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AbstractThis paper presents theory on transients generated Some of the methods have been combined in order to
during the initiation of earth-faults. The transients are used for detect and then track down the location of the fault. The most
detection and location of faults by means of fault-indicators.
Electric and magnetic field measured by the indicator is shown to common application is the use of a zero-sequence voltage
be a scalar/vectorial sum as a function of line configuration and detector [2] for the connection of a parallel resistor to the
heights above ground. Petersen-coil and increase the zero-sequence current in order
A field-test in a 22kV rural network is performed in order to
to apply the watt-metric method [3] for locating the faulty
investigate coherence with theory, by measuring phase voltages
and currents together with the fault-current. A model of the feeder. This is done since the compensated zero-sequence
network is established and also a model for the calculation of the current is too small to be detected reliably compared to
electromagnetic field in the position of the indicator is presented. system-imbalance.
The discharging/recharging transients during the initiation
Keywords: Compensated Networks, Detection and Location,
of the fault can be used to detect the direction to the fault in
Earth-Fault, Fault Indicator, Petersen-coil.
compensated and isolated networks [4]. The Peterson-coil
represents high impedance to the transients. This means the
I. INTRODUCTION transients are not severely affected and can be applied for
fault-locating purposes in compensated and isolated networks.
C OMPENSATED networks (utilizing resonant grounding)
have gained popularity over the last years in distribution
networks. This is mainly due to increased focus on reliability
In rural distribution networks, advanced relaying is
normally not prioritized due to rather large investments
compared to network income. The sophisticated special
of supply. The number of outages is reduced significantly, and
methods normally require replacement of both the Peterson
thus running expenses for the utility can be brought down.
coil and its control-system. A system of fault indicators can
The arc suppression coil was invented by W. Petersen in 1916
be an alternative adding to existing relays, it represents minor
[1] as the result of his pioneering work in investigating ground
investments. If the solution is well-planned, it is a cost-
fault phenomena. A well-tuned Petersen-coil compensates for
effective tool to find faults fast. Engineering an optimal
the fault-current and most arcing faults become self-
solution with indicators in a network requires detailed
extinguishing. Several methods are utilized in order to detect
knowledge of the network in order to perform network studies
and locate earth-faults in compensated networks, and are
and simulations, and to determine the optimized position of
usually classified according to the components of relay input
every indicator in the network.
signals:
1. Fundamental frequency
2. Harmonic components
3. Transient components Sleeping
4. Special methods Indicators
Remotely
E. Bjerkan is with Nortroll AS, Levanger and the Norwegian University of operated
Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway (e-mail: switch
ebjerkan@nortroll.no / eilert.bjerkan@elkraft.ntnu.no).
T. Venseth is with Nortroll AS, 7601 Levanger, Norway (e-mail:
tvenseth@nortroll.no).
GR1: IC=3,3A
66kV 22 kV
Y
EK1: IC=6,8A
Va, Vb, Vc
SK1: IC=16,7A
Fault- if
I0 ,Va , Vb , Vc Indicator
Fig. 6: Diagram of the distribution network for the field test.
TABLE I
TYPES AND LENGTHS OF THE DIFFERENT FEEDERS IN THE TESTED NETWORK
The fault resistor is made up of a cylindrical water-tank A comparison between measurements and the developed
(PVC-tube; can be seen in the lower part of Fig. 8 at the base network model is shown in the following. First the measured
of the pole) where the resistance is controlled by the addition phase to ground voltages at the fault-site are shown in Fig. 9.
of sodium chloride into the water. The advantage of using
40 40
Phase A Phase A
20 Phase B 20 Phase B
Phase C Phase C
kV
kV
0
-20 -20
-40 -40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time [ms] Time [ms]
Fig. 9: Measured phase to ground voltages at fault-site Fig. 12: Simulated phase to ground voltages at fault-site
The measured phase-to-ground voltages at the fault site, are Coherence between Fig. 9 to Fig. 12 is close. The
summed to obtain the zero-sequence voltage in Fig. 10: simulated zero-sequence voltage is shown in Fig. 13.
60 60
40 40
20 20
kV
0
kV
0
-20 -20
-40 -40
-60 -60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time [ms] Time [ms]
Fig. 10: Zero-sequence voltage calculated from the sum of phase voltages Fig. 13: Simulated zero-sequence voltage
The next measurement of interest is the fault-current as The simulated fault-current (Fig. 14) does not coincide as
shown in Fig. 11: well to the measurement (Fig. 11) as the voltages.
200 200
100 100
A
0 0
-100 -100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time [ms] Time [ms]
Fig. 11: Measured fault-current Fig. 14: Simulated fault-current