Principles of response selection

- decision complexity

- response expectancy

- compatibility

- speed-accuracy tradeoff

- feedback

Fitts Law: MT = a + b log2 (2A/W)

- Each time the distance to the target doubles, movement time increases by a
constant amount.
- Each time the required precision of the movement is doubled (the target width is
halved), the movement time will also increase by a constant amount.

Stability

- Novice pilots sometimes show unstable altitude control as they oscillate around a
desired altitude.- The driver in the scenario introduced at the beginning of these
slides also suffered instability of control.- This is an example of unstable
behavior known as closed loop instability.- It is sometimes called negative
feedback instability because of the operator's well-intentioned but ineffective
efforts to correct in a direction that will reduce the error (i.e. to negate the
error).

Closed-loop instability results from a particular combination of three factors:

- lag: There can be lag somewhere in a total control loop, either from the system
lag or from the human operator's response time.

- high gain: This high gain can represent either the system's gain-too much heading
change for a given steering wheel deflection or the human's gain-a tendency to
overcorrect if there is an error.

- human error: person fails to wait until the system output stabilizes before
applying another corrective input.

5 Solutions to reduce closed-loop instability

- Lower the gain (either by system design or by instructing the operator to do so).

- Reduce the lags (if possible). This might be done, for example, by reducing the
required complexity of graphics in a virtual reality system.

- Caution the operator to change strategy in such a way that he or she does not try
to correct every input but filters out the high-frequency ones, thereby reducing
the bandwidth.

- Change strategy to seek input that can anticipate & predict

- Change strategy to goopen loop