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Circular Functions.................................................................................................................................. 16
Circles...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Semicircles .............................................................................................................................................. 17
Transformations ..................................................................................................................................... 17
How find the image of a transformation.......................................................................................................................... 17
How to describe a sequence of transformations .......................................................................................................... 18
AOS 2 ALGEBRA..................................................................................................................................................................... 20
DANIEL YE 1
Logarithm Laws...................................................................................................................................... 23
Solving Exponential Equations with Logarithms ............................................................................................................. 24
Circular Functions.................................................................................................................................. 25
Unit Circle .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Solving Circular Functions................................................................................................................................................... 27
AOS 3 CALCULUS.................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Derivatives .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Interpretation of the Derivative ........................................................................................................................................ 30
First Principles........................................................................................................................................................................ 30
Properties of the Derivative ............................................................................................................................................... 30
6 Formulae for Differentiation ........................................................................................................................................... 31
4 Rules for Differentiation .................................................................................................................................................. 31
Using the Derivative ............................................................................................................................................................. 32
Applications of the Derivative ............................................................................................................................................ 32
Using chain rule to solve rate-of-change word problem ............................................................................................. 33
Linear Approximation .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Continuity ............................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Integration .............................................................................................................................................. 35
Indefinite integral ................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Definite integral ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35
6 Formulae for Integration .................................................................................................................................................. 35
1 rule - the linear property ................................................................................................................................................. 36
Substitution ............................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Recognition ............................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Areas ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 37
Approximation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 38
DANIEL YE 2
Using CAS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Sampling ................................................................................................................................................. 49
Populations ............................................................................................................................................................................. 49
Simple random samples ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
Population and Sample Ratios ............................................................................................................................................ 50
Distribution of the Sample Proportion ............................................................................................................................ 51
Confidence Intervals ............................................................................................................................................................. 52
DANIEL YE 3
Common Exam Trips
Watch out for:
General
Use excess decimal places in calculations
Working: define new variables
Dont give exact values for decimal place questions
Be careful to not swap x for other variables
Get rid of negative signs early rather than later
Show extra working with fractions and surds
Units!
Probability
Dont forget the other half of a conditional probability question
Use hypergeometric distribution
o Make sure using right numbers
Beware of not
More than is > not
Discrete: ensure all combinations are covered
Convert variance to standard deviation for normal distribution
Check how many standard deviations!
Functions
Can substitute integers for graphs of equations with parameters
Domain
o is [
o is (
o Maximal domain of x includes 0
Convert range to domain question
Remember to give co-ordinates when asked for
Label axis intercepts
Calculus
Strictly increasing & decreases includes f(x)=0
If f(x) = g(x), then f(x) = g(x) + c
A function is not differentiable at endpoints
1/x dx = e |x| + c
Area between curves is always positive!
o Be careful when inverting curves on negative side of axis
See the compound shapes
Dont have to integrate over the same interval
DANIEL YE 4
Algebra
Transformations
o Image to pre-image
o Pre-image to image
Factorise & expand showing intermediate steps
Geometry
Check all variables for restrictions, which must be bigger?
Try draw similar triangles if figuring out relationship between variables
DANIEL YE 5
AOS 1 Functions &
Graphs
Set notation
Set: a collection of elements, or members
Is an element of
Describing Functions
: , =
is the domain
is the codomain, leave as
DANIEL YE 6
Functions Chapter Summary
DANIEL YE 7
DANIEL YE 8
Polynomial Functions
Quadratic
General form
= < + + , 0
Axis of symmetry
=
2
Quadratic formula
< 4
=
2
Discriminant
= < 4
>0 2 solutions
=0 1 solution
<0 0 solutions
To change form of an equation - Conics > Fit > Fit into conics form
Cubic
General form
= J + < + + , 0
Quartic
General form
= L + J + < + + , 0
DANIEL YE 9
Power functions of higher degrees
Even degrees
= <
Odd degrees
= <PQ
Always start in quadrant 3 and end quadrant 1 when is positive. Q2 to Q4 when negative.
Q Q
0<<1 = = J = L
<0 1 1 1 1
= = = = Q
< J
DANIEL YE 10
For polynomial functions where >
Make sure the function is in factorised form, not expanded form
J
e.g. = +6 + 3 < 2 L
5 Z
Odd
Even
DANIEL YE 11
For polynomial functions where < 0
1. Rearrange to the form of = +
h
JkP<
e.g. =
<khQ
3 3 3 7
2 1 + 1 + 2 2 1 + + 2 3 2 1 3 7
= 2 = 2 2 = + 2 = +
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1
7 3
= +
4 2 2
J
N.B. you may be given something like = 2 + 1 +
<kPL
1
=
2
4. Plot a point on each side of the vertical asymptote and draw the lines
e.g.
DANIEL YE 12
7 3 4
x = 0, y = + = = 2
4 0 2 2 2
7 3 10
x = 1, y = + = =5
4 1 2 2 2
= qkPr +
log v +
DANIEL YE 13
DANIEL YE 14
Graphing Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
The graph of an exponential function = P + Example:
is determined by:
= hP
1. The horizontal asymptote 1. The asymptote is
= = 4
2. A reference point by solving for when 2. The reference point
3 + 6 = 0
+ = 0 6
= = 2
3
= 2 ^ 4
= 2 1 4 = 2
2, 2
3. The direction of the line 3. The direction of the line
= reflection in the x-axis
= reflection in the y-axis
The graph of a logarithmic function = + Example:
+ is determined by:
= 3 log 5 + 2
1. The vertical asymptotes by solving 1. The vertical asymptotes
+ = 0 5 = 0
= 5
2. A reference point by solving for when 2. A reference point
+ = 1 5 = 1
= 4
= 3 log 1 + 2
= 3 0 + 2 = 2
4, 2
3. The direction of the line 3. The direction of the line
= reflection in the x-axis
= reflection in the y-axis
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Circular Functions
= sin = cos = tan
Circles
( )< + ( )< = <
, = ,
DANIEL YE 16
Semicircles
= < <
Transformations
To find the image of a function under a sequence of transformations means
to find the relation between the x and y coordinates of all the new points
Transform by
Steps
2. Express as a point to point transformation in ordered pairs
, 2 + 5, 3 6
3. Find the relationship between the variables of the image, and , and the original function,
and
= 2 + 5
= 3 6
5
=
2
+ 6
=
3
5. Substitute these values into the original equation
<
5 + 6 5 + 6
2 3 2 +4 =3
2 3 2 3
DANIEL YE 17
1. Simplify and get rid of dashes to get the function of the image
4 < 5 +6
+5=
3 2
Steps
2. Change the original function and its image to its fundamental form
1 3
= log 4 2 = log (6 2 )
2 4
1 3
=
2 4
4 2 = 6 2
2 = 6 4 + 2
= + 1
2 3 = 4 1
2 + 6 = 4 4
= 5 2
1 0 1
= +
0 2 5
The direction
DANIEL YE 18
Third - a reflection in the y-axis
DANIEL YE 19
AOS 2 Algebra
Solutions to Simultaneous Equations
The solution to a system of simultaneous equations is the point at which the lines intersect.
Usually, there is one intersection and therefore one solution for and .
However if the lines are parallel, i.e. have the same gradient, then there is no solution.
If the lines have the same gradient and both meet at any point, i.e. same line, then there are infinite
solutions.
Q + Q = 0
< + < = 0
Theorem:
1. There is a unique solution if and only if
Q Q
< <
Q Q
=
< <
Q + Q = Q
Theorem:
1. There is a unique solution if and only if
Q Q
< <
DANIEL YE 20
i.e. not proportional
Q Q Q
=
< < <
i.e. the coefficients are proportional (same gradient) but not the constants
Q Q Q
= =
< < <
Composite Functions
=
Defined only if ran dom
Example Questions
Find the function rule:
1) given () and ()
<khZ LhJk
2) () given = , and = a
J
<khZ LhJ k
i) =
J a
ii) Then solve for
JkP< akPQ
3) Example 1: () given = , and =
L Z
a Q J kP
i) = + =
Z a L
ak J kh P<
ii) =
Z L
J kh P< QZkPQQ
iii) = =
L <`
J h P< JkP<
iv) Check: = =
L L
DANIEL YE 21
or
Z k hQ
i) =
a
J P<
ii) =
L
QZk QQ
iii) = +
<` <`
bhk
4) Find () given = khJ and =
Z
bhk
i) khJ =
Z
k
ii) kPJ =
Z
hZkPJ
iii) =
iv) Check: = hZ k PJ
= h
PJ
= khJ
Index Laws
= P
DANIEL YE 22
v
= h
v
=
=
Q
h =
v
^ = 1
=
Law of exponential change
= ^ q
^ is the initial value
is a constant:
Growth > 0
Decay < 0
Logarithm Laws
v = v + v
v
= v v
Q
v
= v
v = v
v = 1
DANIEL YE 23
v 1 = 0
Equivalency to Index Form
= k = log v
" is the 'log' of with base "
: , = k
Is the inverse of
: , hQ = log v
hQ P
As a result:
log v k =
And
k =
Change of Base
log r
log v =
log r
Isolate logQ^ 28
2 1 =
logQ^ 3
logQ^ 28
2 = + 1
logQ^ 3
Calculator logQ^ 28
= 2.017
2 logQ^ 3
Method 2
Take log J of boths sides of 2 1 = log J 28
the equation
Isolate 1 + log J 28
=
2
DANIEL YE 24
Calculator 2.017
Circular Functions
Degrees and Radians
180
1 = 1 =
180
Symmetry
CAST, counter-clockwise from Q4
Complimentary Relationships
= =
2 2
+ = + =
2 2
Pythagorean identity
< + < = <
cos < + sin< = 1<
Tangent function
< Q sin
= = = = tan
< Q cos
Unit Circle
sin =
cos =
sin
tan =
cos
DANIEL YE 25
DANIEL YE 26
Solving Circular Functions
There are 3 types of question on circular functions
Find the solutions for when the function within a domain
= ,
1. Let everything inside the brackets = . Draw the domain for i.e. make the domain for
whatever is within brackets
2 2
5 5
2 2 2
5 5 5
2. Find the basic angle and mark its possible positions
2 cos = 1 =
3
Therefore the solutions for = 2 = 2 + , , , 2
Z J J J J
3. Find
2 = 2 + + , + , + , 2 +
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
8 2 8 2
2 = 2 + , , , 2
15 15 15 15
4 4
= + , , ,
15 15 15 15
= , , ,
DANIEL YE 27
Find the general solution
For general solutions you only need to find solution/s within the first period. In each period
thereafter they are repeated. For sine and cosine there are two solutions, for tangent there is one.
Find the general solution: =
Q
1. Let = 3 and draw cos = <
over the domain 0 2
Therefore = 3 = , +
L L
2. Express for each recurring period.
= 3 = 2 + , 2 + +
4 4
3. Simplify for
3 5
3 = 2 + , 2 +
4 4
= + , +
One of sin , cos and tan are given. Find the other two.
+ = ,
1. First, rearrange to isolate sin ()
3
sin + = sin =
6
2. Draw a right angle triangle based on the relationship between hypotenuse, opposite and
adjacent. We know that sin =
DANIEL YE 28
3. The remaining side was calculated using < + < = <
<
6< 3 = 36 3 = 33
4. Now that we have the values of all sides, we can determine the value of cosine and tangent.
J
Since the domain restricts us to the fourth quadrant ( < 2), cosine must be positive and
tangent must be negative.
= + =
= = = = =
DANIEL YE 29
AOS 3 Calculus
Derivatives
Interpretation of the Derivative
Derivative:
= the gradient of the tangent
= the gradient of the curve
k h(k )
= limit of the average rate of change lim
k k k hk
= the rate of change
Velocity = derivative of displacement
Acceleration = derivative of velocity
First Principles
+h +h
= lim = lim
^ +h ^ h
The value of the derivative is tan of the angle it makes with the x-axis:
= = tan
= tanhQ
DANIEL YE 30
6 Formulae for Differentiation
We have formulae for the derivative 4 of the 5 fundamental functions (power, exponential, log,
circular, inverse of circular).
1. =
= hQ
2. = k
= k
3. = log 1
=
4. = sin
= cos
5. = cos
= sin
6. = tan 1
= = sec <
cos <
4. = sin ()
= cos
DANIEL YE 31
5. = cos ()
= sin
6. = tan ()
= sec <
k
=
k
Normal Line
1
= (Q ) ( Q )
Q
Stationary Points
= 0
Max Inflection Min
Qh Q QP < Jh J JP
() + 0 - - - 0 +
() - - - 0 + + +
()
DANIEL YE 32
= ()
3. (, ) is a point on the line.
= +
Linear Approximation
The approximation of a function can be found using the equation of the tangent from a known point.
The equation of a tangent is ^ = ^ ( ^ )
Rearrange to give = ^ + ^ ( ^ )
In summary:
^ + ^ (Q ^ )
Example:
Find the approximate value of 5.
DANIEL YE 33
Let =
Q
Then =
< k
We know that 4 = 4 = 2
By finding the equation of the tangent to the curve at = 4, we can gain an approximate value of
() at = 5
So let ^ = 4 and Q = 5
4 + 4 5 4
1
4+ 1
2 4
1
2+
4
2.25
Note that this approximation is slightly higher than the actual value of 2.236067977
Graphically:
Continuity
A function is continuous if you can sketch it without taking the pen of the page
A function is differentiable everywhere if it is smooth everywhere
DANIEL YE 34
Integration
E.g. L = 4 J
L is an antiderivative of 4 J
Indefinite integral
The set of all antiderivatives is the indefinite integral.
4 J = L +
Definite integral
r
v
Fundamental integral theorem
If = (), then
r
r
= = v
v
Using the fundamental integral theorem
Example:
=
b
= 5, 2 = 3
<
Find (6)
b
= 6 2
<
6 3 = 5
6 = 5 3 = 2
6 Formulae for Integration
k
1. = + , 1
PQ
2. hQ = log +
3. k = k +
4. sin = cos +
5. cos = sin +
Q
6. = tan +
k
DANIEL YE 35
Substitution
1
=
Why?
=
1
=
()
Examples
Z
1
= 3 5 3 5
3
1
= 3 5 Z 3 5
3
1 3 5 b
= +
3 6
P
1
= LkPQ 4 + 1
4
1
= LkPQ +
4
Recognition
Let = 2 k 2 k + <
Find k
1. Find the derivative of ()
= 2 k + 2
2. Then, find k
= 2 + 2
DANIEL YE 36
3. Integrate both sides
= 2 k + 2
= 2 k + 2
2 k = 2
k = 2 k 2 k + < ( < + )
k = 2 k 2 k +
Areas
Area between two curves
Horizontal
r
= r
v
Vertical
1. Express in terms of
= hQ , = hQ
2. Find area
DANIEL YE 37
= hQ R hQ
r
Curves crossing over
r
= r + r
v
Bound by the x-axis
r
=
v
Average Function Value
r
1
=
v
Approximation
Area under a curve can be estimated by drawing rectangles
= ^ + Q + + hQ
= Q + < + +
Using trapeziums
+
=
2
DANIEL YE 38
AOS 4 Probability &
Statistics
Steps when solving a probability problem
1. Define the variable
e.g. Let be the
2. State the distribution
E.g. table, ~ , , ~(, < )
3. Write the information mathematically
4. CAS
Venn diagram Karnaugh map
DANIEL YE 39
An event
Any subset of the sample space
E.g. Event is rolling and even number; = {2, 3, 6}
Probability of an event
The ratio of the outcomes in the event to the outcomes in the sample space
Subjective probability
A guess
From area
Relationships
Mutually Exclusive
Events and have no outcomes in common i.e. they cannot occur together
Pr = Pr + Pr
Independent Events
If event does not effect the probability of
Pr = Pr
Pr
= Pr ()
Pr
Pr = Pr Pr
DANIEL YE 40
Law of total probability
Pr = Pr Pr B + Pr A B Pr B
Mode
The most frequently occurring outcome
E.g. 3
Percentiles
Median
o The middle outcome
E.g. 115 228 37 median 325 4 5
(15 + 28 + 7 = 50)
Quartile
o The values dividing the set of data into 4 equal parts
Percentile
o The values dividing a set of data into 100 equal parts
Expected value
AKA average or mean
In Further 115 + 228 + 332 + 418 + 57
=
100
DANIEL YE 41
=== ()
k
Standard deviation
A measurement of the average difference between each value and the mean
= = ()
k
< Pr =
k
Variance
< <
= = Pr ( = )
k
< <
< <
NOTE: < = k
<
()
< < + = .
The linear property
+ = +
+ = +
+ = <
+ = + ()
Using CAS
Copy values to table
Calc > One-variable > select lists > OK!
Binomial Distribution
The probability distribution of a random variable produced from a Bernoulli experiment
A Bernoulli experiment
1. The number of trials is fixed
2. There are two outcomes of each trial: success or failure
3. The probability of getting in each trail is constant
4. Each trial is independent (assumed)
DANIEL YE 42
0 1 2 3
DANIEL YE 43
Expected Value
=
Variance
= (1 )
DANIEL YE 44
NOTE:
The values of are not probabilities
The value of any specific value of is 0
Pr < < = Pr
Improper integrals
q .
lim = 1 =
q. Q Q
Possible complications with infinite limits, avoided in course.
Possible Questions
sin , 0
=
0, otherwise
Find the value of
Let ^
sin = 1
<
Find Pr <<
J J
/
Q
Evaluate / sin
<
Mean
.
==
h.
.
=
h.
Percentiles
is the value of the 'th percentile
=
h.
Median
Median means Pr = Pr > = 0.5
= 0.5
h.
Interquartile Range
v
1. h.
= 0.25
r
2. h.
= 0.75
3. IQR =
Variance
Var = < = < <
.
= <
h.
DANIEL YE 45
Standard deviation
sd = = Var
< < + = .
~ , <
1 Q kh5
h
= < 6 ,
2
= 0, = 1
Simplest form of the normal distrubtion
Almost all area between = 3 and = 3
DANIEL YE 46
Negative values indicate data below the mean
If required to find or , use the transformation formula to standardise to .
Pr = Pr
Example: ATAR
Let be a study score from 0 - 50
Pr < 40 = 0.91
Pr < 45 = 0.98
L^h5
1. Pr < = 0.91
6
45
Pr < = 0.98
L^h5
= invnorm 0.91 = 1.34076
6
2. Solve LZh5
= invnorm 0.98 = 2.05375
6
Rule for general normal distribution
1 Q kh:
h
~ = < 6
2
Centre determined by mean
Width determined by standard deviation
DANIEL YE 47
Determine percentiles of a distribution
DANIEL YE 48
Normal approximation to binomial distribution
Binomial distribution is approximately normal, given is not too small is not too close to 0 or 1.
~ , 1
Rule of thumb:
and (1 ) should be greater than 5 to approximate
Sampling
Statistics deals with samples and estimations. It uses knowledge of probability as a tool.
Populations
Population - the set of all eligible members of a group which we intend to study.
Using the whole population is often impractical:
o May be too large
o May be difficult to access
o Data collection may be destructive
DANIEL YE 49
Population and Sample Ratios
Population proportion
The ratio of favourable outcomes in the population. It is a population parameter, a fixed number
not a variable.
h
=
Sample proportion
The ratio of favourable outcomes in the samples with fixed size. It is a sample statistic, which varies
from sample to sample.
h
=
Sample proportions are the values of random variable .
Sample distribution
The probability distribution of variable .
DANIEL YE 50
Mean
= Pr =
=
Standard Deviation
<
= <
1
=
DANIEL YE 51
Confidence Intervals
Point estimates
Using a sample proportion to estimate the population proportion
Interval Estimates
An interval estimate for the population proportion is called a confidence interval for .
An approximate 95% confidence interval for is given by:
1 1
1.96 , + 1.96
The interval that has 95% chance of containing the population ratio
DANIEL YE 52
Margin of error
1
= 1.96
DANIEL YE 53
Miscellaneous
Spheres:
L
Volume: J
J
Cones:
Q
Volume: <
J
Pyramids:
Q
Volume:
J
CAS
To test multiple values of a variable use {a, b, c}
Logic Test
Define the functions
Find judge command in Catalogue
Insert equation and EXE
Combine Fractions
Returns answer as a single fraction with denominator in factored form
Interactive > Transformation > combine
DANIEL YE 54