CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Rice husk biomass waste is very much abundant in the Philippines. This particular

biomass waste is widely used as a fuel in the Philippines, since we are abundant with this

type of pozzolanic material we think that this material can be used in the field of Civil

Engineering.

Rice husk is one of the most widely available agricultural wastes in many rice

producing countries around the world. Globally, approximately 600 million tons of rice

paddy is produced each year. On average 20% of the rice paddy is husk, giving an annual

total production of 120 million tones. In majority of rice producing countries much of the

husk produced from processing of rice is either burnt or dumped as waste.

Admixtures were added to concrete batch immediately before or during mixing

concrete. It may enhance the durability, workability or strength characteristics of a

given concrete mixture that could be altered to get specific results. All of this will be

added to the cubic yard/meter cost of concrete. Many concrete mixes today contain one

or more concrete admixtures that will help your pouring process driving down cost

while increasing productivity, the cost of these admixtures will vary depending on the

quantity and type of admixture being used. The success use of admixtures will depend

on the use of appropriate methods of batching and concreting.

Superplasticizers or high range water reducers, are chemical admixtures used where

well-dispersed particle suspension is required. Self-consolidating concrete or self-

1
compacting concrete or SCC is a concrete mix which has a low yield stress but

high deformability, good segregation resistance and moderate viscosity (necessary to

ensure uniform suspension of solid particles during transportation, placement and

thereafter until the concrete sets).

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is featured in its fresh state by high workability

and rheological stability. SCC has excellent applicability for elements with complicated

shapes and congested reinforcement. In concrete materials, most of the previous works

studied the effects of pozzolanic materials on physical and mechanical properties of

normal concrete.

Originally developed in Japan, SCC technology was made possible by the much

earlier development of super plasticizers for concrete, SCC has now been taken up with

enthusiasm across Europe, for both site and precast concrete work.

The history and development of SCC can be divided into two key stages: its initial

development in Japan in the late 1980s and its subsequent introduction into Europe

through Sweden in the mid- to late-1990s. 3.1. Japan SCC was first developed in Japan

in 1988 in order to achieve more durable concrete structures by improving the quality

achieved in the construction process and the placed material. The removal of the need for

compaction of the concrete reduced the potential for durability defects due to inadequate

compaction (e.g. honeycombing). The use of SCC was also found to offer economic,

social and environmental benefits over traditional vibrated concrete construction. These

benefits included faster construction and the elimination of noise due to vibration. One

of the main drivers for the development of the technology was the reduction in the number

of skilled site operatives that the Japanese construction industry was experiencing in the

1980s. The use of SCC meant that less skilled labor was required for the placing and

2
finishing of the concrete. SCC was developed from the existing technology used for high

workability and underwater concretes, where additional cohesiveness is required. The

first research publications that looked into the principles required for SCC were from

Japan around 1989 to 1991. These studies concentrated upon high performance and

super-workable concretes and their fresh properties such as filling capacity, flow ability

and resistance to segregation.

Based on the researches which have been performed on SCC over the last two

decades, it can be said that the use of SCC has been increased dramatically. It is

commonly used in place of traditional concrete not only to reduce time of construction

projects but also to reduce the cost of construction projects. According to Okamura,

"Whatever conventional concrete can do, SCC can do better, faster, and cheaper,

especially for concrete elements with special textures, complex shapes, and congested

reinforcements. It can be seen that there are a range of using of SCC around the world.

Many researches show that this type of concrete is commonly used within cast-in-place

(in field) and precast construction. Furthermore, it is also used in the structural and

architectural concrete sections where the tightness of steel reinforcement and /or surface

quality is required. However, other implementations of SCC include drilled piers,

caissons, bridge abutments and walls.

The SCC is considered an environmentally friendly material. Firstly, regarding the

construction site, the SCC can eliminate the need for vibration to compact the concrete;

since SCC has ability to fill the form work completely under its own weight. The

compaction of fresh concrete by vibration is generally recognized as a heavy physical

job and an unpleasant activity in the concrete construction process. Moreover, using the

vibration can also cause high noise levels which are not good for public health;

especially the health of the operators. Secondly, the acceleration generated by vibrators

3
can reach 0.70 to 4m/s2 and has potential to injure the vibrator operator. Hence,

eliminating the vibration significantly improves health and the environment on a

concrete construction site (Li 2011). It can be said that some skills and experience are

needed for vibrator operators in compacting fresh concrete in order to gain a

satisfactory concrete. Lack of experienced workers in many regions may lead to decline

the quality of concrete. It is generally accepted that the application of SCC can solve

this problem and ensure consistent high quality for concrete structures.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The objective of this study is to test the effect of the CRH on the SCC based on the

following:

1. Compressive Strength on Self-Compacting Concrete with CRH

2. Flexural Strength on Self-Compacting Concrete with CRH

3. Ratio of the CRH as partial replacement for cement on self-compacting concrete

mixture

4. Silica content of CRH compare to silica content of pozzolanic partial

replacement material for cement.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Rice husk is one of the most widely available agricultural wastes in many rice

producing countries around the world. Globally, approximately 600 million tons of rice

paddy is produced each year. On average 20% of the rice paddy is husk, giving an annual

total production of 120 million tones. In majority of rice producing countries much of the

husk produced from processing of rice is either burnt or dumped as waste. Burning of RH

in ambient atmosphere leaves a residue, called rice husk ash. For every 1000 kgs of paddy

4
milled, about 220 kgs (22%) of husk is produced, and when this husk is burnt in the

boilers, about 55 kgs (25%) of RHA is generated. The main purpose of this study is to

test the effect of carbonized rice hulls on the strength of self-compacting concrete. This

study will contribute in the construction industry by replacing some percentage of the

cement into Carbonized Rice Hulls (CRH) without sacrificing its strength. This study

aims to promote the use of wasted materials (Rice Hulls) in a way that it will help to

reduce the pollution cause by the production of cement. In this study wasted materials

like Rice Hulls can be an alternative way to produce materials that can be used in the

construction industry.

This paper would also provide data and background literatures for the future

researchers conducting a research related to this study since there are few studies

conducted regarding to the said topic.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The main focus of the study is to analyse the effect carbonized rice hull on SCC. The

study aims for a possibility of CRH as a partial replacement for cement on self-

compacting concrete. The properties concerned on CRH are its effect on self-compacting

concrete through its compressive strength, flexural strength, ratio of CHR as partial

replacement for cement on the concrete mixture, and its silica content compared to other

pozzolanic material use as partial replacement for cement. During the study, other uses

of carbonized rice hull that are related not related on construction industry are disregarded

for the reason that it will not help the analysis of the effect carbonized rice hull on self-

compacting concrete.

ABREVIATION AND DEFINITION OF TERMS

SCC - Self- Compacting Concrete

5
ASR Alkali Silica Reaction

PC Portland cement

GC Geopolymer Concrete

FA Fly Ash

SCGC Self-Compacting Geolpolymer Concrete

SCBA Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

NVC Normal Vibrated Concrete

SNF Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde

PCE Poly Carboxylate Ether

CRH Carbonized Rice Hulls

Admixture material added during the mixing process of concrete in small quantities

related to the mass of cementitous binder to modify the properties of fresh or hardened

concrete

Filling Ability the ability of fresh concrete to flow into and fill all spaces within the

formwork, under its own weight

Flow ability the ease of flow of fresh concrete when unconfined by formwork and/or

reinforcement

Passing Ability the ability of fresh concrete to flow through tight openings such as

spaces between steel reinforcing bars without segregation or blocking

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Slump Flow Test used to assess the horizontal free flow in the absence of obstruction

V Funnel Test is used to determine the filling ability (flow ability) of the concrete with

a maximum aggregate size of 20mm

J-Ring Flow Test is used to assess passing ability of self-compacting concrete to flow

through tight openings including spaces between reinforcing bars

7
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Rice Hull

Rice hulls (or rice husks) are the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice. In

addition to protecting rice during the growing season, rice hulls can be put to use as

building material, fertilizer, insulation material, or fuel.

According to Ajay Kumar, et al (2012), rice husk is one of the most widely available

agricultural wastes in many rice producing countries around the world. Globally,

approximately 600 million tons of rice paddy is produced each year. On average 20% of

the rice paddy is husk, giving an annual total production of 120 million tones. In majority

of rice producing countries much of the husk produced from processing of rice is either

burnt or dumped as waste. Burning of RH in ambient atmosphere leaves a residue, called

rice husk ash. For every 1000 kgs of paddy milled, about 220 kgs (22%) of husk is

produced, and when this husk is burnt in the boilers, about 55 kgs (25%) of RHA is

generated.

Due to the large production of rice husk from rice producing countries for example

Thailand, J. Sutasa, et al (2011) conduct a study of possible application of rice husk ash

entitled Effect of Rice Husk Ash to Properties of bricks. The term brick refers to small

units of building material, often made from fired clay and secured with mortar, a bonding

agent comprising of cement, sand, and water. Long a popular material, brick retains heat,

with-stands corrosion, and resists fire. All of bricks in Thailand made from combination

between clay and rice husk or saw dust. This combination material sinter with brick kiln

for rigidity and strengthen. The brick is the main material in construction due to
8
strengthen, durability, loading, compactness and light weight. The Bricks utility in

construction of Thailand had been used since long time ago. Most of old constructions

can confirm the popularity of brick. The brick is well-known and widespread due to

durability and local production which by local composition and labor.

Bio waste Application to Concrete

According to R.Srinivasan, et al, researchers all over the world today are focusing

on ways of utilizing either industrial or agricultural waste, as a source of raw materials

for industry. This waste, utilization would not only be economical, but may also result in

foreign exchange earnings and environmental pollution control. Industrial wastes, such

as blast furnace slag, fly ash and silica fume are being used supplementary cement

replacement materials. Currently, there has been an attempt to utilize the large amount of

bagasse ash, the residue from an in-line sugar industry and the bagasse-biomassfuel in

electric generation industry. When this waste is burned under controlled conditions, it

also gives ash having amorphous silica, which has pozzolanic properties. A few studies

have been carried out on the ashes obtained directly from the industries to study

pozzolanic activity and their suitability as binders, partially replacing cement. Therefore

it is possible to use sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as cement replacement material to

improve quality and reduce the cost of construction materials such as mortar, concrete

pavers, concrete roof tiles and soil cement interlocking block.

Fly Ash on Concrete

Fly ash, also known as "pulverised fuel ash" in the United Kingdom, is a coal

combustion product composed of fine particles that are driven out of the boiler with the

flue gases. Ash that falls in the bottom of the boiler is called bottom ash. In modern coal-

fired power plants, fly ash is generally captured by electrostatic precipitators or other

9
particle filtration equipment before the flue gases reach the chimneys. Together with

bottom ash removed from the bottom of the boiler, it is known as coal ash. Depending

upon the source and makeup of the coal being burned, the components of fly ash vary

considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2) (both

amorphous and crystalline), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and calcium oxide (CaO), the

main mineral compounds in coal-bearing rock strata.

Constituents depend upon the specific coal bed makeup but may include one or more

of the following elements or substances found in trace concentrations (up to hundreds

ppm): arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, hexavalent chromium, cobalt,

lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, thallium, and vanadium,

along with very small concentrations of dioxins and PAH compounds.

In the past, fly ash was generally released into the atmosphere, but air pollution

control standards now require that it be captured prior to release by fitting pollution

control equipment. In the US, fly ash is generally stored at coal power plants or placed in

landfills. About 43% is recycled,[3] often used as a pozzolan to produce hydraulic cement

or hydraulic plaster and a replacement or partial replacement for Portland cement in

concrete production. Pozzolans ensure the setting of concrete and plaster and provide

concrete with more protection from wet conditions and chemical attack.

According to Karthik H. Obla (2008), the use of fly ash in concrete has had a

successful track record. The performance benefits fly ash provides to mechanical and

durability properties of concrete have been well researched and documented in actual

structures. Currently, fly ash is used in more than 50% of all ready mixed concrete placed

in the United States, yet many design professionals continue to remain overly restrictive

when it comes to using fly ash in concrete.

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 According to: A. Palomo, et al (1999), the alkali activation of waste materials is a

chemical process that allows the user to transform glassy structures (partially or totally

amorphous and/or metastable) into very compact well-cemented composites. Nowadays,

the knowledge concerning the mechanisms controlling the alkali activation process is

considerably advanced; however, there are still many things to investigate. The first

aspect to be emphasized in the general process of alkali activation is related to the

variability of the kinetics and the governing mechanisms used to describe the mentioned

process. Actually, two different models of alkali activation could be established, both

corresponding to two very different conditions of the starting situation. A very well-

known example of the first model is represented by the activation of blast furnace slags

with a mild alkaline solution.The second model of alkali activation has been studied much

less than the first, in spite of the fact that some investigations concerning this subject

were already published during the 1960s. Alkaline activation of metakaolin can be taken

as an example. Davidovits described the alkali activation process of metakaolin in terms

of a polymerical model. The products formed are characterized by elevated mechanical

strengths. Similar schemes have been proposed for modelling the formation processes of

zeolites and zeolite precursors. Among the elements establishing the similarities between

the zeolite formation process and the alkali activation of metakaolin, the following can

be mentioned: Concentration of chemical species, specifically [OH] 2 (critical factor in

the synthesis of both types of material); temperature and time of curing; type of alkaline

element; chemical composition of the reactant bulk; etc. From all these parallelisms, from

the data collected from the literature and from our own experience, we have concluded

that the amorphous polymer produced in the alkaline activation of metakaolin is a zeolitic

precursor. Summarizing, the two main differences characterizing both models of alkali

activation are:

11
 Composition of the material to be activated. Essentially, Si and Ca in the first case,

while Si and Al dominate the second one.

Concentration of the activator: low to mild for the first model and high for the

second.

Superplaticizer on Concrete

Superplasticizers are the most important admixtures enhancing concrete

performance. An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the optimum

dosage for the admixtures and to investigate the effect of the dosage for using a

superplasticizer on the workability and mechanical properties for self-compacting

concrete. (Evangeline.K, Dr.M.Neelamegam, et al, 2011)

According to M. FadhilNuruddin, et al (2011), to reduce the environmental impact

due to cement production, a type of binder is produced from an alumino-silicate precursor

activated in high alkali solution. This cementitious binder is known as geopolymer

cement. The works done on geopolymer technology. Consequently, the use of

geopolymer as binder in concrete production not only resulted to reduce the CO2

emission because of elimination of cement, but also utilizes the industrial by-products of

alumino-silicate materials to produce environmental friendly construction material.

Placement of fresh concrete in the form-work requires compaction efforts and also

involves skilled labour. This compaction primarily aims to minimize the entrapped air in

fresh concrete in order to obtain homogeneous mix with no cavities (honey-comb). While

the concrete is placed and compacted at the construction site, normal vibrating concrete

may unable to exhibit the required fresh and hardened properties. To obtain adequate

compaction in freshly mixed concrete, skilled labour is required. One solution to

overcome this problem is the employment of self-compacting concrete (SCC). SCC

12
transforms the concreting operation by complete elimination of vibration during

compaction and allows the concrete to flow through sections with congested

reinforcement under its own weight alone, filling the formwork without segregation of

its constituent materials. Such concrete needs a high slump flow that can easily be

obtained by superplasticizer addition to a concrete mix and carefully controlled mix

proportion. They made experimental investigation on workability, structural and

durability properties of self-compacting concrete by replacing PC with fly ash up to 35%

and 80% respectively. The results showed that SCC made with fly ash increased the

workability and enhanced the hardened properties. Adequate compaction of fresh

concrete is essential to achieve good consolidation, uniform properties, better quality and

durability, strong bond with reinforcement and improved interface between the aggregate

and hardened paste, and enhanced microstructure of concrete. This paper presents the test

results of behaviour of SCGC in fresh and hardened states containing Class F fly ash to

identify the optimized mix proportion and the main objective of this study is to investigate

the effects of superplasticizer dosage and molarity of alkaline solution on workability and

compressive strength and microstructure properties of SCGC.

Self Compacting Concrete

According to B.H.V. Pal, KiranBhat P., ShreelaxmiPrashanth, Dhanalakshmi

entitled Influences of properties of Coarse Aggregates on Self Compacting Concrete.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowing concrete mixture that is able to consolidate

under its own weight. The use of chemical admixture is an essential ingredient of SCC in

order to increase the workability and reduce segregation. Therefore SCC contains large

amounts of fine particles such as, blast-furnace slag, fly ash and lime powder in order to

avoid gravity segregation of larger particles in the fresh mix. The aggregate size, shape

and surface texture plays a vital role in the design and performance of concrete mixes.

13
The aggregate size has a direct effect on the properties such as the density, voids, strength,

workability etc., of the concrete mixes. It also influences the concrete mix properties such

as powder content, air voids, voids filled with powder, stability, flow values durability,

fatigue life etc. it may therefore be mentioned that almost all the mix properties depend

on the size and proportions of coarse and fine aggregate in the mix. It is also necessary

to provide the concrete with the ability to pass between the steel reinforcing (especially

in congested reinforcements) bars to make it self-compacting, this is achieved by

controlling the rheological properties of mortar and volume of coarse aggregate. In this

study they used five different coarse aggregate types such as basalt, marble, dolomite,

limestone and sand stone were used to produce SCC containing fly ash. The water to

binder ratio was maintained at 0.33 for all mixture.

According to G. De Schutter (2011), in order to have a good insight in the effect of

limestone filler on the properties of the new cementitious material, a fundamental study

was performed concerning hydration, microstructure development, and durability. The

effect of SCC is far more important that just yielding selfcompactability. High

performance cementitious materials can be obtained, with excellent properties not only

concerning strength development, but also related to transport properties and durability.

In this overview, some interesting results are summarized concerning hydration,

microstructure development, transport properties, and durability. The effect of limestone

filler is studied fundamentally, and the importance with regard to the engineering level

is outlined. It is discussed how the effect of limestone filler can be taken into account

following code prescriptions related to durability requirements.

According to Ana Ioana-Petean, et al (2016), for the design of structural elements,

bond behaviour plays an important role; therefore it is important to investigate the bond

behaviour of normal vibrated concrete in comparison with self-compacting concrete. This

14
paper aims to investigate the bond with reinforced bar of a new construction material,

self-compacting concrete, the bond strength between reinforcing steel and concrete was

determined by beam tests carried out after 28 days. Deformed bars S500 with 16 mm

and 18 mm effective diameters were used to evaluate the bond in C50 and self-

compacting concrete, according to International Union Laboratories and Experts in

Construction Materials System and Structure (RILEM) procedures. Also in this study the

hardened properties of self-compacting concrete containing limestone powder were

experimentally investigated and compared with those of normal vibrating concrete. The

main parameters were: the concrete compressive strength, the steel bar diameter and the

type of concrete. According to the obtained results, self-compacting concrete and normal

vibrating concrete presented quite similar behaviour, so it can be concluded that self-

compacting concrete has similar or better behaviour in comparison with normal vibrating

concrete.

Geopolymer Concrete with Self-Compacting

Self-Compacting Concrete does not require compaction, which is a special

concrete. It will be compacted and flow by its self-weight. It was firstly introduced by

Japanese researchers. The requirement of SCC: Filling ability, Passing ability and

Segregation resistance.

In view of sustainable development in the building industry, an alternative

substitute to the Ordinary Portland cement concrete has been developed. By utilizing

the industrial by-products with alkaline solution undergoes polymerization to form

Geopolymer concrete, termed by French professor Davidovits in 1978. Geopolymer

cement is manufactured in yet another process than that of Portland cement. They dont

require excessive-temperature kilns, with a massive expenditure of fuel, nor do they

15
require this type of huge capital funding in plant and gear. Naturally, taking place

alumino-silicates (geological assets readily available on all continents) are supplying

compatible polymeric raw substances. While manufacturing of one ton of

Geopolymeric cement from the carbon fuel combustion, releases the 0.18 tons of CO2,

comparatively less than the one ton of CO2 which is released from one ton Portland

cement, Due to the high viscous nature of geopolymer concrete, it has the ability to fail

due to lack of compaction. Now, investigations were carried out on the workability of

geopolymer concrete. Workability might be a significant concern for a fresh fly ash-

based geopolymer because of its excessive viscosity. To care for this trouble, the

feasible advantages of utilizing superplasticizers are investigated. The workability

depends on the type of activators and superplasticizers. The workability and setting

time was decreased with increasing of slag content and lowering of alkaline liquid. The

extra water improves the workability up to 200%, however reducing other properties

through 27%. Admixture improves the workability as much as 115%, however reducing

the other properties by means of 25%. The significant increase in the strength leads to

the reduction within the workability and that had been located in geopolymer concretes,

with a huge quantity of GGBFS and less SS to SH ratio within the combinations.

Geopolymer Concrete is an alternative material to OPC, but due to its viscosity nature,

the problem causes in compaction. To overcome the issue, Self Compacting

Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced.

16
 CHAPTER 3

METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURES

The purposes of this chapter are to describe the research methodology of the study,

the method of collecting data and development of the research instrument, and provide

an explanation of the statistical procedures used to analyse the data.

The proposed study is mainly focused to find out if using rice hulls as an alternative

component for the silica fume will affect the behaviour of the SCC. The main hypothesis

is to find possibilities of design modifications for reducing cost and enhancing

performance.

Method of Collecting Data and Analysis

MEASUREMENT OF SCC FLOW PROPERTIES IN FRESH STATE:

SLUMP FLOW TEST

The slump flow test is used assess the horizontal free flow of in the absence of

obstructions. The test method is based on the test method for determining the slump .T

diameter of the concrete circle is a measure for the filling ability of the concrete.

The following are typical slump flow classes for a range of applications:

1. SFI (550 - 650mm) is appropriate for:

Unreinforced or slightly reinforced concrete structures that are cast from the

top with free displacement from the point (e.g. housing slabs)

Casting by a pump injection system (e.g. tunnel linings)

17
 Section that are small enough to prevent long horizontal flow (e.g. piles and

some deep foundation)

2. SFI (600 - 700mm)is suitable for many normal applications (e.g. walls, columns)

3. SFI (760 850mm) is typically produced with small maximum size of aggregates

(less than 16mm) and is used for vertical applications in very congested structures,

structures with complex shapes, or filling under formwork. SF3 will often give

better surface finish than SF2 for normal vertical applications but segregation

resistance is more difficult to control.

Procedure:

About 6 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Moisten

the base plate and inside of slump cone, place base plate on level stable ground and the

slump cone centrally on the base plate and hold down firmly. Fill the cone with the scoop.

Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level with the top of the cone with the trowel.

Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone. Raise the cone vertically

and allow the concrete to flow out freely. Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record

the time taken for the concrete to reach the 00mm spread circle (this is the T50

time).floatable test, might be appropriate. The T50 time is secondary indication of flow.

A lower time indicates greater flow ability. The BriteEuRam research suggested that a

time of 3-7 seconds is acceptable for civil engineering applications, and 2-5 seconds for

housing applications. In case of severe segregation most coarse aggregate will remain in

the centre of the pool of concrete and mortar and cement paste at the concrete periphery.

In case of minor segregation a border of mortar without coarse aggregate can occur at the

edge of the pool of concrete. If none of these phenomena appear it is no assurance that

18
segregation will not occur since this is a time related aspect that can occur after a longer

period.

V FUNNEL TEST

V funnel test and V funnel test at T 5 minutes on SCC

The equipment consists of a v shaped funnel as, show in Fig. An alternative type of

V-funnel is the O funnel with circular. The test was developed in Japan and used by

Ozawa et al. The equipment consists of V-shaped funnel section is also used in Japan.

The described V-funnel test is used to determine the filling ability (flow ability) of the

concrete with a maximum aggregate size of 20mm. The funnel is filled with about 12

liters of concrete and the time taken for it to flow through the apparatus measured. After

this the funnel can be refilled concrete and left for 5 minutes to settle. If the concrete

shows segregation then the flow time will increases significantly.

Procedure flow time:

About 12 liters of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Set

the V-funnel on firm ground. Moisten the inside surface of the funnel. Keep the trap door

to allow any surplus water to drain. Close the trap door and place a bucket underneath.

Fill the apparatus completely with the concrete without compacting or tamping; simply

strike off the concrete level with the top with the trowel.Open within 10 sec after filling

the trap door and allow the concrete to flow out under gravity. Start the stop watch when

the trap door is opened, and record the time for the complete discharge (the flow time).

This is taken to be when light is seen from above through the funnel. The whole test has

to be performed within 5 minutes.

19
Procedure flow time at T5 minutes:

Do not clean or moisten the inside surface of the funnel gain. Close the trap door

and refill the V-funnel immediately after measuring the flow time. Place a bucket

underneath. Fill the apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or tapping,

simply strike off the concrete level with the top with the trowel. Open the trap door 5

minutes after the second fill of the funnel and allow the concrete to flow out under gravity.

Simultaneously start the stop watch when the trap door is opened and record the

timedischarge to complete flow (the flow time at T5 minutes). This is to be taken when

light is seen from above through the funnel.

CARBONIZATION OF RICE HULL

Procedure:

1. Starting the fire

Start the fire using the small amount of coals (equivalent to the content of

coconut hull) and wood. Always use the same size of fire, regardless of the

number of sacks to be carbonized.

2. Place the carbonizer can on top of the fire

Dry the rice hulls in the sun prior to use. This will reduce their moisture content

and increase the speed of carbonization.The base of the carbonizer needs to be

entirely covered with hulls. The minimum quantity of rice hulls is 4 sacks

because the size of pile decreases the combustion. With less than 4 sacks the

base will be exposed by the end of the carbonization process. The side of the

pile that is facing the source of the wind will burn faster: the pile should be

20
 thicker on this side.

When the hulls start to burn the smoke will become denser and whiter.

3. Early Stage of Carbonization

It is easy to tell which parts of the pile are burning faster because smoke will

start coming out of these areas and the hulls will begin to turn black.When the

black spots of the carbonized hulls appear on the outside of the pile, push the

spot inwards by applying gentle pressure and then cover it with hulls from the

base of the pile. The bottom of the pile burns more slowly, this is why the hulls

from the base are always moved upward to cover carbonized areas.Always keep

the side steep as possible.Do not mix the pile during the initial stage of

carbonization, just cover carbonized areas with non-carbonized hulls.If it is

necessary to speed up the carbonization process it is possible to remove the

outer, non- carbonized layer of the pile at this stage of later carbonization.

4. Late Stage of carbonization

At this point most of the center of the pile is black and large portions of the

outer layer are also black.

Stirring the pile begins now. When one area on the outside looks mostly black

insert a stick into the middle of the pile (at the base) in that area lift the stick up

and sideways at the top. Go methodically around the pile doing this, making

sure to remake the steep sided cone shape of the pile while stirring. Do not stir

too much, this will cause the carbonization to take longer and the fire may go

out. Once the pile has been mixed, wait for the outside to turn mostly black

before mixing again.

21
 Because the fire is stronger on the side of the source of the wind the pile can be

rearranged to add more hulls to this side

WARNING: A lot of the dust (rice ash, mostly silica) comes out of the pile when

string. This is a potential health hazard. Participants should wear dust masks/

badanas to cover mouth and nose during this stage and should ensure that they

are upwind from the pile.

5. Halting the carbonization

The can in the center needs to be removed. Use a shovel to remove the can as

well as the remaining charred wood from the pile of the CRH.Do not remove the

can until the outside of the pile is at least 90% black.Remake the cone shaped

pile and wait for the remaining non-carbonized rice hulls to turn black.Spread

the carbonized hulls in a long flat oval pile about 15-20cm high (if the pile is

round it is hard to pour water on the center part).Sprinkle water on the rice and

work it through the pile using the rake.Use about 4 gallons of water for every 2

sacks of rice hull that were carbonized.Make sure the fire is completely

extinguished or else the combustion will continue.Do not bag the rice hulls until

the excess water has drain out

6. Storage of the CRH

The yield of CRH is about 60% of the original volume of rice hull. During the

dry months this climbs to 70% because there is less moisture in the hulls.

It is better not to store the CRH in feed-sacks because experience has shown that

will destroy the sacks after one month. Plastic fertilizer bags will work for

storage.

22
The best storage option for the CRH is to keep it in pile under a shelter.

After the CRH has been in a pile for at least 1 month it can be stored in

feedsacks without destroying them.

CHAPTER 4

23
 PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter presents the results, analysis and interpretation of data. The data are

presented for a clever view and understanding and thereby analysed and interpreted.

The following tables presented and discuss the variables of the study such as test results

for fresh concrete, compressive and flexural strength of sample concrete.

1. BULK DENSITY TEST OF MATERIALS

Based from ASTM C29 - Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) in

Aggregate

Given:

Diameter = 6 in.

Height = 30cm

1 in = 2.54cm

Volume of Container

VC = (/4)D2h

= (/4)(62)(2.54)2(30)

= 5472.44 cm3 or .00547244 m3

Weight of the Container

WC = .95kg

Bulk Density

= (WT WC)/V

24
Where:

= Bulk Density

WT = weight reading of the material on the container

WC = weight of the container

VC = Volume of the container

WS = WT WC WS = WT WC

WS = weight of the sand/ fine aggregates WG = weight of the gravel/ coarse

aggregates

WCEM = WT WC WCRH = WT WC

WCEM = weight of Cement WCRH = Weight of Carbonized Rice Hull

FINE AGGREGATES = (WT WC)/VC

TABLE 1

TRIAL WT(kg) WC(kg) WS(kg) (kg/m3)

1 7.85 .95 6.9 1260.86

2 8.20 .95 7.25 1324.82

3 8.15 .95 7.20 1345.79

4 8.275 .95 7.325 1338.63

5 8.30 .95 7.35 1343.20

total = 6583.30

Average Bulk Density

25
ave = total bulk density/no. of trials

ave = total/n

= 6583.30/5

ave = 1316.66 kg/m3

COARSE AGGREGATES (3/8 in) = (WT WC)/VC

TABLE 2

TRIAL WT(kg) WC(kg) WG(kg) (kg/m3)

1 8.7 .95 7.75 1416.30

2 8.75 .95 7.8 1425.44

3 9.05 .95 8.1 1480.20

4 8.85 .95 7.9 1443.71

5 8.75 .95 7.8 1425.44

total = 7191.15

Average Bulk Density

ave = total bulk density/no. of trials

ave = total/n

= 7191.15/5

ave = 1438.23 kg/m3

CEMENT = (WT WC)/VC

TABLE 3

26
 TRIAL WT(kg) WC(kg) WS(kg) (kg/m3)

1 7.20 .95 6.25 1142.18

2 7.00 .95 6.05 1105.63

3 6.85 .95 5.90 1078.22

4 7.05 .95 6.10 1114.77

5 6.80 .95 5.85 1069.08

total = 5509.88

Average Bulk Density

ave = total bulk density/no. of trials

ave = total/n

= 5509.88/5

ave = 1101.98 kg/m3

CARBONIZED RICE HULL = (WT WC)/VC

TABLE 4

TRIAL WT(kg) WC(kg) WG(kg) (kg/m3)

1 1.6 .95 .650 118.23

2 1.525 .95 .575 104.59

3 1.55 .95 .60 109.13

4 1.5 .95 .55 100.04

5 1.475 .95 .525 95.49

total = 527.48

Average Bulk Density

27
ave = total bulk density/no. of trials

ave = total/n

= 527.48/5

ave = 105.496 kg/m

2. SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE DESIGN MIX COMPUTATION

Calculation of Course Aggregates Content in Concrete Volume

DRUW of Course Aggregate : 1438.23 kg/m3

Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate : 2.6

% of CA in DRUW : 50%

Coarse Aggregate Weight : 1438.23*.50

: 719.12 kg/m3

Coarse Aggregate Volume : 719.12/2.6

: 270.34 litres/m3

Calculation of Mortar Volume

Mortar Volume : 1000-270.34

: 729.66 litres/m3

Calculation of Sand Volume

Sand Volume : (729.66)0.40

: 291.86 litres/m3

Calculation of Paste Volume

28
Paste Volume : 729.66-291.86

: 437.8 litres/m3

Calculation of Paste Composition

Specific Gravity of Cement : 3.15

Specific Gravity of CRH : 2.3

Air Content : 2% = 20 litres/m3

Water/Powder Ratio : 0.80

% of CRH by weight of binder : 20

% of SP by weight of binder : 2% = 20 litres/m3

Binder : 520kg/m3

Carbonized Rice Hull : 520*0.20 = 104kg/m3

Cement : 520 104 = 416kg/m3

Water : 520*0.80 = 416 litres/m3

Volume of Cement : 416/3.15 = 132.06 litres/m3

Volume of Carbonized Rice Hull : 104/2.3 = 45.22 litres/m3

Super plasticizer : 520*(1.33/100) = 6.92 litres/m3

TABLE 5

29
 TRIAL CEMENT F.A. C.A. C.R.H. WATER SP W/P

MIX (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (%) RATIO

TRIAL 1 416 775 719.12 104 416 1.33 .80

TRIAL 2 416 775 719.12 104 468 1.33 .90

TRIAL 3 416 775 719.12 104 572 1.33 1.10

TRIAL 4 464 775 537 82 491.14 1.41 .90

TRIAL 5 464 775 537 82 546 1.41 1.0

TRIAL 6 464 775 537 82 513 1.41 .94

TRIAL 7 491 775 537 55 485.94 1.50 .90

TRIAL 8 491 775 537 55 464.1 1.50 .85

TRIAL 9 491 775 537 55 436.8 1.50 .80

TRIAL 10 491 775 537 55 486 1.50 .89

SCC5% 475 658 360 25 450 1.67 0.9

SCC10% 475 658 360 53 475.2 1.67 0.9

SCC15% 475 658 360 84 503.1 1.67 0.9

Mixes TR1 to TR10 were considered as trial mixes, as these mixes do not fulfil all the

requirements of the SCC mix. SCC 5% to SCC15% are the SCC mixes that satisfy all

the properties of SCC mixes and determination of optimum water-powder ratio was

carried out for these mixes. Mix proportions for various mixes are given in Table 5

30
FRESH CONCRETE TEST RESULTS

The fresh concrete test results include: slump flow test, j-ring test, and v-funnel test

results.

TABLE 6

TEST RESULT FOR FRESH CONCRETE

SLUMP FLOW
V-FUNNEL TEST J-RING TEST
TEST

SCC (5% CRH) 584.2 mm 2.88 sec 533.4 mm

SCC (10% CRH) 609.6 mm 2.00 sec 591.82 mm

SCC(15% CRH) 566.42 mm 2.58 sec 588.88 mm

Table 1 present the division of test results for self-compacting concrete with

carbonized rice hulls with a percentage ranging from 5%-15% which is clustered

according to test that is done on the specimens. The said specimens will be tested in slump

flow test and v- funnel test for filling ability, j-ring test for passing ability of self-

31
compacting concrete. For self-compacting concrete with a 5% carbonized rice hulls the

result for slump flow test is 584.2 mm it passes the minimum diameter of 500 mm.

COMPARISON OF SILICA CONTENT TO THER POZZOLANIC MATERIAL

TABLE 7

Siliceous Calcareous Carbonized

(ASTM (ASTM Rice Hull

Portland Slag
Property C618 Class C618 Class
Cement Cement
F) C)

Fly Ash Fly Ash

SiO2 content 47.6

21.9 52 35 35
(%)

General use Primary Cement Cement Cement Cement

in concrete binder replacement replacement replacement replacement

This table reports information about comparison of chemical and physical

characteristics: Portland cement, Siliceous (ASTM C618 Class F) Fly Ash, Calcareous

(ASTM C618 Class C) Fly Ash, Slag Cement, and Carbonized Rice Hullthe data table

includes the silica content of each materials

32
3. TEST RESULTS FOR HARDENED CONCRETE

TABLE 8

COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULT

NORMAL SCC SCC SCC SCC

DAYS
CONCRETE ( 5% CRH) ( 10% CRH) ( 15% CRH) ( 20% CRH)

Compres Compres Compres Compres Compres

sive sive sive sive sive

Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave.
Strength Strength Strength Strength Strength

7 (PSI) (PSI) (PSI) (PSI) (PSI)

1990.00 3176.00 1512.40 955.20 620.90

1910.40 1936.9 2666.60 2261.9 1353.20 1485.9 947.20 968.5 636.80 612.9

1910.40 1990.00 1592.00 1003.00 581.10

Compres Compres Compres Compres Compres

14 Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave.
sive sive sive sive sive

33
 Strength Strength Strength Strength Strength

(PSI) (PSI) (PSI) (PSI) (PSI)

2308.40 3820.80 1990.00 955.20 796.00

2427.80 2401.3 1990.00 2560.5 1711.40 1787.5 995.00 1114.4 955.20 902.1

2467.60 1870.60 1751.20 1393.00 955.20

Table 3 present the division of test results for compressive strength with a curing of 7 14 days which is clustered according to the percentage

of carbonized rice hulls to the concrete. Table 3 also present the average strength of each samples. The first column of data set indicates

the compressive test results for normal concrete or the control from 7-14 days of curing. The remaining 4 columns shows the compressive test

results for SCC with a percentage of 5, 10, 15, and 20 of carbonized rice hulls.

TABLE 9

FLEXURAL TEST RESULT

NORMAL SCC SCC SCC SCC

CONCRETE ( 5% CRH) ( 10% CRH) ( 15% CRH) ( 20% CRH)

34
 Compressive Compressive Compressive Compressive Compressive
Load Load Load Load Load
Strength Strength Strength Strength Strength
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN)
7 DAYS
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI) (PSI) (PSI)
CURING

14.90 279.10 14.30 268.10 14.40 270.00 8.00 150.00 8.50 159.40

Compressive Compressive Compressive Compressive Compressive

14 Load Load Load Load Load
Strength Strength Strength Strength Strength
DAYS (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN)
(PSI) (PSI) (PSI) (PSI) (PSI)
CURING
20.00 375.00 18.00 337.50 20.00 375.00 10.00 187.50 9.00 168.80

Table 4 present the division of test results for flexural strength with a curing of 7 14 days which is clustered according to the percentage of

carbonized rice hulls to the concrete. Table 4 also present the average strength of each samples. The first column of data set indicates the flexural

test results for normal concrete or the control from 7-14 days of curing. The remaining 4 columns shows the flexural test results for SCC with a

percentage of 5, 10, 15, and 20 of carbonized rice hulls.

35
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter states the conclusion and provides answer and recommendation to the

problem raised in the study. This research aims to explore the effect of carbonized rice

hulls on the strength of self-compacting concrete. Specifically, it described the effects of

carbonized rice hulls in the strength of self-compacting concrete using the following test:

compressive strength and flexural strength.

Conclusions:

After evaluating all the gathered data the following conclusions were drawn:

Having Carbonized Rice Hulls (CRH) as a replacement of fly ash in Self-compacting

Concrete (SCC) will affect the strength even though it has silica content. Replacing one

of the property of SCC like (Fly Ash) and even with the help of the additives

(Superplasticizer) the sample is brittle and cant attain the desired strength of the

materials.

Recommendations

This study recommends the deeper analysis of the usage of Carbonized Rice Hulls

(CRH) in Self-compacting Concrete (SCC) as a replacement for the Fly Ash.

For the future studies related to this research, researcher should follow the proper

curing process. Also the researcher must consider the adequate location, weather and

temperature of conducting the experiment.

36