Manual Cpillar

CPillar version 4.
Tutorial 1 Quick Start: Rigid Analysis of Square Pillar

Square pillar model
Rigid Analysis
Generalized Hoek-Brown (GSI, mi, D) Strength Criterion
Deterministic Analysis
Sensitivity Analysis
CPillar v. 4.0 Tutorial Manual Tutorial 1: Quick Start: Rigid Analysis of Square Pillar
Introduction
This model represents a square 10 x 10 m pillar with a thickness of 4 meters. There is 1 meter
of overburden and 1 meter of free water (6 (4+1) = 1).
The lateral stress is defined by gravity. Lateral stresses will be calculated based on the
Horizontal / Vertical stress ratios (0.8 in both x and y directions).
Model Setup
If you have not already done so, start the CPillar program by double-clicking on the CPillar icon
in your installation folder. Or from the Start menu, select All Programs > Rocscience > CPillar
4.0 > CPillar 4.0.
If the CPillar application window is not already maximized, maximize it now, so that the full
screen is available for viewing the model. You will have a 3D pillar displayed on the screen.
Open the Project Settings dialog and in the General tab, ensure the Units are set to Metric,
stress as MPa. We will use the default Latin Hypercube sampling method with 5000 samples,
and the default water unit weight of 0.00981 MN/m3. Click on the Project Summary tab.
Change the Project Title to CPillar Quick Start. Click OK.
In CPillar, the entirety of the input parameters are entered in the Pillar Information side panel.
To change a parameter, click on the value and enter the new value or select from the dropdown
as necessary. In this example, we will use the following parameters. Enter the following data
into the panel:
Parameter Value Statistical Distribution

Analysis Method Rigid N/A
Analysis Type Deterministic N/A
Pillar Length 10 m N/A
Pillar Width 10 m N/A
Pillar Height 4m N/A
Rock Unit Weight 0.027 MN/m3 N/A
Overburden Unit Weight 0.02 MN/m3 N/A
Is Pillar Permeable? No N/A
Stress Type Gravity N/A
Water Height 6m N/A
Overburden Thickness 1m N/A
Horizontal / Vertical Kx 0.8 N/A
Horizontal / Vertical Ky 0.8 N/A
Generalized Hoek-Brown
Strength Type N/A
(GSI, mi, D)
Intact UCS 60 MPa N/A
Geological Strength Index 50 N/A
Intact Rock Constant mi 10 N/A
Disturbance Factor 0 N/A
1-2
The Pillar Information side panel should look as follows:
Note that since we have selected the Deterministic Analysis Type, we do not see the option to
assign any statistical distributions to our parameters. As such, a Probability of Failure will not
be calculated.
Results
We are now ready to view the results in the Results Table. During a Deterministic Analysis, the
results are computed automatically.
Your results should looks as shown:
Note that since this is a Rigid Analysis, shear is the only failure mode; as such Shear is the only
failure result displayed.
Sensitivity Analysis
CPillar allows the user to plot a Sensitivity Analysis, in order to see the effect certain parameters
have on the results.
Click on the Sensitivity Analysis button in the toolbar. Select the Add button in the Sensitivity
Analysis Input dialog. Select the Water Height variable from the variable drop-down menu. Set
the range from 3 to 9 m. The dialog should look as follows:
1-3
Click Plot. Your screen should look as shown:
As expected the Factor of Safety decreases rapidly after the 5 meter mark. Recall that 5 meters
is the height of the pillar and the overburden thickness (4 + 1 = 5 m). The factor of safety will
decrease very rapidly when there is a dead weight of free water present.
This concludes Tutorial 1. The finished product of this tutorial can be found in the Tutorial 01
Quick Start.cpil data file in the Tutorials folder of your CPillar installation folder.
1-4
CPillar version 4.0
Tutorial 2 Elastic Analysis of Roof Beam (Long Excavation)

Roof beam model
Elastic Analysis
Hoek-Brown Strength Criterion
Constant lateral stress
Probabilistic Analysis
Histogram Plot
CPillar v. 4.0 Tutorial Manual Tutorial 2: Elastic Analysis of Roof Beam (Long Excavation)
Introduction
This model represents a roof beam (10 x 100 m) with a thickness of 1 meter. There is 1 meter
of overburden having the same density as the beam.
The lateral stress is defined as a constant. Lateral effective stresses of 2 0.5 MPa in both the
x and y directions will be used.
Model Setup
4.0 > CPillar 4.0. You will have the 3D pillar displayed on the screen.
and the default water unit weight of 0.00981 MN/m3. Click OK.
To change a parameter, click on the value and enter the new value or select from the dropdown
as necessary. In this example, we will use the following parameters. Enter the following data
into the panel:

Analysis Method Elastic N/A
Analysis Type Probabilistic N/A
Mean Pillar Length 10 m None
Mean Pillar Width 100 m None
Mean Pillar Height 1m None
Mean Rock Unit Weight 0.027 MN/m3 None
Mean Overburden Unit Weight 0.027 MN/m3 None
Is Pillar Permeable? No N/A
Stress Type Constant N/A
Mean Water Height 0m None
Mean Overburden Thickness 1m None
Normal
Mean Horizontal Sigma x 2 MPa Std. Dev. = 0.5 MPa
3x std. dev. checkbox
Normal
Mean Horizontal Sigma y 2 MPa Std. Dev. = 0.5 MPa
Strength Type Hoek-Brown N/A
Normal
Mean Intact UCS 50 MPa Std. Dev. = 5 MPa
2-2
Normal
Mean Rock Mass m Value 0.3 Std. Dev. = 0.05
Mean Rock Mass s Value 0.0001 None
Normal
Mean Rock Mass Modulus 5000 MPa Std. Dev. = 1000 MPa
The Statistical Distribution is changed by clicking on the distribution icon to the left of the
parameter value. The Pillar Information side panel should look as follows:
Your roof beam model should look as shown:
2-3
Notice that for a Probabilistic Analysis, the mean input parameters are entered in the side
panel. We have entered several probabilistic variables (Horizontal Sigma x, Horizontal Sigma y,
Intact UCS, Rock Mass m Value, Rock Mass Modulus). For a Probabilistic Analysis a Probability
of Failure is also calculated.
Results
We are now ready to view the results in the Results Table. By default, the Probabilistic Analysis
is set to automatically compute the results. This option can be changed in the Autocompute
dialog in the Analysis menu.
For an elastic analysis two failure modes are considered: Shear (vertical lippage at abutments)
and Elastic Buckling.
Your results should looks as shown:
The probability of failure is zero for both failure modes.

Note the tension count under Shear Probability. This indicates the number of cases where the
shear strength was lowered due to bending induced tensile stresses. In this case it occurred in
5000 out of the total 5000 samples. If the first number is zero, then a rigid analysis will give the
same shear factor of safety. In general, the shear factor of safety from an elastic analysis will
be between 50 and 100% of that determined from a rigid analysis, depending on the magnitude
of the calculated bending stresses, and the lateral stresses.
Note that the Elastic Buckling safety factor is high. This is to be expected. Elastic buckling will
only be an issue if:
1. lateral stresses are high, and/or
2. span/depth ratio is high, and/or
3. rockmass modulus is low.
Probability of Failure Histogram
Now change the Mean Intact UCS value to 5 MPa with a Std. Dev. of 1. A Shear Probability of
Failure greater than zero has now been calculated in the Results table, as shown:
It is helpful to plot a histogram of the data, in order to see the meaning of the Probability of
Failure value. Click on the histogram button in the toolbar. Leave the default setting of Shear
Failure Mode and Factor of Safety data. Ensure the Highlight Data checkbox is checked and
2-4
leave the default Factor of Safety of 1. The Histogram Plot dialog should look as follows:
Click Plot. Your screen should look as follows:
Notice the red shaded area on the left side - this represents the 0.28% probability of failure
value. That is, this area represents the 0.28% of the 5000 cases (entered in the Project Settings
dialog) which resulted in a factor of safety less than 1.
Elastic Analysis of Roof Beam.cpil data file in the Tutorials folder of your CPillar installation
folder.
2-5
CPillar version 4.0
Tutorial 3 Voussoir Analysis of Rectangular Roof Plate

Rectangular roof plate model
Voussoir Analysis
Mohr-Coulomb Strength Criterion
Probabilistic Analysis
Arch snap-thru (buckling due to gravity) theory
CPillar v. 4.0 Tutorial Manual Tutorial 3: Voussoir Analysis of Rectangular Roof Plate
Introduction
This model represents a rectangular roof plate (30 x 20 m) with a thickness of 2.5 meters.
The Voussoir analysis method will be used. The Voussoir method is applicable for low
confining stresses. A span to depth ratio smaller than 3 is not recommended.
External lateral stress is not an option for a Voussoir analysis. Lateral stress exists, but it is
induced by the arching action of the rock, it is not an input parameter.
The Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion will be used. Cohesion is automatically set to zero for
a Voussoir analysis when using the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion. Only a friction angle is
entered.
Model Setup
4.0 > CPillar 4.0. You will have the 3D pillar displayed on the screen.
and the default water unit weight of 0.00981 MN/m3. Click OK.
In this example, we will use the following parameters. Enter the following data into the panel:

Analysis Method Voussoir N/A
Analysis Type Probabilistic N/A
Mean Pillar Length 30 m None
Mean Pillar Width 20 m None
Mean Pillar Height 2.5 m None
Mean Rock Unit Weight 0.03 MN/m3 None
Mean Overburden Unit Weight 0 MN/m3 None
Mean Face Dip 0 degrees None
Mean Overburden Thickness 0m None
Mean Support Pressure 0 MPa None
Strength Type Mohr-Coulomb N/A
Normal
Mean Intact UCS 45 MPa Std. Dev. = 5 MPa
Normal
Mean Rock Mass Friction Angle 30 degrees Std. Dev. = 5 degrees
3-2
Normal
Mean Rock Mass Modulus 3500 MPa Std. Dev. = 500 MPa
Normal
Mean Poisson Ratio 0.25 Std. Dev. = 0.05
The Pillar Information side panel should look as follows:
Note that when using the Mohr-Coulomb Strength Criterion with a Voussoir analysis, the
cohesion is automatically set to zero, since by definition the roof is supporting itself through
frictional resistance only.
Since we have entered several probabilistic variables (Intact UCS, Friction Angle, Rock Mass
Modulus, Poisson Ratio), this is a Probabilistic Analysis - a Probability of Failure is also
calculated.
Your plate model should look as shown:
3-3
Results
The Voussoir Analysis Method, considers three modes of failure:

1. Shear (vertical slippage at abutments);
2. Arch snap-thru (buckling due to gravity);
3. Localized crushing failure.
We can see these in the Results table:
The driving force for Arch Snap-Thru buckling is the self-weight of the rock. Note that the
Arch Snap-Thru section displays a Mean Buckling Parameter. This parameter calculated in
a Voussoir analysis represents the percentage of unstable arch configurations for a given
geometry and rock mass modulus. A buckling parameter greater than or equal to 35% indicates
that the roof is unstable. The 35% corresponds to a midspan deflection of 10% of the beam
thickness. This means that arch stability can also be assessed by monitoring the displacement
at midspan, relative to the undeflected state.
Note also the Probability of Failure defined as Low. The failure probabilities correspond to mean
buckling parameter ranges as indicated below:
Failure Probability Mean Buckling Parameter

Low 0 - 10
Medium 10 - 25
High 25 - 50
Very High > 50
Collapse of the Arch
Now lets gradually collapse our arch by decreasing the plate thickness.
Pillar Height = 1 meter
In the Pillar Information side-panel change the pillar height from 2.5 meters to 1 meter. Your
results should look as follows:
3-4
Note that the Shear factor of safety increases, while the Snap-Thru and Compression factors
of safety decrease. Note also the increase in the arch Midspan Displacement, from 10.4 mm to
63.5 mm. The Probability of Arch Snap-Thru Failure has increased from Low to Medium.
Pillar Height = 0.8 meters
In the Pillar Information side-panel change the pillar height to 0.8 meters. Your results should
look as follows:
Again, Shear factor of safety increases, while Snap-Thru and Compression stability decreases.
Arch midspan displacement is now 102 mm. Recall that when the midspan displacement
reaches about 10% of the plate or beam height, arch collapse is imminent.
Pillar Height = 0.5 meters
Finally, reduce the pillar height to 0.5 meters.
The arch is completely unstable, and failure probability is 100%.
Voussoir Analysis of Rectangular Roof Plate.cpil data file in the Tutorials folder of your CPillar
installation folder.
3-5
Additional Exercise
It is left to the user to experiment with other variables.

For instance, enter a mean support pressure = .01 MPa, and re-enter the original pillar height
of 2.5 meters. Gradually increase the support pressure in increments of .01 MPa. You will find
that the midspan displacement will decrease towards zero, the Compression safety factor will
increase to 100.0 (an arbitrary number indicating a high value), and the Shear factor of safety
remains virtually unchanged.
This last result may seem unusual, however it is an outcome of the Voussoir analysis
technique, and the fact that the shear strength is based only on the Mohr-Coulomb friction
angle. In fact, it is generally true of a Voussoir analysis, that the Shear factor of safety will
not change as the deadload is increased or decreased, all other parameters being constant,
whether the change in effective deadload is due to a change in rock density, addition of
overburden, specifying a dip angle, or addition of support pressure.
This will not necessarily be true if the user is working with the Hoek-Brown Strength Criterion.
3-6
CPillar version 4.0
Tutorial 4 Empirical Scaled Span Approach

Critical Limitations of the Scaled Span Empirical Approach
Model Set-up
Results Interpretation
Additional References
CPillar v. 4.0 Tutorial Manual Tutorial 4: Empirical Scaled Span Approach
Introduction
There are three basic approaches for evaluating the stability of crown pillars or designing new
ones: i) empirical methods; ii) analytical methods; and iii) numerical modeling. The Scaled Span
method is an empirical method, separate from the analytical analysis used in the previous
CPillar tutorials.
The scaled span empirical approach was initially developed for steeply dipping ore body
geometries. The method requires the user to estimate crown geometry and assess whether
the stope geometry is steep or shallow, in order to apply the most appropriate empirical
relationships.
The user must also assess controlling, not average, rockmass quality (including assigning the
stress and water terms within the estimated Q value). These are important considerations in
correct application of the Method. Accordingly the user should familiarize themselves with the
following critical limitations before applying the method.
Critical Limitations:
Each of the following critical limitations is described in more detail in the paper Guidelines for
use of the Scaled Span Method for Surface Crown Pillar Stability Assessment. The links below
go to the relevant sections of the paper.
Revised Scaling Approach - Shallow Stopes (Section 6.1 - pg 14)
Estimating controlling rock quality (Section 7.1 - pg 22)
Assessing change in rock quality and failure risk with time (Section 7.2 - pg 23)
Influence of Structure (Section 7.3 - pg 25)
Optimizing definition of water and stress terms (Section 7.4 - pg 26)
Accounting for overburden or lake bodies (Section 7.5 - pg 26)
Model Setup
In order to use the Scaled Span method, we must know the crown pillar geometry and the Q
values of the rock mass.
It is important to note here that the Q value must be the full Q - the value must include the
water and stress terms. This is imperative for considering the water and stress terms in the
Scaled Span analysis.
We will consider a crown pillar with the following geometry and Q data:
Parameter Value
Qmin 1.9
Qmax 31.5
Thickness 32 m
Span 15 m
Length 35 m
Ore Dip 60 degrees
Rock Unit Weight 2.8 g/cm3
4-2
Select Analysis > Empirical Scaled Span Design Method

You will now see the Scaled Span dialog, as shown:
To illustrate the approach, we will first consider average geometry values, but will enter the
range of rock quality. Enter the crown pillar data in the dialog and select Compute Scaled
Span. Your dialog should look as follows:
4-3
Our Cs value has been calculated and an area has been highlighted on the chart.
The Cs value is known as the Scaled Span. It is calculated using the equation shown in the
dialog. This value characterizes the geometry of the crown pillar. The equation evolved from
the simple Rule-of-Thumb methods of crown pillar evaluation. It was developed as a more
accurate relationship which could be properly scaled to rockmass quality.
Once again it should be noted that Cs only characterizes the geometry of the pillar, not taking
into account the influence of clamping stresses or groundwater. This is why the full Q with
water and stress terms must be used in the analysis.
Results
We can now interpret the results on the chart. The calculated Cs = 4.15 value is used to select
the y coordinate of the highlighted box. The width of the box is defined by the Qmin and Qmax
values, shown on the x-axis.
Our pillar is placed in the range of Classes B through F (noted in the white area), with a
probability of failure ranging from ~1% to ~50% (red lines). We will click on the Design
Guidelines Chart button to see what this information means. You will see the following table:
4-4
As expected ranges B through F constitute a probability of failure between 0.5% and 50%. In
this case we will take the worst case scenario, B. This indicates that the life expectancy of the
pillar is very, very short-term (~1 year), and that public access is forcibly prevented. This would
be acceptable in a mining block where surface risks can be mitigated perhaps by incorporating
continuous sophisticated monitoring if critical surface infrastructure is sited over the crown
area, but would not be acceptable for mine closure handover.
Since the Critical Scaled Span value for 50% Pf = FoS = 1 is defined as Sc = 3.58Q0.44. For this
example, we can take the Qmin value =1.9, and substitute in this expression to estimate the
Critical Scaled Span giving Sc = 4.75. This value indicates the maximum stable scaled span at
50% Pf (FoS=1 for this rockmass quality.
While it is preferred that results of Scaled Span assessments be presented in terms
of Probability of Failure (Pf), if desired, a crude estimate of the factor of safety can be
approximated (Carter et al, 2008) from the following expression:
FoS = Fc0.6
where Fc = Sc/Cs = 4.75 / 4.15 = 1.14, yielding an estimate of FoS = 1.08.
References
More information about the Scaled Span empirical method can be found in the paper
Guidelines for use of the Scaled Span Method for Surface Crown Pillar Stability Assessment.
Additional information can be found in the Online Help at the link below:
https://www.rocscience.com/help/cpillar/webhelp/CPillar/Empirical_Design.htm
Carter, T.G., 2014. Guidelines for use of the Scaled Span Method for Surface Crown Pillar Stability
Assessment., Proc. 1st International Conference on Applied Empirical Design Methods in
Mining, Lima-Per, 9-11th June, 34pp
Carter, T.G., Cottrell, B. E., Carvalho, J.L. and Steed, C.M. (2008) Logistic Regression
improvements to the Scaled Span Method for dimensioning Surface Crown Pillars over Civil or
Mining Openings Proc. 42nd US Rock Mechanics Symposium and 2nd Can-US Rock Symp. San
Francisco. Paper 08-282 10pp
4-5

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CPillar version 4.

Tutorial 1 Quick Start: Rigid Analysis of Square Pillar

Parameter Value Statistical Distribution

The Pillar Information side panel should look as follows:

Click Plot. Your screen should look as shown:

Tutorial 2 Elastic Analysis of Roof Beam (Long Excavation)

Parameter Value Statistical Distribution

Your roof beam model should look as shown:

The probability of failure is zero for both failure modes.

Probability of Failure Histogram

Click Plot. Your screen should look as follows:

Tutorial 3 Voussoir Analysis of Rectangular Roof Plate

Parameter Value Statistical Distribution

The Pillar Information side panel should look as follows:

The Voussoir Analysis Method, considers three modes of failure:

Failure Probability Mean Buckling Parameter

Collapse of the Arch

Pillar Height = 1 meter

Pillar Height = 0.8 meters

Pillar Height = 0.5 meters

Finally, reduce the pillar height to 0.5 meters.

The arch is completely unstable, and failure probability is 100%.

It is left to the user to experiment with other variables.

Tutorial 4 Empirical Scaled Span Approach

Select Analysis > Empirical Scaled Span Design Method

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