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IR DEFENSE
ARTILLERY
JOHN 0. MARSH JR.
SECRETARY OF THE ARMY
* 4.
.,
M G JAMES P. MALONEY I
COMMANDANT, USAADASCH
BG WILLIAM H. RILEY JR.
ASSISTANT COMMANDANT
COL CHARLES C. CLARKE JR. d
I
DEPUTY ASSISTANT COMANDANT
TERRY G. SMITH
ART DIRECTOR
BLAIR CASE
EDITOR
CLAIRE B. STARNES
ASSISTANT EDITOR
BARBARA J. SORENSEN
ASSISTANT EDITOR
VALDA J. COMFORT
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
1'-
A I R DEFENSE ARTILLERY (ISSN: 0740-803x3:
Published quarterly by the U.S. Army Air Defense
Artillery School, Fort Bliss, Texas. Articles appearing in
this publication do not necessarily reflect the position
of the U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery School or the
Department of the Army. Material submitted for
publication is subject to edit. Footnotes and I -.
bibliographies may be deleted due to space limitations.
Use of the masculine pronoun is intended to include
both genders where appropriate. Copyrighted or
syndicated material may not be reprinted. Unless
otherwise noted, photographs are U.S. Army photos. If
material is reprinted, please credit the author,
photographer and the magazine. Use of printingfunds
was approved by Headquarters, Department of the
Army, 25 April 1980, i n accordance with AR 310-1.
SUBSCRIPTIONS: May be obtained through the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. A check or
ADA Weapons of the Future 24 ... money order payable to Superintendent of Documents
must accompany all subscription requests.
Subscription rates are $8.50 for domestic (including
"ADA Weapons of the Future," a 12-page section which begins on APO and FPO) addresses and $10.65 for foreign
Page 24, explores the development of new air defense artillery weapon addresses. Individual copies are $4.25 for domestic and
prototypes. Air Defense Artillery wishes to acknowledge the Directo- $5.35 for foreign addresses.
rate of Combat Developments, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery School, CORRESPONDENCE: Address articles and letters
Fort Bliss, Texas; Public Affairs Office, U.S. Army Missile Command, to: The Editor, A i r Defense Artillery magazine,
Redstone Arsenal, Ala., 9th Infantry Division, Fort Lewis, Wash., and USAADASCH, A T N : ATSA-DTP-SP, Fort Bliss, TX.,
Standard Manufacturing Co., Dallas, Texas, for their assistance in 7991 6-7090, Telephone: 91 5-568-5603 (AV .. 4
978-5603). . .
making "ADA Weapons of the Future" possible. POSTMASTER: Controlled circulation postage paid
at El Paso, TX., 7991 6-7090, Department of the Army
(DOD 314) Air Defense Artillery magazine (USPS
307-01 0).
- . -,,-,,
LC"
nstead of the usual "Intercept
I Point" article, I want to give you a
broad overview of our Air Defense Artil-
At Fort Bliss, the Army's first Ser-
geant York Gun battery, E Battery, 4th
Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery,
lery programs and problem areas. has been activated under the command
Army of Excellence of Capt. Alan Landry. This spring, the
The first air defense artillery corps battery will crew two platoons of Ser-
brigade-the 35th-was activated a t geant York Guns in Follow-on Evalua-
Fort Lewis, Wash., Nov. 28, 1984. Air tion I. Air Defense Artilley will publish
Defense Artillery is the first to activate a Sergeant York Gun update and the
a corps brigade under the Army of U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery
Excellence program. As we move ahead, School's response to media criticisms
Air Defense Artillery will increase in of the new system in its Winter 1985
manpower and numbers of weapon edition.
systems. Meanwhile, production of Sergeant
York Gun systems continues. Money
Patriot
The 4th Battalion, 3rd Air Defense for 145 Sergeant York Guns was origi-
Artillery, commanded by Lt. Col. Bob nally appropriated. At this writing, 26
Huston, departed Fort Bliss, Texas, Sergeant York Guns have been delivered
Major General James P. Maloney to the Army. Contrary to what you may
Dec. 5,1984, for Giessen, West Germany.
This is our first Patriot deployment see in the media, the Sergeant York
a n d represents a tremendous FLIRs and the remaining systems will Gun works. I am confident that we will
increase in U.S. air defense artillery soon be equipped with FLIRs. provide further proof of its excellent
capability in the Federal Republic of capabilities in the operational
Vulcan testing this spring.
Germany. Air Defense Artillery will T h e f i r s t increment of Product
publish a special section on the develop- Improved Vulcan Air Defense System
ment, testing, fielding a n d opera- Blazing Skies Ill
(PIVADS) kits is now on contract. The The 1l t h Air Defense Artillery Brigade
tions of Patriot in the Winter 1985 contract provides for the equipping of
issue. conducted a major joint exercise a t
221 towed and 65 self-propelledVulcans. Fort Bliss and White Sands Missile
A study group at the Pentagon is We are seeking more funds so the entire
examining whether Patriot should be Range, N.M., Nov. 7 through Nov. 16,
fleet will be eventually equipped. The 1984. The Hawk units conducted emis-
transferred to the Air Force. The results modifications will improve Vulcan's
are due next summer. In my opinion, sion control training while fighting a n
sight, computer, servos a n d intensive air battle against a:mixture
the final outcome will be that the Army diagnostics. The results will be a more
will retain Patriot. I t is certainly a of threat aircraft. Lessons learned dur-
effective Vulcan, with less down time. ing this exercise will have significant
valid issue for studs. - . however. and
should yield many ideas for improving Stinger impact on current. air defense tactics
t h e efficiency of multiservice a i r The new seeker for Stinger, called regarding the use of high-power radars
defense. Stinger-POST RMP (reprogrammable equipped with the tracking adjunct
micro-processor), has been approved system and blinking procedures. The
Roland
for development and future procure brigade has developed innovative proce
The 5th Battalion, 200th Air Defense
ment. Meanwhile, production of dures for minimizing radar emissions.
Artillery, manned by New Mexico
Stinger-POST has begun. Air Defense This will increase the survivability of
National Guardsmen stationed a t
Artillery will publish articles describ- theimproved-Hawk systems. Air defense
McGregor Range, Fort Bliss, achieved
ing product improvements for Stinger artillerymen need only to study the
"first battery equipped" status Oct. 29,
and other air defense artillery systems stunning victory of the Israeli Air Force
1984. The battalion will become fully
in its Spring 1985 issue. in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley to under-
operational in 1985. Its advent gives
stand the need for effective control
Air Defense Artillery a n all-weather, Sergeant Vork Gun procedures.
short-range air defense capability. The Secretary of Defense recently Our branch h a s achieved m a n y
Chaparral decided to delay the award of the FY85 "firsts" during the past year. We are
The forward-looking infrared radar Sergeant York Gun contract for 117 truly modernizing in a revolutionary
(FLIR) continues to be applied to the systems until July of 1985. His decision way-more so than any other branch.
Chaparral fleet. This gives Chaparral will be based on the results of Sergeant We are the high-technology combat
night and adverse weather capabili- York Gun operational testing scheduled arm! %
ties. Fourteen are now equipped with for April through May of 1985.
2 -- . . .. ., %c,;i,,,;.
t . ' , ..
-, .. . . ., . .
F ort Bliss, Texas, is the only Army
post in the world where you can
,
.*' .
"
. . , - ' ,
- other hand, the soldier's enthusiasm or
eagerness isn't always the best indica-
see the complete cycle of enlisted train- tor of who should be selected to attend
ing at work, from one station unit formal training courses. Let the pur-
training to the U.S. Army Sergeants pose of the school be your guide. Select
Major Academy. Since Fort Bliss is the soldier who is not only enthusiastic
also the home of Air Defense Artillery, but who has demonstrated a n on-the-
it's no wonder air defense artillerymen job ability or potential to apply the
are acutely aware that they need for- skills the school is designed to fully
ma1 training to get ahead in today's develop.
Army. Consider, also, the soldier's combat
I overheard two soldiers talking a s potential. Remember that in war the
they passed me on post. price of failure is almost always catas-
One said enthusiastically to the other, trophic and, too often, fatal. How will
"They picked me to go to school, and the soldier react when the ammunition
I'll be leaving next month." is live and the targets shoot back?
"Hey, super! I didn't think they'd let There can be little hope in promoting
you go with all the stuff we've got com- the "highest standards of professional
ing up," the other answered. military competence" if a large percen-
The conversation was brief, but the csM Frederick T. Stafford Jr. tage of the schoolhouse seats is occu-
discussion touched on one of the major pied by those not fully qualified.
problems in the Army today, a problem You must doggedly select the right
I've contended with for most of my mil- Sergeants Major Academy. In between soldier for formal training. Take advice
itary career. are four other courses: the Basic NCO from others, but make the decision
Senior NCOs hold the keys which Course and the BasicTechnical Course yourself. Don't just fill a quota. Know
unlock the door to professionalism and for the E-5 and E-6; the Advanced NCO your soldiers and send them to school
technical competence, but, all too often, Course for the E-6 and E-7; and the a t the point in their careers when the
we select the wrong soldier for NCO First Sergeant Course for the E-7(P) mission of theschool can best support
schools. Be honest with yourself. In and E-8 about to be selected a s first them and the Army.
your experience, who is the last soldier sergeants. Let's assume by now that you are
selected for formal training? Probably Most NCOs will attend the Primary convinced the best qualified and best
the soldier doing the most important Leadership Development Course and prepared soldier is the right soldier to
job-the one you "can't afford to lose.'' the Advanced NCO Course. However, select for formal training. Now, it's up
We should be sending the soldier of the only a small percentage will attend the to you to supply the encouragement
month, the soldier on the promotion First Sergeant Courseor the Sergeants soldiers need to accept the challenge of
list, or the soldier on the order of merit Major Academy. Only those soldiers in formal training courses. .
list, but, instead, we send the soldier MOSS with many new critical tasks to Never let soldiers believe'other unit
the unit can most easily do without. learn a t skill level 2 03-5) or skill level 3 activities or operations are moreimpor-
Sending your mediocre soldiers rather (E-6)will attend the Basic NCO Course tant than training. The best time for
than your best soldiers to Army schools or Basic Technical Course. soldiers to attend Army schools is when
creates a system that promotes medi- Each NCO course carries promo- they are a t the peak of readiness. Don't
ocfity over excellence. It's a system no tional points that can make or break a make them wait, and don't let them
army, particularly a n "Army of Excel- soldier's career. Selecting the right wait. Don't establish prerequisites
lence," can afford. soldiers for school and sending them a t other than those imposed by Army
The argument that "I can't afford to the right point in their careers are, regulations that prevent soldiers from
lose you" must be changed to "the paradoxically, two separate butinsep- attending schools. Visit them while
Army can't afford not to send you," for arable tasks. Understanding two of the they are in school with news about
the soldiers selected for NCO schools
today are the soldiers who will become
tomorrow's enlisted leaders. .
important missions of NCOES will help
you make the right choice:
prepare to perform
their families. Once they graduate, put
them to work applying their newly
learned skills immediately upon their
The Non-commissioned Officer Edu-
cation System (NCOES) is the formal
program that gives our sergeants and
specialists the know-how they need to
.
?heirdoties in war or peace,
the highest standards
professionalmilitary competence.
Of
return. Their success will encourage
others. It's a tough decision to send key
soldiers TDY to schools for weeks a t a
time, but wemust remember our respon-
get the job done. I n Air Defense Artil- Keeping these two missions of Army sibility to the Army and to the soldiers
lery, it begins with the Primary Lead- schools in mind, go back to what the who will be the battery first sergeants
ershipDevelopmentCoursewhich teaches soldier on the street said: "They picked a n d battalion command sergeants
essential leadership and training skills me to go to school. . . ." Remember his major of 10years hence. I t is not enough
and qualifies soldiers for E-5. At the enthusiasm. This means the unit prob- to get the job done today. We must lay
opposite end of the NCOES scale is the ably made the right choice. On the the groundwork for tomorrow.
FALL 1984
Hawk SLAM for the accomplishment of the air pointing t h i s out to you-just
T h e a r t i c l e "Hawk SLAM defensemission. By task organizing thought I'd add mine to the pile.
Increases Light Air Defense F i r e the Hawk element with a contin- Thomas M. Dowler
power" (Spring 1984) by CPT John gency unit (division or lower), a n CPT, FA
Warnke portrayed some interesting additional logistical burden i s 1st Bn, 11th FA
a n d innovative concepts in the placed on the maneuver commander Fort Lewis, Wash.
employment of Hawk on the future who does not have organic assets to
battlefield. It does support current support a SLAM. Carrying the sup- You're correct, and yes, your letter
thinking on making air defense a n port with the SLAM unit negates its was added to the pile.
active member of the combined arms purpose and would make the unit
team. However, the SLAM concept too large for its intended use. Also, Scale Model MiGs
fails to take into consideration cer- the choice of Hawk equipment is less I read Mr. Robert Chalmers' arti-
tain elements that greatly impact on than desirable. The main threat is cle "Scale Model MiGs Provide Third
Hawk and its future employment on the low-altitude attack; therefore, Dimensional Training" (Spring
the air-land battlefield. the elimination of the continuous 1984) with great interest and a cer-
SLAM was stated a s having two wave acquisition radar is not tacti- tain amount of trepidation. As a
purposes: to provide early warning cally sound and does not support the fighter pilot who has exposed him-
through the SHORAD unit to for- air defense artillery operational self many times to Army air defense
ward maneuver units, and to in- concept or the Hawk operational artillery, I applaud the use of the
crease air defense firepower. How- and organizational plans that were hostile expendable aerial target
ever, SLAM operates without com- recently published to reflect current (HEAT). However, I am concerned
mand and control from the parent doctrinal thinking. The assault fir- about the realism depicted in this
unit or any higher or adjacent com- ing platoon is the basic combat ele- type of training.
mand and control medium. This ment for Hawk and will be the com- Going to the 1/5 scale of the MiG-
means that the SLAM unit would bat configuration for all Army Hawk 27 will no doubt improve the recog-
have to continuously radiate its units in the future. It is small, can be nition features of this aircraft, pro-
acquisition radar to provide a n air highly mobile and, with low-altitude vided it is configured correctly. How-
picture, in which case the unit would simultaneous Hawk engagement, ever, the photographs, especially on
be targeted and destroyed within will be highly effective on the Page 5, show a MiG-27 a t a wing
hours. Furthermore, with no com- air-land battlefield. sweep of 16 degrees which is only
munications to higher or adjacent I have mentioned just a few of the used for loiter or cruise. The combat
command and control facilities, the issues that entered my mind when I setting of the MiG-27 is 45 degrees.
unit would have to follow the pro- read this article. The innovative This is quite important especially
cedural guidelines for HIMAD fire thinking merits credit. It is ideas
I
when you compare this wing con-
units in autonomous operations that such a s the SLAM concept which figuration with our own F-111, A-7
enormously decrease the unit's air show the need for small mobile and and Europe's Tornado which from
defense effectiveness because of the flexible systems on the air-land bat- certain aspects and ranges look all
constraints on firing. tlefield. Hawk is essential on tomor- too much like a MiG-27.
The SLAM concept states that row's battlefield. It is through such In most conflicts involving MiGs,
jammers, high-altitude bombers and activities a s the 9th Division's test- you can surely bet that there will be
mass raids would be acceptable tar- ing SLAM that we will be able to more than one, and that "friendly"
gets, leaving hostile aircraft in the develop systems that will do the job. fighters will also be there. There
close-air support mode and helicop- Don E. Harris, Sr. may be a valid reason for only hav-
ters for SHORAD. The procedural CPT, ADA ing one HEAT in a n exercise. But, I
guidelines for HIMAD autonomous Tactics Dept, USAADASCH wonder what the results would be if
operations would probably prevent one or more friendly expendable
e n g a g e m e n t s of h i g h - a l t i t u d e A Case of Identity aerial targets were inserted in a live-
bombers because of vertical weap- Reference your Spring 1984 issue, fire exercise? These points may seem
ons engagement zone limitations Page 34, top picture (of helicopter) superfluous to many, but are of great
and the same for jammers. Also, and caption. concern to anyone who survives a
with only one launcher, mass raids I don't doubt that it is, in fact, a mission only to cross the FEBA and
would be impossible to counter. routine chore for 9th DIVADA sol- possibly be shot down because of
The parameters for the SLAM diers to hook up a towed Vulcan to a mistaken identity.
package, a s stated -by the article, UH-60 helicopter. However, in the Charles R. Corder
include reducing the amount of picture the soldiers appear to be LTC, USAF
necessary equipment and logistical hooking up a towed Hawk launcher Ch, Weapons and Tactics Div
support to levels mutually accepta- to a CH-47 Chinook. I'm sure you've 388th Tactical Fighter Wing (TAC)
ble to the maneuver commander and already received numerous letters Hill Air Force Base, Utah
I
AIR DEFENSE
Xk ARTILLERY
4/81 ADAcreates uulcan
UldeO-Tam SYstem
The 4th Battalion, 61st Air Defense
Artillery, Fort Carson, Colo., has de-
veloped a Vulcan video-tape system
that lets a n instructor monitor and
record the same sight picture a s a
gunner tracking a n aerial target. The
system, with components readily avail-
able through installation training and
audiovisual support centers, serves a s
a n instruction and a n evaluation tool.
The video-tape system, which is
powered by a n AC generator, has a
camera, recorder, power pack, televi-
sion monitor, tapes and cables. By
drawing a sight reticle on the televi-
sion screen, a n instructor can observe
and tape the gunner's tracking abili-
10th Air Defense Artillery Brigade. Racing theclock, SP4 Raymond L.Trujillo(left) ties. The instructor then replays the
The 10th ADA will host the first and SGT Michael A. Anderson attach the tape for the gunner and critiques his
two Patriot battalions in U.S. Army "fins"tothe Chaparral during a missile upload
performance.
~urope. drill while SSG Frank Hampton assists. (Photo
by Louise Baker) Gunners and squad leaders say the
At the ceremony, a large stone, bear- system makes training more effective
ing three bronze plaques, was unveiled and credit it with increasing their fir-
by BG(P) J. Hollis V. McCrea Jr., 32nd mond P. Warren Jr., senior gunner, ing proficiency. Air defense artillery
U.S. Army Air Defense Command dep- captured the feeling of his peers when units which have used the video-tape
uty commander, Weinfurter and the he called it "the olympics for 16Ps. system have reported dramatic in-
mayor of Giessen. Speeches made hon- Because it's the only chance we have to creases in tracking proficiency. One
oring the scientist were dedicated to fire. It's the only time we really get to unit's fire performance increased b e
the continuance of good relations be- prove we know our jobs." tween annual service practices from
tween the two countries. Proving themselves was on the top of eight to 22 RCMATS shot down.
After unveiling and dedication cere- the list for these Spearheaders a s Char-
monies, a Project Partnership cere- There are some limitations to the
lie and Delta batteries, 3/61 ADA, com- system. Sunlight must be considered
mony was held between 10th ADA and peted for top position in their annual when setting up the system, prolonged
the 2nd German Air Defense Rocket training exercise a t the NATO Missile use requires continuous recharging of
Regiment. Soldiers from both units ex- Firing Installation, Crete. the power packs, and the camera's
changed unit crests, symbolic of the Upon completion of the exercise, maximum zoom-range of 75 feet limits
future relationship of the two units. Charlie edged out Delta by less than its capabilities.
one percentage point to capture best
The materials needed to install the
battery, but the Delta "Dogs of War"
3/81 LIDATllalM OlemDlc style countered by taking top squad.
system can be obtained through instal-
by Louise Baker lation engineers a t a cost of approxi-
Members of the top squad were SSG
mately $22. The video-tape camera is
Training, training and more train- J a m i e Carlos, squad leader; P F C
installed in a plywood box and is pro-
ing goes into a bid for Olympic team Richard J. Perry, assistant gunner;
tected by styrofoam cut into three sec-
placement for athletes. In the same PFC Leo L. Perleberg, driver; and
way, talented air defenders of the 3rd tions (two molded for the camera's
Warren.
Battalion, 61st Air Defense Artillery, sides and one cut to protect the top and
It will be another year before these
bottom of the camera). The box and
3rd Armored Division, West Germany, soldiers h a v e t h e opportunity to
camera are then mounted above the
train for a n opportunity to participate "prove" themselves again during a live-
Vulcan ground-sight mounting bolts.
in live-fire exercises. fire exercise, and already they're look-
The pressure was on for the 23 Chap- Washers are used to raise the box ap-
ing ahead. "Last year was ours,"
proximately one inch off the platform
arral crews, a s only the six top-scoring Delta's ISGFrank P. Cowell said philo-
to keep the cannon saddle from hitting
squads from each battery would earn sophically, "and this year was theirs-
the chance to fire a live missile to con- the box.
there's usually not more than a one
clude their annual training exercise. point difference between the two bat- Units may obtain diagrams and in-
The exercise was especially impor- teries. But next year," h e added, structions for assembling the video-
tant for the division's Chaparral crews " 'Dogs of War' will come back with tape system by writing Air Defense
because it is the only opportunity they more gusto and take it." Artillery magazine, HQ USAADASCH,
have during the year to fire a missile. A The competition promises to be Attn: ATSA-DTP-SP, Fort Bliss, TX,
member of the top squad, SP4 Ray- tough. 79916-7090.
FALL 1984
3/71 ADA Takes Blte Out of ASP prepared for the live fire which would
be witnessed by a number of distin-
many frequencies being thrown a t us
by SSG Frank Cox on our scopes. With ECCM we can
guished U.S. and foreign visitors. eliminate the bogus targets (or the
Every good air defense artillery sol- false readings) and find the actual
A Delta Battery soldier offered a
dier knows that a n ASP is not a small target."
simple explanation of the job, "Our
venomous snake, like the one that bit On the fifth day of training, the first
main mission consists of finding and
Cleopatra. But, a t the same time, air of the two Nike Hercules missiles was
knocking down low-flying aircraft,"
defenders understand that a n ASP-or launched during t h e morning, t h e
said SGT Leonard Ortiz. "We really
annual service practice-can "bite" second in the afternoon. Both inter-
have two missions, surface-to-air a n d
a unit if it's not prepared for this cepted a n d destroyed their simulated
surface-to-surface."
performance-oriented mission. targets.
Delta Battery, 3rd Battalion, 71st Air A highlight in the training occurred
when battery radarmen were success- With the mission successfully accom-
Defense Artillery, arrived on the Greek plished, troops boarded a U.S. Air
island of Crete this summer for its ful against electronic countermeasures
by the training enemy. Greek air force Force C-130 Hercules for their return to
week-long a n n u a l service practice the cooler climate of West Germany.
never needing a venom antidote, a s the members used a T-1 computer station
van to simulate a threat target for the Talk turned to the Nike unit's future
battery finished i t s mission with since the weapon system will no longer
honors. Nike Hercules firing. T h e Greeks
attempted to "hide" their target by be used by the U.S. Eventually the unit
Its mission involved the last U.S. fir- will be d e a c t i v a t e d . But quickly
ing of the Nike Hercules missile. (See jamming the U.S. missilemen's radar.
But it did not work. The firing unit thoughts returned to home, a s missile-
related story Page 12.) The 48 West men began pulling on warmer clothing
Germany-based soldiers were blasted countered the jamming and intercepted
the target. less than 30 minutes after take off from
with a blanket of 100-degree heat a s the sunny island.
they arrived on the island to begin this "The enemy tries to use electronic
historic last firing. Troops quickly countermeasures to evade detection,"
pulled off field jackets, rolled up BDU said Ortiz, "but we apply electronic suwort vital to Alr Defense
sleeves and rubbed on suntan lotion. counter-countermeasures (ECCM) to by Frank J. Eagles Jr.
The workweek began with checks, beat them a t their own game. When the Some say t h a t behind every success-
double checks a n d triple checks to target (simulated by the computer sta- ful m a n there is a good woman. How-
make sure everything was properly tion van) tries to jam our radar, we see ever, in the case of air defense artillery
units, behind every good battalion,
there's a good direct support element.
The 108th Air Defense Artillery Bri-
gade, 32nd U.S. Army Air Defense
Command, h a s the support of a n elite
group of Chaparral and Vulcan sys-
tems repairmen from the 3rd Ordnance
Battalion.
This unit feels t h a t if it takes three or
four days to get the job done-so be it. If
a forward-area alerting radar on a
Chaparral system h a s to be taken
apart piece by piece-well that's all in a
day's work.
Perhaps that is why the 2nd Battal-
i o n , 67th Air Defense Artillery's
Chaparral/Vulcan direct support unit
was named the best in 32nd AADCOM.
"This unit h a s a demanding quality
assurance, quality control system,"
said MSG Flavio Beas-Compo, the
direct support unit foreman.
All direct support units have rigid
equipment inspections before putting
their signature on a finished product,
but Beas-Compo credits their success
to the men who do the work.
"I'm only the foreman here. The sol-
Greek air force members, SSG Kostas Kivernitakis (foreground), 2LT Gregory Tzevelekos (center) diers should take credit for being the
and SSG StratosSolidakis, use a T - l computer station van t o simulate a threat target for the 3/71 best in 32nd AADCOM. They really
ADA Nike Hercules missile firing. The Greeks'attempt to jam the U.S. radar did not work. (Photo by work hard a t their jobs."
SSG Frank Cox) The quality assurance and quality
control section tabulates production their abilities in a Vulcan live-fire exer-
quality battalionwide, keeping tabs on cise recently.
every piece of equipment entering a n d The "Gang" is a group of about 30
leaving. I n addition, the quality assur- senior division officers with the rank of
ance and quaIity control team of SSG lieutenant colonel to the commanding
Alan Mason and SP5 Gerald Heavy log general.
and handle thousands of technical "This is a way of training the train-
manuals and publications, making up ers, keeping our senior leaders abreast
a complete library. of the latest equipment and its opera-
tion," said CPT Samuel Eure, assistant
S-3, 2nd Battalion, 5th Air Defense
by 1LT Johnny Primeau The first Sabre Awardsponsored by the U.S. Army Air Defense nrrl~leryAssociation is presentedto
.US. Military Academy Cadet Kevin M:Koziatek at Westpoint, N.Y. COL Norbert Koziatek, Kevin's
For all soldiers, training, from basic father (left) andCOLCharlie Johnson, the senior Air Defense Artillery officer at the USMA, join in
weapons to the most complex systems the ceremony. The association saber is given to honor the top air defense artillery cadet in the
in the Army inventory, is everything. class.Though the saber is being presented for the first time this year, it isanticipated that it will be
The 2nd Armored Division's "Over an annual award given by the association.Kevin'sfirst assignmentwill be with the 1/2 ADA.25th
**the Hill Gang" got a chance to test Inf..Div., Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. (Photo by SP4 Tony Kendall)
- 7
F I L L 1984
senior member of the president's staff Battalion, 2nd Air Defense Artillery, operators to actually see the target
or the vice president. are in different stages of the 16-week they track and kill.
The program, according to the White modernization schedule. The program The ability to see the target enhances
House Fellowship Commission, pro- 'is expected to improve their defense the ~rob,abilities of accurate identifica-
vides "gifted a n d highly motivated posture reliability by 200 percent, tion and permits, in the case of multiple
young Americans with some firsthand according to CPT Keith McNamara, aircraft, the selection of a specific tar-
experience in the process of governing 10th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, get. The assessment of a target kill is
the nation a n d a sense of personal electronic missile maintenance officer. also greatly improved with visual
involvement in the leaders hi^ of the "Anything less would be too conser- contact.
society." Individuals are chosen based vative a n estimate. I consider 200 per- Another feature of the tracking ad-
on a demonstrated.potentia1for leader- cent a realistic measurement," he said. junct system is its quiet track. With the
ship and contribution to the The main features of this program radars off and not emitting a signal,
community. are thereliability, availability and main- operators can visually track aircraft
In selecting the fellows, the commis- tainability high-powered illuminator through the video monitor. Once the
sion sought leadership, intellectual radars (RAM HIPIR) and the tracking target h a s been locked on by the cam-
and professional abilities a s well a s adjunct system . era, the RAM HIPIR can be energized
commitment to community and nation. The RAM HIPIR h a s the same func- instantly and a missile fired.
DeShazer, a distinguished military tion a s the old HIPIR, but modern With the new equipment comes the
graduate of Central State University, solid-state circuitry makes the system need for a n intense training cycle.
Wilberforce, Ohio, earned his bache- virtually failsafe. A fault isolation pro- Charlie Battery's first sergeant,
lor's degree (magna cum laude) and gram within the system electronically Bennie Jordan, said, "The intense day-
commission in 1971. He h a s a master's locates any problems that occur, and to-day t r a i n i n g before turnover i s
degree in political science from the these are easily corrected using the really allowing the soldiers to learn all
University of Texas a t El Paso and is a system's replaceable circuit cards. the ins and outs of the present equip-
graduate of the Armed Forces Staff The number of adjustments possible ment, so when we take over the im-
College, Norfolk, Va. on this radar h a s been narrowed from proved system they'll have a secure
Given time and the right circum- more than 70 to four, and these can background to work from."
stances, he hopes to someday com- only beattended to by a system-trained Another initial stage of the program
mand a Patriot battalion. Following a mechanic. is a five-week training course in digital
productive military career, his long- The tracking adjunct system con- electronics taught by instructors from
range goal is to return to government sists of video cameras, mounted coax- the equipment manufacturer, Ray-
on the local, state or federal level. ially on the RAM HIPIR, and con- theon, to system mechanics.
In September he assumed his duties nected monitors inside the battery con- The last weeks of the program are
in his new position a s a White House trol center and platoon commmand devoted to in-depth training on site
Fellow for 1984-85. post. Visual capabilities given to the with the new equipment. Operational
President Lyndon Johnson estab- Hawk by the tracking adjunct system readiness evaluations test personnel
lished the White House Fellowshiws will, along with other benefits, allow and conclude the program.
program in 1964. The program is open
to U.S. citizens in the early stages of
their careers and from all occuwations
and professions. Federal government
employees are not eligible, with the
exception of career Armed Forces
personnel.
Applications for the 1985-86program
are available from the President's Com-
mission on White House Fellowships,
712 Jackson Place, N.W., Washington
DC 20503. For more information, call
commercial (202) 395-4522.
k AIR DEFENSE
2k ARTILLERY
Air Defenders Score Hit in
Traininu Realism,, ,:,,., ., o., stapleton Daniel Ford
The last U.S. Nike Hercules missile streak'sinto history at the NATO Missile Firing Installation on thethe idand of Crete,
Greece. The missile, known for its speed and accuracy, is being dropped from the U.S. inventory.(Photo by SSG Frank
L-L L
- '. . Cox)
1 ,
AIR DEFENSE
AFITILLERY
. Thirty y&rs iga, the US, Army b r -
rowed &e name for its nkwmt air d e
fesieaete5npn-~wP~WeuUh-hc4m
~ r & kmyth01agy~This ~unim&i,Itae
A m 3 kwnd once again to Greaee m
the powddN&e Hettlllm m M e w m
~ Q rwith d a Rn@ live &g on the-
Gr&k aana at C m t
N~mehle&m N&Q. t.h~goddm af -
Y i q r y , and H e q I a , ,a,pow@u? hey ,
rioted fhr liillhg a lion with hie b&w
ere#& '
. smthet%nd+fanera. . . "@MWichaeld, f3b+ie&, 3r& Bhttd- .' ah& a target at & mag&in bxeess 4 4 8 '
e ~man
tt,
&wnhna. Q%w,~&na
- the H e ~ a u h%y@m ir&~lude
. Itdy, Denmark* Noiway, .Prance;
Bslginrn, Ne$hedands, Wet Gemwy, -
Turkey,'3"aiwarq and Gmxe.
A.E' t k last U.8. ,Wig,'fie.&sil'e .
- prformed, iia dutim wit&. &e mm'e .
by John R. Pliler
j
Why don't w e just idendify air-
identification, friend or foe system. craft as friend or foe instead o f by
The VACR training m u s t prepare Why don,t we train to identify name and/ol: number?
SHoRAD'gunners detect, friendly aircraft only and assume
or identify aircraft at a. distance that else is.threatB
will allow SHORAD. units to engage Again, military sales and supply of
hostile aircraft before they can carry tactical aircraft by the Soviet Union,
out their tasks and to detect, identify There are valid reasons why both the United States and its allies to many
and ensure that friendly aircraft are threat and friendly aircraft are in- other countries, combined with the
not engaged. cluded in the task. Potentially hos- changing political leanings of some
Present a n d future challenges to tile nations maintain U.S., allied and nations, make i t uncertain which air-
VACR product developers, trainers Soviet-manufactured aircraft in their craft will be "friends" a n d which
and observers are to identify the appro- inventories. Some friendly countries will be "foes" in future theaters of
priate task and standards for training, have Soviet-manufactured aircraft operation.
to identify and develop training media such a s the Su-7, MiG-21 and Mi-8. Secondly, threat aircraft are iden-
and to train up to and beyond the cur- Aircraft configuration alone does tified and reported by type and name
rent standards. Thus, VACR task not necessarily indicate geopolitical to the intelligence community to aid
standards outlined in SHORAD sol- persuasion. them in their assessment of threat
dier's manuals are to identify visually One air defense artillery rule of en- capabilities.
by NATO name and alphanumeric des; gagement (weapons tight) states that Thirdly, in order to reach a positive
ignation a minimum of 90 percent or the air defender can fire only a t aircraft friend or foe decision, the current
more of 40 threat and friendly aircraft. positively identified a s hostile, accord- wings, engine, fuselage, tail (WEFT)
ing to the prevailing hostile criteria,
. ~- Another -ruleof engagement. (weapons
principals of training must befollowed. tween the instructor .and.student dur- rials, the question should not.be which
Once the soldier has reached the level i n g initial-entry training and introduc- medium is best for VACR training, but
of competence in these WEFT princi- tion of new .aircraft, and the media rather which is best suited for a partic-
pals, it is a relatively minor task to must be flexible during this critical ular training situation.
teach or learn the-aircraft's name or learning period. The ground observer Other current and future training
number. aircraft recognition (GOAR) kit or aids are:
And finally, since some aircraft are other slide kit a n d FM 44-30, Visual
impossible to .classify absolutely as Aircraft Recognition, arethe preferred Ground Observer Aircraft Recog-
"friend or foe," a criterion test of those media for this task. n i t i o n Kit-The most recent revision
aircraft (both institutional and i n the Training to and beyond standards of this kit was May 1978.The GOAR kit
field) is also impossible a t the level of and sustainment training while in gar- is considered a viable training device
"friend or foe." rison requires a system that can be and will be retained and used by units
Both the approach to VACR training used by the soldier alone or with a until it is replaced, despite some prob-
to the skill level required and the main- small group. The media selections for lems. Only 540 sets were produced, and
tenance of that skill level must be this training are VACR training exten- all of these were issued to field units.
addressed when types of training me- sion course (TEC) lessons, FM 44-30 There are no replacement kits avail-
dia are being selected and developed. and Army correspondence course pro- able. In some cases the kits are.deterio-
Because of the complexity of the sub- gram subcourses. rating because of constant use and
ject and the fact that exercises with Flash cards, playing cards.and FM d u p l i c a t i o n . Some t r a i n i n g a n d
actual aircraft are impractical, mul- 44-30 are best suited for training sol- audiovisual support centers are reluc-
timedia techniques have been or are diers on maneuvers because of limited tant to duplicate faulty slides which
being developed for various training access to power sources. would turn out a n inferior product. The
situations. In addition, graphic training aids best slides from several GOAR kits
There must be a close exchange b e posters are offered to keep the soldier should be assembled when reproduc-
up-to-datewith current tactical aircraft tion is required.
drawings and data. After the develop-
ment and fielding of training m a t e
H-60 Black Ha
FALL t984 15
IK
E
Q4
R
;
'. r
A 'st
b e '
4-
.dm k
*
Ml.24 HIND D (USSR) MIG-W fLOGGER D (USSR)
ROIOMPAN ------ 21 METEUS TU-36 BACIfW (USSR) kl WINGSPAN -- 8/14 METERS
LENGTH FUSELAGE---I7 METERS
WINGS PA^-- n i a o mrrrus 3 LENGTH ----- 17 MEI~RS
v- -----
SPttD ----------I40 KNOlS
RANGE----------- 482 NILOMtIERS
LENGIN 40 MmtRS
n SPEED ------- 1,sn K N O ~ S
SPEED------ 1,420 MOTS WNGt ------ 1,000 KIlOMtIlM
J
GTA 44-2-9 (formerly 44-2-6)-
Visual aircraft recognition playing
cards 44-2-6, now available in limited
quantities, will be replaced in the first
* fielded in October 1983. A revision is
scheduled for 1986. The reviion will
include a"How to Train" chapter, and
the bluetinted background will be d e
quarter FY85 as 44'2-9. GTA 44-2-5and leted so photographs and line draw-
44-2-8 aircraft wall posters will be up- ings can be locally reproduced.
dated in 1985. Visual aircraft recognition training
is being updated through revisions of
Future Slide Kit-A slide kit is cur-
rently under study for development
d resident courses t h a t have signifi-
cantly reduced the number of students
using the same format a s the GOAR
kit, except the slides would have a
A failing theVACR course. Additionally,
the officer basic course will include
standard color for the background with -
?-
-
VACR training of 22 aircraft begin-
a contrasting color for the aircraft.
Also the kit would include only 48
aircraft-the 40 aircraft listed i n
SHORAD soldier's manuals, plus eight
1-15 u c l r (USA)
wlnGsPAn -13 MntRs
LINGTH --- 19 METBS
SPftD ---- 1,bW 10101s
alncr ----3,200 KILOMET~RS
* ning in the near future.
Several feasibility studies concern-
ing VACR products are nowbin prog-
ress and field units will b e updated.
additional aircraft that have been ,,,A 4., 9,q ,, These studies range from slide sets,
added to international inventories moving target simulator film runs, new
since the last aircraft selection board and revised ~ o s t e r and
s flash cards t o
meeting, or older aircraft in some inven- computer-generated imagery. In addi-
tories that are critical in some areas. tion, multimedia VACR training aids
The kit could be updated to add aircraft bad indications. The tapes are contin- and materials have been recently, or
as they are fielded. uous reel so random selection cannot will soon be, developed and fielded.
be made while training or testing. I t These products, plus a good VACR
VACR TEC Lessons-These lessons must be pointed out, however, that training program, will transform a dif-
have been in development for several trails and validations were made dur- ficult task into a n easier one while pro-
years and 100 sets (one set equals 13 ing the TEC development phase which ducing a n acceptable aircraft identifi-
lessons) were produced and issued to prove that VACR training objectives cation skill level for all air defenders
Chaparral a n d Vulcan air defense can be met by using these lessons.
units in May 1983. A full issue will be Once soldiers have studied these les-
achieved in the first quarter of FY85. sons sufficiently, testing can be done
Several sets were delivered to Fort Bliss with any training medium.
l e a r n i n g centers, t h e developing John R . Pliler is a training specialist
branch and several tenant units. Upon F'MLtl30,VisualW~tion- with the SHORAD Weapons and Elec-
receipt, these lessons were found to be This comprehensive manual with pho- tronics Department, USAADASCH,
in good condition, although a few defec- tographs, line drawings and descrip- and is the current point of contact for
tive Beseler Cue/See tapes gave some tive data on more than 100 aircraft was VACR products and materials. He has
been a VACR instructor with the 1st
ADA Training Brigade.
1 I
*
AIR
A
EFE SE
~ ~ ! R V
...
i .
lo" Wah"11,' k h a n
'' ~ u r i t i ~ .
infantry con,ma'nders discpWed
4
ciths ahd in&triif site; -
The division of th& air deknse
'
m e d i u m - t ~ - ~ ~ h a l t i t u b e - der
air r
fense of strategic asse'ts. The Ger-
that Luftwaffe (German air.force) artillery missions, ac(rornpCishsd in man arrangement, sipiEar to the
air defense artillery units provided the midst of bitter campaigning on Japanese Self-DefenseFdrce @Not-
inadequate air defense for their ' the Eastern Front and North Africa, ment of air defense artillery roles,
maneuver fvrces. The army, as a continues today i n the Federal sfiould interest American air de- '
result, created its own air defen* ~epublic'~f Germany M e r e the fense artilterists since such r, div-
artillery )o defend its infantry and West German army is responsible ision of roles between the U.S. Air
panzLpr units, while .Luftwaffe air for short-rahge air defense of force and U.S. Army is a eureot '
d=fbnse artiflery continued to en- ma'neuv& forces and the West topic of diseussjoo.
gage Allied bombers over German Germgn air force is charged with
Federal Republic of Germany air d e of World War 11, proving a s effective night with the aid of searchlights.
fenders trace their history back to the against Allied tanks a s against Allied I n 1935, when conscription was re-
Franco-Prussian War. German field ar- aircraft. sumed between the two world wars, Air
tillerymen used two 3.7cm cannons, At the beginning of World War I, Defense Artillery became a branch
specifically designed for that purpose, however, Germany had only a few air within the Luftwaffe (German air
during the siege of Paris to fire a t defense guns to counter 1,200 Allied force) which took over the responsibil-
French communication balloons, en- aircraft and therefore improvised by ity for the air defense of the homeland
gaging 66 French balloons before modifying a variety of field artillery a s well a s of the field army. At the
finally downing one on Nov. 12,1870. cannons, machine guns and rifles for beginning of World War 11, Germany
This early air defense initiative was air defense. During the war, the first possessed the most extensive and mod-
not resumed until 1906when the poten- range-finding devices, searchlights ern air defense in the world-1,200
tial military importance of the Zeppelin and sound detectors were fielded and heavy, medium andlight flak batteries
and the first airplanes were recognized. deployed, and barrage fire was re- and 180 searchlight batteries. Impor-
The first of the new model anti-aircraft placed by directly aimed fire when the tant developments during the war in-
gunswas a5cm gun Kw-BaK(Kraftwagen- first technical device for lead measur- cluded twin and quadruple flak guns,
Ballonabwehrkamne) by Rheinmetall, ing became available, Fire units of pla- light and heavy self-propelled flak
followed, in 1916, by the more impor- toons and batteries replaced single gun guns, railway flak guns, air defense
tant Krupp model 8.8cm Kw-Bak which deployment. By the end of World War I, missiles and target detecting and track-
led to the famous 8.8cm flak (Flugab- a total of 2,600 flak guns, including ing devices.
wehrkanone [flug flier + abwehr calibers 2cm, 3.7cm, 5cm, 6.5cm, In 1941, it became obvious that the
defense + kanone cannon]) gun. Fielded 7.62cm, 7.7cm, 8cm, 8.8cm, 9c and Luftwaffe was not able to provide suf-
in 1918near the end of World War I, the 10.5cm, had been fielded, and 1,590 air ficient protection to the fie!d army in
8.8cm flak gun was a versatile and targets (airplanes and balloons) had the combat zone. I t was then that the
effective weapon. It was later to become been successfully engaged, a figure army began to establish air defense
the most famous and most feared gun that included 51 aircraft shot down a t units (HeeresFlakabteilungen), mainly
FALL 1984
as divisional air defense. They were When the Euromissile air defense and his staff in the Ministry of Defense.
equipped with 8.8cm, 3.7cm and 2cm Roland system became the primary Besides several other army agencies,
flak guns. During the war many of corps air defense weapon a t the begin- the General Army Office commanding
these units became well known for ning of the 1980s, the L-70 was not general commands the army branch
their ability to also fight opposing phased out because its technology was schools. The Army Air Defense Artil-
ground forces. The 8.8cm, for example, still modern and a high number of L 7 0 lery School is located a t Rendsburg in
established such a fearsome reputation trained reservists was available. The Northern Germany.
as a n anti-tank weapon that, accord- L-70 was retained by the corps Roland The Army Air Defense Artillery
ing to the official U.S. Army history of regiments and became the weapon sys- Branch has a peacetime personnel
the war, U.S. troops invaribly attrib- tem assigned to two small equipment- strength of about 10,700 soldiers. In
uted any high velocity cannon fire to holding air defense battalions a t corps wartime this number will grow to more
8.8cms. level. The Redeye air defense missile than 17,600. The Army Air Defense
system became a secondary weapon Artillery School and the school's train-
for the divisional air defense battalion ing battalion, which in wartime will
Army Air Defense Artillery
in 1972. form the corps LandJut Air Defense
in the Bundeswehr
The history of German air defense Artillery Regiment 600, is composed of
forces was interrupted by the total dis- Army Air Defense Artillery Today
one Roland, one Gepard and one L70
armament of Germany in May 1945. Today the West German Army Air battalion. Other main components of
But when the Bundeswehr (West Ger- Defense Artillery is a n independent the branch, which is composed solely
man armed forces) was created in 1956, branch within the army's Combat Sup- of short-range air defense units, are
many veterans were called to serve in port Troops. Other combat support three corps air defense commands,
the new army air defense artillery of troops are Field Artillery, the Corps of three Roland regiments, 11 Gepard
the Bundeswehr, which h a s now Engineers, Topography and Nuclear, Gun regiments and six Bofors L70
existed longer than either the Reichs- Biological and Chemical branches. Gun battalions which serve as equip-
wehr or the Wehrmacht, the armies The combat s u ~ ~ ot rr ot o ~ sare suDer- ment holding units.
which fought World War I and World vised by the ~ e n e r a lcombat
, support
War 11.Initial planning aimed a t estab- Troops of the German General Army Mission/Threat
lishing one air defense battalion or- Office in Cologne. Part of the Depart- Army Air Defense Artillery forces
ganic to each of the newly created 12 ment of Combat Support Troops is the fight hostile aircraft a t low a n d
West German army divisions. A few Army Air Defense Section, run by a n medium altitudes and thereby defend
years later the air defense battalion of assistant chief of staff (0-6). His staff is their own troops and vital installations
the 1st Airborne Division was dis- mainly engaged in the doctrinal and and facilities against air attack, air
banded. The 11 remaining divisional o p e r a t i o n a l requirements of t h e reconnaissance and airborne opera-
air defense battalions are still opera- branch, including the training, organi- tions, with first priority given to ma-
tional today. zation and planning of the develop- neuver forces and artillery. The air
The author joined the army i n April ment of Army Air Defense Artillery. defense artillery forces thus help main-
1957. Together with the first Bundes- The General Army Office is a special tain the operational freedom of the
wehr air defenders, he was trained on staff to the Chief of Staff of the Army land forces in the forward combat zone.
U.S. Quad 50-caliber machine guns
mounted on half tracks. Later that
year, the Quad 50 was replaced by the
M-42 "Duster," which became the pri-
mary army air defense system. The
West German army also deployed, for a The famed German
short time, two 75mm Skysweeper bat- "eighty-eight" of World
War II made the word
talions. The Duster served as the pri-
"flak" part of the English
mary army air defense system until the language. At left is an
late 1970s when it was replaced, along 8.8cm Flak 36, at right is
with the Skysweeper, by the current an 8.8cm Flak 18.
divisional air defense gun, the 35mm
twin Gepard.
In 1960, the 40mm Bofors L70 air
defense gun system was integrated by
including a battery equipped with that
weapon system in each divisional air
defense battalions, a n arrangement
that resulted in battalions with a mixed
composition of three Duster batteries
and one towed L-70 battery. In the
early 1970s, the L-70 batteries formed a
separate corps air defense battalion
within each of the three army corps.
AIR DEFENSE
& ARTILLERY
KorpsFlaKdr 1
- BORKEN
a
FlaRgt 7
WUPPERTAL KASSEL
-.tlangr
O."
L
FlaRgt 100 Corps Air Defence
MARBURG
FlaRgt 300
KOBLENZ
KorpsFlaKdr 3
Figure 2. West German Army Air Defense
LORCH
Corps
FlaRgt 5
HAROHEIM
units within the corps which include
FlaRgt 12 the corps air defense Roland regiment,
.
REGENSBURG \ the two corps air defense G70 battal-
ions and the divisional air defense
I
FlaRgt 4 Gepard regiments.
TO this end, the commander closely
ULM cooperates with the Luftwaffe liaison
teams to the corps commzind, the air
KorpsFlaKdr 2
defense operations liaison teams and
the air support operations center as
c
Figure 1. ADA Unit Locations
- .- -F
yu-
, 2%-
- d
.
ground-based electronic counter-
,
well a s with the corps army aviation
command and other airspace users.
The Roland regiment and the Gepard
regiments have not been broken down
into battalions. However, the regi-
ments have been provided two staff
elements, each of which are prepared to
take over battalion command duties.
great number of highly sophisticated, measures. Assigned two or three firing batteries
airborne weapon systems which can and certain elements of the headquar-
penetrate the airspace of the Federal Air Defense Weapon Systems ter battery and supply and support
Republic of Germany in a variety of The current organization of the army battery, these elements can form so-
types and profiles. Besides the well- air defense forces is shown in Figure 2. called air defense task forces while one
known spectrum of threat criteria, two Organic to each of the three West Ger- of two firing batteries may remain
factors have to be carefully observed: man national corps is a corps army air under the regiment's immediate com-
the increasing number of all-weather- defense command whose commanding mand.
capable threat aircraft and the threat officer, an 0-6, is in charge of air d e Each Roland and Gepard squad con-
capability of supporting all air opera- fense mmmand and control and air- sists of three crews that allow the
.
- tibns with massive airborne a n d space control for all army air defense systems to be operated on a 24-hour
basis. The Gepard squad is addition- to engage attacking hostile aircraft their respective weapon system com-
ally equipped with Redeyes which, dur- before they can deliver their weapon parable to the U.S. Army's one station
ing daylight, are operated by one of the loads. unit training), the recruits are trans-
three crews. Convoy defense can either be con- ferred to those firing batteries of the
ducted with air defense units inte- regiment that need a personnel fill-up.
Principles of Employment grated in the march columns or prepo- The fill-up is always accomplished by
Army Air Defense Artillery forces sitioned along the route of march. platoons.
will be employed during wartime based Again, preference will be given to pre- The training of Roland and Gepard
on the plans of operations of the corps, positioning for the same reasons that squads and platoons is organized and
division and brigade commanders who make stationary point defense a choice conducted by the battery commanders
will take into consideration the advice of preference. on the basis of a n overall training plan
of their respective air defense com-
manders. The corps G70 battalions
will be employed in the corps rear area
where, because of their limited mobil-
ity, they will mainly protect assets by
stationary point defense. The platoon
is the fire unit. I t consists of two guns,
one tracking radar and a power supply
unit.
The corps Roland regiment will be
predominantly employed in the corps
rear area, but may also reinforce the
divisional Gepard regiments by one or Mounted on a Leopard
tank chasis, the Gepard
two Roland batteries.
hasa maximum speed of
The divisional Gepard regiment will 65 miles per hour.
defend maneuver forces, artillery and
other assets in the division area. It will
assign its air defense task forces, which
may also include a Roland battery, to
two of the division's brigades and use
the remaining battery or batteries for Army air defense units have been, to a n d guidance by t h e regimental
the defense of a reserve brigade, the a certain extent, dependent on the sur- commander.
divisional artillery or other assets. veillance radars of their weapon sys- Battery training, in the form of field
Every allocation of air defense units tems for airspace surveillance and training exercises or live firings, is
is task-limited. In other words, new early warning. External early warning conducted by the regimental staff.
missions will be given along with new has been provided by the antiquated Each battery has to undergo a n inspec-
allocations of air defense units after a regimental TPS-1E surveillance radar tion (comparable to the U.S. Army
certain task has been fulfilled. Com- and, when possible, through liaison ARTEP) by the regimental commander
manders, however, will see to it that, teams stationed with the nearest Hawk and his staff every 15 months. Train-
whenever possible, the same task for- unit or air force ground observation ing highlights are field training exer-
ces or batteries will remain with "their" post. This will radically change with cises on maneuver brigade, division or
brigades or battalions on the basis of the fielding of the Army Air Defense corps level with allied forces partici-
habitual association, although habit- Surveillance and Control System in pating. Single batteries, air defense
ual associations do not exist officially. the early 19908,the first stage of which task forces or entire regiments are
The Roland or Gepard squad is the will be initiated by fielding two new trained and tested in warlike situa-
fire unit. The lowest tactical unit is the surveillance radar systems, the low- tions and conduct annual live-firing
battery. Platoons will not be employed level surveillance radar and the air exercises on West German and allied
independently; this applies to a rein- surveillance radar, beginning in 1988. air defense firing ranges.
forcing Roland battery a s well. Gepard firing against air targets is
Whenever there is a choice, prefer- Training conducted a t Todendorf Firing Range.
ence will be given to stationary point Army air defense training is con- The more advance crews fire on Sardi-
defense in order to take advantage of ducted in field units a s well as a t the nia, Italy, where they can alternately
prepared firing positions i n well- Army Air Defense Artillery School. engage air and ground targets. Roland
known terrain, a tactic that allows Basic training for draftees a s well a s units, which conducted firing exercises
manportable air defense systems to be volunteers is performed by one of the on Crete from 1979 to 1983, began fir-
employed supplementary to the Gepard six firing batteries of each Roland and ing a t the Centre d'Essais de la Medi-
and thus form a weapon mix. In mobile Gepard regiment. This additional terranee Firing Range in southern
point defense, Gepard and Roland training task rotates to another bat- France in 1984. Redeye firing has been
units will accompany "their" maneu- tery about every two years. practiced since 1974 a t McGregor
ver forces during attacks or delaying After 12 weeks of basic training Range, Fort Bliss, Texas.
actions a t distances that enable them (which includes special training on Officers and NCO air defense train-
ing is conducted at the Army Air
Defense ArtiIlery School a t Rendsburg
i n northern West Germany. For spe-
cific air defense training purposes,
such as the training of Gepard and
Roland commandants and gunners,
the school (as well as every regiment)
uses a variety of technical training
devices that enable the instructor per-
sonnel to teach and drill the students
effectively and thoroughly before al-
lowing them to perform on the weapon
system.
The Army Air Defense Artillery
School, with one training department
for small unit self-defense training
against air attack a t Todendorf Firing
Range, annually trains roughly 4,500
students, rangingfrom young NCOs to
field grade officers, i n 76 different
courses. The school's Special Staff for
Combat and Training De.telopments
conducts the field testing of new air
defense e a u i ~ m e n tand develo~sair West German'sRoland air defense missile system hasan effective range of 6,000 metersand can
defense field manuala and training travel at speeds of 70 kilometers per hour.
literature.
AIR DEFENSE
ARTILLERY
their classes, often with a final score
between 90 and 100 percent. The per-
centage of non-graduates is generally
below one percent.
Environment
A Catholic and Lutheran military
chaplaincy, administration office, voca-
Luftwaffe soldiers parade at Fort Bliss, Texas, home of the West German Air Force Air Defense tional advancement organization,
School. social services office and elementary
school have been established a t Fort
sile units (total strength of 20,000). A but the expense must be afforded if key Bliss to support GAFADS in its mis-
GAFADS cadre of approximately 320 personnelare to reliably do their jobs. sion. The elementary school, which
trains about 1,800 soldiers a year on The students are further trained in has established a good academic repu-
the operation of the Nike, Hawk and their units after returning to Germany. tation, is attended by the children of
Pershing l a weapon systems. Mainte- Training finally leads to missile firing most soldiers stationed a t GAFADS
nance and ordnance personnel are on a NATO firing installation on Crete and the German Air Force Training
trained a t various U.S. Army service i n the Mediterranean. Command at Fort Bliss. The Catholic
schools and a t the NATO Maintenance chaplain is also responsible for the
and Supply Agency, a NATO school Training Emphasis Soldatenstube which, over the years,
located a t Fort Bliss. The majority of The major part of training is practi- has become a kind of community cen-
the courses are taught through Ger- cal training on the equipment. I n order ter for our soldiers and their American
man interpreters. to use the combat units' field expe- friends.
Besides Fort Bliss, GAFADS garri- rience for training, a n exchange of Although GAFADS is a n indepen-
sons are stationed a t the U.S. Army experience takes place through ques- dent German installation, its members
Missile and Munition School a t Hunts- tionnaires filled out by former students work closely with U.S. and NATO
ville, Ala., the U.S. Army Artillery a n d their unit commanders. The authorities on many levels. We are
School a t Fort Sill, Okla., the U.S. answers are evaluated and ~ utot use grateful for the support we receive from
Army Engineering School a t Fort Bel- for organizing training. our allies whose spirit of cooperation
voir, Va., and the U.S. Air Force Tech- The influence of field units .on train- considerably facilitates our tasks.
nical Training Center a t Lowry Air ing, however, is ensured in another
Force Base, Colo. even more important way. GAFADS
Training a t GAFADS is organized in permanent party personnel are re-
four separate areas: tactical personnel placed a t three-year intervals by new
instructors drawn from the field .units. CPT Pierre Warweitzky is the com-
(officers who in general receive their
mander of a direct support battery in
weapon system training a t GAFADS thus keeping training practically
oriented. Freising, Federal Republic of Germany.
after graduation) from the Federal
At GAFADS and the other training He.formerly served as assistant chief
Armed Forces University i n West
installations, students are trained in of the Hawk Department, Directorate
Germany, operators (NCOs), mainte
45 fields of specialization. Further- of Test Analysis and Literature, Ger-
n a n c e personnel a n d o r d n a n c e
man Air ~ o r c eAir Defense School,
personnel. more, eight special training courses are
conducted annually. Fort Bliss, Texas.
Training classes are divided into
small groups that are trained on the More than 28,500 students have been CPT Anton Magesis aide-de-camp to
equipment in shifts, a n arrangement trained a t GAFADS since 1966. Ger- the Commandant, Luftwaffe Air
that guarantees each student intense man students a t non-German installa- Defense School, Fort Bliss, Texas.
individual training. The cost is high, tions generally rank at the top third of
FALL 1984
The by CPT Richard K. Schultz
Weapon systems of the future must keep pace with
maneuver units that are moving rapidly and changing
missions.
The weapon systems described in
this section are prototypes which
may, or may not, find their way into
W hen persons try to protect them-
selves, their natural reaction is
to look front and back, left and right-
to rapidly respond to any threat, any-
where in the world. With the Army's
diminishing manpower base, each unit
the Army inventory. They are, how- but they never look up. Since the advent eventually will be equipped wit5 a var-
ever, possible solutions to the prob- of aircraft and aerial projectiles, it h a s iety of weapons that can be tailored to
lems of providing effective air de- been the task of every soldier to defend any mission. One mission may take it
fense on the air-land battlefield. himself against air attack. Through to the jungle, so grab the foot-mobile
the years, air defense has become spe- weapons; another mission may dis-
cialized; hence, the need for the Air patch it to the desert-same people, but
Defense Artillery Branch. However, on with motorized weapons; yet another
the future battlefield described in Army mission may require helicopter lift, so
21 Doctrine, the doctrine which will grab the slings.
succeed AirLand Battle Doctrine, this The light divisions will respond to
specialization will decrease a s all low- to mid-intensity conflicts ranging
branches are forced to increase their from a guerrillaor insurgent threat up
defense against air attacks. The dis- to, and including, conventional war-
tinction among Army branches, and fare. I n response to mid- or high-
even among services, will become fuzzy, intensity conflicts, the light division
resulting in the melting of insignias would be augmented with corps assets
and the merging of assigned missions. and deployed in terrain generally un-
The creation of light divisions is the suitable for armored forces-urban
first step toward a complete force design areas, jungles, forests and mountains
that will allow our fighting elements to among others.
be specifically tailored to the mission To meet the needs of the light divi-
and threat. The key to the light divi- sion, new weapons should be designed
sion is that i t must be flexible enough from the start with built-in, multi-
I
24 AIR DEFENSE
%$: ARTILLERY , '
mission capability. Why should a made i n a matter of seconds. I n a field ness while retaining the capability b
ground security force be dedicated to a artillery unit, entire sections are dedi- convert to manportable air defense
critical asset already defended by dual- cated to perform just one part of that when needed.
purpose air defense weapons? engagement process; but with a man- Weapons Procurement
Today, the Army is searching for portable air defense system, one man The time element in equipping our
weapons that will serve the needs of does it all manually in a matter of Army with these weapons is critical.
the light division. One system is the seconds. Under the LADS concept, the Yet, how does the Army go about get-
lightweight air defense system, or system will automatically perform all ting a weapon system that is not obso-
LADS, that will replace the Vulcan fire control engagement processes. lete by the time it rolls off the produc-
and complement manportable air d e Considering the number of countries tion line? In the past, the weapon was
fense system capability for the light that have vintage and current NATO/ built first. The priority was to take
and special infantry divisions and Warsaw Pact aircraft coupled with the advantage of the latest gizmo. Next, it
corps. I t will also augment existing rapid projection capability of the air- had to defeat the threat in every cir-
short-range air defense organizations craft, a strong potential exists for cumstance, no matter what it cost, how
to defend assets i n heavy divisions and immediate escalation from any low- it did i t or what it looked like. The way
corps rear. The requirements for the intensity to a mid- or high-intensity air i t would fight would be determined 10
LADS stress how the light division will conflict. To counter the air threat and years later when it rolled off the pro-
fight, how the system design should survive, the LADS must have compar- duction line. By that time it could no
optimize the use of strategic and tacti- able air defense capability to that of longer meet the threat, but everyone
cal lift, a n d what capabilities are the SGT York Gun, but in a configura- was excited about the latest gizmo just
needed to defeat the threat that will be tion that supports the operational con- down the road.
encountered. cept of the light infantry division. The Our way of winning in this no-win
The Future Threat LADS must be lightweight and suffi- situation is to gauge what is subject to
In a low-intensity conflict, the air ciently compact to maximize the use of change and what is not. The light divi-
threat will consist of a few conven- strategic and tactical airlift assets. A sion concept is a sound concept and the
tional military aircraft supplemented LADS with a dual-role capability will only viable way for our Army to fight
with civilian aircraft adapted for com- further enhance its tactical and stra- in low- to mid-intensity conflicts now
b a t (strap-on m a c h i n e g u n s a n d tegic worth and flexibility by increas- and in the future. The key to future
bombs). For this level of intensity, ing combat power without a force struc- weapons systems is not the weapons or
manportable air defense versatility ture or transport increase. The light sensors themselves, but a system con-
may be adequate to defend the foot- division will fight a t night and in cept that is modular, one that is capab-
mobile fighting force and ensure that reduced visibility. The LADS will fight able of rapidly and readily accepting a
critical forward operating bases and the same way. I t will also need to be variety of weapons and sensor options
extensive lines of communications passive to prevent alerting the enemy as the threat or mission changes. I t
remain open. Certainly, manportable to the force's location. must have the versatility to accept a
air defense optimizes use of limited The air defense principle of mix is variety of fighting configurations.
- and tactical lift assets. How-
strateaic provided by complementary air defense The following pages explore some of
ever, manportable air defense alone is weapons-one weapon system's limita- these weapon systems. Some are proto-
not the answer to the ever-increasing tions are offset by the capabilities of its types that are being evaluated by the
threat. complement. It is a good tactic in prin- 9th DIVADA at Fort Lewis, Wash.
The engagement process for man- ciple, but rarely occurs on the battle- Others are still in the concepturil stage.
portable air defense is far from simple. field given the number of assets to be Whatever comes out of these systems,
One soldier detects t h e aircraft. defended. The LADS concept combines one can rest assured that they will meet
acquires it, identifies it, then performs the complementary weapons on a sin- the requirements needed to counter the
his firing steps. Difficult decisions are gle platform for maximum effective- future threat.
Predicted fire weapon Cluicker reaction time - Short-range CPT Richard K . Schultz is the project
-Gun Negligible dead zone Limited vs. target maneuver officer for the lightweight air defense
-Hypewelocity rocket Dual role I system for the Concepts and Require- I
ments Branch, Directorate of Combat
Missiles High lethality Dead zone Developments, U.S.Army Air Defense
Extended range Limited ground role Artillery School, Fort Bliss, Texas. A
Adapts to target maneuver Countermeasure considerations
1983 graduate of the Air Defense
MANPAD conversion
Artillery Officer Advanced Course, he
Hybrid High lethality over entire range has served in batter y-levelpositions in
Quick reaction time each type of the SHORAD weapon sys-
Dual role tems. He holds a bachelor's degree in
Greater target capability biology from Bucknell University,
MANPAD conversion I Lewisburg, Penn.
.,,. ;
?p-'i ;:,. . - ..,:' :. I
..
, ., . ...
'.
.-
I
<..I , . .-
-
- -. ., ' ,
Meet Spike, a hypervelocity rocket that has speed and accuracy almost
like a rifle bullet and a warhead that gives the effect of a shotgun blast.
-
... -. . .,
3
*
A1R
--
# _ , _ _ _ - Y
The first Spikes were not too promis- with multiple penetrator warheads will
ing. They were costly, blew up in the cost less than $500 each. "The cost is
launch tube and were not sufficiently extremely low compared to a guided
accurate. Today, all three problems rocket that can do the same job," Burt
have been solved. added.
The rocket has few metal parts b e Another advantage of Spike is that it
sides the tungsten warhead and the gives the Army a different kind of kill
pike is different from other Army stabilizing fins on the tail end. These mechanism against enemy armored
rockets in that its warhead con- spring-loaded fins fold up inside the vehicles. "Armored vehicles are pri-
tains no explosives. Instead, a one- launch tube. On their undersides are marily designed to defeat explosive
pound tungsten rod, traveling 5,000 little spin vanes. The exhaust plume warheads. If the enemy has to defeat
feet per second, hits so hard that its impinges on the vanes giving the both explosive and kinetic energy war-
kinetic energy liquefies armor plate rocket a spin rate of 40 revolutions per heads, it makes his design problem a
and allgws the warhead to penetrate. It second as it leaves the launch tube. lot more complicatedJJJBurt said.
is also unusual in that it has been built Spike's launcher is a six-round throw- On the battlefield, Spike likely would
virtually in its entirety inside an Army away clip that, like all other aspects of be used in multirocket barrages. "The
missile laboratory. the rocket, originated in the Army Mis- concept is not to have a high probabil-
Originally designed for heavily sile Laboratory. ity of killing a target with one rocket,"
armored targets, Spike's small size, Hurtling downrange at 5,000 feet per Burt explained. "The chances of hit-
speed, accuracy and low cost prompted second, the rocket's booster burns out ting a small target at one to two kilo-
researchers a t the U.S. Army Missile at 180meters, while the warhead simul- meters with a single rocket, even one as
Command, Redstone Arsenal, Ala., to taneously separates from it and flies good as this is, are small. But if you use
engineer a different type warhead that straight to the target. multiple bursts, say three, six or nine
would make the rocket more useful Spike prevents the target from hav- rockets, the probability goes way up."
against lightly armored ground targets ing the time to react to the launch. "It "We've ended up not only with E
and aircraft. The result was a warhead gives a n opportunity to kill targets rocket that will do the job but one wt
that contains "hypervelocity penetra- quickly and cheaply," Burt said. can afford to buy thousands and thou
tors" of tungsten that resemble large Engineers calculate Spike rockets sands of."
nails with fins on the ends. It may be
possible to use the standard tungsten
welding rods available a t any hard-
ware store for $1apiece. Eighteen such
penetrators are released in a single
shotgun swarm.
This multiple-penetrator warhead
for Spike is being developed to be used
on helicopters and also to be mounted
on the new high-mobility, multi-
purpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV-
referred to as Humvee). In the latter
application, the rockets are paired with
Stinger missiles and high-tech sensors
in a light air defense system being
developed for roof-mounting on the
Humvee. A prototype of this system is
known as the Setter (Page 32).
Although Spike is a new develop-
ment, its concept-a small, inexpen-
sive yet accurate and effective hyper-
velocity rocket-goes back to the early
1960s when engineers of the Army
Missile Laboratory built a small exper-
imental rocket which was fast but not
sufficiently accurate. In the late '608,
another hypervelocity weapon was
built, a big, two-stage rocket that
worked but was never produced.
A decade later, the engineers were
asked to take another look a t the con-
cept. "We started in 1977 a t a low level,
not much funding - and not much inter-
est among potential users~J' Artist rendition of helicopter firing Spike rockets. Note that this drawing is not in proportion and I
Jim Burt, Army Missile Laboratory's that it shows more than 18 "hypervelocity penetrators" being released from the warhead. How-
lead engineer on the Spike project. ever, it clearly depicts the fins and the warhead separation.
- -
FALL 1984
USAADASCH LIBRARY:
Soldiers of the 9th DIVADA put Avenger through its paces during field testing at the Yakima Firing Center, Wash.
AIR Dm iE
AR - -Y
: I , j . := . ..
=
light-force air defense. First, Stinger
effectiveness is increased because pro-
visions have been made to tie the gun-
requirement for a gun-missile mix in a
light division. *
FALL 1984
2,000 pound
, ind spec
A n e x p e r i m e n t a l a i r defense
weapon fashioned by two engi-
neers of the U.S. Army Missile Com-
tum jump in technology from MUSL
and Avenger, according to Rich Jones
of the Army Missile Laboratory's
mand, Redstone Arsenal, Ala., h a s Advanced Sensors Directorate.
formed the basis of a key air defense Jones, working with Bob Evans of
concept for the light division of the the laboratory's Advanced Systems
future. Concepts Office, came up with the idea
The experimental weapon, known of making a ground-launched system
as MUSL (pronounced "muscle") for by mounting Stinger missiles in pods
multiple-Stinger launcher, was created and air launchers on a World War I1
by mounting Stinger missiles on a n old M-55 machine gun carriage. In Decem-
machine gun carriage. What began in ber 1981, Jones took his plans to the
1981 spawned two new automated air laboratory's prototype development
defense systems. The first system, group which located one of the old gun
Avenger (Page 28), is being evaluated carriages a t Anniston Army Depot,
a t the 9th DIVADA, Fort Lewis, Wash. Ala., and installed a live Stinger pod on
The second system, Setter is a quan- one of the gun mounts and dummy
*
AIR DEFENSE
ARTILLERY
integrated by a microprocessor and
displayed o n a television screen
mounted in front of the gunner who is
inside the vehicle for protection.
"The objective of our program is to
demonstrate the technology of this sen-
sor suite where we're taking multiple
sensors, fusing all the data together
and providing a single display to the
gunner," Jones explained.
"The sensor suite has the ability to
detect threat aircraft at significant
ranges," he said. "It provides auto-
matic cueing to the gunner so that on
his video display, not only does he see a
real-world scene, but he also has sym-
bology displayed, alerting him to poten-
tial targets a s they're detected."
The gunner can choose to go into an
automatic mode by the push of a but.
ton. In this mode, the microprocesso~
on board sets the priority of targets and
turns the mount to the target of highesi
priority. I t also will position thc
weapon so that the gunner can see thc
target in his field of view. Lock-on is
Rich Jones (left) and Ben Bentley with their MUSL weapon during tests at McGregor Range, Fort done by the push of another button.
Bliss, Texas, in April 1982. A new concept for light air defense has evolved from thisexperimental A Humvee equipped with a turret for
multiple-Stinger weapon. Setter has been built by the Army's
pods on the other three. Jones selected Bentley's bird dog. The name, Setter, is Tank and Automotive Command. After
the World War I1 vintage gun carriage i n reference to the weapon's highly being fitted with a fire-control compu-
for the experiment because it could per- advanced sensor system which evolved ter in Dallas, Texas, the vehicle was
form the vertical and horizontal target in part from the homely experiments sent, in early September, to Redstone
tracking movements necessary for a conducted on MUSL with borrowed Arsenal where components are now
light air defense system. sights. being integrated.
The system was also fitted with a "Think about the functions that a "Though we're building something
day sight from a Navy jet fighter, a good bird dog does," said Bentley. "He that is a prototype, we don't want tc
night sight from a TOW missile and uses his eyes, ears and nose-multiple say this is a LADS or come up with E
a video screen to display the sight sensors-to find a n aerial target and to weapon system type name for it be
pictures. get t h e hunter to bring a shotgun cause that really isn't what we are try
The developers of MUSL, Jones, who around and shoot the bird. In this case, ing to do," Jones said. "H~wever,OUI
joined the missile laboratory in 1979 we're using multiple sensors to find a n primary objective is that a LADS can
after 11years as a n air defense officer, aerial target, to bring a weapon system didate will evolve from this."
and Ben Bentley, who with 16 years in around to bear on the target and allow According to Jones, a key factor ir
armament and aviation joined the lab- the gunner to engage it." Setter's fast development has been thc
oratory in 1982, think their system just Setter packs a lot of firepower in a availability of technology, such a s sen-
might be the lightweight air defense package that is small and light enough sors and the Spike rocket system, thti
system, or LADS, that the Army'slook- to be mounted on the roof of a high- was ready to be adapted to the system.
ing for. mobility, multipurpose wheeled vehi- A third man, Bill Dobbs, contributed a
In April 1982, a soldier using the cle (HMMWV-referred to a s Humvee) new type sensor he was working on for
MUSL weapon detected, tracked and without affecting its stability or struc- other applications. This sensor detectc
killed a target aircraft in a spectacular tural integrity. I t carries eight Stinger radar-type emissions and makes thc
night firing a t Fort Bliss, Texas. The missiles i n four pods like MI!SL and weapon effective in bad weather. Sucl
MUSL was then airlifted to Fort Lewis, Avenger but, unlike either, shoots technology "focusing," a major thrus.
Wash., and used two weeks by the 9th Spike rockets (Page 26) i n volleys of i n the missile laboratory, can speed thc
Infantry Division. There Boeing Aero- three, six or nine, and h a s a super- development of a weapon system. T h i ~
space representatives became in- sophisticated target sensor. The pods approach also has helped hold dowr
terested in the weapon, and from it and launcher components are pat- costs. The total technology demonstra
developed their Avenger air defense terned on lightweight armaments used tion program, including testing, prob
weapon. on helico~ters. ably won't cost more than $6 million.
Following those initial evaluations, The syitem also features a high-tech The unit is expected to be ready fo:
Jones and Bentley turned to applying sensor "suite" of special sensors and a testing and evaluation in late summe:
gY
WL-.c:
what they had learned with MUSL to a
.more advanced system they named for
&=
. .. -
1984
laser range finder that locate and cue a
gunner to targets. Sensor suite data is
I . L . C . - C 1.. ,.~
or fall 1985.
possible. The system will net
with Patriot fire control and
with Air Force and Navy air
defense command and control
systems. ESAM will serve a s
the primary air defense against
threat-helicopter assaults de-
signed to disrupt the operations
of the corps. I t may also be used
to defend a g a i n s t low-level
attacks on a Patriot fire sys-
tem's blind side.
The ESAM system will be
able to effectively operate on the
"Army 21" battlefield. ("Army
21" is the new designation for
w h a t w a s "AirLand Battle
2000.") I t will be the primary air
defense system found i n the
ESAM may evolve intoa system that bears little resemblancetotheartist'sconcep- Army 21 regiment. Additional
tion above.
ESAM systems will be a t the
airland force level to provide
A R DEFEN E
t l a d v
oil
- - I
and light forces. In addition, its design ters from the firing platform. The objec- of the Concept Based Requirements
will decrease the overall logistics bur- tive is for the missile to be terminally Systems. Technological developments
den currently found with existing ADA guided and have the capability of re- will be directed by a n operational and
systems. I t will be able to maintain ceiving a n initial or midcourse update. organizational plan which details the
continuous operations on a contami- What this means is that the missile will basic requirements for the system, in-
nated battlefield and operate for a n contain a seeker that will detect and cluding the way it will be used on the
extended time using only its organic track the target and will have the battlefield. Currently being written by
stores. Future data systems will permit target verified by the fire control prior the Directorate of Combat Develop-
automatic expenditure reports a n d to engagement. By using this design, ments, U.S. Army Air Defense AGillerp
, automated monitoring, anticipating the missile will home in on the target School, Fort Bliss, Texas, this plan is
and responding to the needs of the even if the firing platform can no longer the document that, once approved, will
immediatebattle. This automated logis- observe the target because of counter- allow materiel development of thc
tics system will help maintain the com- measures. It may also use multimode ESAM to begin.
bat effectiveness of the ESAM a t the guidance to prevent any single coun- To reduce the costs associated with
highest possible levels. termeasure from disrupting its seeker. the development of a new air defense
weapon system, ESAM will be made
Sensors Firing Platform and Fire Control from state-of-the-art technologies cur-
The ESAM sensor network will con- The ESAM firing platform will be a n rently available to weapons' develop-
sist of active radars and passive detec- autonomous weapon system that will ers. The system will "capture" those
tion devices that will give a three- have onboard detection, identification scientific advances that have alread!
dimensional, composite picture of the and engagement capabilities. If the been made and will mold them into e
location and the identification of all data links to the sensor network are weapon system that can defeat any
airborne platforms operating above the disrupted, the firing platform will use existing airborne threat it encounters.
defended force. The radars will have integral passive acquisition sensors These "ready" advances are available
sufficient detection range, probably 35 and non-cooperative positive hostile in all areas of weapon technology-
to 50 kilometers, to ensure that the fir- aircraft identification techniques to from the missiles to the radars.
ing platforms are alerted in sufficient target and engage threat aircraft. The The development of ESAM will fol-
time to engage threat aircraft before ability to conduct simultaneous en- low a n evolutionary approach, as the
the target can release its ordnance on gagements with the eight to 12 ready- system's name implies. I t will not be a
friendly assets. The combination of to-firemissiles makes the ESAM firing new weapon system, built in total then
active and passive sensors will make it platform a substantially better air wheeled out to replace Hawk a n d
difficult to countermeasure the ESAM defense artillery system than today's Chaparral, instead it will be developed
detection capability.
The sensor element will be mounted
Chaparral system. i n increments until the objective capa- I
The fire control for ESAM will be bilities of the system are finally avail-
on vehicles that can maneuver with the automated to the greatest extent possi- able. To achievethe objective, the Hawk
supported force. Individual sensor ele- ble. Because of the large numbers of and Chaparral systems will be modi-
ments will be netted via data links, airborne platforms that will be flying fied to capture technological advances
eliminating the need for the sensors to over the future battlefield, it will be needed by ESAM. For example, the
be physically connected to the fire con- extremely difficult for any fire control Hawk system may develop new radars
trol or firing platforms. Therefore, when operator to effectively direct the air and fire control that would be the basis
emplaced, the sensors and firing plat- battle. Therefore, to assist the fire con- for ESAM. Chaparral may develop pas-
forms will not be collocated. The sen- trol operator in conducting the air bat- sive sensors and the ability to obtain
sors will be positioned to maximize air tle, the priorities of the commander and sensor information from external
i coverage, while the firing platforms the capabilities and limitations of the sources. Eventually, after many im-
y: will be positioned to maximize fire-
power effectiveness.
various ESAM firing positions will be
programmed into the fire control soft-
provements, the objective capabilities
of ESAM will be realized. When devel-
t To detect airborne targets, the sensor ware. Using this information, the soft- opment is completed, however, ESAM
network also will have non-cooperative ware will set priorities of potential will not resemble either Hawk or
' positive hostile aircraft identification
r'
technologies to enhance the effective-
ness of the fires that ESAM can bring
targets grid recommend engagements
to the firing platforms. The fire control
operator will act as a system's check to
Chaparral, its basis for development.
*
on the airborne threat. The sensors ensure that the software is functioning CPT Keith A. Godwin is the Advanced
. will share acquisition data with the properly and i s not allowing any Concept and Plans officer of the Con-
SHORAD C2 system and all other air threats to penetrate the defended area. cepts andRequirements Branch, Direc-
defense command and control systems The fire control will be netted with torate of Combat Developments, U.S.
on the battlefield. One C-130 Hercules the SHORAD fire control of the de- Air Defense Artillery School, Fort Bliss,
will be able to transport the sensors fended unit and with ADA fire control Texas. A 1979 graduate of the U.S.
I' without modifications or breakdown of centers in the rear. Additionally, the
4
the sensor system. Military Academy and of the Air
fire control will also integrate non-
Defense Artillery Officer Advanced
- Missiles
ADA sensors t h a t detect airborne
Course, he is responsible for writing
?: ~h~ ESAM missiles will engage a threats with the sensor data.
the requirements documents for the
wide spectrum of airborne threats out Development ESAM system.
to a range of approximately 20 kilome- The ESAM system will be a product
Damned it They moot
. .. : Damned it They Don't?
I t began to rain; cursing the lenge switch and waited for a reply. elevating the weapon to the correct
weather, Simpson pulled up the An unknown response sounded. firing reticle, a n d launched the
hood of his poncho. An urgent early Even though visibility was low, Stinger missile. The missile im-
warning message belching over the Simpson thought he recognized the pacted just under the aircraft's air
TADDS receiver startled him to at- aircraft a s hostile. It appeared to intake. The jet turned into a fireball
tention. Unfortunately, some of the have the mid-mounted delta wings and nosed downwardin a fatal dive.
transmission was lost. "INITIAL of a MiG-21 Fishbed. Grasping a new weapon round,
TRACK, INITIAL.. .," the message Remembering Newberry's delay Simpson noticed two more Fishbeds
began. "AT LEGION 1-6,FEW, . . ., a n d t h e consequences, Simpson approaching from approximately
TRACK DESIGNATOR:. . . ." Feel- began to track the jet. Simpson the same position. But just as he
ing overwhelmed, Simpson did not quickly pressed the Stinger's safety shouldered the Stinger and started
attempt to plot the aircraft on his and actuator switch while contin- to engage theni, the aircraft turned,
manual SHORAD control system uing to track the jet. Almost in- giving Simpson a better view.
plotting and map case. stantly, he received a n acquisition Amazed, Simpson quickly identified
Shouldering his Stinger, he di- tone indicating t h a t the missile the aircraft as F-4 Phantoms. If
rected his weapon toward Legion 1-6 seeker had acquired the target. Next, these are not Fishbeds, he thought,
and waited for the aircraft to come he depressed the weapon's uncaging what about the one I just killed?
within visual identification range. switch. Receiving a steady acquisi- Simpson felt a n uneasy feeling
Then he opened up his identifica- tion tone, he knew that the missile's emanating from his stomach. Had
tion, friend or foe (IFF) antenna seeker head had locked on the target he shot down a friendly aircraft?
assembly. S u d d e n l y , S i m p s o n and was tracking it independently. Why hadn't they responded to his
noticed a fast-moving jet flying Simpson determined that the air- IFF challenge? Were the transpond-
through a n opening in the storm craft was in range by measuring it ers turned off, or broken? If only
clouds in the sky southwest of his on the weapon's range-ring sight, Newberry was here, he thought, I
position. He pressed the IFF chal- applied superelevation and lead by could talk to him about it. . . .
GUWIIEU'S PROflClENCY
s
F
2
Ei
P
a2
(I
4
V)
a
w
L
J
U
0
LL
5
m
3
Thischart shows the probability of Stinger gunners correctly identifying a single friendly aircraft
passing over their area. For example, a 98% proficient gunner would have a 98% chance of
correctly identifying the aircraft; two 98% proficient gunners, a 96% chance; and four gunners, a
92% chance.
L
Aircraft ldentif i c a t i o ~ ~
Two systems of aircraft identifica-
tion will be investigated-the direct
and indirect systems. The direct sys-
tem is the current visual and electronic
m e a n s of identification used by
SHORAD units. The indirect identifi-
cation system will allow netted
SHORAD units to identify aircraft
with information provided by other
elements and received through .com-
munications systems. SHORAD DUNNER
;
*
A+
,
.
-- - - -1.-
, r
--
and civilian electronic technician.
,-, '
AIR DEFENSE
- ,%I
eLt:-..J
L It'.
%'t=';;
I
_ -
T ' 2
. --.
+ >el-
.> - .- .-'
4
,+
.
4
nnnn3Dm-- A
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*quirements.
plus equip-
ment-be compatible with Army re- battalion soldiers. The planned family-
d a y event gave family members a
%hootsw another miwile, if neeeslsary.
-
"It is doing what it has been dmigned
d.-r
With the first requirement seemingly chance to see what the soldiers had to .dq" said Hmton about the equip
4/3 ADA began the first of three been doing while spending so many ment ibelf. "Thasoldiers @are! making it
training cycles, the "Pilot Phase," on long days and nights away from home, perPam to .i&smadmum eapabili&.
July 16. This two-week exercise was according to LTC Robert E. Huston, There are always .minorhuman e d -
followed by 30 days of "Search and commander, 4/3 ADA. nearing things $hat can b~ c k q d in
Track" maneuvers conducted a t White Commenting o n t h e direct h i t , future prod~.impmv;ame&t+, As the
Sands Missile Range and the North Huston said, "I was jumping up and soldiem b m e moEe familiar withit,
there are always ways to makeit easier high degree of proficiency in making they have been able to maintain their
to operate." the equipment do what it is designed to morale and spirit throughout."
The battalion 53,EPlAJ John Michael do." That includes, said the commander,
Hutchison. added. "We have found that Hustan emphasized. 'The soldiers all 485 of the battalion's soldiers. as
the only way to achieve a high level of have praatic2 their d'flls and opera- well as support people. "Everybody
sophistication is time on the equip- tion of equipment extensively and are has pulled together as a team to dem-
ment, We have been pleasantly sur- seemingly proficient atit. In fact, if you onstrate that we are, indeed, ready to
prised that, because the equipment has consider the amount of field duty that go to Germany."
held up and has been available to the these soldiers have had, I am extremely
soldiers, we have been able to achieve a proud, and sometimes amazed, a t how
radar set.
.-
*
a
Patriot missile launching stations silhouette the horizon as PV2 Michael Gotzke hooks up a heavy expanded mobility tactical truck for the system's
TG,.n
FALL 1984 ..,t
+" f-'
J
41
:&u
Regiment pinned down by Japanese his ability to perform them in peace
machine guns. Taking i n the situation a n d war.
a t a glance, he shouted to his men, "Get You will be introduced to the rudi-
the hell off the beach! Get up and get ments of these skills in our system of
moving. Follow me!" military schools. Through a self-
The moment was captured in a U.S. education process, such a s a profes-
Army in Action poster that inspired sional reading program in tactics, mil-
the well-known "Follow Me" statue a t itary issues and history, you must d e
the U.S. Army Infantry School. Yet, velop your professional awareness and
Newman never considered himself one a n appreciation of the need to master
of history's "bronze" men. "There are these skills. But it is only i n the unit,
born leaders," he wrote, "but I was not under repeated teaching and guidance
one of them. So I planned what I should by the chain of command, that you will
do to be a leader, for I was a com- really begin to develop the skills and
mander, and a man has no right to be a the confidence you need.
commander unless he is also a leader." Tactics and Operations
I n other words, leadership is some- Our Army fights combat battalions
m thing you must work at. I have some and supports them with combat sup-
(BG Stanislaus J. Hoey, former assist- guidelines to pass on to you that may port companies. Tactics is how we fight
ant commandant of the U.S. Army Air help. These guidelines were given to me those combat battalions and their in-
Defense Artillery School, Fort Bliss, when I was a fledgling lieutenant, and ternal companies, platoons, sections
Texas, and deputy commanding general were recently restated by my boss, LTG and squads. Combat unit leaders a t all
of the 32ndArmy Air Defense Command, Charles Graham, who refers to them a s levels must be masters of tactics-how
Federal Republic of Germany, will retire the "Tools of the Trade." They have to organize their soldiers, use their
this fall. The article below, written at the sustained me throughout my career. weapons and limited supplies effi-
end of his career, contains his advice to To become a leader, you must first ciently, fight their units and win. Sim-
junior air defense artillery officers at the become fundamentally competent in ilarly, operations is how we provide
beginning of theirs.) the profession of arms. You cannot act support i n our combat support and
with confidence until you are a master combat service support companies.
This year 456 newly commissioned of YOU' ~rofession- To become ComPe- Support u n i t leaders m u s t know
second lieutenants pinned on t h e tent inthe profession of arms, YOU must operations-how to provide that sup-
crossed cannon and missile insignia of master eight basic leadership skills: port under all conditions and in spite of
Air Defense Artillery. If you were one any obstacles. The combat unit must
Tactics and Operations have that support when and where it is
of them, you will soon discover that the Terrain Appreciation, Land
rank insignia on your collar is really a required so, collectively, the Army can
Navigation and Map Reading destroy the enemy and win. When war
symbol of servitude-servitude to your Weapons
country and to the soldiers you will begins, it is too late to read the field
Communications manual. The "how to do it" knowledge
command during your career. You will Maintenance
learn that the American soldier is a must be engraved in the leader's mind
Survival Tasks
proud soldier who demands profes- by study, practice and field experience
Troop Leading Procedures i n a combined-arms environment.
sional competence from his leaders. Estimates and Orders
The qualities that make a successful Terrain Appreciation, Land
leader are difficult to quantify, and the Without these "Tools of the Trade," Navigation and Map Reading
bond between the successful leader and you cannot hope to become a successful Our Army fights on or close to the
the led borders on the mystical. GEN leader or competent commander. ground. Even our helicopters fight and
George S. Patton once said, "I don't Within the civilian community, we survive next to the ground. Thus our
know what leadership is, but I have it." trust professionals to apply their skills leaders must understand the ground,
If leadership is something you don't and to be masters of their trade. For how to move about onit and how to use
have, you must set about acquiring it, example, a surgeon is trusted to safe- a map. We must use the ground to our
for you cannot become a competent guard our lives because of his profes- advantage and to the enemy's disad-
commander without becoming a com- sional training, knowledge, skill and vantage. This requires a thorough
petent leader. Luckily, leadership is a experience. knowledge of terrain, land navigation
trait that can be acquired. Military officers a n d non- and map reading. The map is a key tool
MG Aubrey S. Newman made his commissioned officers are profession- of our trade. It is a picture of the terrain
name synonymous with leadership als too. Our profession is the profession with which we can plan for fire, maneu-
on the beach where GEN Douglas of arms. As soldiers-leaders, we are ver and movement. All too often our
MacArthur staged his historic return expected to master certain fundamen- leaders become so familiar with their
to the Philippines. Newman, than a tal skills of our profession. Mastery of particular training areas that land nav-
regimental commander, arrived on the
beach and found the 34th Infantry
42
these skills provides the leader with
-
fidence in himself and in
I .
I
-*
igation and map reading are forgotten.
Then when the unit is required to oper-
-zy + i ..AIR
. DEFENBE
ARTILLERY
ate in a n unfamiliar environment, such Upon receipt of a mission, a good This is not a new notion:
a s the National Training Center or on leader schedules his time so he can "Troops are strongly influenced
a n exercise overseas, they fail. Good allocate one-third of the available time by the example and conduct of
leader-trainers plan map reading and for his planning and issuance of orders their leader. A leader must have
land navigation training so that it is and two-thirds of the time for his sub- superior knowledge, will power,
innovative and challenging. ordinate leaders to prepare for the mis- initiative and disregard of self. . . .
sion. A good leader issues the warning Mutual confidence between the
Weapons
The Army's mission is to destroy the order a s soon a s possible. He formu- leader and his men is the surest
enemy. Our weapons are the "tools of lates a tentative plan weighing the basis of discipline." FM 100-5,Oper-
advantages and disadvantages of pos- ations, May 22, 1941.
the trade" which we use to accomplish
this mission. As leaders, we must per- sible courses of action. Simultaneously, Leadership training should be a part
sonally know how to employ and to subordinate leaders use this guidance, of every unit's training plan. Specific
maintain all weapons in our unit. For following the warning order, to prepare time should be set aside for training in
example, leaders must be able to select and conduct any necessary movement. each of the leadership skills. Make a n
A good leader conducts a reconnais- estimate of your own capability. Grade
primary, alternate and supplementary
firing positions for their assigned ma- sance. In the offense, he conducts it a s yourself from "A" to "F." The goal
chine guns, construct the positions them- far forward a s physically possible. He should be a n "A." The minimum stand-
selves, prepare range cards and per- uses binoculars and a map for inacces- ard should be a "B." Do the same with
form operator maintenance. Leaders sible areas. During a delay, he recon- your subordinate leaders, and then con-
must know how to call for and adjust noiters subsequent positions to the duct leadership training to bring all to
supporting fires; call for and direct air rear. In the defense. he reconnoiters the desired level.
strikes; properly employ light anti-tank primary, alternate and supplementary Training the leaders i n the unit will
weapons; arm anti-personnel and anti- positions. develop their confidence. Only when
tank mines and emplace, record and Once a best course of action has been they have confidence can they lead
determined, a good leader completes effectively.
clear a minefield. In addition to a thor-
ough understanding of their own the plan and prepares the operation I hope the "Tools of the Trade" will
weapons, they must also know the order., assembles subordinate leaders help you stay oriented to the "real"
weapons of the enemy. and issues the order. Upon completion mission: making all Army units mis-
of that order, the subordinate leaders sion capable. To you, that means the
Survival Tasks should still have two-thirds of the a i r defense artillery unit must be
A leader must know how to survive available time for preparation. trained to ARTEP standards and to
on the battlefield. He must be physi- accomplish its assigned missions. The
Estimates and Orders
cally fit so he can fight aggressively. unit must have technically competent,
He must know how to camouflage his Estimates are a n ongoing process for
motivated, disciplined and physically
men and equipment and ensure con- the combat leader. He continually con-
and mentally fit soldiers trained to
tinuous improvement of his unit's posi- siders the significant factors of mis-
soldier's m a n u a l s t a n d a r d s a n d
tion. Hand in hand with camouflage sion, enemy, terrain a n d weather,
molded into cohesive, highly coordi-
are light a n d noise discipline and the troops and other assets available, time
nated teams. Most importantly, the
masking of thermal signatures. What and space. These factors are then con-
unit must be led by professionally qual-
can be detected c a n be destroyed. sidered in light of their advantages
ified, tactically and technically profi-
Knowing when to dig in, where to dig and disadvantages. Estimates keep
cient, dedicated officers, such as you,
in and the assets available increases him continually prepared for the unex-
and non-commissioned officers who
survivability. Sometimes digging in pected.
truly care for the men and women who
means making a tired soldier with a n Orders are the communication of a
serve under them.
entrenching tool dig his primary, alter- leader's intentions and directions. The
nate and supplementary fighting posi- Army uses the five-paragraph field BG Stanislaus J. Hoey is the chief of
tions a t the end of a n already fatiguing order format. Leaders should always staff, Second U.S. Army, Fort Gillem,
day. This is the essence of "taking care follow that format because it improves Ga. Commissioned in artillery in 1954,
of the troops." A leader must be secur- the clarity and understanding of the he was assigned to Fort Bliss, Texas,
ity conscious 100 percent of the time. order. Good leaders ensure their subor- in 1958, first as a student and then as
While in static positions, good security dinates not only understand the spe- battery executive officer with the 1st
comes in the form of observation posts cific instructions but, most impor- Guided Missile Group. Hoey servedas
during the day and listening posts at tantly, understand how the leader vis- a military advisor with the 23rd lnfan-
night. During moves, flank security ualizes the operation to be executed. try Division at Ouang Duc, Republic of
should be present. Security can be en- Thus, in the heat and confusion of bat- Vietnam, in 1963. He commanded the
hanced with the use of recognition sig- tle, subordinates will comply with both 6th Battalion, 562ndArtillery, and the
nals, both visual and audible. A leader the letter and the spirit of the order. 69th Air Defense Artillery Group in
must know first aid and how to fight the FederalRepublic of Germany. Pro-
Leadership Training
and survive in a n NBC environment. moted to brigadier general in 1980, he
Once you have mastered the eight
served as deputy commanding gen-
Troop Leading Procedures basic leadership skills, it will become
eral of the 32nd Army Air Defense
Troop leading procedures arethe time your responsibility to teach them to
Command and became assistant com-
tested logical processes a t every level of others. It is the responsibility of lead-
mandant of the U.S. Army Air Defense
command to prepare for and accom- ers a t all levels to teach their subordi-
Artillery School i n 1 9 8 2 . Hoey
plish the mission. Troop-leading proce- nates these skills; it cannot be deferred
accepted his present assignment
dures are what leaders do to make tac- to service schools or to chance that the
Jan 16, 1984.
tics and operations happen. junior leader will learn it on his own.
FALL 1984
Anti-Aircraft Artillery at
Remagan: 'An Obstinate LO^'^,^^^.,,,^^..^^^.^
"Leave the artillerymen alone,"
Napoleon said. "They are a n obstinate
lot." American anti-aircraft artillery-
men lived up to Napoleon's estimation
of them i n their defense of t h e
Remagen Bridge in Germany in the
closing days of World War 11. For al-
most two weeks after U.S. infantry
seized the bridge, which the Germans
tried but failed to blow up, anti-aircraft
artillery (AAA) units protected it and
an adjacent American-built pontoon y
bridge even though there were reports Americans crossed, Hodges called LTG which to move up the engineer bridges,
that the Americans had reached the Omar N.Bradley a t 12th Army Group. the divisions to exploit the crossing,
bluff overlooking the bridge. An artil- Bradley replied, "Courtney, this will and the AAA units to defend the bridge
lery captain arrived to say his artillery bust him wide open ....Shove every- against airborne and, possibly, water-
pieces were still coming up to the west thing you have into it." GEN Dwight borne attack. To get to the bridge, AAA
bank, and Scheller didn't want to blow D. Eisenhower reacted no less urgently gunners used every available road
the bridge and trap the guns on the when he heard the .news of the cross- space, even if only one battery could be
west bank of the Rhine. ing: "Go ahead and shove five divi- moved a t a time.
At 1 p.m. 2LT Emmet J. Burrows, sions across, Brad." Once a t the bridge, a n initial AAA
looked down from a bluff to the west Within 24 hours, 8,000 Americans defense, which included 90mm AAA
and above the bridge. Burrows, a n were on the east side of the Rhine, and guns and automatic weapons, was set
infantry platoon commander with the First Army, instead of occupying up. Searchlights and SCR-584 radar
Task Force Engeman, 9th Armored the Rhineland while the Third Army were employed upstream i n river-
Division of LTG Courtney H. Hodges' and British 21st Army Group made surveillance roles to detect German
U.S. First Army, saw that the bridge assault crossings of the Rhine, became efforts to mine the river.
was intact. Burrows' company com- the initial allied spearhead into the At first, the enemy's air effort
mander, 1LT Karl H. Timmerman, heart of Germany. And then came the against the defense was persistent but
called for the division's task force com- artillery. usually executed by aircraft operating
mander, COL Leonard Engeman. The singly or in pairs, and no concerted
9th Armored Division Combat Com- There was no opportunity to attacks by large formations were at-
mand B (CCB) operations officer, MAJ build up an AAA defense in tempted. On the afternoon of March 8,
Ben Cothran, also arrived on the bluff depth near the shore before 11 Junkers (Ju) 87s and one Messer-
and saw the bridge still standing. "My the crossing. schmitt (Me) 109 struck against the
God!" he said. "I've got to get the old bridge. The famous Stuka, the Ju-87,
man." The old man was BG William M. Actually, the artillery was already could carry one 1,102-pound bomb and
Hoge, CCB commander. Soon a t the there. During the afternoon of the four 110-pound bombs, and its maxi-
scene, Hoge told Engeman, "I want crossing on March 7, some sections of mum speed was 217 mph. The 482 AA
you to take that bridge as soon as the 482nd AAA Automatic Weapons AW Battalion (SP), a s a result of a
possible." (AW) Battalion Self-Propelled (SP) remarkable action. claimed all 12 of
About 3:15 p.m., Engeman heard arrived a t the bridge. By 3 p.m., March these aircraft a s destroyed and seen to
from CCB's other column which had 8, the majority of the 482nd was in crash.
entered a nearby town called Sinzig. A position with six guns on each side of On March 9 in daylight, 17 enemy
German civilian had told them that the the bridge. The AAA gunners were aircraft were over the area, again
bridge a t Remagen was going to be neither alone nor unendangered. De- singly or in pairs. These aircraft, show-
blown precisely a t 4 p.m. Although the spite constant German artillery fire on ing more caution than their ill-fated
Germans did not in fact have a precise the morning of the 8th, the 634th AAA predecessors, took violent evasive
schedule, BG Hoge acted on the rumor. AW Battalion Motorized began to pre- action and flew a t lower altitudes than
Timmerman's company fought pare positions on the east bank, and those of the previous day. All attacks
through Remagen a n d neared the the 413th AAA Gun Battalion (Motor- were repulsed, and claims for the day
bridge about 4 a.m. ized) moved into position on the west were 12 enemy aircraft destroyed, in-
At about the same time, Scheller dic- bank of the Rhine. cluding Heinkel (He) 111, Me-109, and
tated the written order to blow the This rapid deployment should not go Focke-Wulf (Fw) 190 types. ..
bridge. After he read it, Bratge shouted unnoticed. Unlike a carefully planned On March 10, General Field Marshal
the order to Friesenhahn, who turned river crossing against a strong enemy Albert Kesselring assumed command
the key to activate the electric circuit position, there was no opportunity to of German forces in the west. He con-
and set off the explosives. Friesenhahn build up a n AAA defense in depth near ferred with Luftwaffe commanders,
turned it three times but nothing h a p the shore before the crossing. urging them to knock out the Remagen
pened. He then called for a volunteer However, American AAA units had Bridge and any other bridge the Amer-
who went out on the bridge, ignited the not been totally unprepared for defense icans might (and did) build. On March
primer and dashed back to the east should there be a n opportunity. On 10 and 11, 47 and 15 aircraft, respec-
side. March 1, all AAA units were alerted to tively, made scattered attacks i n unfa-
There was a sudden booming roar. the plan for concentrating First Army vorable weather. Both high- and low-
Timbers flew wildly i n the air. The AAA units if and when the retreating level bombing was attempted, accom-
bridge lifted as if to rise from its foun- German army should fail to destroy a panied again by violent evasive action.
dations. Covering himself against the bridge. Anti-aircraft commanders of No damage was done, and claims for
flying debris, Friesenhahn breathed a the 111, V and VII Corps were advised the two days amounted to 29 aircraft
sigh of relief. The job was done. But that when the necessity arose, the AAA destroyed and seven probables.
when he looked up again, the bridge units defending the crossings of the On the night of March 11to 12,Amer-
was still there. Roer River west of the Rhine, airfields ican anti-aircraft assets were increased
Timmerman's Company A, 27th and all other Army areas would be by the addition of the 639th AAA AW
Armored Infantry Battalion, was soon made available to augment the auto- Battalion, and the 110th and 134th
across the bridge and on the east bank. matic weapons within their corps. AAA Gun Battalions. This raised the
(Scheller escaped on a bicycle and rode But getting AAA units from the Roer total defenses to 16gun batteries (all on
to higher headquarters to report that to the Rhine a t Remagen was not easy. the west bank) and 25 automatic weap-
the bridge was a o t blown; Bratge and The road net presented a difficult prob- ons batteries (equally divided between
Friesenhahn became POWs.) As more lem. Only one narrow road existed over east and west banks).
FALL 1984
Improvement in the weather during the fight, for from that date enemy air- area and was exempted from having to
the day of March 12 coincided with a n craft did not press attacks on the bridge impose hold-fires for friendly aircraft,
increase to 84 aircraft in the scale of from low altitudes. No .balloons were all of which were ordered to avoid the
attack. In addition to types previausly lost as a result of enemy fire, but 20 area. The radius of this zone was 15,000
employed, one Me-262, the first turbo were destroyed by friendly anti-aircraft yards, and its ceiling was 10,000 feet.
jet-powered aircraft over Remagen, fire in .the area. Since only one well-aimed bomb
was seen. Again, no formation bomb- By March 14, the gun defense had could have destroyed the Remagen
ing was attempted, and most raids been built up-to the following forinida- Bridge or the pontoon bridge which
were executed a t low level. Not with- ble concentration: had been hastily constructed adjacent
standing the enemy.use of cloud cover, to the railroad bridge, AAA cd'kmand-
claims of 31 destroyed and eight prob- ers believed that the only means of pro-
a b l e ~mere reported. tedingthe bridges at night was to keep
On March 13, enemy activity in- enemy aircraft completely out of the
creased ta 97..airmaft, but-there was no area. Therefore, it was decided that a n
change in-tactics baause Ule Germans umbrella-type night barrage would pro-
were unM11ng to risk deliberate bamb- vide adequate protection. The number
h g runs without which hits on a pin- of automatic weapons in the vicinity df
pfat target were unlikely. The em- the bridges could put out such a high
ployment of four Arado (Ar) 234 jets on volume of fire that even the most dar-
raunnaissance marked the first a p ing Luftwaffe pilot could hardly be
pearance of this type aircraft over the .expeded to face it. This proved to be
bridgehead. Claims on this day were 31 true, and no aircraft penetrated any of
destroyed and 13 probables. the barrages fired.
By the morning of March 14, the A line running northeast and south-
974th Balloon Barrage Squadron, west was projected to separate the
Royal-AirForce, arrived. The squadron bridges in the area a n d h segregate fire
made a notable contribution to the units into two umbrella sectors. All
defenses of Remagen. Twenty-five bal- The totals seem to suggest that the units northwest of this line fired at the
loons were immediately sent aloft Americans were serious about keeping azimuth of the bridge in their sector; all
within a circle .of 2,000 yards radius the bridge. fire units southeast of the line fired at
from the bridge and were flown day At the same time of the buildup of the azimuth of the.bridge in the south-
and night. The British contribution these defenses, the Remagen Inner east sector. A high barrage was used
marked a significant turning point in Artillery Zone was declared a special when aircraft attackedabove6,OOOfeet,
and a low barrage was used when air- barrage was the fact that it gave all- March 20; attacks against the Rema-
craft attacked below 6,000 feet. round protection and could engage a n gen area ceased.
For either barrage, circles with radii attack from several directions a t the Adolf Hitler wanted.to know why the
of 1,000, 2,000 and 3,000 yards were same time. The barrage fire protected bridge had not been blown in the first
drawn around each bridge. To produce the bridge during the most critical place. Fairly paranoid by then, he sus-
the low barrage, all 40mm or 37mm period of the bridgehead operation. pected it was the work of treachery,
guns within the 1,000-yard circle fired On March 14, the Germans dis- and he convened a military tribunal to
a t a quadrant elevation of 20 degrees. patched 80 raiders by day and 14 by investigate the matter. Four heads
All 40mm and 37mmguns between the night. The Americans recognized a t rolled, including that of MAJ Hans
1,000-yard and 2,000-yard circles fired least 67 a s jets, which indicated a com- Scheller, last seen escaping from the
at a quadrant elevation of 25 degrees, plete change of tactics. These aircraft bridge on a bicycle and who was any-
and all 40mm and 37mm between the made bombing runs with great speed thing but a traitor. CPT Bratge might
2,000-yard and 3,000-yard circles fired (the Me-262-1-1Aflew 539 mph, the Ar- have considered himself lucky to be a
a t a quadrant elevation of 30 degrees. 234B-2 430 to 461 mph). They usually POW of the Americans since he too was
The Quad 50s within each circle of attacked a t altitudes between 1,000 and given a death sentence. CPT Friesen-
these radii fired five degrees higher 2,000 feet. Again, single aircraft and h a h n , also a POW, was acquitted
than the 40mm or 37mm guns. The small fights were employed, but the i n absentia.
high barrage was similar except that speed of the jets was a severe test for Anti-aircraft defense a t Remagen
all guns fired 20 degrees higher. the artillery a s indicated by a propor- contributed greatly to the success of
During the firing of either barrage, tionate reduction i n anti-aircraft the initial Rhine bridgehead. The
the elevation and azimuth trackers of claims, which totalled only five de- German air force flew 442 sorties but
the 40mm a n d 37mm guns slowly stroyed and 13 probables by day and had not been able to cut the flow of I
rotated their hand wheels one turn in six destroyed and one probable by American troops and supplies crossing I
I
either direction of the center point, and night. On the other hand, the reluc- Remagen bridges. Anti-aircraft gun-
the Quad 50s varied azimuth and ele- tance of the jet pilots to reduce speed on ners claimed 142kills and 59 probables
vation five degrees in each direction of the bombing- run was without doubt a and, after 13 days, the Luftwaffe gave
the designated point. primary cause of their inaccurate aim. up and ceased to enter the Remagen
An automatic weapons officer sta- March 14 marked the climax of the area. The American artillerymen, a n
tioned in a 90mm gun battery SCR-584 German effort a t Remagen. On March "obstinatelot," had accomplished their
radar site relayed warnings and com- 15, the enemy abandoned the jet as- mission.
mands to fire automatic weapons by sault and committed only 12 aircraft.
radio. When a n enemy aircraft was On the 16th, there was only a single
tracked to within 10,000yards of either sortie. IAAA Units Emp.loyedinthe Rami@m Areal
bridge, he ordered a standby for either Having failed by air, yet always re-
low barrage or high barrage, depend- sourceful, the Germans tried other
ing upon the altitude of the aircraft. If means of retaliation, both by land and
the aircraft was below 4,000 feet, he water. On March 16, a tank-mounted,
gave the command to fire when it 550mm piece called "Karl Howitzer"
approached to within 6,000 yards. The flung a 4,400-pound projectile at the
barrage was limited to only 10 seconds bridge but only damaged nearby
of fire. If the aircraft should again houses. From March 12 to 17, they fired
attempt to attack, the barrage was 11 V-2 (the V was for Vergeltungs-
repeated. When the aircraft left the waffen, or vengeance) rockets from the
area, the officer waited five minutes Netherlands, one of which hit a house
and then gave orders to resume normal 300 yards east of the bridge, killing
alert status. three Americans, the first and only tac-
This automatic weapons barrage tical use of that weapon in World War
was fired on five nights. On three 11.
nights, it was fired three times. The The railroad bridge, weakened by
average ammunition expenditure per Scheller's unsuccessful demolition at-
night was 320 to 400 rounds of 40mm tempt and U.S. artillery and t a n k
and 20,000 rounds of .50-caliber ammu- rounds which had hit the bridge during
nition per battalion. In addition to the its capture, collapsed unexpectedly a t
20 balloons destroyed by barrage fire, 2:30 p.m. on March 17. That night, the
friendly troops suffered six casualties Germans came by water. Seven frog-
from falling rounds. The anti-aircraft men with oxygen masks, flippers and
commanders agreed that the automatic Dr. Thomas J . Keiser is the U.S. Army
plastic explosives slipped into the
weapons barrage had accomplished its Rhine to blow up the pontoon bridges, Air Defense Artillery School branch
purpose, for enemy pilots, after seeing but a n anti-aircraft searchlight battery historian at Fort Bliss, Texas. He re-
the umbrella of fire above the vital spotted them, and the frogmen became ceived his bachelor's degree frorn
areas, failed to press home their POWs. Indiana University, his master's frorn
attacks. Promiscuous anti-aircraft fire On March 18,12 aircraft, six a t night, the University of Notre Dame, and his
did not occur, since there was no auto- attacked the anti-aircraft guns taking doctorate from the University of Read-
matic weapons fire permitted a t night a considerable toll. On thenights of the ing, England. He has taught U.S. his-
other than the barrage fire. One espe- 19th and 20th, the enemy lost 12 out of tory for the University of Maryland in
cially meritorious point in favor of the 20 and six out of 15 respectively. After Europe.
Personnel system P REENLISTMENT AND RECLASSIFICATION
Army's N~edSbyMsGElsieDarling
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FALL 1984
Personnel Needed for Attache Duty graphy and Computer Science. The individual
Enlisted personnel in grades E-6 and E-7 are selected will be responsible for the design, admin-
needed to fill worldwide positions in the Defense istration a n d instruction of computer science
Attache System. The military occupational spe- courses and for the development and management
cialty requirement for all enlisted positions is 71L, of systems to support computer-based research in
administrative specialist. the department.
Noncommissioned officers i n other administra- In addition to relevant academic qualifications,
tive MOS/CMF may apply if qualified and willing the committee will consider the scope and quality
to be reclassified in MOS 71L. An additional skill of military experience and other evidence of mil-
identifier of E4 is awarded following completion of itary competence. Completion of Command and
attache training. General Staff College is highly desirable. Candi-
Tour lengths are two or three years. NCOs who dates lacking a doctorate degree should have a
successfully complete a n attache tour can satisfy master's i n computer science or a closely related
the experience prerequisites for appointment to discipline and be qualified and willing to complete
warrant officer i n MOS 961A, attache technician. work toward a doctorate degree in computer science
Interested personnel are encouraged to review within two years.
all of the prerequisites and application procedures Officers interested i n applying for this position
contained in AR 611-60, Assignment to Army may obtain application information by contact-
Attache Duty (May 15,1983, edition only). NCOs ing LTC J. K. Burns, Selection Committee secre-
desiring additional information or assistance after tary, Office of the Dean, USMA, West Point, NY
reviewing AR 611-60may call the Enlisted Assign- 10996 by Nov. 30, 1984. Telephone: Commercial
ment Coordinator, MSG Tom Chorba, Fort Meade, 914-938-2105;AV 688-2105.
Md., AV 923-5314 or AV 923-6805.
Common Skills Testing in AIT
Army Looking for Club Managers Some of the skills t h a t new soldiers learn early
The Army needs soldiers in grades E-5 and E-6 in basic training and phase 1 of one-station unit
to fill openings in the club management career training (OSUT) are perishable. According to
program, according to Military Personnel Center Army officials, too often these skills deteriorate
officials. to a n "unacceptable" level before the students
Applicants must have less than 16 years of ser- graduate.
vice and have had previous experience in food Arecent Army study revealed t h a t if these basic
service, business administration or financial skills are not reinforced in later training, they are
managements. often forgotten before new soldiers graduate from
Soldiers selected will receive on-the-job training advanced individual training (AIT) or phase I1 of
in a club manager position before attending a OSUT. To counter this "skill decay," the U.S.
nine-week course a t Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind. Army Training a n d Doctrine Command-.h a s
Before submitting applications, soldiers should begun a program within initial entry training that
contact their local personnel office and follow the will provide soldiers refresher training and eval-
procedures outlined i n Chapter 7, AR 614-200, uation for 30 basic common skills.
Selection Of Enlisted Soldiers For Training And These 30 skills will be evaluated during the final
Assignment. four weeks of AIT and OSUT. They are the same
Applications should be submitted through corn- skills in which new soldiers are currently tested
mand channels to: before they graduate from basic training and
Commander, USAMILPERCEN, phase I of OSUT. Soldiers who don't meet the
ATTN: DAPC-OPA-C, performance standards for a selected skill will
200 Stovall Street, receive reinforcement training and be re-evaluated
Alexandria, VA 22332-0400. before they depart AIT or phase I1 of OSUT.
(ArNews) Besides beginning reinforcement training i n
those areas, TRADOC is also integrating many of
USMA Needs Associate Professor the tasks into field training exercises. The purpose
T h e Superintendent of t h e U.S. Military of these steps is to help the command meet its
Academy h a s announced t h a t the Academy h a s objective: ensuring that all soldiers demonstrate
extended until Dec. 31,1984, its search for a sea- the ability to perform the 30 selected basic com-
soned, midcareer officer to serve a s permanent mon skills before they leave initial entry training
associate professor i n the Department of Geo- for their first unit assignment. (TRADOC OCPA)
Apache Tests Weapon Systems lets. The new M-855 ball round, which incor-
The AH-64 Apache attack helicopter blazed its porates a steel penetrator in the bullet's nose, can
way to Yuma Proving Ground, Ariz., in August to penetrate helmets a t almost three times the dis-
initiate first article testing on its weapon systems. tance of the standard M-193 ball round. When
First article testing, a s required by Department fully loaded for firing, the weapon weighs 22
of Defense on any new production item, ensures pounds.
that government specifications are met by the Deployment of the M249 squad automatic
contractor. weapon will greatly improve firepower and sur-
The first Apache rolled off the Hughes Helicop- vivability of the infantry squad on the modern
ter, Inc., production line in fall 1983. Armed with battlefield. (ArNews)
Hellfire anti-armor laser-guided missiles, a 30mm
automatic gun and 2.75-inch rockets, it will be the Future Stinger Role Under Study
Army's primary helicopter, succeeding the Cobra The Army is studying the adaptation of the
attack helicopter. The Apache, which is equipped Stinger missile for dual-role air-to-air and air-to-
with the basic tank-killing abilities of the older surface defense suppression on its AH-1 Huey-
Cobra, has the latest computer and fire-control Cobra, UH-60 Black Hawk and AH-64 Apache
technologies. helicopters. The Army is well along in equipping
Six additional Apaches will arrive a t Yuma its OH-58D Kiowa scout helicopters with either the
Proving Ground before December 1984 for pilot Stinger or another lightweight missile.
training. Instructor pilots will be trained' and, in
turn, will train other Army pilots.
The Army is scheduled to buy 515 Apaches Navy Contracts Vertical Lift Aircraft
before the end of the decade. (Outpost)
FALL 1984 53
1-
(Courtesy of Sikorsky Aircraft)
ACAP Helicopter Takes First Flight Beyond demonstrating the feasibility of a high-
The world's first all-composite-aidkame heli- performance composite airframe, the ACAP heli-
copter made its first public'flight at West Palm copter is designed to meet stringent ballistic-
Beach, Fla., i n mid August. T.he aircraft, de- tolerance criteria. It also is intended to have its
veloped under the Army's Applied Technology occupants survive a 42-foot-per-second vertical
Laboratory's advanced composite .airframe pro- impact and roll-over, through a combination of
gram .(ACAP) and built by United Technologies' impact-absorbing landing gear, long-stroke seat
Sikorsky Aircraft, flew for 20 minutes. supports and crushable fuselage structure.
The Army set a n ACAP target weight savings of Composites, which are layers (plies) of fabric-
22 percent, a cost savings of 17 percent and a like materials impregnated with resins, have a
reliability and maintainability savings of 20 per- number of distinct advantages over metal struc-
cent, all compared to a n equivalent "baseline" tures. They are stronger and stiffer on a pound-for-
metal airframe. The ACAP helicopter bettered all pound basis and are highly resistant to corrosion
ofthese with 24 percent in weight savings, 23 per- and fatigue.
cent in cost savings and more than 20 percent in T h e mechanical properties of composite
reliability and maintainability. materials-such as stiffness and strength-are
The hericopter has 65 percent fewer parts and 75 tailored to the requirements of specific locations
percent fewer fasteners than a n equivalent metal o n the airframe by varying the number of plies,
airframe. This greatly reduces the overall labor their orientation to each other and the type of
required for the aircraft and cuts the assembly composite material used.
time.
f -.
Air Force Tests New Helicopter ter in the world. I t uses components of the Army's
UH-6OA Black Hawk utility helicopter and the
engine a n d transmission components of t h e
Navy's SH-60B Sea Hawk.
The Night Hawk also incorporates special nav-
igation, terrain following, survivor location and
defensive systems t h a t will make i t unique among
helicopters. (Air Force Magazzne)
FALL 1984
Air-to-air Javelin Development Stopped
rnanufactured-in the United States, in Europe or mounted missile cost-effective. The Gazelles have
by a combined effort. a short in-service time left.
France, West Germany, Italy and Britain have Various options for air-to-air weapons are
signed a memorandum of understanding with the now being considered for the next generation of
United States for the joint development and pro- helicopters.
duction of the system. According to the British The British Royal Navy, however, has rushed
master general of the ordnance, arrangements for the Javelin into service to protect its warships
European production is likely to be agreed upon patrolling in the Persian Gulf. I t is reported that a
detachment of Royal Marines have been trained
i n the use of the weapon. The marines were origi-
nally scheduled to receive Javelin next year, after
Sidewinder SAM for West Germany initial deliveries to the British army.
West Germany intends to start.development of a
surface-to-airversion of the Sidewinder missile for
delivery in 1986. Swiss Get Improved Rapier
This Chaparral-like system, based on the AIM- The first British Rapier low-level defense sys-
9L Sidewinder, will be used by Luftwaffe base tem has been handed to the Swiss army. Enough
commanders to supplement Rheinmetall 20mm equipment was delivered to allow the first officer
MK Rh 202 twin-gun systems and Rolands. training course to start in July, followed by the
The Sidewinder system, which will be remotely first troop training in October.
operated from a fire-control post, will comprise a A development program for the Rapier included
four-missile trailer equipped with a TV camera. the addition of a.radar display unit to provide the
Firing information will be taken from various operator with a visual threat assessment, a n
FALL 1984
strap-on weapons pods and minelaying equip- ered 22 helicopters to Cuba in 1983, including two
ment a s the combat helicopters. Mi-2 Hoplite transports, four Mi-4 Haze anti-
The Mi-28 Havoc, a new attack helicopter sim- submarine helicopters and 16 Mi-17 Hip-H assault
ilar in size and appearance to the AH-64 Apache, transports.
has been described by the Department of Defense
a s typical of the Soviet Union's new more powerful Soviets Continue R F Weapon Development
helicopters with improved armament and signifi- I n the 1984 Soviet Military Power, Secretary of
cantly improved performance. Defense Caspar W. Weinberger reports that the
First official mention of the Mi-28 was in the Soviets are continuing a n intensive effort aimed
1984 Soviet Military Power. The report described a t the development of high-power microwave and
the Havoc a s slightly slower than the Mi-24 Hind millimeter-wave sources for radio frequency (RF)
(186 mph vs. 198 mph) but with a n improved com- weapons. Soviet RF technology has now advanced
bat radius (149 miles vs. 99 miles). to the stage where it could support development of
With a low-profile Apache-style fuselage, the a prototype, short-range weapon. The report indi-
Havoc will not have the Hind's troop-carrying cates that "many Western weapons systems would
capacity. About the only other details to emerge so be vulnerable to such a weapon, which not only
far describe a three-bladed tail rotor and tail- could damage critical electronic components but
dragger landing gear. also inflict disorientation or physical injury on
There have been reports from Afghanistan that personnel."
the Havoc has seen limited operational employ- The RF weapon development is part of a pre-
ment during the offensive against the Afghan viously announced Soviet directed-energy de-
rebel forces in the Panshir region. velopment program which includes high-energy
NATO sources indicate the Soviet Union deliv- lasers and particle-beam weapons.
Dr. Robert Cooper, director of the Defense He said that the new system h a s two interceptor
Advanced Research Projects Agency, reported to missiles: one for use against aircraft and one that
the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee last has been tested and built with.an ABM capability.
summer that the Soviet Union had begun deploy- An artist concept of the system, which has been
ing a new anti-aircraft system which could be designated SA-X-12,is pictured above.
rapidly converted to anti-ballistic missile defense.
c
THE REPORT OF THE PRESI- lence has often been endemic, it may Harbor: 1941, this volume takes a
DENT'S NATIONAL BIPARTI- be naive to hope for a moderate, sweeping look a t the final 600 days
SAN COMMISSION O N CEN- democratic and peaceful solution to of World War 11. Collier weaves
TRAL AMERICA the area's problems in the foresee- together eyewitness accounts by
by The President's National Bipar- able future. obscure heroes and heroines from
tisan Commission (with a foreword There are a number of assertions several countries with the political,
by Henry A. Kissinger) in the report that can be questioned. military and diplomatic doings of
Macmillan Publishing Co., New To mention only two, at several familiar figures such as Roosevelt,
York, 1984.176 pages. $7.95. points the commission insists that Churchill, S t a l i n , Eisenhower,
In January 1984, the Kissinger the United States has no objections Hitler and Rommel. Heroism is the
Commission on Central America, to social reform or even revolutions theme, but scenes of appalling
appointed the previous July, sub- in Latin America, provided only destruction dominate the book.
mitted i t s report to P r e s i d e n t that they are indigenously based Photos.
Reagan. After a brief review of cur- and supported. Such a n assertion is
rent conditions in Central America, disingenuous, for few revolutions THE HARRIER
the report discusses the region's his- can succeed without a t least some by Bill Gunston
torical development and U.S. policy outside assistance. It might be re- Arco Publishing, Inc., New York,
toward the area. It then delves more called, for example, that the Ameri- 1984. 64 pages. $1 1.95.
deeply into economic, political and can Revolution required French as- This latest in Arco's modern fight-
social developments of the past two sistance. Furthermore, it is difficult ing aircraft series, The Harrier gives
decades, reviews security issues and to believe that the United States the history of the aircraft and brings
concludes with a chapter titled, would have no objection to a leftist readers up to date with plans for
"The Search for Peace." Through- revolution, even one that had no new versions for the U.S. Marines
out, the commission makes both outside ties. If the U.S. government and Britain's Royal Air Force.
general and specific suggestions to was willing to intervene to oust Although the design is more than
guide American policy. Salvador Allende in Chile, who 20 years old, the British Aerospace
Briefly stated, the commission came to power in 1971 not by revolu- Harrier, in different versions, is still
finds a serious crisis rooted in the tion but by a democratic election, one of the most important aircraft in
region's terrible poverty, totally in- would it not be even more tempted to the West today. It performed bril-
adequate health care, repressive oust leftists who came to power liantly in the Falklands conflict,
and corrupt governments, and revo- through revolution? playing a central part in the recov-
lution supported, a s the commission Secondly, the commission is fond ery of the island. Because it can take
charges, by Cuba and the Soviet of saying that the Sandinistas be- off and land vertically, the aircraft
Union. The commission hopes that trayed the Nicaraguan Revolution. does not need prepared airfields or
the United States will respond to the It may be correct, for there are many huge aircraft carriers. Though
crisis by helping create conditions Nicaraguans who welcomed the small, it packs a big punch in its
that, over time, will abate political overthrow of Anastasio Somoza, combat role.
instability and revolution. It also only to dislike the turn of events
urges a political dialogue with the when the Sandinistas consolidated CHEMICAL WARFARE
Sandinista government in Nicara- their control. But it is a good bet that Government Publications Outlook,
gua, and it hopes to encourage the the current Nicaraguan rulers still U.S. Government Printing Office,
revolutionaries in El Salvador to enjoy substantial internal support. Washington, D.C., S / N 008-020-
FALL 1984
between ground ADA systems and inflicted considerable damage. In
Closing the enemy aircraft requires that the
threat must be anticipated by care-
other words, the battalions need a
Stinger MANPAD section manned
filr Defense GaD ful positioning of weapons, detected
by sophisticated radar and coordi-
by air defense soldiers. If it is not
employed organically, then the sec-
by CPT John R. Drebus nated by complex electronics. tion should be consolidated for train-
Perfect placement of weapons ing and support only. Each battal-
The Redeye air defense missile presumes perfect knowledge of ion should be doctrinally assured of
was fielded in the 1960s with the enemy intentions, in other words, having their team reattached for
primary goal of providing combat perfect intelligence. This is highly combat.
units a simple, effective, organic unlikely. Should a n air attack occur As part of a combat maneuver
means of defense against enemy air other than a s anticipated, it is too organization, the Stinger crews
attack. late to shift ground
- assets to counter should be mounted on something
Even though i t is a "tailpipe" sys- it, and we must live (or die) with more substantial than the current
tem more suitable for revenge than what is in place. As for the sophisti- vulnerable jeep and trailer. A more
defense, it provides the combat sol- cated electronics, poor availability suitable mount would be the M-113,
dier with the confidence that he can rates and enemy suppression can be particularly a s they are made avail-
a t least fight back against the most expected to eliminate a sizable por- able by the fielding of the M-2 and
advanced aircraft. tion of that capability. The result is M-3 infantry and cavalry fighting
This confidence may soon disap- that many of the bubbles drawn on vehicles.
pear, however. During the past sev- situation maps to portray the "imper- Since the Stinger is considerably
eral years a disturbing trend in air meable" ADA umbrella are certain more effective than the Redeye, Air
defense artillery doctrine and employ- to burst once the battle is engaged. Defense Artillery is unlikely to will-
ment has developed. In its haste to The air defense tacticians point ingly relinquish these assets now
develop the division air defense artil- out that those maneuver units not that they have been successfully
lery organization a n d integrate allocated ADA assets still have the consolidated. If this proves to be the
weapons capabilities, the ADA com- capability of massing small arms case, there is another less satisfac-
munity has aggressively sought to fire. Consider the odds, however. tory alternative-retain the Redeye
consolidate all air defense systems, Compared with their World War I1 (less crews) in the maneuver units.
including the manportable ones. counterparts, modern high- The Redeyes would be dispersed
These weapons would then be allo- performance warplanes carry 30 throughout the battalion and car-
cated based upon a n overall air d e times more ordnance, fly several ried within the combat vehicles
fense plan with no assurance that a times faster and can linger on sta- until needed. They would be used for
unit would receive a n y specific tion four times longer. Both rotary- self-defense only, which means they
assets. Judging from the direction wing and high-performance aircraft would be maintained under a per-
that force structuring is heading, it now deliver guided or smart ord- manent "weapons hold" status. The
is possible that artillery and maneu- nance that allows them to attack training of non-ADA soldiers to fire
ver battalions may find themselves from comfortable standoff posi- the weapons should not prove diffi-
with the right but not the means to tions. cult because of the Redeye's rela-
defend against air attack. The new M-1 Abrams tank, on the tively simple design. Extensive air-
Many arguments have been pro- other hand, sports the M-2 .50- craft identification and complex
ferred to support consolidation of caliber heavy machine gun of World command coordination would not
the MANPAD systems. These in- War I vintage a s its primary air be required. If the Redeye is to be
clude the massing of ADA fires a t defense capability. Compare and used against only those aircraft ac-
the area of greatest perceived threat, contrast. Massing small arms fires tually shooting a t you, aircraft iden-
expanding the role of MANPAD is difficult with dispersed forma- tification becomes academic, and
from self-defense to a n attrition mis- tions and could result only in dis- you already have the authority to
sion and improved training of air closing positions of the weapons. shoot back.
defense skills. While some of these The maneuver battalions deserve MANPAD appears to be the best
arguments have merit, they also a more adequate solution. They need last line of self-defense against the
create potential deficiencies. a n air defense weapon t h a t will aerial threat. Removing this capa-
Air defense i s exactly that- assure a t least minimal effective bility from the control of the combat
defense. Unlike tactical fighter air- protection for all units, not just battalions is akin to denying them
craft which can seek out their foe those that happen to fit the area the right of self-defense.
and react with comparable mobility, ADA plan. This weapon should be
ground ADA systems must wait small and lightweight, relatively CPT John R . Drebus isan armor cap-
until the enemy aircraft are within easy to employ, simple to maintain tain stationed in Munster, lnd.
range and then engage. They can and can preferably defeat or dis- (Reprinted from Armor, the magazine of mobile
only react. The mobility differential courage the enemy before he has warfare, M a y-June 1984)
AIR DEFENSE
%Z ARTILLERY
of critical static assets farther to the tion indirectly by air defense units
rear. The "Army of Excellence" force defending static rear assets. Critical
structure design reorganizes the static assets can better be protected
Chaparral batteries from the divi- by denying enemy aircraft low-level
FALL 1984
Coming in the Winter Issue . . . Patriot Deployc
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