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Chapter 10
Curved structures
Several curved cable-supported structures have been also built The bridge with span 396.24 m crosses the reservoir in the plan
successfully. They utilise a space arrangement of the cables curvature of 628.00 m (Figures 10.1 and 10.2). The deck is
and prestressing tendons to minimise the bending and shear suspended on the stay cables arranged in hyperbolic paraboloid
stresses in the deck. formation to create an array of tensile forces, which produce
pure axial compression in the curved deck. The vertical-force
The curved deck can be suspended on both its edges or on an components of the cables balance the weight of the deck
outer edge or an inner edge. The arrangement depends on the (Figure 10.3(a)). The resultant forces of the horizontal compo-
local conditions, radius of the curvature and on the required nents act in the direction of the curved axis and are designed to
span length of the crossing. reduce the horizontal bending moments at critical points to zero
(Figure 10.3(b)). The design demonstrates how a pure engineering
10.1. Suspension of the deck on both edges approach can create a structure of great beauty and elegance.
If the deck can be suspended on both edges, it is possible to
apply an arrangement that was developed in the design of the While the Ruck a Chucky Bridge was suspended on the cables
Ruck a Chucky Bridge by TY Lin International (Lin and anchored at the hills, another bridge proposed by TY Lin
Burns, 1981). Although this bridge has not been built, its crosses the river (Figure 10.4). The deck is suspended on two
design clearly shows how all internal forces can be balanced towers, each formed by two single columns with backstays
by the arrangement of stay cables. anchored at the banks.
Figure 10.1 Ruck a Chucky Bridge, California (courtesy of TY Lin If the radius curvature is sufciently large, the deck is usually
International) suspended on V-shaped towers as shown in Figures 9.8 and
9.9. However, the forces in the stays have to balance both
vertical and transverse effects of the dead load.
171
Figure 10.3 Ruck a Chucky Bridge, California: (a) balancing vertical Figure 10.6 Rosewood Golf Club Bridge, Japan (courtesy of
forces and (b) balancing transverse forces Shimizu Corporation)
172
Figure 10.8 Kelheim Bridge, Germany (courtesy of Schlaich, Figure 10.10 Malecon Bridge, Madrid, Spain (courtesy of Carlos
Bergermann and Partners) Fernandez Casado, SL, Madrid)
173
Figure 10.12 Curved cable-stayed structure: (a) continuous beam, Figure 10.13 Internal forces in the curved deck
(b) cable-stayed structure, (c) effects of the vertical components of
the stays and (d) effects of the horizontal components of the stay
(a)
r
y y
My
RG RG
z z
(b)
Mx
x x
N
NV
N b
NH
G G
(c)
RG NV = RG
y y
(d)
Mz z z
NH Nx
x x
NH
N G/cos
Unfortunately, the stay cables anchored in the bridge axis
where G corresponds to the vertical reaction that originates prevent the use of one-half of the bridge deck. It is therefore
at single supports of the continuous structure shown in necessary to anchor the stay cables at the inner edge and deter-
Figure 10.12(a). It is evident that the vertical component of mine the solution which creates the same state of stresses. There
the cable force substitutes single supports (Figure 10.12(c)) are two possibilities as follows.
and the horizontal component creates radial forces that stress
the deck in the horizontal direction (Figure 10.12(d)). Since 1. Anchoring the stay cables in a stiff member protruding
the deck is xed at the abutments, it is stressed by uniform above the deck. The anchor point of each cable is situated
compression stresses. on the line in the direction of the centre of gravity of the
deck slab (Figure 10.14(a)).
The deck is therefore stressed by the same bending moments 2. Anchoring the stay cable at the edge and add prestressing
My, Mx and Mz as the continuous beam and by an additional tendons into the deck slab. The slender deck has to be
normal force Nx (Figure 10.13). In the case that the distance supplemented by an additional member situated at suf-
between the stay cables is small (36 m) the bending and cient distance from the deck, or a deck of sufcient depth
torsional stresses are also very small. This means that the stay must be created. In this case, radial forces from the cable
cables balance the effects of the dead load and create compres- create a moment to the centre of gravity of the composite
sion in the deck. section that balances the forces.
174
Figure 10.14 Curved cable-stayed structure: (a) suspension Figure 10.15 Curved suspension structure: (a), (b) suspension
above deck, (b) suspension at the deck, (c) effects of the stays and above deck and (c), (d) suspension at the deck
(d) effects of the post-tensioning
(a)
(a)
N
NV
b N
N NH N
G
G G
(b)
G
(b)
N N
PH G
G (c)
G
(c)
N
N
N NV
b
G
NH N
hS PH
G G (d)
rG
G
P
(d)
N
P PH PH
G
hT
is balanced by a moment that is created by a horizontal com- By the arrangement of the cables and prestressing of the deck, it
ponent of the stay force and by radial forces due to post-ten- is possible to create an optimum state of stresses in the deck that
sioning, i.e. is primarily stressed by uniform compression stresses. However,
depending on the stiffness of individual structural members,
MH NH hS PH hT N cos hS PH hT : plan curvature and span length, the deck can be stressed by
signicant bending and torsional stresses caused by a live load
It is evident that a similar arrangement can be developed for and wind. The structure then requires not only sufcient
suspension structures in which a suspension cable supports moment arm between the deck slab and additional member,
inclined hangers (Figure 10.9). Figure 10.15 depicts two but also a torsionally stiff section (Figure 2.24( j)).
possibilities of the arrangement of the suspension cables
anchored at the stiff members protruding above the deck or 10.4. Curved stress ribbon bridge
at the deck supplemented by the prestressing tendons and an The idea of balancing the effects of the self-weight was also used
additional member. in a study of a curved stress ribbon structure. The approach
175
Figure 10.16 Curved stress ribbon structure: (a) geometry, Figure 10.17 Curved stress ribbon structure: cross-section
(b) effects of the bearing tendon, (c) effects of the vertical
component of the tendon and (d) effects of the horizontal 3000
component of the tendon
V
(a) H
P
f
820
1100
N
P NV
b
700
NH 530
(b)
N G
(c)
NV
Figure 10.18 Curved stress ribbon structure and flat arch structure
(d)
NH
176
Figure 10.20 Curved stress ribbon structure and flat arch structure, Figure 10.21 Curved stress ribbon structure and flat arch structure,
elevation: (a) stress ribbon, (b) flat arch and (c) stress ribbon and flat static model: (a) cross-section, (b) plan and (c) elevation
arch
(a) 710
(a)
168 542
f25/2 monostrand
f15.5
f168/8 183
(b)
25
84
G G
(b)
(c) G
28
2
2
505
5150
R=
7500
pipe and are anchored at end concrete walls that are xed to the
anchor blocks. Horizontal forces are resisted by battered micro-
1667
piles (Figure 10.20(a)).
The detailed static and dynamic analyses have proven that the
structure is able to resist all design loads. The rst bending (c)
2f = 300
frequency is f1 1.386 Hz. The forced vibration has caused a
maximum acceleration amax 0.578 m/s2 that is close to the
allowable acceleration alim 0.589 m/s2. It is therefore proposed
to use two dampers to ensure that pedestrians do not experience
an unpleasant feeling when standing or walking on the bridge.
1250 7000 1250
9500
The function of the studied structure was veried on a static
model built to a scale of 1 : 6 (Figures 10.2110.23). To reduce
the longitudinal horizontal force, the curved stress ribbon was Figure 10.22 Curved stress ribbon structure and flat arch structure,
tested together with a structure formed by a curved at arch static model: load situated on one-half of the stress ribbon length
of a similar arrangement.
177
Figure 10.23 Curved stress ribbon structure and flat arch structure, Table 10.1 Static model of curved stress ribbon and flat-arch
static model: ultimate load structure: deformation of the stress ribbon at mid-span
REFERENCES
concrete slab; their vertical parts supported steel pipes in which
Lin TY and Burns NH (1981) Design of Prestressed Concrete
the monostrands were placed. The slab deck and monostrands
Structures. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
were anchored in a common anchor block.
Schlaich J and Seidel J (1998) Die Fugangerbrucke in Kelheim.
Bauingeneur 63.
To guarantee a model similarity, the curved steel pipes and
Troyano LF and Mantreola JA (1995) Spatial cable-stayed
transverse L members were loaded by concrete block and steel
bridges. Spatial structures: heritage, present and future.
rods representing the self-weight of the structure. This load
Proceedings of IASS International Symposium, Milan,
was suspended on the steel structure. The live load was repre-
Italy.
sented by additional concrete block and cylinders placed on
the stress ribbon deck.
178