Quiz Questions

1. Fracture surface energy for crack propagation comes from ......................stored in the material.
(Strain energy)
2. One of the goals of fracture mechanics is to derive................. of the material that characterizes
the behaviour of materials with cracks (Fracture toughness)
3. Fracture can be broadly classified into ............ and............. (Ductile and Brittle fracture)
4. When................. is increased, a ductile material may behave as a brittle material. (Strain Rate)
5. When................. is decreased, a ductile material may behave as a brittle material. (temperature)
6. Stress intensity approach is given by.......... (K=sigma sqrt(pi*a))
7. Given relationship between energy release rate and stress intensity factor (G=K^2/E)
8. Viscoelastic and viscoplastic fractures are analyzed using ............ theory ( nonlinear fracture
mechanics)
9. Expand CTOD. (crack tip opening displacement)
10. Give two reasons on why structures fail.
11. The mechanics of fracture became an essential part of engineering discipline during the..............
(World war 2)
12. LNG storage tank exploded due to defects caused by .......... of passing trains. (vibration)
13. In World War 2 liberty ships broke in half cause of poor welding and .......... steel in cold
weather. (brittle)
14. Liberty ships had an ....... hull. (all welded)
15. 1985 Japan l. JAL B-747 crashed due to, aft pressure causing ......... failure. (fatigue)
16. Poor workmanship is a........ failure (Type I)
17. The failure of the Liberty ships is Type..... failure.(2)
18. Ships where previously joined by........ joints.(riveted)
19. The weld failed to penetrate in structural detail resulting in severe ........(Stress Concentration)
20. The type of stress induced due to warm oil in tanker and cold water in contact with outer hull in
Kurdistan oil tanker in 1979 while sailing in Atlantic Ocean is ........(Thermal Stress)
21. ...... And ...... are required done to avoid Type 2 failure. (Testing and Analysis)
22. A crack is stress...................(amplifier)
23. ..................phenomenon the hull material underwent in cold water (ductile to brittle
transition{DBT})
24. Main reason of failure of material /component is --------------------(crack propagation)
25. ---------------requires higher stress level than crack propagation(crack nucleation)
26. Fracture surface energy is always .......................intrinsic surface energy(greater than)
27. ________and_________ are still standing is a testimony to the ability of early architects and
engineers.(Pharaohs of ancient Egypt and the Caesars of Rome)
28. The primary construction materials prior to the 19th century were _____,______.(brick and
mortar)
29. Windows and roof spans were arched in order to maintain ________ loading.(compressive)
30. The designers rely on _______ to reduce frequency of failures.(rational analysis)
31. LEFM stands for.......
32. The fatigue crack growth rate in metal is given by......
33. The stress intensity for a plate is given by
34. State the energy criterion.............
35. Liberty ship failure was caused by...........
36. A material is assumed to be _________ if its strength is greater than the expected applied
stress. (Adequate)
37. The fracture mechanics approach has three important variables. _________, __________,
___________, (flaw size, fracture toughness, Applied stres)
38. Fracture mechanics has also been used in the characterization of __________. (composite
materials)
39. ___________________ is defined as the rate of change in potential energy with crack area for a
linear elastic material. (The energy release rate, (G))
40. _______fracture occurs as a result of introduction of a new technology into a structure.(Type 2)
41. _______Is applicable to materials with low fracture toughness.(LEFM)
42. Fracture mechanics is a field dedicated to the study of ______and _______ of cracks (nucleation
and propagation)
43. _______ is a nonlinear form of energy release rate(J integral)
44. Damage tolerance entails the introduction of_______ cracks in a component for safe
service(Subcritical)
45. The stress-intensity factor for the plate with an elliptical crack subjected to far field stress is
given by______( KI= (a) )
46. The rate of cracking can be correlated with fracture mechanics parameters such as_____ and
_____.(the stress-intensity factor and the critical crack size for failure)
47. Fracture mechanics helps in________ that are subject to time dependent crack growth
mechanisms.(life prediction of components)
48. _______ provides a rational basis for establishing flaw tolerance limits.(Fracture mechanics)
49. An allowable flaw size would be defined by ______________.(dividing the critical size by a safety
factor)
50. Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics considers plastic deformation under __ conditions (quasistatic)
51. _____________, ___________, and _________ fracture behavior are included in the more
general heading of nonlinear fracture mechanics (Elastic-Plastic, Viscoelastic, Viscoplastic)
52. For low toughness materials, critical stress varies __________ with Kic (linearly)
53. An example of material showing viscoelastic and viscoplastic behaviour is ______ and ______
respectively (Polymers, Ceramics at High Temperatures)
54. At very high toughness values, failure is governed by the ________ of the material (flow
properties)
55. _______ is a very useful tool in measuring frature mechanics.(Dimensional Analysis)
56. In dimensional analysis when material doesn't strain harder, the yield strength is sufficient to
define flow properties ._______ (true/false) (ANSWER- TRUE)
57. In dimensional analysis the para meter neglected is _______(thickness)
58. Dimensional analysis is valid only when _______(Ry << a)
 Review Questions

1. What are the aspects to be looked into while characterizing a crack?

2. Mention the factors that an influence on the nature of fracture.
3. Fracture mechanics approach design is more widely used than strength of materials
approach in design. Elucidate the statement with supportive theories with an example
articulate the role of dimensional analysis in fracture mechanics
4. What are the two different type of structural failures?
5. Why is the Type II failure difficult to prevent?
6. Mention the type of failure in Liberty ships and discuss the cause for failure.
7. Mention the type of failure in Kurdistan Oil Tanker and discuss the cause for failure.
8. Briefly explain importance of fracture mechanics
9. Explain the characterization of crack
10. Explain historical perspective of fracture mechanics?
11. Explain the reasons of structure failure.
12. Explain the evolution of fracture mechanics from 1960 to 1980.
13. Explain fracture mechanics approach to design.
14. Explain Recent Trends in Fracture Research.
15. Mention the types of methodologies employed in fracture mechanics approach to
design. Also briefly explain each one.
16. Write down the stress state at the vicinity of a crack tip in terms of the polar coordinates
r and theta.
17. Describe the damage tolerance approach to design with schematic figure.
18. Briefly describe the time dependent crack growth.
19. Classify Fracture Mechanics using a tree diagram and gives examples for each mode of
failure
20. Plot and explain a graph of fracture stress vs. fracture toughness for a cracked plate with
an elliptical crack
21. Explain the 3 types of edge crack formations studied in dimensional analysis.
22. Write the expression for Buckingham Pie Theorem and explain each parameters
involved.