ALTERNATIVE CURRENT

Group 5 :
- Abdul Rauf Suro 4216100048
- Alfandra Aulia F.B. 4216100004
- Feizar Fahreza 4216100090
- Hibatul Wafi 4216100068
- Sidratul Nugraha 4216100001
- Taruno Ganggas D.B. 4216100112

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya

2017
 Preface

Praise the presence of the omnipotent God, for this paper can be completed
in a timely manner.
Hope I hope this paper can provide benefits for the reader so that I can
improve both the form and the content of this paper in order to produce
maximum benefits.
This paper has many shortcomings, therefore I ask for input positive
feedback from the readers so that this paper can be better

With an honour

writer

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 Table Of Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................................ i
Table Of Contents ...................................................................................................... ii
Chapter 1.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Benefits ...................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Purpose ...................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Definition of Alternating Current ..................................................................... 2
2.2 Effective Value (Root Mean Square), Average Value, and Maximum value ... 3
2.3 Resesive, Inductive and Capacitive Circuits ..................................................... 5
2.4 RL, RC and RLC circuits ................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER III .............................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Problems and Solutions ................................................................................. 13
CHAPTER IV .............................................................................................................. 15
4.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 15
CHAPTER V ............................................................................................................... 16
5.1 Literature ....................................................................................................... 16

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 Chapter 1
1.1 Background
Physycs has a great name in this world nowadays. As we know, every single
year in this world has a lot of meaning include physycs inside it. It has been
developed so well until this time, so we can learn so much and involve more
in science, especially in electrical. Electrical has two different group, it is
alternative current and direct current.
Alternative currents are the topics of this work, because there is a lot of
things that we can learn from alternative current so we can learn it one by
one following this work.

1.2 Benefits
1. We can learn more about electrical specially alternative current
2. We can know the use of alternative current in daily life
3. We can make innovation in electrical world

1.3 Purpose
the purpose of learning alternative currents are, we want to involve more in
physycs specially in electrical material so we can developed more to make
innovation in electrical material.

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 CHAPTER II
2.1 Definition of Alternating Current
The alternating current is an electric current which reverses direction
with a frequency so that it is called AC current (Alternating Current). In
alternating current, GGl and current have more than one direction or direction
as a function of time. Source Alternating current is alternating current
generator. The alternating current generator consists of a square bucket rotated
in a magnetic field. Alternating current is Differentiated between alternating
current sinusoidal pattern and non sinusoidal pattern

Sinusoidal pattern non- sinusoidal

pattern

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 The alternating current source is a generator, an alternating current
generator consisting of a rectangular coil that is rotated in a magnetic field.
The electric motion force (GGL) generated by the generator changes
periodically according to the sine or cosine functions. GGL sinusoid is
produced by a rotating coil with a fixed angular rate. The resulting voltage is
a sinusoidal voltage with the following equation:

= NBA sin t or = m sin t

m = NBA = maximum electric force
N = Number of coil rolls
A = coil area
B = magnetic induction
= angular frequency
Electrical loads in alternating current can be resistor (R), capacitor (C)
and inductor (L).

2.2 Effective Value (Root Mean Square), Average Value, and

Maximum value
The effective value of alternating current is the value of alternating
current and voltage equivalent to direct current and voltage to produce the
same amount of heat and through a resistor in the same time. the
relationship between the effective current and voltage with maximum
current and voltage is given by:

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 The average value of an alternating current is a value that is
considered equivalent to a direct current which keeps the same amount of
electrical charge at the same time. The magnitude of the average voltage
and current strength is formulated

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 Vm = maximum voltage (V) Ief = effective current (A)
Vef = effective voltage (V) Vr = average voltage (V)
Im = max current (A) Ir = average current (A)

2.3 Resesive, Inductive and Capacitive Circuits

a. Resistor

A circuit consisting of a resistance R conected with an AC current

source is called a resistive circuit. Look at the picture below.

In the resistive circuit, the voltage and current will have the same phase
as shown in the curve figure above. In the resistive circuit apply the formula
:

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 And the relationship between Vm and Im:

V = momentary voltage (V)

I = momentary current (A)
R = resistance (ohms)

= the angular velocity

= frequency

= Period

2
= 2 =

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b. Inductive Circuits (L)

The inductive circuit is a circuit consisting of an inductor connected to

the AC voltage. In the inductive circuit, the phase difference between
voltage and current is / 2 with a voltage preceding a current of / 2 or
you can call its current / 2 overdue from the voltage. As in the following
graph

In the inductive circuit, when the current on the inductor changes, an

electric force will develop between the ends of the inductor whose
magnitude is formulated :

The amount of current and voltage in the inductive circuit is

formulated

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 If the resistance in the inductive circuit through which the alternating
current is defined as the inductive reactance (XL) then XL is formulated
:

L = inductance inductor
Vmax = maximum voltage on inductor (Volt)
VL = voltage between the ends of the inductor (Volt)

c. Capacitive Circuits (C

Capacitive circuit consists of capacitor C which is connected with

AC voltage. In a capacitive circuit, the phase difference between the
voltage and current is / 2 with the current preceding the tang of / 2.
The graph is as follows:

If the resistance in the capacitive circuit through which the

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 alternating current is interpreted as a capacitive reactance Xc then the
magnitude Xc can be formulated as

The amount of current and voltage in the capacitive circuit is

formulated

And the relationship between Vm and Im:

XL = capacitive reactance (ohms)

C = capacitor capacity (C)

d. Impedance (Z)

A conductor in an alternating current circuit has a resistance,

inductive reactance, and a capasitive reactance. To simplify the
problem, we observe an alternating current circuit inside which is
composed of a resistor R, a coil R, an inductive coil L and a capacitor
C. According to the ohms law, the voltage between the ends of the
circuit:

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 V = VR + VL + VC

With the vector sum is obtained:

. = ( 1 )2 + 2

2.4 RL, RC and RLC circuits

The RL, RC, LC and RLC circuits are combinations of resistors,
inductors and / or capacitors arranged in series. Before discussing the above
four types of circuit above, it is necessary to know first that the current and the
applied voltage are the effective current (Ief) and the effective voltage (Vef).
While in the recessive, inductive and pure capacitive circuits in the previous
discussion using maximum current and voltage.

a. Series circuit between R and L

If the resistor and indukor (R and L) series assembled and connected to a

source of tension was back and forth the applicable formula

b. Series circuit between R and C

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 If the resistance and capacitor (R and C) are coupled series and then
connected to an alternating voltage source then

c. Series circuit R, L, and C

If the resistance, the inductor, and the capacitor are strung together
then connected to a voltage source back and forth then

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If XL> Xc then the circuit is inductive, because q is positive
2. If Xc> XL then the circuit is capacitive, because q is negative
3. Apbaila XL. = X c then the circuit is resistive, resonance Z = R, q
= 0 with the frequency and velocity of resonance angle formulated

L = inductance of inductor (H)

C = capacitance of capacitor (F)

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 CHAPTER III
3.1 Problems and Solutions

In the AC circuit as shown in the figure, R = 40, V maks = 100 V, and the
generator frequency f = 50 Hz. Considered voltage at the ends of the resistor VR = 0
when t = 0. Determine:
1. Maximum current
2. Frequency angle generator
3. Current through resistor at t = 1/75 s
4. Current through resistor at t = 1/150 s

Solutions
1. In The pure resistor circuit, Imaks can be determine with the equation:
Imaks = Vmaks/R
= 100/40
= 2.5 A
2. Frequency angle generator ()
= 2. .f
= 2. .50
= 100

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 3. For a pure resistor circuit, the voltage is in phase with the current, so for V =
Vmaks.sin t, then I = Imaks.sin t. The instantaneous current equation is:
I (t) = Imaks.sin t
= 2.5 sin t

4. For a pure resistor circuit, the voltage is in phase with the current, so for V =
Vmaks.sin t, then I = Imaks.sin t. The instantaneous current equation is:
I (t) = Imaks.sin t
= 2.5 sin t

5. What advantages does an alternating current have over a direct

current?
AC has these advantages:
Easily available at a wall socket near you
Easily stepped up and down for long transmission with fairly low loss
Easy to generate with AC Generator/motor from rotary sources (e.g.
turbines)
Easy to make powerful, reliable motors (induction type)
Frequency reference for clocks and other devices needing frequency
reference
Easily rectified to DC if needed.

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 CHAPTER IV
5.1 Conclusion
After learning more about alternative current, we can make a conclusion :
1. Alternative currents has a fluctuative measurement than Direct
Current
2. We can see the difference between the alternative current and direct
current from the curve and the use.
3. Alternative currents are more dangerous then Direct Currents, but it
can not be dangerous when it has a low voltage.

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 CHAPTER V
5.1 Literature
1. http://dokumen.tips/documents/makalah-arus-ac-55f9cc109cfb3.html
2. https://www.slideshare.net/trias_krisna/makalah-arus-a
3. www.academia.edu/9915864/MAKALAH_LISTRIK_AC-DC
4. hodridjibril.blogspot.com/2013/05/makalahgenerator-ac-disusunoleh-
nama.html

5. Halliday, Resnick. 1984. Fisika Jilid 1(Terjemahan). Jakarta: Penerbit

Erlangga.
W. Mark, H. Richard. 1986.

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