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  • Acute Respiratory Infections

    Загружено:

    Kumara Guru
    215 просмотров22 страницы
    Acute respiratory infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide, with nearly 4 million dying each year. They account for 30-40% of pediatric hospital visits. The most common are pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and upper respiratory infections like tonsillitis and sinusitis. Risk factors include malnutrition, low birth weight, lack of breastfeeding, and indoor air pollution. Treatment involves classifying the severity of symptoms and providing antibiotics, oxygen, and supportive care as needed. Prevention strategies center on immunizations, improved nutrition, health education, and treating cases early.

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    ari

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    Acute respiratory infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide, with nearly 4 million dying each year. They account for 30-40% of pediatric hospital visits. The most common are pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and upper respiratory infections like tonsillitis and sinusitis. Risk factors include malnutrition, low birth weight, lack of breastfeeding, and indoor air pollution. Treatment involves classifying the severity of symptoms and providing antibiotics, oxygen, and supportive care as needed. Prevention strategies center on immunizations, improved nutrition, health education, and treating cases early.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    215 просмотров22 страницы

    Acute Respiratory Infections

    Загружено:

    Kumara Guru
    Acute respiratory infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide, with nearly 4 million dying each year. They account for 30-40% of pediatric hospital visits. The most common are pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and upper respiratory infections like tonsillitis and sinusitis. Risk factors include malnutrition, low birth weight, lack of breastfeeding, and indoor air pollution. Treatment involves classifying the severity of symptoms and providing antibiotics, oxygen, and supportive care as needed. Prevention strategies center on immunizations, improved nutrition, health education, and treating cases early.

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 22

    ACUTERESPIRATORYINFECTIONS

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 1


    INTRODUCTION

    Acuterespiratoryinfections(ARI)areamajorcauseof

    morbidityandmortalityinyoungchildrenworldwide.

    Nearly4millionchildrendieeveryyearduetoARI.

    ARIaccountsfor3040%ofthehospitalvisitsbychildrenin

    officepractice.

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 2


    Mostyoungchildrenworldwidehave4to8episodes

    ofrespiratoryinfectionsperyear.

    Incidenceofacutelowerrespiratory

    infections(pneumonia)isveryhighindeveloping

    countries.

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 3


    DEFINITION

    ARIcompriseinfectioninanypartoftherespiratory

    system(upperorlower)lastinglessthan30days

    (forotitismedialess,than2weeks).

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 4


    CLASSIFICATION
    A.Anatomicalclassification
    Thesiteofinfectionmaynotbelimitedtoonepartof
    therespiratorytract

    B.WHOclassification/Clinicalclassification
    Identifyingthefewchildrenhavingpneumoniaamong
    themanychildrenwithARI

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 5


    ANATOMICALCLASSIFICATION

    AIClassifiedbasedonthesiteofinfection

    AcuteUpperRespiratoryInfections(AURI)

    AcuteLowerRespiratoryInfections(ALRI)

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 6


    ACUTEUPPERRESPIRATORYTRACTINFECTION

    Nasopharyngitis

    Tonsillitis

    Sinusitisand

    Otitismedia.

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 7


    ACUTELOWERRESPIRATORYTRACTINFECTION

    Epiglottitis,
    Laryngitis,
    LaryngoTracheobronchitis
    Bronchitis
    Bronchiolitisand
    Pneumonia

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 8


    CLINICALCLASSIFICATION

    Nopneumonia:Coughorcold
    Pneumonia
    Severepneumonia
    Veryseverepneumonia

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 9


    ETIOLOGICALAGENTS

    Bacteria Viruses
    Strep.Pneumoniae RSV
    Staph.Aureus Adenovirus
    H.Influenzae Influenzae
    Parainfluenza
    Measles

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 10


    RISKFACTORS

    Malnutrition
    Lowbirthweight
    Notbreastfed
    VitaminAdeficiency
    Indoorairpollution
    Lowsocioeconomicstatus
    Poorhygiene
    Missingvaccines

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 11


    MODEOFTRANSMISSION

    Primarilybydirectcontactwithdischargesfrom
    respiratorymucousmembranesofinfectedpersons

    Bytheairborneroute,probablybydroplets

    Byindirectcontactwitharticlesfreshlysoiledwith
    thedischargesofinfectedpersons.

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 12


    MANAGEMENTOFARI

    AssessClassifyIdentifytreatment

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 13


    SIGNS Chestindrawing Nochestindrawing Nochestindrawing
    andfastbreathing+ andnofastbreathing
    Classifyas SEVEREPNEUMONIA PNEUMONIA NOPNEUMONIA:
    COUGHANDCOLD
    TREATMENT Referurgently Advisemotherabout Ifcough>30days,
    Give1stdoseof homecareandgive reassessment
    antibiotic anantibiotic, Assessandtreatear
    Treatfeverand Treatfeverand painorsorethroat,
    wheeze wheezeifpresent Treatfeverand
    wheeze
    REASSESSIN2DAYS
    SIGNS WORSE THESAME IMPROVING
    Notabletodrink Breathingslower
    Haschestindrawing Lessfever
    Hasotherdanger Eatingbetter
    signs
    TREATMENT ReferURGENTLY Changeantibioticor Followupin5daysif
    refer notimproving
    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 14
    MANAGEMENTOFARI(CONT)

    AntibioticsPenicillin,Ampicillin,Cotrimoxazole

    Supportivecare

    Oxygen

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 15


    PREVENTION
    DifficultiesinpreventingARIaredueto:

    Multiplicityofagents

    Periodicantigenchangesespeciallyamongviruses

    Immunizationagainstvirusesmaynotoffereffective
    resistanceagainstinfectionofthesurfacemucosaofthe
    respiratorytract.

    Airbornespreadoftheinfection.

    Lackofspecifictreatment.

    TherapidchangeintheclinicalpictureofachildwithARI

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 16


    NONSPECIFICMEASURES

    1Improvesocioeconomiccondition.

    2Healtheducation.

    3Decreaseovercrowding.

    4Improvenutrition.

    5Promotebreastfeeding.

    6Avoidexposuretoindoor1airpollution

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 17


    SPECIFICMEASURES

    Immunizationagainstmeasles,pertussis,diphtheria
    andtuberculosis

    Pneumococcalvaccineandinfluenzavaccinehowever
    botharenotwidelyused
    widelyused.

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 18


    ISSUESFORIMNCI

    Individualizedtreatmentguidelinespercountry

    Trainingandsupervisionof1stlevelhealthworkers

    Changingfamilybehaviorregardingcareofthesick

    Availabilityandeffectivenessofessentialdrugs.

    AssessClassifyTreatment

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 19


    ARICONTROLPROGRAM

    AsARIbeingasignificantproblem,Govthaslaunched
    anationwideARIcontrolprogram:

    Itsmainobjectivesare:
    Earlydiagnosisandtreatmentofpneumonia

    Itsprincipalstrategiesare:
    Prevention
    Casefindingandmanagement

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 20


    POINTSTOREMEMBER

    Bewareofseriousconditionslikemeasles,mumpsand
    diphtheriawhichmaybeginasnasopharyngitis.
    Bloodstainednasaldischargeespeciallyunilateral,may
    indicateconditionslikediphtheriaorforeignbody(old)and
    henceneedsENTevaluation.
    Sinusitis,serousotitismediaoracutelowerrespiratory
    infectionsarecommoncomplicationsfollowing
    nasopharyngitis.
    Clinicallyviralpharyngotonsillitismaybedifficultto
    differentiatefrombacterialpharyngotonsillitis.

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 21


    THANKYOU

    IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 22

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