.

...

 . ...

2006.
 1.10.2 OSI ....................................................... 46
1.10.2.1 Bridge Switch...................................................... 47
1.10.2.2 ,
I ......................................... 49
1.1 .................................................................................................. 2 1.10.2.3 ......................................... 50
1.2 .................................................................. 3 1.10.3 OSI .................................................................. 51
1.2.1 .......................................................... 4 1.10.3.1 Router-................................................................. 52
1.3 LAN, WAN ..................................................................................... 7 1.10.4 OSI .......................................................... 53
1.3.1 ........................................................... 7 1.10.4.1 ............................. 53
1.3.2 Peer to peer .................................................................. 9 1.10.5 OSI .................................................................... 54
1.3.3 Client Server ................................................................ 9 1.10.6 OSI ......................................................... 54
1.3.4 ......................................................................... 9 1.10.7 OSI ............................................................ 55
1.3.5 ............................................................. 14 1.11 Network Gateways........................................................................... 56
1.3.6 Client Server ....................................... 15 1.12 ......................................................................... 57
1.4 ........................................................................ 20 1.12.1 ........................................................ 57
1.4.1 ............................................................................ 20 1.12.2 ..................................... 61
1.4.2 .................................................................................... 20 1.12.3 NetBEUI................................................................................ 62
1.4.3 .................................................................................... 21 1.12.4 IPX/SPX................................................................................ 62
1.4.4 ()................................................................... 21 1.12.5 TCP/IP .................................................................................. 64
1.4.5 .............................................................. 21 1.13 ........................................................ 68
1.4.6 ............................................. 22 1.13.1 Novel NetWare ..................................................................... 68
1.5 Ethernet ............................................................................... 23 1.13.2 Unix....................................................................................... 69
1.5.1 CSMA/CD ............................................................................... 23 1.13.3 Windows NT ......................................................................... 69
1.6 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet ....................................................... 25 1.14 ............................................... 70
1.6.1 10Base5 Thicknet................................................................... 25 1.14.1 ................................................................. 70
1.6.2 10Base2 ................................................................................. 26 1.14.2 UTP .............................................................................. 72
1.6.3 10BaseT ................................................................................. 28 1.14.3 Repeater ............................................................................... 74
1.6.4 EIA/TIA .................................................. 29 1.14.4 ................................................................ 75
1.6.5 IEEE 802.3u 100BaseTX ....................................................... 29 1.14.5 ............................................................ 76
1.6.6 100BaseT4 ............................................................................. 29 1.15 TCP/IP ......................................................... 77
1.6.7 100BaseFX............................................................................. 30 1.16 TCP/IP ................................................................... 81
1.6.8 IEEE 802.12 100BaseVG-AnyLAN ........................................ 30 1.16.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)................................... 81
1.6.9 IEEE 802.3z 1000BaseX........................................................ 30 1.16.2 Internet protocol (IP) ............................................................. 82
1.7 Token Ring .......................................................................... 31 1.16.3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ............................................ 82
1.8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface ...................................................... 33 1.16.4 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) ..................................... 82
1.9 .............................................................................. 35 1.16.5 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)..................................... 83
1.9.1 LAN- ................................................ 35 1.16.6 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ................................................. 83
1.9.2 ................................................... 36 1.16.7 Post Office Protocol (POP)................................................... 84
1.9.3 802.11 Protocol ...................................................................... 37 1.16.8 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)................................. 84
1.10 OSI ................................................................. 39 1.16.9 SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol (SNMP) ..................... 84
1.10.1 OSI ................................................................ 44 1.17 IP ................................................................................ 85
1.10.1.1 NIC , MAC ............................................................. 44 1.17.1 ....................................................................... 85
1.10.1.2 Hub MAU............................................................ 46 1.17.2 Subnet Mask......................................................................... 85
 1.17.3 ................................................................ 85
1.17.4 ................................................................ 86
1.17.4.1 Routing .................................................................. 86
1.17.4.2 IP ................................................... 87
1.17.4.3 Subneting .............................................................. 88 , je
1.17.4.4 DHCP .................................................................... 90 .
1.17.4.5 APIPA.................................................................... 92
1.18 Ports and Sockets ........................................................................... 94

1.19 TCP/IP Utilities ................................................................................ 96
,
1.20 Peer-to-peer .................................................... 103 . ,
1.21 DNS ............................................................................................... 108 .
II -
2.1 ......................................................................110 , .
2.1.1 ........................................................110
2.1.2 .......................................................111 peer-to-peer LAN -.
2.1.3 ............................................................112
2.2 ......................................................................116 .
2.3 ..................................120
2.4 ..................................................123 ,
2.5 ................................................................127
, .
III -
3.1 .......................................................................130
3.1.1 .................................135
3.2 .................................................................139
3.3 ........................................................141

IV -
4.1 PC- ........................................................143
4.2 Wi-Fi ......................................................150
4.3 ............................................159
4.4 ..............................................................163
4.5 AppleTalk.......................................................................................169
4.5.1 ....................................................................................169
4.5.2 AppleTalk ..........................................169
4.5.3 AppleTalk .........................174
4.5.4 ..................................................................174
4.6 Linux i LAN ....................................................................................177

..........................................................................................202


1.1

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21 22


1.5 Ethernet , 2,500 ,

.
PC .
.
1973 Xerox Ethernet
. Digital Equipment Intel
Xerox 1973 DIX . 1980 - Xerox ,
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE). IEEE . ,
. IEEE 802 (bandwidth)
. IEEE 802.3 Ethernet. (maximum operating speed) . CSMA/CD
collision avoidance ( ). Carrier
Ethernet : The data, the MAC address of Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
the packets source, the MAC address of the packets destination and an ,
error checking code. (, MAC , .
MAC ). ,
(MAC medium access controler). , . ,
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. cyclic redundancy
check (CRC -).
CRC -.
, .

( ).

1.5.1 CSMA/CD

Ethernet Carrier Sense

Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). Multiple access
, .
. Carrier
sense
,
. ,
.
.
,
. Collision detection
.

.

23 24


1.6 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Thicknet backbone (, ) ,

drop
. drop Thicknet
IEEE . transceiver -.
, 10base5, 10
. Base
baseband . Baseband transceiver- Thicknet
. 5 ( vampire tap
) 500 .
. ransceiver
network interface card (NIC)
1.6.1 10Base5 Thicknet ( )
DB-15
Speed: 10Mbps () , DIX (Digital
Cable: thicknet coaxial (, ) Intel Xerox) AUI (Attachment
Maximum Length: 500 meters (1,640 feet) ( ) Unit Interface).

Transceiver - 13
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. .
100 .
.
, Thicknet
. Ethernet .
RG-8 . , .
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11
(node),
drop cable.
Speed: 10Mbps
Cable: thinnet coaxial (, , )
Maximum Length: cable 185 meters (607 feet)

12 : IEEE , "2"
10Base2 200 ,
185 meters.

25 26


Thinnet BNC
LAN drop , British Navel Connector .
NIC "bayonet"
500 . () (
, ) nut .
BNC "T" .
BNC Bayonet Nut Connector.
thicknet - . , - -
"thinnet" 185
. , Thinnet .
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) .

1.6.3 10BaseT

Speed: 10Mbps
Cable: shielded or unshielded twisted-pair
Maximum Length: cable 100 meters (328
feet)
Maximum number of nodes per segment:
1024 Connector: RJ-45

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) .
BNC T Shielded
Twisted Pair (STP), UTP
. BNC
()

.

( , UTP
). .
,
wisted pair
barrel . .
UTP
185 , (8 ). 10BaseT
. ,
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T 4 .
barrel . 10Base2
30 . 14

27 28


1.6.4 EIA/TIA 1.6.7 100BaseFX

100BaseFX Fast Ethernet fiber- .

Electronics Industries Association / Telecomm-unication Industries .
Association UTP (EIA/TIA 568A). .
fiber
, 5 . , SC
, ST. SC
.
Category Max Speed Mbps ,
2
1 Analog voice only
.
2 4 100BaseFX
3 16
5. .
4 20
, .
5 100
1.6.8 IEEE 802.12 100BaseVG-AnyLAN
1.6.5 IEEE 802.3u 100BaseTX 100BaseVG-AnyLAN
Fast Ethernet 3.
Speed: 100Mbps
Cable: shielded or unshielded twisted-pair
1.6.9 IEEE 802.3z 1000BaseX
Maximum Length: cable 100 meters (328 feet)
Maximum number of nodes per segment: 1024
"gigabit Ethernet", 1000BaseX laser- fiber-
1000 Mbps.
100BaseTX "Fast Ethernet".
5.

1.6.6 100BaseT4

100BaseT4 Fast Ethernet

3 4.
. 100BaseT4
.

29 30


1.7 Token Ring token -,

. Token Ring : The data, the
MAC address of the packets source, the MAC address of the packets
destination and a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) error checking code.
(, ,
Token Ring ).
IBM - 1984. .
IEEE .
802.5 Institute of .
Electrical and Electronics Engineers. token
oken ring .
,

.

15

token ring
Multistation Access Unit (MSAU or
MAU).
17
16

token ring ,
nline
token. Token
. Token
.
token -.
token -.
token , .
Ethernet CSMA/CD
.

31 32


1.8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface

.
Multimode LED ,
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) American single-mode .
National Standards Institute (ANSI X3T9.5 standard ) 1980 -,
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO). OSI FDDI , .
,
OSI .
.
. FDDI
FDDI - .
100 Mbps . token passing
Token Ring ,
.

.
.
, ,
.
,
.

FDDI -
, single-mode
multimode. mode

. , mode
.
Single-mode fiber
mode
. Multimode
mode
.

18 mode
,
modal dispersion, the bandwidth ( )
multimode
.
Single-mode , . Single-
mode
.

33 34


1.9 .
LAN .

.
LAN (WLAN WiFi) , hub-, switch-,
. router-, .
wireless ()
access point (WAP) . .

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) .

802.11 . 802.11 , 1997, ,
2 Mbps (million bits per second). ,
1999 IEEE 802.11b , 11 Mbps. point-to-point .

802.11b , IEEE 1.9.2

802.11 54 Mbps, 802.11a.
802.11b 802.11a, 802.11b
.
default -, open
connections ( ).
802.11a 802.11b , .
. 2002- , ,
802.11g. 802.11g 54 Mbps, ( ).
802.11b. 802.11g hacker .
802.11b , 11 Mbps.
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) 802.11
IEEE 802.11 WAP 30 . WEP
100 . , ( notebook ) access point
, , ( ). PC
. , (integrity check)
.
802.11b 802.11g 2.40 (GHz). 802.11b
802.11g WEP PC (shared static
, , encryption key)
2.4 GHz . 802.11a 5 GHz. .
single-use key
1.9.1 LAN- ( ). , IEEE
802.11i .
.
. , 802.11i EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol). 802.11i
(). , .

35 36


proxy
. 802.11i authentication protocol (
)
. bluetooth
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard).

IEEE 802.11i , Wi-Fi Alliance,

- -
, WPA (Wi-Fi Protected
Access). WPA RC4 PC,
2048 bits . IEEE 802.11i
, Wi-Fi Alliance WPA2
- 802.11i WPA.

1.9.3 802.11 Protocol

Ethernet LAN-,
LAN
. LAN-,
,
,
() .

802.11 CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple

Access with Collision Avoidance). CSMA/CA
,
. ,
- acknowledgment (ACK) ,
, .

ACK ,
ACK ,
,
, .

19

37 38


1.10 OSI
interface Network
Application Operating System (NOS).
()
HTTP, FTP, TELNET SMP.
-
Layer 7 Application Presentation , PC-
() PC,
.
Layer 6 Presentation
Session ID-.
Layer 5 Session () , ,
.
Layer 4 Transport
. -
, -
Layer 3 Network Transport

()
.
Layer 2 Data Link ,
.
Layer 1 Physical
.
.
Network

()

.
1984 International Standards Organization (ISO) .
Open System Interconnect (OSI) .
(), Data Link .
. ()
OSI , .
,
. interface ,
router-, switch- gateway- . Physical .
TCP/IP ()
IPX/SPX OSI .
.

.
,

39 40


( ): All People LAN .

Seem To Need Data Processing.
.
 Physical Layer subnet- default gateway
subnet-.
(OSI 1)
. 1 Inter-network Packet Exchange (IPX) NetWare-
, , . NetWare IPX/SPX . IPX
32- 48- . IPX/SPX
Network Interface Card (NIC) , TCP/IP
.
( , ). NIC
IRQ I/O .
NIC Plug-and-Play (PnP),  Transport Layer
.
(OSI 4) -
Repeater , end-to-end
. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
. , ,
.
 Data Link Layer

.
(OSI 2) -; Logical Link
. ,
Control (LLC) Media Access Control (MAC). IEEE 802.2
LLC, IEEE 802.3 802.5 MAC () .
Ethernet Token Ring. ,
.
host- ,
 Session Layer
router-,
Media Access Control address. MAC
. ID.
MAC , , . Remote
, router-. Procedure Call (RPC) . RPC
.
 Network Layer
 Presentation Layer
(OSI 3)
router-. ,
. Routing .
. . -, ,
.

41 42


 Application Layer 1.10.1 OSI

interface Network Operating System (OSI 1)
(NOS) ( ). . 1
- HTTP, FTP, TELNET SMP. , , .

Network Interface Card (NIC) ( ,
). NIC

IRQ I/O .
NIC Plug-and-Play (PnP),
.

21
1.10.1.1 NIC MACs

network
interface card (NIC)
NIC
motherboard. NIC
media access control (MAC) . NIC-
MAC . MAC 48 ,
281 .
PROM .

.
,

.
, 22

,
.

20

43 44


1.10.1.2 Hub MAU

Ethernet hub ().

25
.
,
.
switch-.

.

23

oken ring
Multi-station Access Unit (MAU)
. MAU
24
MAC encapsulation of a packet of data ,
MAU
(bypass)

26 . MAU-
ring-in port ring-out port
MAU- .

1.10.2 OSI

Data Link (OSI 2) -; Logical Link Control

(LLC) Media Access Control (MAC). IEEE 802.2
LLC, IEEE 802.3 802.5 MAC
Ethernet Token Ring.

25 host- ,
27
router-
Receiver Processing Algorithm ,
Media
Access Control address.
MAC

45 46


. MAC Switch ()
, , switch
router-. (). Switch
switch-. switch-
1.10.2.1 Bridge Switch , switch hub.
().
Data Link
(bridge) switch. Bridge MAC (switch) (bridge)
. MAC .
. bridge
, transparent bridging. Hub ( repeater) ,
,
C,
.

switch, . Switch
bridge.
, switch-
, . Switch
,
28
(
A).
bridge .
, bridge Switch- -
. multicast ili broadcast
MAC , .
, .
, bridge (update) MAC
.

30
Switch F
multicast / broadcast

31

29
47 48


1.10.2.2 (switch), (bridge) hub- 1.10.2.3

()
(Data Link layer) OSI ;
, bridge / switch / hub MAC .
(tree), (ring). RAM . ,
. repeater. ,
, , MAC .
.
. IEEE ( IEEE 802.1d)
Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA)
. Spanning Tree
Algorithm fault-tolerent
( ), (
cable / bridge / switch ), ,
(enabled automatically).

33

, MAC
32 RAM-

49 50


.
,
.
. 34

. . LAN .
"collision domains" (
), 1.10.3.1 Router-
.
. Routing
. subnet-
"unicast" "broadcast". Unicast default gateway (
. )
. subnet- (). Router routing
(trouble shoot). table ( )
broadcast .
.
, , OSPF (Open
. Shortest Path First) ,
"transparent" () "invisible" ().
, . 35

.

, Ethernet Token Ring,
10Base2 10BaseT.
,
,
gateway ( ).
.

1.10.3 OSI

,
36
. Network layer,
OSI ,
. .
Routable protocols ( ) Network layer OSI
router-. .

51 52


1.10.4 OSI 1.10.5 OSI

(OSI 4) - , OSI , ,
end-to-end (, ) .
. Transmission Control ID
Layer 7 Application Protocol (TCP) .
,
Layer 6 Presentation ,
,
Layer 5 Session . OSI
Layer 4 Transport .
Layer 3 Network , TCP/IP
Layer 2 Data Link -
(sequence number). , ,
Layer 1 Physical . . 37
,
.
, .

1.10.6 OSI
1.10.4.1 , OSI
,
Sequenced packet Exchange (SPX) NetWare
NetWare IPX/SPX . IPX/SPX (exchanging)
, TCP/IP -.
.
(ASCII)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) .
38 ASCII
real-time . .
. real-
time, -
. :

. o
(OSI 5) , o
. o
. (OSI 3) o
.
,
.

53 54


OSI . 1.11 (gateways)

.

1.10.7 OSI
, Ethernet Token
Ring , .
, OSI , ,
(Network Operating System - . Gateway
NOS). HTTP OSI . LAN WAN, LAN
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), TELNET, SNMP mainframe, , .
(Simple Netwrok Management Protocol) SMTP (Simple Mail Transport
Protocol).

. FTP
FTP .

39

Router (local subnet)

("default gateway"). Gateway
LAN Internet "proxy server".
Internet- LAN- Internet-.
Gateway LAN Internet "firewall"
.

55 56


1.12
.

, .
1.12.1
5 .
(peers).
, , ,
(layers) (levels). , , . ,
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() ,
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57 58


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59 60


1.12.2 1.12.3 NetBEUI

IBM je NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)

() (workgroups) . NetBIOS
. . (service) . NetBEUI (NetBIOS
. Extended User Interface) NetBIOS-
, . NetBEUI IBM- LAN
. Manager .
, ,
. , Microsoft -
. NetBEUI Windows For
. 44
Workgroups (Windows 3.11)
, peer-to-peer
. . NetBEUI
. ,
, . Windows 9x Windows NT
. NetBEUI
. -, .

,
.
OSI
.
.
, Microsoft Windows ,
. , NetBEUI . Network
Neighborhood . NetBEUI
() : 15
. . NetBEUI

.
43 . ,

SEND PACKET,

1.12.4 IPX/SPX
. ,
. Internetwork Packet Exchange / Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)
Novel- Netware . IPX/SPX
XNS/SPP (Xerox Network Systems/Sequenced Packet Protocol)
. Xerox-. IPX/SPX
NetBEUI, IPX/SPX TCP/IP.

61 62


. (connectionless), Novel-. 00000000, FFFFFFFF

(connection based). FFFFFFFE . Socket identifier ( )

SPX . .
and IPX 12
. , , station address ( ).
. MAC .
IPX IPX
: .
IPX . .
(broadcasting)
Microsoft IPX/SPX , NWLink.
Windows NWLink NetWare
-. . Windows NWLink
. SPX IPX . Windows
NetBIOS SMB (Server Message Blocks).
IPX/SPX
OSI IPX
OSI . 45 (frame types) (IEEE 802.2, IEEE 802.3, Ethernet II, or
IPX SNAP). IPX/SPX .
. SPX , .
Server Announcement Protocol (SAP)
. Server : .
Announcement Protocol (SAP) : IPX/SPX SAP broadcast-
. NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) . IPX/SPX ,
. Internet-, TCP/IP-.

. 1.12.5 TCP/IP
MAC NIC, .
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
. Internet. TCP/IP
MAC . ARPANET- Advanced Research Projects Agency
1970-. TCP
IPX/SPX .
. NetBEUI ,
, NetWare
. NetWare
. NetWare-, .
. TCP/IP

IPX .
. IPX TCP/IP, 1.16
46

63 64


. Class B -
Class First Bits Networks Hosts -
IPX/SPX-, . TCP A 0 126 16,777,214
. IP . OSI B 10 16,384 65,534 host -
TCP end-to-end . Class
. TCP IP
C 110 2,097,152 254 C
.
.
TCP/IP- , IP , host
. IP 32- . . .
Internet, , Router- IP
host . , IP
, Internet.
0, router subnet mask ( )
Internet Network
255.0.0.0. and IP subnet
Information Center (InterNIC). , InterNIC
, ,
.
.
8-
0 255. IP 8- : IP
. 0 255 , .
. host ()
. .
host-, host- subnet
. , proxy server-. proxy ,
host Internet IP .
InterNIC () . Class proxy Internet IP .
A host . Internet- proxy
- 16.777.214 host . proxy IP Internet-,
. - host .

, TCP/IP
. . host-
- (port number)(
, ). Hypertext transfer Protocol
. (HTTP). port 80 Web
browser .
, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). port
126 25 -mail -.

. TCP/IP
47
.
(monitors) port-.
(port number).

65 66


socket () 1.13
router- .

Web browser -, .
(network operating system NOS)
IP .
.
:
IP .

host -, router - 1.
IP , .
. Domain Name Service 2.
(DNS) .
IP 3.
. DNS , troubleshoot
IP .
. DNS
, :
DNS
Unix -.
.
Windows -

Novel Netware.
48

1.13.1 Novel NetWare

NetWare 3.x IPX/SPX

. NetWare 3.x
"bindery".
,

. ,
.

NetWare 4.x
Novel Directory Service
(NDS). NDS
. TCP/IP
("encapsulating") IPX/SPX TCP/IP .

.

67 68


NetWare 5.x encapsulating - IPX/SPX 1.14

TCP/IP .

1.13.2 Unix

Bell Laboratories Unix . Bell Labs
,

.
.
. .
Unix-, Sun Microsystems Solaris IBM's AIX.
,
Unix Microsoft-
.
Windows
. Unix Network File System (NFS)
Unix
Unix .
("mounted") , 1.14.1
.

Linux Unix Linux Torvalds -. , .
Linux- source code. .
. Torvald . ()
. Ethernet ()
. Linux RG-8 . Thicknet.
Linux
download Internet -. Red Hat Caldera
() IEEE
Linux-. , Linux -
Web . -
49 . Thicknet
-
1.13.3 Windows NT -
10base5. 10
Windows NT Microsoft- -
. TCP/IP .
"domain". Primary Domain Controller
(PDC) Security Access Manager (SAM) (megabits per second) .
. , SAM ("access Base .
token") . . 5
. 500 .
Backup Domain Controllers (BDC)
SAM . Windows NT Thicknet ,
"trust" (relationships) . . ,
, ,

69 70


(drop cable). Thicknet (backbone) 2.5

, 50 . 100
. Thicknet - .
(transceiver).
, Thicknet
.
.
.

Thicknet-, Thinnet ( ). IEEE

Thinnet 10Base2. "2"
185 .

T barrel
. 10Base2 30
50 .

Thinnet .
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) (
). Shielded Twisted Pair
(STP) (), UTP-
52
.

T conector for Thinnet:

-
Thicknet - -
1.14.2 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP - )
,

- (vampire
tap) (twisted pair)
. -

51 . UTP
-
DB-
15 DIX (Digital (8
Intel Xerox) AUI (Attachment ). IEEE
Unit Interface). 53 UTP 10BaseT.
UTP

71 72


. UTP RJ-45, Telecommunication Industries Association UTP

RJ-11 4 . (EIA/TIA 568A).

1.14.3 Repeater

Repeater () ,
,
.

54 55

repeater.
, ,
().

Starbus Topology /

Ethernet
. ,


(hub).

100 57
1024 . Electronics Industries Association /
56

73 74


- . .
starbus. .
.
(hub) .
(hub) . UTP
, ,
hub-.
,
.
, .
58

,
, 1.14.5 Fiber Optic ( )

. .
. . IEEE
100BaseFX.

. ,
, 2 . 100BaseFX
.
hub-, . , .

59
61

1.14.4
60
, -


.


-
-
.

75 76


1.15 TCP/IP

?
?

, ,
,
. TCP/IP , 32 62
0 255 . :
169.254.0.0

IP .
IP .
, IP
.
IP
IP DHCP . DHCP
. IP Dynamic Host , ,
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) . IP DHCP .
, DHCP . IP DHCP .
DHCP
:
IP , DHCP
IP .
DHCP 1.
.
"scope".
2. Start >
Control panel >
scope DHCP , Network and Dial-up
, Start > Control panel > Administrative Tools Connections
> DHCP "DHCP" . 3. "Local
, "+" "Scope" "Address Area Connection"
Pool" IP scope-.
"Properties"
.


4. "Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)"
63

77 78


. [Properties] . "Internet ,
Protocol (TCP/IP) .
Properties" .
:
IP , Start > Programs >
5. Accessories > Command Prompt. DOS ipconfig <Enter>.
"Obtain an IP IP subnet .
address
automatically" - (gateway)
"Obtain a DNS .
server address Internet-.
automatically".
DHCP IP ,
64 ("leases") IP .
DHCP ,
, Start > Control panel > Administrative Tools >
DHCP "DHCP" .
IP , "+" "Scope" "Address Leases".
DHCP
, .
Automatic Private IP , DHCP
Addressing (APIPA) .
DHCP , .
IP . APIPA 169.254.0.0
169.254.255.255, subnet 255.255.0.0.
,
DHCP IP .
- IP , ID host ID . DHCP , APIPA IP .
APIPA DHCP
(subnet).
DHCP
ID IP ("masked
.
out").

APIPA IP ,
(broadcasts) . ,
IP .

APIPA
hub. APIPA ,

(troubleshooting).
DHCP

79 80


1.16 TCP/IP . .

( - checksum) .
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) . TCP
ARPANET-, U. S. Department of Defense IP .
Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969. -.

. TCP/IP TCP checksum
Internet. .
.
, .
TCP/IP . , .
TCP/IP . ,
.
. Request For
Comment (RFC)
: 1.16.2 Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Managing Organizations IP - .

Internet Activities Board (IAB)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) .

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) .

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Knowledge Required to be a Network Technician . IP
- ,
TCP/IP . TCP
: .

TCP/IP and the OSI model 1.16.3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

TCP/IP Addressing

TCP/IP Protocols UDP - .

TCP/IP Utilities . TCP,

TCP/IP Configuration .
,
. UDP
TCP/IP : .

1.16.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1.16.4 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

TCP Domain Name System (DNS)

(connection-based) . IP . , IP
TCP

81 82


MAC . ARP "Downloading"

IP MAC . . "Uploading"
. FTP
( 10 21 .
) ARP IP .
MAC . ARP IP 1.16.7 Post Office Protocol (POP)
MAC
. POP e-mail mail
. POP3. 110.

, (timer) .
(broadcast). 1.16.8 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

SMTP e-mail -.
e-mail - SMTP e-mail
(relay), e-mail SMTP Internet-.
1.16.5 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) "post office" (e-mail )
e-mail. 25.
HTTP
Web (browser) Web . 1.16.9 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
: Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML). SNMP
TCP/IP
Uniform Resource Locator .
(URL) . HTTP Web .
. ,
, . , management console -.
.
URL (links) ,
. .

HTTP (S-HTTP) Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) HTTP-

(encryption).

1.16.6 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

FTP
. FTP-
FTP
Internet-. GET, PUT, BINARY ASCII.

83 84


1.17 IP 1.17.4

1.17.4.1 Routing

Internet Protocol (IP)

. IP 32-
. .
Internet,
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Routing Information Protocol
(RIP).
1.17.1
Hops ()
InterNIC . ( . Ticks ()
1.12.5) ,
1/18 .
1.17.2 Subnet Mask ( ) hops -.

(
1.12.5) (gateway). smart routers
.
,
1.17.3 smart router default gateway -.

Routing router IP Brouter (bridge/router) MAC

routing table ( - ). LAN IP
(entries) : . Brouter- switch
() 2.


.

. (rack-mountable),

.
. NIC-

. .

.
, .
, ,
. . Internet
. protocol (IP) IP .

. IP , ID- host ID-.
ID , host ID

85 86


. 2 097 152
ID, host ID. host- 255

IP 32 . 4 "broadcast" "subnet". Host ID

. 8 , broadcast . ,
00000000 11111111, 0 255. : 198.122.19.255 host-
198.122.19.0. Host ID
192.122.19.215 (subnet). , 198.122.19.0
198.122.19.0, .
IP host ID .
, host .
1.17.4.3 Subnetting
1.17.4.2 IP
IP
I. class A , host-. "Subnetting"
host ID IP
ID "subnets" ().
7 ( 0).
(24 ) host .
host ID- ID
"subnet mask"-. , IP , 32
4 , 8 . ID IP
127 subnet . Host ID IP subnet .
host- 16 777 216 *
, IP subnet
* , 16 277 :
214 host-.
IP Address 192.122.19.215
II. Class B subnet Mask 255.255.255.0

14 ( 10). :
(16 ) host-.
IP Address 11000000.01111010.00010011.11010111
65 383 Subnet Mask 11111111.11111011.11111111.00000000
host- 65 534
subnet ID AND
III. Class C .

21 ( 110). IP Address 11000000.01111010.00010011.11010111

(8 ) host . Subnet Mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Subnet ID 11000000.01111010.00010011.00000000

87 88


IP subnet , 11000000.01111010.00010100.00000000
host- IP . 11000000.01111010.00010100.01000000
IP 192.122.20.0 192.122.23.0, 11000000.01111010.00010100.10000000
4 255 host- . IP 11000000.01111010.00010100.11000000
:
11000000.01111010.00010101.00000000
11000000 . 01111010 . 00010100 . 00000000 11000000.01111010.00010101.01000000
11000000 . 01111010 . 00010101 . 00000000 11000000.01111010.00010101.10000000
11000000 . 01111010 . 00010110 . 00000000 11000000.01111010.00010101.11000000
11000000 . 01111010 . 00010111 . 00000000
11000000.01111010.00010110.00000000
12 11000000.01111010.00010110.01000000
40 50 host- . 11000000.01111010.00010110.10000000
50 host- . : 11000000.01111010.00010110.11000000
host ID
. 16 11000000.01111010.00010111.00000000
62 host- . 11000000.01111010.00010111.01000000
11000000.01111010.00010111.10000000
: 11000000.01111010.00010111.11000000

192.122.20.0 4 16 ( 4
192.122.20.64 , 2 22=4 ). host ID-
192.122.20.128 192.122.20.1 192.122.20.63, 192.122.20.64
192.122.20.192 192.122.20.127. (
host ID). host ID- 6 ,
6
192.122.21.0 2 2 = 64 2 = 62 host ID-.
192.122.21.64
192.122.21.128
192.122.21.192 , host
.
192.122.22.0 ,
192.122.22.64 .
192.122.22.128 .
192.122.22.192

192.122.23.0
192.122.23.64 1.17.4.4 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
192.122.23.128
192.122.23.192 TCP/IP

subnet : 255.255.255.192 IP . IP

89 90


MAC 1. , NIC
, Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) UDP DHCP IP
IP . DHCP .

IP MAC 2. DHCP
. IP ( ).
IP Dynamic Host IP , subnet , , IP
Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP DHCP . IP , DHCP
OSI . .

DHCP , 3.
IP . DHCP
( ). - .
- - -.
4. DHCP
DHCP- IP
- .
-
(borr- IP TCP/IP
ows or leases) IP IP .
.


DHCP-
. DHCP .
66
IP
TCP/IP Windows -,
. Command prompt - : ipconfig /release Enter.
IP
, DHCP. Command prompt ipconfig /renew <Enter>.
: exit <Enter> .
.
1.17.4.5 Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
.
DHCP -,
DHCP ?
. IP , Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) IP
, DHCP . 169.254.0.0
IP . 169.254.255.255 subnet 255.255.0.0 (
B). IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
: IP .

91 92


IP APIPA 1.18 Port- Socket-

APIPA .
.
peer-to-peer
IP ,
DHCP. IP , APIPA Internet
. IP ,
Internet ,
APIPA (enabled by default). ?
Command prompt ipconfig /all <Enter>. "port" .
Autoconfiguration Enabled Yes APIPA . (, ).
APIPA registry .
Internet- 32- IP
16- port
. IP "socket"
(). socket-,
Internet-.

, Telnet 23. Telnet- host-

IP 63.134.203.222 socket
63.134.203.222:23. 0 65535. IANA
(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) 3 :

I. Well Known
II. Registered
III. Dynamic ( "Private") Ports.

Port Process Description

20 FTP File Transfer Protocol Data
21 FTP File Transfer Protocol - Control
22 SSH Secure Shell
23 Telnet Terminal Emulation Protocol
25 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
53 DNS Domain Name System
69 TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol
80 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
110 POP3 Post Office Protocol
443 HTTPS Hypertext Transfer Protocol - Secure

93 94


0 1023 Well Known 1.19 TCP/IP Utilities

IANA TCP/IP
HTTP, FTP Telnet.
.

Registered 1024 49151. Registered TCP/IP

IANA .
.
PING (Packet Internet Groper)
Dynamic (or Private) 49152 65535.
, PING
, . -
-

internet FTP Telnet, host- .
. -
. PING
IP
host-.
,
PING

-
- host-.
, PING

67

.

Windows PING .
,
PING Control-C .

TRACERT (Trace Route)

TRACERT - (route) - host-

. TRACERT IP
host-.

95 96


TRACERT -a (Adapter status)

( )

-A (Adapter status)

( IP )
host-.
- -c (cache) IP
hops-
host-. -n (Names) NetBIOS
-r (Resolved)
broadcast- WINS-
-R (Reload)

-S (Sessions) IP

-s (Sessions)
68
IP

NETSTAT (Network Statistics)

NBTSTAT (NetBIOS Test Status)
NETSTAT [-a] [-e] [-s] [-p proto] [-r] [interval]
NBTSTAT NetBIOS
NetBIOS TCP/IP -. NetBIOS NetBIOS -a
IP . LMHOSTS -e Ethernet .
#PRE (tag-), -s
(preloaded) NetBIOS ; NetBIOS IP
-p
WINS . NBTSTAT
NetBIOS . -p proto proto:
proto TCP UDP. -s
per-protocol ( )
:
proto TCP, UDP IP
-r
NBTSTAT [-a RemoteName] [-A IP address] [-c] [-n] [-r] [-R] [S] [interval]
-s per-protocol .
TCP, UDP IP; -p


RemoteName host-. interval . Ctrl-C
IP address - IP . . ,
interval - , <interval> .
. Ctrl-C .

97 98


NETSTAT /all
. NETSTAT /batch [file] ./WINIPCFG.OUT
.
/renew_all

. /release_all
/renew N N
/release N N

IPCONFIG (Internet Protocol Configuration)

IPCONFIG TCP/IP . /batch

switch

. WINIPCFG , Windows
0 Dial-up Adapter IPCONFIG.
(modem)
Internet. 1,

IP 70

,

(default gateway).



.
IPCONFIG

command-line switches
() . /? ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
switch . (renew) TCP/IP
; host
TCP/IP host- ARP IP MAC
. - release -
. ARP , ,
. /renew N /Release N
ARP ARP .
- host-
. /ALL IP , ,
, MAC , DHCP , WINS
DNS . DOS .
|more . ARP -s inet_addr eth_addr [if_addr]
ARP -d inet_addr [if_addr]
IPCONFIG Switches ARP -a [inet_addr] [-N if_addr]

99 100


-a ARP Command DOS UNIX

. inet_addr , IP Change directory cd Cd
. Copy file copy Cp
Delete a file del Rm
ARP, ARP List directory contents dir Ls
-g a Make a directory mkdir mkdir
inet_addr Internet Rename a file rename Mv
-N if_addr ARP Delete a directory rmdir rmdir
if_addr
-d host inet_addr
, .
-s host Internet inet_addr ,
eth_addr. host. Telnet
6 . , .
.
eth_addr Telnet
if_addr Internet VT100 . Telnet
. VT100 ENTER key, ^M
ENTER. Telnet
ENTER . , Telnet
menu prompts ( ) .

Telnet (Telephone Network)

Telnet
Unix TCP/IP .
host.
. Telnet
port 23. Telnet Internet-, dial
up Internet Service Provider a (ISP) online service -.
telnet URL DOS prompt-. client-server
Telnet , User ID password.
UNIX. UNIX case sensitive (
). UNIX
. .

DOS UNIX .

101 102


1.20 Peer-to-peer . , hub-

.
, Windows
,
. , . Windows 2000
, ? , local area network
peer-to-peer "workgroup", (LAN) Network and Dial-up Connections folder -. Internet
, Protocol (TCP/IP) .
. ,
.

Microsoft workgroup Peer-to-peer

10 .
100 .

, 10 .
. ,
,
. ! 1. .
2. Start > Settings > Network and Dial-up Connections.
3. "Local Area Connection".
peer-to-peer
4. "Properties" .
. 5. "Local Area Connection Properties" ,
:
CD-ROM. Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)
Active Server Pages (ASP).
, IIS Personal Web Server - Client for Microsoft Networks
(PWS), 20 . - File and Printer Sharing for
, Apache Server IIS. Microsoft Networks
- Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
peer-to-peer ,
.

,
( IP .
).
, IP -,
(chair-less workstation). Automatic Private IP
Addressing (APIPA)
IP
peer-to-peer .
.
hub. Hub 71 ,

103 104


IP . . : ; : " < > * + = \ | ?.

WORKGROUP.
APIPA
* TCP/IP 63 ,
troubleshooting IP 15
. TCP/IP -.
IP .
:
IP : workgroup -,
(disabled).
1. . .
2. Start > Settings > "Local Area Connection".
3. "Properties" . Local_user
4. "Components" , "Internet Protocol (TCI/IP)". .
5. "Properties" . Local_user (account)
6. Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties , .
"Use the following IP address." IP . ,
10.0.0.1 , 10.0.0.2 Local_user :
.
7. "OK" . 1. .
8. .
2. "MyComputer"
3. "Management" .
, 4. "Computer Management" ,
. , "Local Users and Groups".
. Windows 2000 5. "Users" "New User..." .
. , 6. "New User" User name Password .
.
,
workgroup :
, (shared).
1. .
2. Start > Control Panel. "System". . .
3. "Network Identification" , "Properties"
. :
4. "Member of" , "Workgroup"
workgroup . "OK"
1. .
.
2. .
3. "Sharing..." .
: workgroup- . 4. Properties , "Sharing" .
workgroup- 15* 5. "Share this folder" .
6. "Security" .

105 106


7. "Everyone" . 1.21 DNS

8. "OK" .

.
, drive ()
. web
. ? Web ?
(browsing the network). Internets Domain Name Service (DNS).
, Web
: domain Internet- Internet Protocol (IP) .
12 , web
www.sitename.com
1. My Network Places. IP . DNS
2. . IP .
3. .
, Internet-
. IP . .
. - IP
Local_user resource sharing -, DNS . DNS
peer-to-peer .
. DNS-, DNS
, . root name (root-, name-)
Windows . DNS top-level , .com, .org, .edu
. , top-level DNS .com DNS
.com.

DNS ,
root-name . DNS
. Internet-
2 DNS .
DNS . DNS IP
.

. Internet-
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP
IP
. TCP IP
,
. web Domain Name Service
IP . .
.

107 108


2.1

II
.
.

: ,
(troubleshooting).

(design phase).
(good) (poor)
.

2.1.1

,
.


.

72 ,
,
.

,



(return on investment ROI). , ROI

.
.

109 110


I. , , (firmware)
(updates) ?
 .
 , upgrading.
. 100 MHz 10 MHz
 . .
 () . update? IPX/SPX TCP/IP?
 .
.
 . brand name (
).
II. , . ,
, ?
 troubleshooting.

.
2.1.3
III. .
(Network)

.
 . 
WAN- ? 
dial-in ?
 . 

2.1.2 

(leading edge technology).  ?

,
(bugs)
.
,
.
, . (Facilities)

, 
? .
(failures). .
.

111 112


 .
. .
  (Naming Conventions).
. .
? ,


.
, ,
. (industrial grade)
. (Implementation)
.
,
 NIC -ova .
,
EMI ( ).

. (system downtime). ,
?
EMI. ?
(
) Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
(spikes) . .
EMI -, Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), COAX fiber Web last minute
optic , Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP). ( ).

:
.

 .
 .
(Operations)  .

 . backup-.  IP IP .
backup .  .
 . .
?  print spooling ( )
? RAID- .
?
 .
 . user_level
password_level ?  .
(password policies).  .

113 114


. 2.2
.
.
Backup ( )

. backup .
. backup-
. backup
.

.
backup-.
.
.

backup
backup. archive .
backup- backup-:

1. Full backup (). backup-

. archive
.
2. Incremental backup (). backup-

backup-. archive
backup-.
3. Differential backup ().
archive.

Backup

backup- floppy diskettes. CD-

W backup
. CD-W 700MB .

backup .
:

Digital Audio Tape (DAT) 1 12GB.

Digital Linear tape (DLT) 10 35GB.

Quarter-Inch Cartridge (QIC) 40MB 25GB.

115 116


, backup . Anti-virus Software

.
,
(Virus Protection) .
"inoculation" (). ,
.
. update , Windows 95 Windows
, "ambulance" , 98,
. , . ,
. , inoculate.
, . 73
nti-virus
. "Boot sector" master Norton Antivirus by
boot record (MBR) , . "Trojan Symantec VirusScan by McAfee. nti-
horse" , virus
. .
word
? word . ,
email, 200
. 8.000 . , update .
update-
. Internet. Norton Antivirus LiveUpdate
. download-
virus signature update-,
anti-virus .
.
boot
, ,
(virus scan)
:
() (Patches and Updates)
1. ,
. , -
. (,
2. download- Internet- patch) . patch
. download- Web .
3. e-mail attachment- . .
4.
. patch-
. Patch
.

patch , patch

117 118


. patch , 2.3
patch .

patch- .
backup
patch-. patch okay,
. .
.
(Upgrades)
. troubleshoot ,

(release) .
.
, upgrade.
:
.


patch-, upgrade .

backup. .


,
Flash Upgrades

.
Flash upgrade BIOS- . : (hard copy form).
. ,
.
, .
.
.
, .
(System Monitor)
. (labeled)
.
. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
agent Configuration Management ( )
hub-, bridg- router-.
.
, agent SNMP Configuration Management
network management console ( ). .
.
.
.

119 120


,
IRQ I/O DMA, MAC IP ,
,
, ,
, , .
BIOS firmware
,
IP
, .

Change control ( )
backup
Change control .
. .
,
update- service pac .
.
. audit () .

(Change Request Form) .
,
.

,
.
, .
IT .

BIOS

IRQ, I/O , DMA

RAM

Hard ,



, patch

,

IP



, ,

121 122


2.4 .
.
,
. , .
. , ,

.
. ,
.
. . .

.
. ,
.
.
. setup- , : " "?

.
. , .

. ,
.
. . .
.
, . .

, Windows ,
. . .
. Windows
. .DLL Windows
. (overwritten)
. .

.
? .
. e-mail attachment (), download- Internet-
,
.
.

,
, e-mail
Internet- .

123 124


. SNMP
. . PING
NETSTAT
. , , NBTSTAT
NIC-. TRACERT
IPCONFIG
hub-, bridg- NIC- WINIPCCFG
.
,
.
.
IP .

,
(trouble shoot the network). . Microsoft TechNet
: Microsoft
.
online, CD

Network Performance Monitors
.
Windows NT - Performance Monitor
real-time -
CPU-, Compaq Intel
I/O . Technical Support

System Logs Alliance Network (TSANet). Web : www.tsanet.org.
,
. .

. Windows NT Event :
Viewer . Event
Viewer . 1.
, 2.
. 3. , , .

Crossover cable.
.
peer-to-peer
( hub-).

Hardware Loop-Back.

. utility-
.

TCP/IP Utilities
TCP/IP utilitie
troubleshooting :

125 126


2.4 Internet host

Internet-.
. SLIP
LAN-, Ethernet .
.
, LAN-.
LAN- Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN). PSTN ,
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS). SLIP- . Point
dial-up to Point Protocol (PPP)
. LAN- . SLIP
, TCP/IP, PPP multi-protocol
. TCP/IP IPX, NetBEUI AppleTalk .
PPP DTE/DCE
, : . PPP
, (hard-wired) . High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
. (frame structure), Link Control Protocol (LCP)
. . , , Network
. Modem (MODulate Control Protocol (NCP)
DEModulate) .
.
. SLIP PPP OSI (Data Link
, IRQ layer protocols).
I/O .
COM . Virtual Private Network (VPN) ( )
on-board COM .
Plug and Play -, . Plug and Internet- ,
Play, Virtual Private Network (VPN) Internet
. Plug and Play . Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
. (PPTP) multi-protocol VPN-. PPTP
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) Challenge
SLIP PPP Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
, .
World Wide Web -, Internet- dialing- Unix
(shell account). Internet-.

() . Windows NT Windows 98 PPTP -.
(screen updates)
. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
TCP/IP
. SLIP (encapsulates) TCP/IP
. IP

127 128


3.1

III .
, hub- router-
.

.
.
.

.

: share-level security (
) user-level security ( ).
. .
read/write read-only .

.
. read-only
. .

,

.

(Passwords)

.
. .
.

129 130


. . firewall
. Intranet-
, firewall-
. Internet-
. .
. Internet firewall-.
.
 firewall-
(single point of administration)
. .
, Unix-, root account.  firewall ,
download-
(Encryption) , firewall ()
.

firewall -.
.

. I. Packet-filter
II. Circuit-layer
. Public-key , (private) III. Application-layer
(public). IV. Stateful Inspection
.
. Proxy Server

Firewalls Proxy host

LAN
Firewall / Internet. Proxy
( Internet-). IP , proxy
firewall () LAN-.
. IP LAN- IP
Network Address Translation (NAT).
proxy firewall.
Internet- Proxy IP
proxy . Internet- LAN-, firewall,
proxy . proxy ; firewall
proxy
NAT. router-,
Firewall ?
firewall packet-filtering
.
Firewall
(untrasted).
. ,

131 132


I. Packet-Filter Firewall ( )
IP


firewall packet-filter.

OSI . IP


. ,
.
.
, , firewall
firewall. "spoofed" (, )(
). NAT
. .

IP III. Application-Layer Firewall ( )

IP

(TCP UDP) firewall .



, .



IV. Stateful Inspection Firewall (
)
Packet-filter firewall - -
host-, .
Firewall ,
"network address translation" (NAT). NAT () LAN-,
.
.
II. Circuit-Level Firewall ( ) ,
.
Circuit-Level firewall TCP UDP
() firewall. DMZ
host
. LAN Web .
, . Firewall host-
, Internet- Web
. ,
Internet-
:
LAN-.

ID Firewall

, .

DMZ, Demilitarized Zone (

IP
).

133 134


Firewall-

firewall-, password
. Packet-Filter firewall cracking .
, .
. Application Layer firewall , logon username password
. -
, . , -
.
.
, .
password cracking .
3.1.1 , , TV
password cracking .
, ,
, ()
, ( ).
.
.
.

, , password cracking
( . ,
password cracking .
). . ,
, "scooter" cracker
. . ,
, .
.

:
. firewall- ant-virus
?  , ,
: , ,

A.  ,
B. 
C.  ,
D. (Written password
security policy)  ( case sensitive
E. ).

135 136


.
( )
password cracking ( ).
: ,
.

logon . , log-,
, .
.
logon (logged on).
 Log off > > log on.
.
x , 30
, . .
, . .
.
 .
.
password cracking
"Dumpster diving" ( )

.
. .
60 .
E.

.
, .
C.

, .
,
.
Windows- "Administrator". ().
SQL "sa"
. (router-,

switch-, )
.
.
.
.

D.

.
, :

137 138


3.2 . AES (Advanced

Encryption Standard) 128, 160, 192 256
. RSA
( Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir Leonard
Adleman)
, . RC4 2048
. Key encryption ( ) .
( )
. Private Key Encryption ( )

. : (private key
. and public key).
.
(symmetric)
. , .
.
Public Key Encryption ( )
, :


.

( ) .

.
. .
. Internet-.
, .
, . .
brute force attack. , public key server-,
. , 16 host- .
2^16 . 128 2^128 = key pair ( ).
3,4*10^38 . .
crack 128 . .
,
asymmetric encryption ( ).

DES (Data Encryption Standard) Digital Certificate ( )

IBM 1970-. DES 56 .
crack- DES . 3DES (Triple DES)
56 (digital Certificates).
. ,
,
certification authority (CA). CA

139 140


. 2048 .
. IEEE 802.11i , Wi-Fi Alliance WPA2
802.11i WPA .
3.3
,
(open connections).
. ,
,
( ).
,
. IEEE 802.11
. 802.11 , 1997.,
2 Mbps. 1999 IEEE
802.11b , 11 Mbps. IEEE
802.11 54 Mbps, 802.11a.
802.11b 802.11a, 802.11b
. 802.11a 802.11b ,
. 2002. 802.11g . 802.11g 54
Mbps, 802.11b. 802.11g
802.11b , 11 Mbps
. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
802.11 . WEP
( notebook )
(access point).
,
. WEP



. WEP- , IEEE
802.11i . 802.11i EAP
(Extensible Authentication Protocol). 802.11i
. proxy
. 802.11i

()
(authenticate). AES (Advanced
Encryption Standard). IEEE 802.11i ,
Wi-Fi Alliance,
, WPA
(Wi-Fi Protected Access). WPA RC4 ,

141 142


4.1 PC-

IV . !

, 802.11g ,
802.11 125
Mbps 2.4 GHz . ,
802.11b
802.11g 11Mbps ,
..

802.11

1997 WLAN 802.11 (IEEE).

2Mbps
802.11 .
802.11b, 11Mbps,
802.11g, 125 Mbps 5 GHz .
802.11g ?
802.11 :

1. 802.11b - 11MBps,
Ethernet-. 802.11b 2.4GHz
802.11 .
, 802.11b

,
. ()
. 802.11b

.

2. 802.11a ( ) - IEEE
802.11a 802.11b. 802.11a 54 Mbps
5 GHz .
802.11a 802.11b,

.
802.11a
5 GHz .
802.11a 802.11b
.

143 144


3. 802.11g - 125 Mbps, 2.4 GHz USB PCI . $30

802.11b. 802.11g $300.
.
. , .

1997 802.11 2MBps , LAN-
1999 802.11a 54Mbps 5 GHz . Pro: WLAN .
, :
. Con:
1999 802.11b 11Mbps 2.4 GHz

2002 802.11g 125Mbps 2.4Ghz
Ethernet (
802.11b, 802.11g -
).
802.11b -
-  -
. Pro: - () ,
. Con: ,
802.11b.
.
?

:
.

 (11 - 125Mbps) .

 (1500 , 70 120
)
 Ethernet , , .
 802.11g . Microsoft Windows,
Windows 3.11.
 Ethernet . Windows 98, "Internet Connection Sharing" ( )
,
Internet-
$50.00 $1500 . , Windows, ,
( ). .
Ethernet -

Ethernet router-, DSL .
.
(omni-directional antenna)
.

PC Apple
802.11g . 1. ,
PCMCIA . . ,

145 146


. ; Internet-.
.
upgrade -




Wireless Access Point ( 76 PCI
) .
,
74 ,
"" .

(
.
driver
. CD ROM
driver).
router- (:
DSL ).
USB
50
, .
()
Internet- . 77

Internet- ,
.
( ),
.
.
PCMCIA USB (
).
75

. PCMCIA
"" ""

,

,
, .
. , (Ethernet NIC
. )
.

147 148


mixed-mode "Gateway" -. 3.
Media Access
Control (MAC), WEP VPN (Virtual Private
Internet Network) . :
78
( WAN ) ,
MAC - Media Access Control
( Ethernet
) 253 .

WEP
. ,
.

VPN (Virtual Private Network)

roaming . VPN
,
. .

2.
, ,
.
.

LAN : notebook
,
WLAN - ,
.

;
.

LAN .
,
. , ,
.

(
).

. link

,
, .

.

149 150


4.2 Wi-Fi  Ethernet

Wi-Fi 81
.
:

 Router  ,
IP MAC

79 82

 /  IP ISP-
IP
 DSL, username password ISP-
 MAC

Wi-Fi router gateway.

D-Link DI-624 AirPlus Xtreme G 802.11g router. Airplus
80 Xtreme G DI-624 108Mbps 2.4GHz
.
.

D-Link AirPlus Xtreme G 802.11g

 Internet ( DSL )
: DWL-G650 PC Card adapter Windows 2000 notebook
DWL-G520 PCI adapter Windows XP
Home Edition.

.

151 152


PC router Ethernet Windows XP 3 Router-

Professional.
, PC , Ethernet
2 PC- router- WAN Ethernet
router-. Ethernet
PC Ethernet
, router- Ethernet
.
router 85
.
. .
router
 - Network PC.
Connections ,
control panel-
 - Web
84 Internet . 5.
Ethernet
83 ( )
 Properties > Internet 4 Router-
Protocol (TCP/IP) > Properties.
PC router .
"Use the following IP address" , (URL), router-configuration IP
IP . IP , subnet mask default gateway. . D-Link KL-
"Obtain 624, IP 192.168.0.1.
an IP address automatically."
OK configuration-utility ID (
OK admin)
. DSL, .

username password DSL
ISP-. PPOoE
PPPoE .
ISP-.

router .
MAC 1

router. 86

IP 1
. MAC

Wi-Fi PC
router.
84 Card PCI adapter -. encryption () SSID

153 154


, router- Networking (
Internet . ) system tray-
Web , router .
troubleshooting Wireless Network Connection
, . ,
"Advanced" "Wireless
5 Networks" (tab).
"use Windows to configure my
D-Link PC Card PCI , CD- wireless network settings"
( "OK"
router). , .

. Windows-
.
Found New Hardware wizard driver-.
"Install the software automatically" "Next."
driver
Windows logo Internet,
, "Continue disabling- Windows XP-
Anyway." wireless connection utility-. 88

Windows XP,
Wi-Fi driver-. ,
. , .

7
87

: notebook Wi-Fi ,
-
Wi-FI
router-,
.

. DI-
624,
Tools . ,
6 Wireless
(). Tools
DI-624's

, Internet
. router-.
Windows XP disabling-
() Windows wireless-configuration
.
89
. , XP

155 156


8 Service Set Identifier (SSID)- Tip: 802.11g router- 802.11g

802.11b . 802.11g, 802.11g-only
. mode .
Service Set Identifier (SSID). DI-624, SSID
Wireless . SSID 9 ,
.
. ,
. : router disable- DID SSID
broadcasting-. .
,
(Enable Encryption) router-.

router , Wi-Fi Protected
Access (WPA) pre-shared . pass phrase.
. WPA, .
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) .

router- WEP WPA

. .
91
.

Tip: Wi-Fi
(
). (Windows XP) Control Panel >
Network Connections "Set up a home or small office
WPA network." , "This computer
WEP-. connects to the Internet through another computer on my network or through
a residential gateway."
MAC
Windows XP -, "Create a network
, setup disk" .
non-XP .

90 MAC . . non-XP
, router- , netsetup.exe.
. filtering , .
. MAC 2. workgroup- .
.

157 158


Network Setup wizard 4.3

PC setup-,

driver.

Network Setup wizard

- SharedDocs. , ,
Windows XP-, Start >| My Network Places. .
. .

,
.
, ,

.

TIA/EIA-568-A Commercial
Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard. TIA (Telecommunications
Industry Association) EIA (Electronic Industries Association)
ANSI (American Standards Institute).

TIA/EIA
.

TIA/EIA-568
.

hub- .
() (equipment room) switch-
backbone
() .

159 160


93
UTP
5.


100 MHz
100 Mbps Ethernet
100Base-T .

100
(328 feet-).

(Backbone) -
, multimode fiber optic
2 GHz 100Base-FX .
2 .

AC , ,
UTP (EMI). EMI

.
.

. ,
92 STP , .

()

,
() backbone ,
, . router-, gateway-
, (wall
. jacks).

(patch panl)
(wiring closet) 94

161 162


(equipment room). 4.4

hub-
, () (patch cable)
( )
hub-.

troubleshooting .

.

.

, :

 ()

 .

95

( )
.
( )
.

163 164


.

.
( ,
, ).
PC ,
( ).
,
() - ().
,
(, )
.
,
.
,
. ,

.

.
, : 96
, .
( 50 )
. ,

. , .

, , . ,
PC .
, , .
. ,
PC
(
).
. ,
.
, .

165 166


, ( )

. .
, 10 2 .
,

.

.
,
. ,
.

,
.
, .
.
,
.
.
(
).

,
,
. ,
,
( ).
. ,
,
. ,

.

, -,
. ,
.
, .

167 168


4.5 AppleTalk (internetwork).

.

4.5.1

AppleTalk, Apple Computer a 80 ,

Macintosh .
, ,
. ,
( Mc )
. , AppleTalk
/ .
.

,
. ,
, .
- : 1 2.

1, , 80-
(workgroups).
1 : ,
135 135 ,
. (nonextended networks).
.

2,
.
1 .
253
.

4.5.2 AppleTalk

.
: sockets, nodes, networks, and zones
(, , ).
-

169 170


Sockets () .
.
socket .

(Datagram Delivery Protocol, DDP), .
socket .
socket-a, . .
Socket- . bridge- () router-a
(). .
. DDP-
a socket . 254 -
socket . , 1 1024. 100
socket-a DDP-a . 562 .
,

. ( )
,
extended .

.
(nodes) (cable range).
. 3-
AT . 3 3-6 .
Macintosh , , IBM PC, router, ( TCP/IP IPX)
. (
socket-. ).

171 172


, 4.5.3 AppleTalk
.
.
TCP/IP
IPX, ,
Ethernet, Token Ring
FDDI
: EtherTalk, LocalTalk, TokenTalk
FDDITalk.

- , IEEE 802.3
(EtherTalk), Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 (okenTalk) FDDI (FDDITalk).
,
LocalTalk. - OSI-ja.

,
.
.
- (internetwork)
.

4.5.4

.
:
1. (16- )
2. (8- )
3. socket-a (8- )

173 174


. 10.1.50 10, 1, socket 50.

175 176


4.6 Linux LAN , (zip code), , a

.
Linux
.
(Debian GNU/Linux) . .
email .
Send. .
4.6.1 Linux- ISP-
Ethernet LAN.
local-area network , gateway . Gateway (
(LAN) Linux Samba , ) email
Microsoft Windows UNIX
host- Linux . (subnets). , gateway
LAN , gateway- gateway
Samba . Linux . gateway
LAN- LAN- ( Ethernet )
a; . (inbox).
Linux backup and recovery
backup- . ,
Linux .
Linux- . 76300
. Linux , ,
. hostname IP number,
. . ().

Windows-
Linux-. , Domain Name Server-. IP
Linux . , hostname-. gateway
dialup Internet Wide Area Network (WAN) (routed). ,
. ,
() route () gateway-.

. , , , ,
. Linux
. , .
interface-;
. ,

.
gateway; . 4.6.2
;
, Debian GNU/Linux
subnetwork- ( subnet-): reboot-.

177 178


, nameserver
Linux. , xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
Linux .
, , xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (IP ) name server-; ,
192.168.1.1. ;
Linux-. , name server
. ,
4.6.2.1 .

, 4.6.2.4 Routing Gateways

modconf , driver
. , LAN-a Internet-,
root : Internet host-. ,
gateway
modconf LAN-u. Gateway Internet- ()
. ,
4.6.2.2 Internet- .

Linux, hostname . : Internet PPP, PPP

hostname , . .
/etc/hostname .
LAN /etc/init.d/network,
, root. . /etc/init.d/network :

/etc/hostname . , #! /bin/sh
hostname ; debian. domain name ( inconfig lo 127.0.0.1
debian.ora.com). route add -net 127.0.0.0
IPADDR=192.168.1.10
4.6.2.3 NETMASK=255.255.255.0
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
Linux-,
nameserver-. nameserver- ifconfig eth0 ${IPADDR} netmask ${NETMASK} broadcast ${BROADCAST}
hostname-. route add default qw ${GATEWAY} metric 1
,
nameserver server-. ISP (Internet 4- 8-,
Service Provider) IP . :

name server- /etc/resolv.conf,

. , name variable=ipnumber
server, :

179 180


, , , M, og LAN-a,
ipnumber-. NIS . ,
, . DNS , ( ),
/etc/hosts . ,
/etc/hosts .
IP .
/etc/init.d/network . /etc/host.conf/ ,
. .
. :

order hosts,bind
multi on
Network Configuration Variables
rder /etc/hosts
DNS , bind Berkeley Internet
IPADDR . Name Daemon, DNS .
NETMASK ,
32- ulti
. LAN host /etc/hosts .
Class C , netmask ( ), .
255.255.255.0.
4.6.2.6
BROADCAST
LAN-. broadcast
LAN- : /etc/hosts,
255. hostname-, DNS .
DNS , /etc/hosts
GATEWAY gateway- . .

4.6.2.5 hostname-a IP
hostname, hostname-
Linux IP
hostname-. : , hosts hostname
localhost IP 127.0.0.1.
/etc/hosts . ,
DNS , local hostname
/etc/hosts, hosts file . :
NIS (Network Information System)
127.0.0.1 localhost

181 182


192.168.1.10 debian.mccarty.org debian http://www.samba.org/pub/samba/survey/ssstats.html, Bank of

America Samba 15000
: hostname , Hewlett-Packard 7000
hostname- domain name ( ) .
hostname.
4.6.3.1 samba
/etc/networks , networks ( ),
hosts ; hosts Samba smbd , daemon,
hostnames , networks networks' utility , man () ,
names ( ) . , networks : /etc/smb.conf.
LAN-a
localnet: 4.6.3.2 sambe

localnet 192.168.1.0 /etc/smb.conf

Samba . script Samba-
, networks /etc/sbm.conf.
. , ,
DNS . /etc/sbm.conf
. , Samba swat
Web browser-,
; swat
online help. swat-,
4.6.3 Samba
browser 901 . ,
URL http://localhost:901/. Web browser userid
3.11 Microsoft Windows-, password; root .
Windows-. swat ,
IP hostname-.
, Microsoft Windows
SMB (Server Message Block).
NetBIOS LanManager. Andrew Tridgell - ,
Linux SMB
Samba. SMB, Samba :

Microsoft Windows, OS/2,

Netware Unix
nameserver-
LAN -
backup PC Linux restore

183 184


Samba 4.6.3.2.1

Global Variables
. Advanced View.
, . ,
Commit Changes, .

Samba

Samba ,
tool bar-:

Globals - Samba ()
Shares -
Printers - Samba
Status - Samba
View - smb.conf

Password
Base workgroup The workgroup name displayed when the server is
, . queried by a client.

185 186


Samba Samba


netbios The name by which the server is known to the account guest .
name NetBIOS nameserver.
hosts allow host- .
server The text string displayed to describe the server. .
string
hosts deny host- .
Base interfaces The IP address of the interface or the IP addresses
(cont.) of the interfaces through which Samba should listen. Logging log level integer log .
Each IP address is followed by a forward slash and ( 0)
a number that specifies the number of bits that log.
pertain to the network portion of the IP address log file Samba log .
(usually 24). If this option is not set, Samba attempts
to locate and automatically configure a primary max log T log kilobytes (kb).
interface. size , Samba
log .
Security security Specifies how Samba authenticates requests for .
access to shared resources. The default value, user,
is helpful when the Samba server and its clients Tuning read Samba pre-read
have many common userids. The value share can prediction ,
be useful when few common userids exist. The . Samba 2.0.
value system lets another SMB server perform
authentication on behalf of the server. You should socket TCP
generally use the default value; see the Samba options .
documentation for details. Printing printcap printcap .
encrypt Specifies whether Samba will negotiate encrypted name
passwords passwords, which are expected by Windows NT 4.0 printing Samba
SP3 and Windows 98. . , SYSV
update Allows automatic updating of an encrypted Linux .
encrypted password when a user logs on using a non- Logon logon script BAT download-
encrypted password. This option is useful when log-
migrating to encrypted passwords and should Samba-.
otherwise be set off.
domain Samba Windows 9x domain
map to Specifies Samba's action when a user attempts to logons logons workgroup-. : Samba
guest log on using an invalid password. The Bad User Windows NT domain
option is generally appropriate. logons, Primary Domain Controller
guest The Linux account used to provide services for (PDC).

187 188


Samba hosts allow Samba

.

4.6.3.2.2
Browse os level Samba
browser-a. Samba Share .
browser. 65
Samba- Samba share
Windows NT .
preferred NetBIOS name server
master browser- workgroup-.
local NetBIOS name server local master
master browser .
domain browse WAN-
master . workgroup
Windows NT Primary Domain Controller
(PDC).
WINS wins server IP WINS NetBIOS
nameserver , .
wins NetBIOS nameserver WINS
support .
.
.
Locking strict
locking
. . share Create Share.
share-, Delete
Share. share-, , a
Choose Share. .
. .

Advanced View.
workgroup netbios name. ( ) .
, . comment, path, read only create mask .

:
,

.

189 190


Samba share Samba Share

Security guest Linux guest
account .
read only read-only.
create mask mode

.
guest ok guest .
hosts allow host-
.
hosts deny .
Browse browseable share share-
.
Locking strict locking .
Miscellaneous available share .
volume volume label- share.

4.6.3.2.3

share.
printer share-, printer share-,
Samba Share .

Base comment share

.
path ( )
.

191 192


Samba printer
Samba Print Share


Base comment
.
path print spooling .
Security guest Linux guest-.
account
guest ok guest.
Choose Printer,
. hosts allow host- ,
Advanced View. comment, .
path, read only create mask . hosts deny .

Samba printer Printing print ok .

Printing Printing "BSD" .
(cont.)
printer name ; "lp"
.
Browse Browseable printer share .
Miscellaneous Available printer share .

4.6.3.3 samba

status daemon- (smbd nmbd) Samba-

printer share-

193 194


refresh- , View. ,
refresh , daemon ; Full View .
kill- .
Samba /etc/smb.conf
Samba status

4.6.3.4 samba
4.6.3.5
View button swat tool bar Samba server
Password .
, /etc/smb.conf.

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password SMB. logging host

password-.

4.6.3.6 troubleshooting samba

backup- /etc/smb.conf .

cp /etc/smb.conf /etc/smb.conf.SAVE

cp /etc/smb.conf.SAVE /etc/smb.conf

4.6.4 Samba

Samba ,
Microsoft Windows-, Linux- .

4.6.4.1 Microsoft Windows

Server Password Management, :
Microsoft Windows 3.11, 9x NT SMB
userid , Samba server-. Microsoft
userid- Windows 9x NT Samba
password- userid Windows Explorer-. Log- userid
userid- Samba . Network
Neighborhood
Client/Server Password Management, password- Samba . ,
userid- Samba printer share- . drag and drop

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share- , userid smbclient -L

. service -U
userid
, Start Settings Printers
Add Printer; wizard setup . service SMB host- userid userid
Network Printer . . SMB host-
browse-, backslash- .
- backslash-,
Samba , backslash SMB , prompt:
. \\SERVER\lp.
smb:
: dir>
Tools Map Network Drive Windows Explorer-.
. \\SERVER\db.
dir SMB .

4.6.4.2
download , :

SMB Linux IBM OS/2 Mac OS. get

file
4.6.4.3 Linux
file . upload :
Samba SMB .
, log- userid Samba put
: file

smbclient -L localhost file . :

browse- dir
. SMB , :
:
smbclient -L
server
cd
dir
server SMB . :
dir . :
smbclient -L
server -U
userid cd ..

To actually access resources via SMB, use the following command form:

199 200


SMB exit.
:

help
command:

command . :

Ivan Volosuk X11 smbclient

http://www.rt.mipt.ru/frtk/ivan/.
1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum
Computer Networks, Fourth Edition (Prentice Hall)

2. Joe Habraken
Absolute Beginner's Guide to Networking, third edition (Que)

3. Stephen J. Bigelow
Bigelow's Troubleshooting, Maintaining & Repairing Networks (Osborne)

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