Brainstorming

Does Mozambique make part of the

International Trade Organization? If yes, what
INTERNATIONAL TRADE goods/ services do you think it exports?

Read the text and answer the questions below

International trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or
territories. In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product. While
international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political
importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.

Industrialisation, advanced transportation, globalisation, multinational corporations, and

outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing
international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalisation. Without international trade,
nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders.

International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the
behaviour of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is
across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than
domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time
costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal
system or culture.

Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as
capital and labour are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus
international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to
trade in capital, labour or other factors of production. Then trade in goods and services can serve as
a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing a factor of production, a country
can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the
respective factor. An example is the import of labour-intensive goods by the United States from
China. Instead of importing Chinese labour the United States is importing goods from China that
were produced with Chinese labour.

International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms
the larger branch of international economics.

Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects
of trade policies such as tariffs. The Ricardian model for example, focuses on comparative
advantage. In this model, countries specialise in producing what they produce best. Unlike other
models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize in what they can
easily produce in quality and quantity, instead of producing a broad array of goods which may be
disregarded by international buyers.

Companies doing business across international borders face many of the same risks as would
normally be evident in strictly domestic transactions. For example, Buyer insolvency (purchaser
cannot pay); Non-acceptance (buyer rejects goods as different from the agreed upon
specifications); Credit risk (allowing the buyer to take possession of goods prior to payment);
Regulatory risk (e.g., a change in rules that prevents the transaction); Intervention (governmental
action to prevent a transaction being completed); Political risk (change in leadership interfering
with transactions or prices); and War and other uncontrollable events.
 Wikipedia 2010 – Modified by David

Questions

1. From your understanding of the text, define the term “International Trade”
2. According to the text, International trade:
A. is very recent B. its economic, social and political importance is on fall
C. it has been present for centuries D. it doesn’t have much history
3. In which way industrialisation and globalisation depend on IT? Provide examples
4. Is international trade important? Find examples in the text to support your answer
5. What is the rapport between domestic trade and international trade? Is their any differences
between the two?
6. What makes international trade more costly than domestic trade?
7. Factors of production such as capital and labour are typically more mobile within a country than
across countries. What does the term “factors of production” refer to?
8. Why is international trade more restricted to trade in goods and services than in factors of
production?
9. There are several models which predict rules of trade and analyse the effects of trade policies.
Find one example of the models in the text and say what it does.
10. Name some negative factors of international and domestic trade.

David 2010

Glossary: factors of production (or productive inputs) are any commodities or services used to
produce goods and services. 'Factors of production' may also refer specifically to the primary
factors, which are stocks including land, labor (the ability to work), and capital goods applied to
production.
capital is factor of production used to create goods or services that are not themselves significantly
consumed.