Bacterial Pathogens Nomenclature

Prokaryotes Bacterial Species

Single-Celled Share Phenotype & Genotype Characteristics
Microbes 1,600 Species
DNA not About 100 Cause Diseases in Plants
Membrane Pathovar
Bound Strain of Group of Strains
Host Specific

http://sustainabledesignupdate.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/bacteria.jpg

Bacterial Cell Morphology

Cytoplasm Usually Rod-Shaped
DNA
Small Ribosomes Filamentous
Cell Membrane
0.6 to 3.5 m
Cell Wall
Usually Flagella
Usually Surrounded by
Viscous, Gummy Material
Mollicutes Lack Cell Wall
https://newsline.llnl.gov/articles/2008/mar/images/03.28.08/Cholera_bacteria_SEM.png
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/202/510712051_0d84d46b21_m.jpg
http://ict-science-to-society.org/Pathogenomics/images/bacteria_cell.jpg http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_02_img0068.jpg

Streptomyces Cells
Reproduction
Branched Threads
Usually Spiral Fission
Conidia Divide Every 20-50
Minutes
So Why Havent They
Taken Over the Earth?

http://qopn.iqsc.usp.br/files/2008/05/streptomyces.jpg http://www.hyca.co.in/images/bacteria.jpg

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 Dissemination Agrobacterium

Water
Insects & other Crown Gall Twig Gall Cane Gall Hairy Root

Animals Rhizosphere &

Humans Soil Inhabitants

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/2/27/Gall.jpg
http://www.screenhead.com/funny/wat666.JPG Apsnet.org

Clavibacter (Corynebacterium) Erwinia

Blight Wilt
Soft Rot
Potato Ring Rot Tomato Canker
Fruit Spot
& Wilt Fasciation

http://www.agripress.nl/_STUDIOEMMA_UPLOADS/foto/artikel/12-3.jpg http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nelsons/Misc/1_aglaonema_erwinia_leaf_blght_1.jpg
http://eorganic.info/files/u260/tdisease14.jpg http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2459/3622536730_f5e0ed3920.jpg
http://www.vestrehus.dk/cpix/3/fasciation1.jpg http://www.uky.edu/Ag/kpn/kpn_09/Images/KWS_Fig%203%20May%205.jpg

Canker & Bud Blast Walnut Blight

Pseudomonas Xanthomonas

Leaf Spots Banana Wilt

Galls on Olive Black
Blight on Lilac Leaf Spots Cutting Rot Citrus Canker
Venation Bulb Rot

http://www.umassvegetable.org/soil_crop_pest_mgt/disease_mgt/images/broccoli_xanthomonas_leaf.jpg
http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/plant_images/RaspberryPseudomonas07-0535.jpg http://www.umassvegetable.org/soil_crop_pest_mgt/disease_mgt/tomato_xanthomonas.html
http://plantpath.caes.uga.edu/extension/plants/fieldcrops/images/sorghumxt.jpg http://platforms.inibap.org/xanthomonaswilt/images/2_3_1a_xanthomonas_wilt_leaf_symptoms.jpg
http://www.apsnet.org/online/Archive/PDCoverImages/2005v89/sept_3.asp http://www.agroatlas.ru/content/diseases/Brassicae/Brassicae_Xanthomonas_campestris_pv_campestris/Brassicae_Xanthomonas_campestris_pv_campestris.jpg

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Streptomyces Symptoms
Potato Scab Soil Rot of Sweet Potato Leaf Spots & Blights
Soft Rots
Produce Antibodies Active Fruits, Roots,
against Bacteria, Fungi, Storage Organs
Algae, Viruses, Protozoa Wilts
Overgrowths
Scabs
Cankers
http://www.forestryimages.org/images/192x128/1436129.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aardappelschurft_(Streptomyces_scabies_on_potato).jpg

How Bacteria Cause Disease Control Measures

Produce Compounds to Help Obtain Resistant Varieties
Nutrients & Neutralize Defense Responses
Avoid Infestation
Enzymes
Corrosive Organic Acids
Reduce Inoculum
Polysaccharides Adjust Fertilizing, Watering
Mere Exponential Multiplication of Bacteria Crop Rotation for Host-Specific Bacteria
Can Cause Massive Invasion Chemical Control
Interfere with Plant Growth Regulators Copper Compounds
Antibiotics

Bacterial Disease Categories 1. Bacterial Galls

1. Galls Agrobacterium
2. Spots & Blights
Occasionally Certain
3. Vascular Wilts
Species of Pseudomonas,
4. Soft Rots
Rhizobacter, Rhodococcus
5. Fastidious Vascular Bacteria
6. Cankers
7. INA Bacteria

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 Spots Circular or Roughly
2. Spots & Blights
Circular
Spots Most Common May Have Yellowish Halo
Symptoms Large Veins may Restrict
Spots that Advance Spots
Rapidly = Blights Spots on Some Dicot Hosts
Pseudomonas & Streaks or Stripes on
Xanthomonas Are 1 Bacteria Monocots
that Cause Spots & Blights

APSNet Photo

Symptoms in Humid or Wet Weather Overwintering

Infected Tissue May Exude Masses of Bacteria Infected or Healthy Parts of Perennials
Dead Leaf Tissue Often Seeds
Tears & Falls Out Infected Debris
Get Round or Irregular Contaminated Containers or Tools
Holes with Ragged Edges On or in Soil

Fungi Remain Almost

3. Vascular Wilts
Exclusively in Vascular
Usually Herbaceous Plants
Tissues
Clavibacter
Curtobacterium Bacteria Often Destroy
Erwinia Parts of Xylem Vessel
Pseudomonas
Walls or Cause Them to
Xanthomonas
Rupture Early

http://www.padil.gov.au/pbt/files/uall/PDSEM.jpg
http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/pestcrop/2008/issue20/index.html http://plantpath.ifas.ufl.edu/rsol/images/Modules/Stalkooze.gif

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 Bacteria then Spread
4. Soft Rots
& Multiply in
Adjacent Tissues Primary vs. Secondary Parasites
Kill & Dissolve Those Some Attack Living Tissues
Cells Enter Via Wounds
Overwinter in Usual Spots
Get Pockets or
Genera
Cavities Full of Erwinia
Bacteria, Gums & Pseudomonas
Cellular Debris Bacillus
Clostridium
http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/plant_images/CornStewartsWilt1.jpg Apsnet.org

How They Damage Plants

Bacteria & Their Enzymes Surround Cells 5. Fastidious Vascular Bacteria
Lose Water
Parts of Their Walls Dissolve Vectored into
Bacteria then Invade Adjacent Cells Plants
Result?
Water-Soaked Lesions (Spots)
Soft, Macerated Tissues
Rot
Soft, Watery Tissues
Slimy Masses of Bacteria & Cellular Debris Ooze Out
from Cracks in Tissues

Apsnet.org http://www.pdgwss.net/images/PD2.jpg

Phytoplasmas & Yellows Diseases

Abnormal Roots & Root
Spiroplasmas Necrosis
Wall-Less Organisms Gradual Yellowing of Leaves
Cause Over 200 Diseases Smaller Leaves, Shortened
Internodes, Stunting
Spiroplasmas Have Helical
Shoot Proliferation or
Structure
Witches-Brooms
Phytoplasmas not Spiral Greening of Flowers
Rather Rapid Dieback, Decline & Death
http://www.apsnet.org/education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosI-M/mollicute.jpg
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/Research.htm?modecode=12-75-25-00 http://www.forestpests.org/poplar/imgs/large/p37pg33.jpg

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 How Do They Enter the Plant?
6. Bacterial Cankers Symptoms on Stems
Infection Usually Occurs in Fall
Pseudomonas & Xanthomonas & Early Winter
What Are Cankers? Cankers 1st Noticed in Late Winter
How Do They Spread? or Early Spring
Rain Splashes Gum May Break Through Bark &
Runoff Water Run Down Limbs
Windblown Rain Cankers Girdle Trunk or Branch
Handling Plants Branch or Entire Tree above Canker Dies within
Contaminated Tools few Weeks
Infected Plant Material
http://www.eontarionow.com/images/Rain.jpg

Symptoms on Leaves
Sunken, Soft Areas 7. Ice Nucleation Bacteria
Water-Soaked Spots Turn
Some Strains of Pseudomonas or Erwinia
Brown, Dry
Eventually Get Shot-Hole
Mature Leaves Less Susceptible
Overwintering
In Active Cankers
Infected Buds & Leaves
Xylem of Some Hosts
As Epiphytes on Buds & Limbs
http://www.inra.fr/hyp3/images/6034476.jpg
http://www.umassvegetable.org/images/soils_crops_pest_mgt/disease/tomato_clavibacter_canker.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Icy_LingonBerry.jpg/300px-Icy_LingonBerry.jpg

Frost Causes Ice Formation in Tissues Once Ice Formation Is Catalyzed, Ice Crystals
Rapidly Spread into Plant
Annual Losses to U.S. Ag
Could We Reduce Number of INA+ Bacteria
> $1 Billion on Plant Surface?
Super Cooling
Research Projects
Capacity to Super Cool Limited by INA+
Scientists Deleted Genetic Material that Instructs
Bacteria
INA+ to Produce the Protein
Common on Aerial Plant Surfaces
Ice Was Less Likely to Form on Plant Surfaces
INA+ Have a Protein on Outer Membrane
Blight-Ban Suppresses Frost Injury on Fire Blight
Orients Water Molecules in a Crystalline of Pear & Apple
Structure of Ice Composed of Pseudomonas fluorescens A506
Oriented Water Molecules Do Not Super Cool
http://www.ars.usda.gov/images/docs/16114_16308/Picture5.jpg http://www.ars.usda.gov/images/docs/16114_16308/Picture5.jpg