ROOH REVIEUJf
0 . Olabisi, L. M Robeson, and M. T. Shaw,
historical introduction for those interested in
the medical applications of coonlinalion
chemistry.
In the secondarticle, J. K. Barton and S. J.
Lippard authoritatively outline the interac~
tions of heavy metal ions with nucleotides
and nucleic acids. Of the many reviews now
available on this topic, this one will probably
yield the reader the greatest insight into the
possible modes of action of the Pt(1I) anti-
cancer drugs. The final chapter by Marzilli,
Kistenmacher, and Eiehhorn provides a de-
tailed and thorough review of an overlapping
topic regarding the structural interactions of
metal ions with nucleotides and nueleic acids.
Substantial emphasis in this article is given
to the effects of interligand interactions.
Despite the overall high quality of these ar-
ticles, a few significant developments re-
ported near the end of the time Frame sur-
veyed (up to late 1978 with a few 1979 refer-
ences) were overlooked. Both groups indicate
that forcing conditions are necessary for
transition metals to coordinate the exocyclic
amine of cytidine and adenosine and suggest
that stable products of this type will occur
only when chelation is possible. However,
strong evidence was available a t the time and
it has since been unequivocally shown that
firm monodentate binding is estahlished a t
these exocyclic nitrogens under the mildest
of conditions and is maintained even in harsh
environments. This mode of coordination has
been noted also in nucleic acids in a study
which actually isolated and identified indi-
vidual metal-purine complexes from DNA.
Both also neglect intramolecular movement
of metal ions between adjacent sites on the
heterocyclic bases.
A chapter by L. A. Loeb and R. A. Zakour
cogently considers the possibilities for genetic
miscoding induced by divalent metal ions.
However, more thorough treatments of this
topic, which extend consideration t o substi-
tutian-inert and polyvalent metal ions, are
contained in the recent volumes: "Trace
Metals in Health and Disease" (N. Kharaxh,
Editor; Raven Press) and "Careingenicity
and Metal Ions" (Volume 10,"Metal Ions in
Biological Systems," H. Sigel, Editor; M.
Dekkar. Inc.). Those primarily interested in
metal-induced careinogenesis are referred to
these volumes, the former ofwhieh contains
a similar article by the same authors.
Members of the crystallographic research
group responsible for the first structure de-
termination of a tRNA provide an excellent
overview of the various m d e s of metal-ion
interaetion with this relatively large polymer.
Since this article nicely points out the corre-
spondence between the various modes of
metal ion binding to nucleotides and the
more complicated relationships in polymers,
more will be garnered if i t is read fallowing
the comprehensive survey by Marzilli, Kis-
tenmaeher, and Eiehhorn.
The hook is clearly printed and contains
very few typographical errors. At present, i t
is the best single source for those interested
in this relatively new field. The two articles
concerning cis-C12(NH3hPt are recom-
mended particularly for those teaching un-
dergraduates and beginning graduate stu-
dents.
Michael J. Clarke
~ostonCollege
Chestnut Hill. MA 02167
A154 Journal of Chemical Education
Polymer-Polymer Miscibiliy
Academic Press. New York, 1979. xii 370 + book's final two chapters describe the prop-
pp. Figs. and tables. 23.5 X 15.5 cm.
$42.50.
Polymer mixtures occupy an increasingly
important position in materials science.
Whereas most of the mmmercially important
polymer blends are two-phase mixtures, this
bonk focuses specifically on miscible, single-
phase multicomponent polymer systems.
Miscible blends are of particular interest
because they may exhibit a continuously
variable spectrum of properties, and price,
across the composition range of the single
phase hehavior.
The authors acknowledge a t the outset that
the criteria for polymer miscibility remain
somewhat ambiguous. Consequently, fol-
lowing a brief introductory chapter, fully one
quarter of the book is devoted in Chapter 2 to
an examination of the thermodynamics uf
polymer-polymer miscibility. Here the ele-
mentary considerations of ideal and regular
solution theory are used to introduce the
solubility parameter (Hildebrand) and lattice
theory (Flory-Huggins) approaches t o
treatment of ohase euuilihria in multicom-
~ ~
putlent polvnm :r.tclns. 'l'hl. rnalrrl?l l i
aceumpanied hy ;a u s e r ~ general
l discusaim
of phnscequilibrie in which tht pmad;d and
nucleation and growth mechanisms of phase
separation are differentiated in thermody-
namic and kinetic terms. Chapter 2 concludes
with a review of the more recent "equation of
state" theories of polymer solutions which are
based on Prieoeine's formalism for the sta-
"
~ ~
tistical mechhics
~~~~~~-
~~ of liauids. Theoriefi at this
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
level of sophistication are generally required
in order to explain the phase behavior oh-
served in polymer mixtures. This excellent,
up-to-date summary of polymer solution
theory, supplemented as is tbe entire book by
extensive citations of the original literature,
can serve the interested reader as a starting
paint and guide. It is not adequate to stand
alone as a textbook on polymer solution
theory and phase equilibria-
Leaving the thermodynamic discussion of
Chapter 2, the book turns, in Chapter 3, t o
the practical questions of determining
whether a particular pair of polymers is
miseihle. The criterion of miscibility used
most frequently is the occurrence of s single,
..
well-defined rlass transition for the mixture.
This rnrth.)d I, huwever, "1 lmned ulil~l\h r
sy$rPm* in which the purr qrecies po;+rs
similar glass trnnc~tiontrl~~p-raruresM I -
croscopic examination and, particularly,
scattering experiments also can be used
profitably to ascertain the number of phases
present in a mixture. M e t h d s convenient for
these and other sorts of observations of mis-
cibility are described in Chapter 3. The
chapter contains a particularly valuable dis-
cussion of the pitfalls inherent in trying to
assess polymer-polymer miscibility from
studies of the hehavior of ternary systems
involving a mutual solvent for the two poly-
mers. A review of the newer "inverse" gas
chromatographic methods for determining
polymer-solvent interaction parameters is
included.
('hxpter 4 ~ r . , v ~ J c s a d i ~ c o . iot
i . ~mr.rhtd5
n "Principles of Unit Operations," like its
for rnhancing p d y m e r - p d g m r rniit~l,:ii!\
The in~portanwof chem~ralchanges which
can render the polymer-polymer interaction
more favorable are emphasized. Chapter 5
gives a conveniently organized and exhaus-
tive listing of the miscible polymer systems
which had been reported into 1919. The
erties, i.e., thermal, mechanical, rheological,
etc., of miscible polymer mixtures and illus-
trate their commercial applications. Chapter
7 concludes with a comparison of the char.
acteristics of miscible and rnultiphase poly-
mer hlends. The hook will he a valuable ad-
dition to the libraries of persons interested in
practical and theoretical aspects of polymer
phase hehavior.
David A. Bram
University 01 California
Iwlne, CA 92717
Principles of Unii Operations, 2nd
Edition
Alan S. Foosf. Leonard A. Wenrel, Curtis W.
Clump, Louis h4am and L. Bfyce AnderseR
John Wiley 8 Sons, New York. 1980. xi 4-
768 pp. Figs. and tables. 22 X 28.5 cm.
In the teaching of th'e physical operations
(as distinct from chemical processing) of
chemical engineering, two distinct ap.
proaches are evident.
The older approach arises out of the unit
operations concept. Pioneered by Walker,
Lewis, e t al(1) and Badger and McCabe (2),
it attempts to treat each physical operation
as a distinct entity and to view chemical
plants as combinations of individual equip-
ment items devoted to these operations along
with the equipment items devoted t o chem-
ical processing. This approach has been
continued in more modern works by Badger
and Banchero (3). McCabe and Smith (4),
Brown e t a1 (5). and Coulson and Richardson
(6). This approach is particularly goad in
..
dealine with oractical aoolications and in
drvrlcrping a n undersrand>ngof enymeering
cqulpment hur i.; limited in developmg a
thwrrrtlcal ondrrstnnding cni rhe undvrlv~ng
physical phenomena involved.
The newer approach arises out of the
transport concepts of Bird, Stewart, and
Lightfoot (7). in which the underlying simi-
larity of momentum, heat, and mass trans-
port (the major physical phenomena involved
in many of the unit operations) was stressed
through the study of the mathematical
similarities of the governing equations, and
through repeated applications of those
equations. Mathematically elegant, this ap-
proach has a great deal of academic appeal
and has made a major contribution to
strengthening the theoretical basis for much
of chemical engineering research. Excellent
preparation for a research career, it offers
little or no practical information on equip-
ment or engineering practice, and omits sig-
nificant areas of engineering practice. This
approach has been continued in Bennett and
Myers (8)and Welty, Wicks, and Wilson (9),
generally with less mathematics and more
practical information.
earlier edition. is intended for those who wish
~ ~
tcnnmhine the twoapprtwches. T h e n m b i .
nntim, on itsown termi,and within thasize
limitations impused b) Ixing a single vdt~me.
is masonably successful.Those wishing ta use
it as a text should realize, however, that it
may not work well in the framework of either
of the approaches cited earlier. It is this re-
viewer's recommendation that any attempt
to adopt this text be accompanied by a s e r i ~
ous reconstruction of the cow&) in which
it will be used, so as to match the philosophies
of text and course(s).
The hook is divided into three parts. Part
I, Stage Operations, achieves some unifica-
tion of the operations of distillation, liquid-
liquid extraction, and leaching. Also en-
countered in this portion of the text is a
problem which recurs more noticeably in Part
11. The authors generally prefer to develop a
general treatment, a t the sacrifice of physical
a special ease of Ponehon-Sa&t design
methods.
In Part 11, ~ o l e e u l a rand Turbulent
Transport, this tendency is stronger. The
authors first develop a general treatment of
the transport process. For students who have
never studied momentum or heat or mass
transfer, this can be very mystifying. On the
other hand, it is certainly more efficient than
either of the other approaches, if it can be
made to work, and experienced engineers
should find it quite interesting. In particular
here, the earlier caution about matching
course and text is extremely important.
Special efforts must be made to compensate
for the students lack of prior experience
through lectures, recitation, auxiliary read-
ing, and homework. Any temptation to hurry
this material should be avoided.
unit operations approach. I t makes up more
than half the book, and effectively covers, in
conventional fashion, a good variety of tra-
ditional topics in chemical engineering ap-
erations.
Bv com~arisonwith the first edition. the
cokponent stage operations, the very drastic
revision of two chapters on steady-state and
unsteady-state applications of molecular
transport theory into a chapter on the general
balance equation and a chapter on the
equations of change, the introduction of the
transfer unit and the effectiveness in the
chapter on heat transfer, a section on cyclic
transfer added to the chapter an mass
transfer, and an enlarged section on fluid-
solid conveying.
The text ~robablvcannot be covered in full
m the undcrgradnnatt wrr:c, >ltln1,hut i t rlw>
ulrrrd weaIt11 111 imll~rinlillrIh( i~-.(.ckllld
.I
t\,~nt,inatiw<,I tho trnnipurr nnrl thr t m t
operations approaches and willing to adapt
their course(s) to the text approach.
Donald Vives
Chemical Engineering Depanment
Auburn University
Auburn. AL 36830
(1) "Principles of Chemical Engineering,"
McGraw-Hill, 1923,1927,1937
(2) "Elements of Chemical Engineering,"
MeGraw-Hill, 1931,1936
(4) "Unit Operations of Chemical Engi-
neering," MeCraw-Hill, 1956, 1967,
1976
(5) "Unit Operations," Wiley, 1950
(6) "Chemical Engineering," Pergamon,
1954,1964,1977
(I) "Transport Phenomena," Wiley, 1960
(8) "Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer,"
McGraw-Hill, 1962,1974
(9) "Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and
Mass Transfer," Wiley, 1969
J o s e p h Priestley: Scientist,
Theologian, and Metaphysician
Erwin N. Hieberf. A. J Ihde. and R. E.
Schofield. Bucknell University Press.
Cranbury, NJ, 1980. v +
117 pp. 21.5 X
14 cm. $12.00.
In his recent study of Edmund Burke,
Isaac Kramnick writes:
The dissenters played a central and
crucial role in scientific and political
innovation as well. This is hest personi-
fied in the career of Joseph Priestley,
who more than anyone else qualifies as
the principal architect of bourgeois En-
gland.
Priestley studies are flourishing (a price^
Priestley Newsletter is published in Aberys-
twyth) and only a fraction of these center on
Priestley as chemist. The present book, a
rather belated outcome of a 1974 symposium,
is described precisely hy its title. Though
there is some overlap, the three essays discuss
Priestley's historical theology (Erwin Hie-
bert), science (Aaron IhdeJ and metaphysics
(Robert Schofield).
For the common reader of this Journal,
Erwin Hiebert's article is the most remote
and ~ossiblvthe least satisfsctorv. There is
,j k (:ww. t3nclp.13~:t;e-- w 1) ri.
< y r t , 2 >1 ~, ~~ ot
In hi- ~ . n , p h ? + .t? thc i.rlrn.<o i I W
,o .~,ur:~ , (:kt) w l d ; ~t'm.tIr\ ~ 2
a 111;~111.311 .A, ., S F Nt tIl ~ a t > ~ U . S \ # .
I . v . , ~11..~ ,i 1111 .t I , I I ~ s .tJt t t , . ~ ~ ~ <1%. 11
I 11 t l c .
.I& I U I I L I ~ r l ? ~1m
reductivism. His determinism was a n
. :h m.-t.<
imitation and extension of David hart^
ley's psychological associationism. He
referred to himself as a "confirmed ne-
cessarian"
do not fall easily on the mind's eye. Further-
more, stretches of familiar biography mix
rather uneasily with discussions of Priestley's
attempt to bring about the unification of
matter and spirit and to reveal the "genuine
principles" of proto-Christianity free from
later corruptions.
Aaron Ihde engagingly addresses the
question "What Did Lavoisier Know (About
Oxygen) And When Did He Know It?" and
"What Did Priestley Learn and Why Didn't
He Believe It?" Though breaking no new
ground, lhde provides a readahle and well-
documented account of the conventional
wisdom concerning the much bruited and
often misrepresented importance of the fa-
mous October 1774 meeting between Antoine
Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley.
Rohert Schofield is the ranking Priestley
scholar and his essay "Joseph Priestley and
the Physicalist Tradition in British Chem-
istry"is alively addition to the canon. His last
Volume 58
thesis:
Priestley's ultimate failure, I submit,
had the same mots as his earlier suc-
cesses. Neither relate simply to an u n -
derstanding of the concepts or the
techniques of analytical chemistry-ur
to their lack. Both derive from a too so-
phisticated endeavor to answer ques-
tions that his contemporaries were not
asking, with concepts so antique they
would not again be modern fur nearly
one hundred years.
The book is well documented and, to-
gether with the indispensable Partington, it
provides an excellent entry to the extensive
Priestley IiLerature. MeEvoy's important
articles, however, appeared too late for in-
clusion.
Derek A. Davenport
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907
Mass a n d Volume Measurement: Basic
Laboratory Skills, 2nd Edition
John A. Bowden and Colin J. Rix, Heinmann
+
Education, Australia, 1979. iv 64 pp. Figs.
20 X 12 cm.
This slim volume represents a laudable
attempt to transfer some of the "art" of the
practicing chemist to students in basic
chemistry laboratory courses. The book is
designed as a self-teaching manual for
volume measurements are supported by aset
of very clear illustrations. The text describes
the use of both rough and analytical balances.
The section on measuring volume discusses
general meniscus reading, then specifics are
presented on the use of pipettes, burettes,
graduated cylinders, and volumetric flasks.
The book is filled with concise and well-
chosen practical points to aid the student. For
example the habit of thumb pipetting is
soundly denounced. There are two important
general areas which are somewhat slighted;
. these are safetv and orooer record keeoine
Products, I n 4 is not mentioned.
This reviewer would suggest that some
additional material be generated for students
in the clinical or biological sciences. This
textbook is appropriate for students in
chemistry service courses, but material on
proper use of weighing ijaper, spatulas,
graduated or blow-out pipettes, micropi-
pettes, and TD versus TC glassware is not
found in the text. Some acknowledgement of
the different properties of plastic volumetric
ware could also be given. A short appendix on
calibration of volumetric ware is presented
clearly, and discussion of the statistics of
measurement errors is integrated
throuehout.
teaching assistants in the courses. Enperi-
enced instructors will find that this text will
a t least stimulate them to produce better
instructional materials.
C. Patrick Dunne
California State University, Long Beach
Long Beach. CA 90840
Number 4 April 1981 A155