equations is not possible (Beckmann, 1968), however exact solution can be approximated to any desired degree of accuracy by
numerical methods. Finite difference solution algorithm has been developed in the authors previous paper (Chouksey and Sharma,
2016) to obtain the theoretical air temperature rise and various performance parameters (Art. 5) in the wire screen packed bed solar air
heaters. The basic equations have been solved by the numerical method by writing the computer programme in C++ programming
language (see flow chart Fig. 3).
5. PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
The main parameters affecting the performance of solar air heaters are the thermal energy gain E teg , energy efficiency ene , effective
efficiency efe , and exergetic efficiency exe .
5.1 Thermal energy gain, E teg
The rate of thermal energy gain E teg , of the collector can be expressed as follows:
Eteg mc pa ( fo fi ) (5.1)
5.2 Energy Efficiency, ene
The calculated outlet air temperatures for given operating conditions are used to evaluate the energy efficiency e using the
following relations:
E teg
ene (5.2)
I 0 Aab
5.3 Effective Efficiency, efe
Since the enhancement of thermal performance in packed bed solar air heater is accompanied by significant increase of pressure losses.
So the thermo-hydraulic performance parameter called effective efficiency has been employed to express the net useful thermal
energy gain, taking into account the equivalent thermal energy required to produce the work energy necessary to overcome the
additional friction for hydraulic losses as a result of packing the collector duct with packing materials. The thermo-hydraulic or
effective efficiency can be expressed as (Cortes and Piacentini, 1990).
Pm
Eteg
Cf
efe (5.3)
I 0 Aab
where, Cf is the conversion factor to transform different efficiencies (thermal to mechanical) and is taken 0.2. The mechanical power
Pm, is given by the following expression
m P
Pm (5.4)
f fan
fan is the fan motor efficiency and is taken 0.9 and pressure drop is calculated as:
f p Lc f V 2
P (5.5)
2rH
where, Friction factor, fp has been calculated using the correlation reported by Varshney and Saini (1998):
0.699
1 s
f p 2.484 t Re p0.44 (5.6)
np d w
G0a -1
V is the superficial mean gas velocity ms
f
and Re p
4 rH G 0 a (5.7)
f
5.4 Exergetic Efficiency, exe
The exergy efficiency can be written based on the second law of thermodynamics as the ratio of the absorbed exergy of air divided by
the exergy of sun radiation on the collector:
E xu ,p E x d est (5.8)
ene 1
E x in E x in
The parameters of this equation are represented as:
Exdest Exin Exw Exu (5.9)
E x m

c

c

ln fo

R l n

f o u t

(5.10)
u

p a fo fi a
v
fi f in
The Exu , p , actual exergy delivered considering pressure drop of collector fluid, is calculated by:
E xu , p E xu E x w (5.11)
(5.12)
Exw a W
fi fa n

m P (5.13)
W fa n
f fa n
where W fan , the fan motor efficiency is taken equal to 0.9.

The input exergy (the exergy of sun radiation) is defined as (Mathur et al., 2006):
4
1 4 a (5.14)
E x in 1 a I r Aab
3 sun 3 s u n

a and sun represent the temperatures of ambient and solar intensity. For the solar intensity temperature, 5600 K is assumed.
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The temperature profiles of air have been obtained by varying typical bed and operating parameters like geometry of screens, depth of
bed matrix, mass flow rate of air and solar energy flux. The values of temperature rise of air have been used to determine
corresponding values of performance parameters. The values of system and operating parameters used for evaluation of various
performance parameters are given in Table 2.
Table 2: Numerical values of system and operating parameters used in analytical calculation of packed bed solar air heater
S. No. Input data Numerical value

Collector length, (Lc ) 1.475 m
Collector width, (Wc ) 0.44 m
Absorber plate area, ( Aab ) 0.649 m2
Duct height, ( Dh ) 0.008, 0.018, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045 m
Bed cross-sectional area, ( Acs ) 0.00352, 0.00762, 0.011, 0.0154, 0.0198 m2

Mass flow rate of air, ( m ) 0.01034, 0.01463, 0.01791 and 0.02068 kgs-1
Mass flow rate based on
collector area, (Ga ) 0.0159, 0.0225, 0.0276, and 0.0318 kgs-1m-2
Inlet temperature of air, ( fi ) 38.5 oC
Ambient temperature, (a ) 38.5 oC
Insolation at top glass cover, (I0 ) 600,800 and 1000 Wm-2
Absorptivity of wire screen, ( w ) 0.95
Emissivity of bottom plate, ( p ) 0.8

Thermal conductivity of wire
(galvanized iron) screen matrices, (k s ) 62.764 Wm-1K-1
Overall loss coefficient, (Uol ) 9.964 - 10.886 Wm-2K-1
Reflective index of screen wire, nw 1.0
Reflectivity, (rcg ) 0.0434
Absorptivity, (cg ) 0.1296
Angle factor,
f 0.12
Fig. 4 depicts the variation of the thermal energy gain, Eteg and effective thermal energy gain, Eeteg with mass flow rate of air for various
type of wire screen matrices absorber of packed bed solar air heaters for I0=1000 W/m2. Results show that Eteg increases continuously
with increase in mass flow rate of air, whereas Eeteg increases upto a particular value of the mass flow rate, attains maxima and then
decreases sharply. It is noticed that there exists and optimum value of effective thermal energy gain for a given matrix, which is due to
fact that the mass flow rate is a strong parameters that effect the pumping power, there by affecting the effective thermal energy gain.
It is seen that optimum value of Eeteg is obtained for a narrow range of mass flow rate varying from 0.027 0.028 kg/sm2, depending
upon the type of absorber used.
Fig. 4 Thermal and effective thermal energy gain as a function of mass flow rate of air for different type of absorbers.
Fig. 5 shows the variation of energy and effective energy efficiencies with mass flow rate of air for different type of absorbers for
I0=1000 W/m2. From the figure it is seen that energy efficiency increases with increase in mass flow rate of air due to increase in
thermal conductance from absorber to air whereas effective energy efficiency increases upto a certain value of mass flow rate, attains
maxima and there after decreases sharply. This may be attributed to the fact that lower amount of energy spent in overcoming the
friction losses at the lower mass flow rates. The energy required to overcome the friction losses increases sharply with the increase in
mass flow rate; the rate of increase of heat transfer and friction losses are, in fact, not proportional, i.e. the heat transfer coefficient
increase being proportional to a power less than one of the mass flow rate, while the friction losses increasing with the square of the
mass flow rate. Consequently, at the higher mass flow rate, the rate of increase of heat transfer is lower in comparison to the rate of
increase of the friction losses, i.e. a region where the actual gains are not commensurate with the expenditure in power losses.
Fig. 5 Energy and effective energy efficiency as a function of mass flow rate of air for different type of absorbers.
Fig. 6 shows the variation of exergetic efficiency, exe as a function of air mass flow rate for different type of absorber of packed bed
solar air heaters. The exergetic efficiency decreases continuously with increase in the mass flow rate for all types of absorbers. Values
of the exergetic efficiency at all the mass flow rate are low mainly due to high exergy loss
Fig. 6 Exergetic efficiency as a function of mass flow rate of air for different type of absorbers. From the absorption of solar
radiations by the absorber. At the higher mass flow rate the exergetic efficiency are very low. The numerator of exergetic efficiency, i.e.
net exergy flow is difference of heat energy collected and pumping power. It happens at the higher mass flow rate that required pump
work exergy almost approaches equals to the exergy of heat energy collected. Fig. 7 shows the effect of bed depth on thermal and
effective thermal energy gain for packed bed solar air heater with absorber M5. It is seen that thermal energy gain almost linearly
increases upto a certain bed depth, attains maxima and then decreases sharply at all the mass flow rates of air. However, the effective
thermal energy gain have lower values at corresponding mass flow rate as compared to thermal energy gain due to loss of energy to
pump the air through the duct. It is also observed that for lower bed depth loss of energy i.e. energy required by pump is higher due to
increased pressure drop in the duct. Also the loss of energy to push the air through the duct at lower bed depth is more pronounced at
higher mass flow rate of 0.0318 kg/sm2. It is also seen that the absorber M5 exhibits best exergetic efficiency at all mass flow rate,
however, rate of the exergetic efficiency enhancement is higher with bed of M5 absorber at lower mass flow rate.
Fig.7 Effect of bed depth on thermal and effective thermal energy gain for absorber M5
Fig. 8 shows the effect of total bed depth on energy efficiency, ene , of packed bed collector with absorber M5 at different mass flow
rate of air. In the figure it is seen that the energy efficiency increases upto a certain total bed depth at all mass flow rate and there after
found to fall quite rapidly. The increase in the values of these parameters can be attributed to the fact that any decline in the value of
convective heat transfer coefficient as a result of decrease in superficial mass velocity of air is effectively compensated by a
corresponding increase in the heat transfer surface area of packing materials. It has also been observed that there exists an upper
limiting value of total bed depth for packed bed collector beyond which energy efficiency begins to fall again and it is seen that this
type of characteristic behavior in thermal performance have been observed at all flow rates. This maximum total bed depth of duct
appears to absorb relatively larger fraction of the incoming solar radiation as compared to lower regions and thus effectively rendering
the lower portion of the bed relatively less effective for heat transfer in case the total bed depth is more than this limiting value. A
larger total bed depth, it appears, fails to adequately compensate for the decrease in flow velocity by adding to effective heat transfer
area because lower volume of bed material is less effective for heat transfer in this region both by effective conductance and radiation,
resulting consequently in a decrease in energy efficiency. In quantitative terms, it has been found that there is substantial increase in the
energy efficiency of packed bed collector in the shorter total bed depth range (roughly 8mm < Dh < 25mm) and beyond the value of
about 25 mm, the efficiency is found to fall down.
Fig. 8 Effect of bed depth on energy efficiency for absorber M5
The effect of bed depth of the packed bed solar air heater with M5 absorber on the effective efficiency has been studied varying the
depth of bed from 8 mm to 45 mm for four different mass flow rates as shown in Fig. 9. It is noted that for a particular mass flow rate
as the duct depth increases, effective efficiency initially increases, attains an optimum value and then starts decreasing, this is probably
as the duct depth increases the pumping power reduces at higher rate as compared to thermal energy gain there by increasing the
effective efficiency but after a certain depth the thermal energy gain is not substantial as compared to pumping power. It is perceived
that for lower ducts depths maximum effective efficiency obtained is higher due to higher convective heat transfer coefficient which
increases the thermal energy gain. The maximum effective efficiency is obtained at duct depth of 25 mm for air mass flow rate of
0.0318 kg/sm2.
Fig. 9 Effect of bed depth on effective efficiency for absorber M5

Fig. 10 shows the exergetic efficiency as a function of bed depth of packed bed solar air heaters with absorber M5 for different mass
flow rate of air. From the plot it is seen that the exergy efficiency initially increases with increase in bed depth, reaches at pick value
and there after decreases gradually at all mass flow rates. Here, it is observed that exergy efficiency is higher at lower mass flow rate of
air at all bed depth. It has also been found that the exergy efficiency is positive at mass flow rate of 0.0159 and 0.02256 kg/sm2 for all
values of bed depth investigated, whereas for other two values of mass flow rate of air i.e. at 0.0276 and 0.0318 kg/sm2, the positive
exergy efficiency is obtained only above bed depth of 15 mm and 18 mm respectively.
Fig. 10 Effect of bed depth on exergetic efficiency for absorber M5
The effect of air temperature rise, f on thermal and effective thermal energy gain at different insolation for absorber M5 is plotted
in Fig. 11. From the figure it is seen that the thermal energy gain linearly decreases with increase in f at all values of insolation,
whereas effective thermal energy gain moderately increases with increase in f .
Fig. 11 Effect of air temperature rise on thermal and effective thermal energy gain for variable insolation
Fig. 12 Effect of air temperature rise on effective efficiency for variable insolation
Fig. 12 shows the effect of temperature rise of air on the effective efficiency for the insolation range of 600, 800, 1000 W/m2 and it is
observed that for the higher insolation values, the effective efficiency is high for all values of air temperature rise. It is further noted
that efe increases with increase in f upto a threshold value, attains maxima and there after decreases rapidly at all values of
insolation. This type of characteristic behavior is observed due to higher losses at higher temperature rise of air. Fig. 13 shows the
effect of air temperature rise on exergetic efficiency of wire screen matrices [M5] packed bed solar air heater for variable insolation. It
is clearly seen from the plot that the exergetic efficiency is negative at lower value of air temperature rise. It happens at the higher mass
flow rate that required pump work exergy exceeds the exergy of heat energy collected and hence, net exergy flow becomes negative. It
can be seen from the figure that the highest exergetic efficiency is observed for higher value of air temperature rise with higher value of
insolation.
Fig. 13 Effect of air temperature rise on exergetic efficiency for variable insolation
7. CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of above analysis for wire screen matrices packed bed solar air heaters, following major conclusions have been made:
A. The heat transfer equations based on heat and fluid flow characteristics in packed bed solar air heaters have been developed
in order to analyze the energy and exergy performance and to study the effect of system and operating parameters on the energy and
exergy characteristic under quasi steady state condition.
B. Results indicated that thermal energy gain and energy efficiency increases continuously with increase in mass flow rate of air,
where as effective thermal energy gain and effective energy efficiency increases upto a specific value of mass flow rate, attains maxima
and then decreases sharply.
C. Results show that the exergetic efficiency decreases continuously with increase in mass flow rate for all types of absorber.
Also, the exergetic efficiency at lower mass flow rate is higher as compared to higher mass flow rate.
D. The mass flow rate has been found to be strong parameter affecting the effective and exergetic efficiencies. It has been found
that there exist an optimum values of effective and exergetic efficiencies for a giver matrix.
E. A solar air heater with absorber M5 is found to yield the best energy and exergetic efficiencies in almost entire range of mass
flow rate investigated (0.0159 to 0.0318 kg/sm2).
F. It has been found that there exits an optimum value of bed depth for a given matrix based on energy and exergy
performance. The optimum bed depth of packed bed solar air heater with absorber M5 is found to be 25 mm.
G. Results show that thermal energy gain linearly decreases with increase in air temperature rise for all values of insolation
investigated.
H. It has been found that the effective energy efficiency increases with increase in air temperature rise upto a threshold value,
attains maxima and thereafter decreases rapidly at all values of insolation.
I. Results show that exergetic efficiency is negative at lower value of air temperature rise i.e. at higher mass flow rate of air.
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IAETSD-JARAS Wire Screen Matrices Packed Bed Solar Air Heater Performance-An Exergetic and Energetic Approach

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IAETSD-JARAS Wire Screen Matrices Packed Bed Solar Air Heater Performance-An Exergetic and Energetic Approach

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IAETSD JOURNAL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCES, VOLUME 4, ISSUE 4, SEPT /2017

ISSN (ONLINE): 2394-8442

Wire Screen Matrices Packed Bed Solar Air Heater Performance-An

1Professor(Asst.), Department of Mechanical Engineering, H.S.B.P.V.Ts GOI, College of Engineering- Parikrama,

Karol Bag, New Delhi, India.

1Corresponding Authors ,E-mails: aknitjsr08@gmail.com1, akbehura.nit@gmail.com2, kumarravi646@gmail.com3,

Asw Surface area of wire screen, m2

Acs Bed cross-sectional area, m2

Avd Surface area per unit volume of duct, m-1

cpa Specific heat of air, Jkg-1K-1

csw Specific heat of wire screen, Jkg-1K-1

ccg Specific heat of cover glass, Jkg-1K-1

dw Wire diameter of wire screen, m

Eteg Thermal energy gain, W

Eeteg Effective thermal energy gain, W

Exdest Exergy destruction, W

Exin Exergy input, W

Exu Exergy output ignoring pressure drop, W

Exu , p Exergy output considering pressure drop, W

Ga Mass flow rate based on collector area, kgs-1m-2

hvf Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Wm-3K-1

hw Wall heat transfer coefficient for cover glass, Wm-2K-1

I0 Insolation at top glass cover, Wm-2

I01 Irradiation at the bottom surface of cover glass, Wm-2

I02 Irradiation at the bottom plate of absorber, Wm-2

kef Effective thermal conductivity of packed matrix, Wm-1K-1

ks Thermal conductivity of wire screen matrices, Wm-1K-1

Q0r radiative heat flux, Wm-2

rcg Reflectivity of cover glass

R01 Radiosity at the bottom surface of cover glass, Wm-2

R02 Radiosity at the bottom absorber plate, Wm-2

Fig.1 Types of woven wire screens used in absorber of packed-bed collector

Fig. 2 Radiative heat transfer

3. HEAT TRANSFER EQUATIONS

Bed and air temperature is a function of x and y.

For packing material

f is the temperature of air (K)

For cover glass

uf is the average velocity of air in duct (ms-1).

with following boundary conditions:

with following boundary condition:

4. NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

5.2 Energy Efficiency, ene

where W fan , the fan motor efficiency is taken equal to 0.9.

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

S. No. Input data Numerical value

Collector width, (Wc ) 0.44 m

Absorber plate area, ( Aab ) 0.649 m2

Duct height, ( Dh ) 0.008, 0.018, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045 m

Bed cross-sectional area, ( Acs ) 0.00352, 0.00762, 0.011, 0.0154, 0.0198 m2

Inlet temperature of air, ( fi ) 38.5 oC

Ambient temperature, (a ) 38.5 oC

Insolation at top glass cover, (I0 ) 600,800 and 1000 Wm-2

Absorptivity of wire screen, ( w ) 0.95

Emissivity of bottom plate, ( p ) 0.8

Overall loss coefficient, (Uol ) 9.964 - 10.886 Wm-2K-1

Reflective index of screen wire, nw 1.0

Reflectivity, (rcg ) 0.0434

Absorptivity, (cg ) 0.1296

Fig. 8 Effect of bed depth on energy efficiency for absorber M5

Fig. 9 Effect of bed depth on effective efficiency for absorber M5

Fig. 10 Effect of bed depth on exergetic efficiency for absorber M5

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