High Rise Interference PDF

High Rise Interference
Topics
1. Objectives of High Rise Optimization

2. The High Rise Phenomenon
3. Antenna Considerations
4. High Rise Optimization Techniques
5. Case Study on Raffles Place
6. Conclusion
High Rise Optimization Strategies 2
1
High Rise Optimization
To resolve high rise problems without affecting existing street level

coverage and quality.
To identify and formulate a methodology for tackling high rise problems.
To make recommendations on further work to be done to control the level
of high rise interference in the network.
To document all findings and results at the end of the project.
The High Rise Phenomenon - Causes and

Sources of Interference
2
The High Rise Phenomenon
At high rise buildings (more than 20 storeys),

calls cannot be established or received even though the signal strength
indicates full signal bar.
If the call can be connected,

the call quality is very bad;
there is a high tendency that the call will be dropped.
What Are the Causes?
Co-channel Interference
Due to two or more communication channels operating simultaneously at
the same frequency.
Problem is severe if co-channel is on the BCCH.
Adjacent Channel Interference

Results from imperfect filters in the system.
Allows adjacent carriers to leak into pass band of the wanted carrier.
Not as severe as co-channel interference.
3
High rise interference is the result of poor cell planning.
Some of the causes:

Tight reuse pattern.
Height of cell site.
Line-of-sight with unwanted far away servers.
Poor antenna specifications.
Reflection and scattering from unwanted servers.
Poor implementation of microcell layer.
Nominal direction
not adhered
Unwanted far
servers GSM Mobile
co-channel at
interference high rise
Poor F/B
ratio
Poor upper
sidelobe
suppression
Too high
site A
40 m
Macrocell
C
30 m
B Macrocell
20 m
Macrocell
Microcell Too high Microcell Reflection &

power scattering
In MRP, A and C are
usually co-channel
4
Antenna Considerations for High Rise
Optimization
Gain and Beamwidth Relationship
-3dB
60 o 0dB
0dB
-3dB
30 o +3dB 180 o +3dB
-3dB
-3dB
15 o +6dB
90 o +6dB
-3dB
-3dB
7.5 o +9dB
-3dB 45 o +9dB
-3dB
5
A Typical High Gain Antenna
90 90
120 60 120 60
150 30 150 30
180 -30 -20 -10 0 180 -30 -20 -10 0
210 330 210 330
240 300 240 300

270 270
Horizontal Pattern Vertical Pattern
Upper Sidelobe Suppression
90 90
120 60 120 60
150 30 150 30
180 -10 -20 -30 0 180 -10 -20 -30 0
210 330 210 330

925 MHz 925 MHz
240 300 240 300

270 270
Argus CPX308e Antenna Radiation Pattern.
6
Upper Sidelobe Enhancement
90 90
120 60 120 60
150 30 150 30
180 -10 -20 0 180 -10 -20 0
210 330 210 330
240 300 240 300

270 270
Allgon 7255.02 Antenna Radiation Pattern.
Antennas for High Rise Optimization
GSM Mobile
at
120 m high rise
Electrical downtilt
with good upper
sidelobe suppression
Co-channel
Far server
40 m Near
A server
30 m
C Good upper
sidelobe
Electrical
20 m B enhancement
downtilt
2 km 0.2 km
7
Horizontally--Mounted Antenna
Horizontally
90 90
120 60 120 60
10
5
0 dB +32.5 deg
150 30 150 30
-5
-10
65 deg horizontal
beamwidth +3.5 deg
180 0 180 0 7beamwidth

deg vertical
-3.5 deg
210 330 210 330

-32.5 deg
240 300 240 300

270 270
Horizontal pattern Vertical pattern
Horizontally--Mounted Antenna
Horizontally
8
High Rise Optimization Techniques
17
The high rise optimization is carried out using a 3 step approach:

First, the powering down of microcells to prevent frequency jamming.
Second, putting up new dominant servers for each high rise building.
Third, eliminating of unwanted far away interferers.
9
Eliminating of interferer.
Changing of frequency.
Powering up the server.
Re-orientation.
Cell splitting.
Tapping from in-building.
Putting up a new site.
Eliminating of Interferers
After the interferer affecting a server has been identified, we have to check
the viability of
powering down the site;
downtilting of antenna;
changing out of antenna.
Information from C-module will help to determine the best solution to
minimize the spillage.
10
Changing of Frequency
Usually used as an interim solution.

Method is adopted when a server is severely interfered and there is no
other dominant server to take over.
Points to take note when planning new frequency:
Identify servers around the problem area.
Avoid channels that will interfere with the servers in the area.
Select the channels that are the weakest (-80dBm) at high rise and at street
level.
Allocate channels in accordance with MRP frequency plan.
Powering Up Server
Points to consider when powering up a server:

It must be nearby.
Able to support good call quality.
Must not be congested.
Can be powered up.
Power up in increments of 2dB until it becomes the next dominant server
at high rise.
If the server cannot be dominant, a lower gain antenna should be
considered for a larger vertical beamwidth.
Alternatively, sector splitting can also be considered.
11
Re-
Re-orientation
Method is used when:

there is a good quality server available but not LOS with the high rise building.
street level coverage from this server is not needed.
Some considerations to take note:
There should be no mounting constraint for re-orientating the antenna.
The re-orientated azimuth must not be against the nominal direction.
There must be adequate macro coverage after re-orientation.
New direction must not interfere with other nearby cells.
Cell Splitting
If street coverage is needed and the high rise building is in a different

azimuth direction,
it is necessary to split the cell and introduce a second antenna reorientated to
serve the high rise.
3 types of antenna configurations:
Two high gain antenna mounted on a T-boom;
High and low gain antenna mounted on T-boom;
Dual mid-gain antennas mounted on vertical boom.
12
Cell Splitting Using T-
T-Boom
Guidelines to be observed when

using a T-boom:
Existing antenna structure must
be able to support the new
antenna.
There must be space to mount the
new T-boom.
There should not be space
constraint to turn the antenna.
Select appropriate antenna for the
intended coverage.
Existing street level coverage will
reduce by 3dB due to the splitting.

T-Boom
2 High Gain X-pol Antenna
Horizontal antenna
Enhance signal at high rise
building.
Vertical antenna
Retains existing
street level coverage.
13
T-Boom
High & Low Gain X-pol Antenna
Horizontal antenna
High gain
Enhancement for single high
rise building.
Vertical antenna
Low gain.
For general street level and
high rise coverage.
Cell Splitting Using Vertical Boom
Dual Mid-Gain Antenna
Lower antenna
Used to maintain existing
coverage.
Upper antenna
Uptilted and re-orientated to
serve a cluster of high rise
buildings.
14
Tap from In-
In-building
Considerations for tapping an existing in-building microcell to serve high

rise:
The in-building cell must be neighbouring to the high rise building;
It must be lower than the high rise building;
There must not be other in-building microcells adjacent to the high rise
building.
A horizontal antenna structure mounted on a T boom is used to minimize
spillage to other high rise buildings.
Suitable mounting location must be chosen to minimize spillage to street
level.
Feeder loss has to be kept minimum.
Putting Up a New Site
Used as a last resort due to the high cost involved.

Procedure for putting up a new site has 2 stages:
Engineering Survey.
Frequency Planning.
15
Putting Up a New Site
Engineering Survey
The site must not be >10 storeys high.
Clear, line-of-sight view of the high rise buildings to be served.
Choose correct antenna and antenna configuration for the intended
coverage.
Advisable to mount antenna at the edge of the rooftop.
Frequency Planning
Careful planning to ensure that new site will not cause interference to
other sites.
Necessary to know the servers around the vicinity.
Select frequencies that will not interfere with the servers and scan for the
weakest.
Best to choose channels weaker than -80dBm.
For BCCH, frequency must be chosen from the allocated group in
accordance with the nominal direction.
Case Study on Raffles Place
32
16
Case Study on Raffles Place
3 solutions were implemented to solve high rise problems

Tung Centre
Tapping from in-building
Golden Shoe Carpark
New macro site
Pidemco Centre
Cell splitting
*
The Raffles Place Scenario Boon
Bldg
FU
Ca
LLE
ve n
RT O
agh
N
Bri
dge
Singapore River
fullerton
Pidemco Bldg
Center
ay
at Qu
Bo
* Chartered
Bank Blg
POC UOB
Plaza
OCBC CHU
Center LIA ST
PIC
KE Tung
HO R IN
KIE G SLT Center
N ST Sinsov
ST
Bldg
D
OUB
YR
NA
Center Caltex
Q UA
NK
IN Hse Change
ST
Capital Sq
* Alley
ER
LY
COL
CH
MARKET STREET
IN Golden Shoe Clifford

CH
EW Carpark Clifford Pier
ST Ctr
PE
KIN The Arcade
ST
Republic
T
Far East Sq Plaza

AS
IN
Ocean
CH
The
Exchange Bldg
Prudential
*
C
H
Twr Overseas
EA
Union
*
NG
Hse
H
O
N
Finlayson
G
LI
Green
M
ST
AIA
Market
Pk
Street
Capark
ay
*
Qus
ffle
Hong Leong
Macro Site
* Bldg
Ra
City Hse CR AL
CAN
* Micro Site
Tong
Eng
OS
SS
T
17
Raffles Place Optimization
Retrofitting of Inbuilding Microcell in Tung Centre
35
Tung Centre
X-pol Antenna
mounted
horizontally B
A
SLT C
Tung D
Center
4m
Caltex 45 sty :
Hse Change Rxlev 40 ~ 60
Alle y
37 sty :
Rxlev 37 ~ 60
Clifford
Ctr 34 deg
uptilt
25 sty
In-building cell in Tung Centre extended

to rooftop to serve Singapore Land Tower Singapore
Tung Land
Center 70 m Tower
18
Tung Centre
Singapore
Land
Tower
Katherin 739160 x-pol antenna uptilted by 34 deg to serve Singapore Land

Tower.
Putting Up New Macro Site at Golden Shoe Carpark
38
19
Chartered
Bank Blg
UOB Plaza
OCBC
Center
OUB SLT
Sinsov Center
Bldg
A
Caltex
A' Hse
Capital Sq
C
MARKET STREET
Golden Shoe
Carpark B Clifford
Ctr
Golden Shoe
The Arcade Carpark
Republic
Plaza (Overall)
The Ocean
Exchange Bldg
Prudential
Twr
Finlayson
Green
AIA
Market
Street
Capark
Hong Leong
Bldg
Golden Shoe Carpark
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20
Golden Shoe Carpark (Sector A)
OUB
Centre
UOB
Plaza
Hitachi
Tower
Sinsov
Building
Sinsov
Building
Standard Clifford
chartered Centre
Coverage of Sector A
Katherin 739160 x-pol

UOB Plaza antenna.
Uptilted by 15 deg to serve
UOB Plaza.
21
Allgon 7216.06 antenna.

Uptilted by 25 deg.
OUB
Centre
Using T-boom antenna

structure.
Horizontal
UOB
Plaza Katherin 739160 x-pol
antenna.
Vertical
Allgon 7216.06 antenna.
22
Golden Shoe Carpark (Split Sector A)
Singapore
Land
Towerc
OUB
Centre Split Sector A
To serve Singapore Land
Tower.
Using T-boom antenna
structure.
Katherin 739160 x-pol
antenna.
Golden Shoe Carpark (Sector B)
Republic Prudential Coverage of Sector B.

Plaza
Hong
Leong
Building
23
Pickering
Operation
Centre
Katherin 739160 x-pol antenna uptilted by 15 deg.
Hong
Leong
Prudential
Two Katherin 739160 x-pol antenna. Horizontal antenna is uptilted by

30 deg to serve Prudential Tower.
24
Golden Shoe Carpark (Sector C)
OCBC
POC
Sector C antenna. Using Katherin 739160 x-pol antenna, uptilted by

39 deg to serve OCBC.
Retrofittng of Outdoor Site at Pidemco Centre
50
25
Pidemco Centre
Pidemco Centre Pickering Opertion Centre

(POC)
Pidemco Centre
New feeder
New horizontal
Pidemco mounted
Center x-pol antenna
POC
Existing
Antenna OCBC
Center
Cabinet
Existing antennas are mechanically downtilted.

Existing Feeder is split and new feeder is laid.
26
Pidemco Centre
Katherin 739160 x-pol antenna mounted

horizontally on tripod, and uptilted to
serve POC.
Traffic Profile of Golden Shoe Carpark
54
27
Worst Erlang Erlang
99 99
08 08
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
1 1
99 8 99 6
08 08
2 1
99 1 99 9
08 08
2 2
99 4 99 2
08 08
2 2
99 7 99 5
08 08
3 2
99 0 99 8
09 08
0 3
99 2 99 1
09
09
0 0
99 5 99 3
09
09
0 0
99 8 99 6
09
09 0
1 99 9
99 1 09
09 1
1 99 2
99 4 09
09 1
1 99 5
99 7 09
09 1
20 99 8
99 09
09 2
Traffic profile for Sector B

Traffic profile for Sector A
2 99 1
99 3 09
09 2
2 99 4
99 6 09
09 2
29 99 7
99 09
10 3
0 99 0
99 2 10
10 0
0 99 3
99 5 10
10 06
0 99
99 8 10
10 0
High Rise Optimization Strategies

High Rise Optimization Strategies
1 99 9
10
99 1 1
10
1 99 2
10
99 4
10 1
1 99 5
10
99 7
10 1
2 99 8
10
99 0 2
10 99 1
2 10
99 3 2
10 99 4
2 10
99 6 2
10 99 7
29 10
30
W orstERL
W orstERL
Total Erlang
Total Erlang
2%GOS ERL
2%GOS ERL
56
55
28
Traffic profile for Sector C
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
W orstERL
Erlang
40 2% GOS Erlang
35 Total Erlang
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
11
16
19
22
25
28
31
03
06
09
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
03
06
09
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
Maximum Daily Traffic Profile
Available 2% GOS Worst GOS Worst Total

cct Erlang Erlang
Sector A 28 19.75 3.07% 21.29 212.2
Sector B 22 14.6 2.44% 15.31 143.19
Sector C 22 14.6 0.00% 7.16 64.35
Total 419.74
29
Conclusion
The 3 strategic solutions bring tremendous improvement in the high rise

problem at Raffles Place
Calls can be established and received.
There are no drop calls and the speech is clear with an EFR-enabled phone.
There is at least one dominant server serving the high rise building.
High traffic captured by Golden Shoe Carpark.
Providing high rise coverage is equally important as street level coverage.
Thinking outside the box to solve high rise problems.
30

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High Rise Interference

1. Objectives of High Rise Optimization

High Rise Optimization Strategies 2

To resolve high rise problems without affecting existing street level

High Rise Optimization Strategies 3

The High Rise Phenomenon - Causes and

At high rise buildings (more than 20 storeys),

If the call can be connected,

High Rise Optimization Strategies 5

What Are the Causes?

Adjacent Channel Interference

High Rise Optimization Strategies 6

High rise interference is the result of poor cell planning.

Some of the causes:

High Rise Optimization Strategies 7

Microcell Too high Microcell Reflection &

High Rise Optimization Strategies 8

Gain and Beamwidth Relationship

30 o +3dB 180 o +3dB

High Rise Optimization Strategies 10

180 -30 -20 -10 0 180 -30 -20 -10 0

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300

Horizontal Pattern Vertical Pattern

High Rise Optimization Strategies 11

Upper Sidelobe Suppression

180 -10 -20 -30 0 180 -10 -20 -30 0

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300

Argus CPX308e Antenna Radiation Pattern.

High Rise Optimization Strategies 12

180 -10 -20 0 180 -10 -20 0

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300

Allgon 7255.02 Antenna Radiation Pattern.

High Rise Optimization Strategies 13

Antennas for High Rise Optimization

High Rise Optimization Strategies 14

180 0 180 0 7beamwidth

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300

High Rise Optimization Strategies 15

High Rise Optimization Strategies 16

High Rise Optimization Techniques

The high rise optimization is carried out using a 3 step approach:

High Rise Optimization Strategies 18

High Rise Optimization Strategies 19

High Rise Optimization Strategies 20

Usually used as an interim solution.

High Rise Optimization Strategies 21

Points to consider when powering up a server:

High Rise Optimization Strategies 22

Method is used when:

High Rise Optimization Strategies 23

If street coverage is needed and the high rise building is in a different

High Rise Optimization Strategies 24

Guidelines to be observed when

High Rise Optimization Strategies 25

Cell Splitting Using T-

2 High Gain X-pol Antenna

High Rise Optimization Strategies 26

High & Low Gain X-pol Antenna

High Rise Optimization Strategies 27