INTRODUCTION:

Ohm's Law states that the current flowing in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the
applied voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance of the material. Material that obeys Ohm's
Law is called "ohmic" or "linear" because the potential difference across it varies linearly with the
current. Ohms law is the quantitative relationship between electrical current and voltage when the
current flows through a resistor or conductor. Ohms law applies to individual resistive elements, e.g.,
lengths of wire and resistors, as well as networks of resistive elements.

The law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm, who, in a treatise published in 1827,
described measurements of applied voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing
various lengths of wire. Ohm explained his experimental results by a slightly more complex equation
than the modern form above. Ohm's Law can be used to solve simple circuits. A complete circuit is one
which is a closed loop. It contains at least one source of voltage (thus providing an increase of potential
energy), and at least one potential drop i.e., a place where potential energy decreases. The sum of the
voltages around a complete circuit is zero. An increase of potential energy in a circuit causes a charge
to move from a lower to a higher potential (ie. Voltage). A decrease of potential energy can occur by
various means. For example, heat lost in a circuit due to some electrical resistance could be one source
of energy drop.
The resistance of most resistive devices (resistors) is constant over a large range of values of current
and voltage. When a resistor is used under these conditions, the resistor is referred to as an ohmic
device (or an ohmic resistor) because a single value for the resistance suffices to describe the resistive
behavior of the device over the range. When sufficiently high voltages are applied to a resistor, forcing
a high current through it, the device is no longer ohmic because its resistance, when measured under
such electrically stressed conditions, is different from the value measured under standard conditions.
PRESENTATION OF DATA:

Table 1.1:

Trials Vt I Vr R R % error
measured computed
1 30 V 110 mA 29.20 V 250 ohm 265.45 ohm 6.18 %
2 30 V 120 mA 29.21 V 230 ohm 243.42 ohm 5.13 %
3 30 V 130 mA 29.20 V 215 ohm 224.62 ohm 4.47 %
4 30 V 140 mA 28.99 V 200 ohm 207.07 ohm 3.54 %
5 30 V 150 mA 29.10 V 190 ohm 194 ohm 2.11 %
6 30 V 160 mA 28.85 V 175 ohm 180.31 ohm 3.03 %
7 30 V 170 mA 28.80 V 165 ohm 169.41 ohm 2.67 %
8 30 V 180 mA 28.33 V 155 ohm 160.17 ohm 3.33 %
9 30 V 190 mA 28.05 V 140 ohm 147.63 ohm 5.45 %
10 30 V 200 mA 28.30 V 134 ohm 141.5 ohm 4.81 %

Table 2.1 :

Trials Vt I Vr R R % error
measured computed
1 3V 10 mA 2.989 V 300 ohm 298.43 ohm 0.18 %
2 6V 20 mA 5.95 V 300 ohm 297.23 ohm 0.13 %
3 9V 29.7 mA 8.82 V 300 ohm 296.4 ohm 1.47 %
4 12 V 39.6 mA 11.6 V 300 ohm 296.54 ohm 1.54 %
5 15 V 49.4 mA 14.63 V 300 ohm 296.43 ohm 1.11 %
6 18 V 59.1 mA 17.3 V 300 ohm 298.12 ohm 1.03 %
7 21 V 69.8 mA 20.43 V 300 ohm 296.76 ohm 0.67 %
8 24 V 78.3 mA 23.35 V 300 ohm 297.54 ohm 1.33 %
9 27 V 88.7 mA 26.43 V 300 ohm 296.76 ohm 0.45 %
10 30 V 98.5 mA 29.24 V 300 ohm 299.43 ohm 1.81 %
Figure 1.1:

Figure 2.1:

Formulas:

Computed Resistance = Vr / A

% Error = | M. Resistance C. Resistance | x 100%

| Measured Resistance |
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

In the first table, we used the tandem rheostat. We constructed the circuit given, we set up the
power supply and the tandem rheostat. The ammeter is connected in series connection to the resistor
and we measure the voltage by connecting the voltmeter parallel to the resistor. The voltage is fixed to
30v and then connecting the ammeter in series connection to get the value of the current by turning the
knob of the tandem rheostat. The resistance is measured each time turning the knob. The experiment
for the first circuit consistist of 10 trials starting from 110 mA and ending in 200 mA. After the
measurement, we computed the resistance using the ohms law formula and then we get the percentage
error of our measurement.

After performing the first circuit, we set up the power supply for the next circuit. This is just like the
first part of the experiment but this time the resistance is fixed to 300 ohms. It is also consists of 10
trials, the voltage range from 3 v for the first trial and 30 V for the last trial. The first DMM is
connected in series connection to measure the current in mA in each value of voltage and then the
second DMM is connected parallel to the resistor to measure the voltage. After measuring the required
value, we computed the resistance using ohms law formula and then we computed the percentage error
and list it in table 2.

After performing the experiment, I conclude that the current varies directly with applied voltage. A
change in the voltage applied to a circuit will cause the current flowing in the circuit to change. If the
resistance is constant, the current change will follow the pattern of the voltage change. Doubling the
potential difference doubles the current. Current varies inversely with resistance. Changing the
resistance in a circuit will also cause a change in current flow. if the voltage applied to a circuit is held
constant, and the resistance in the circuit is increased. With more opposition to current flow in the
circuit, the circuit current will decrease. On the other hand, if the resistance is decreased the amount of
current flow in the circuit will be increased.