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INTRODUCCIN
La violencia juvenil, es decir, la ejercida por los adolescentes y jvenes es una realidad
que se ha agravado en los ltimos 20 aos en el pas. Entre las causas principales son: La
crisis econmica llev a un proceso de migracin a las grandes ciudades en busca de
nuevas oportunidades, el desplazamiento de las familias amenazada por el terrorismo, con
la consiguiente desintegracin familiar y cultural, la marginacin y la exclusin social, la
pobreza extrema, la falta de bsica servicios, salud y educacin, as como la falta de
empleo y la crisis de valores. Por lo tanto, la familia, especialmente mujeres y nios, han
sido violados, creando problemas de inadecuacin social, la que se manifiesta
principalmente en la proliferacin de las bandas juveniles barras bravas y Pira ~
nitas. Su accin va desde delitos menores a delitos que requieren intervencin judicial.
JUSTIFICACIN
Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo acercarse a la comprensin de las causas y
motivaciones que llevan a los adolescentes a desafiar la ley y la experiencia institucional
con menores infractores que cumplen una medida de rehabilitacin en centros juveniles y
una propuesta intervention.DEVELOPMENT
La violencia es un fenmeno social que est creciendo en las principales ciudades de todo
el mundo. En Europa Occidental delitos menores y comportamiento antisocial han crecido
rpidamente, mientras que la incidencia de los delitos graves ha sido controlado por la
aplicacin de medidas modernas de la aplicacin de la ley y la justicia penal, y el
establecimiento de formas sofisticadas de la cooperacin internacional. En los pases en
desarrollo y de Europa del Este estn aumentando ambos delitos menores, tales como los
crmenes violentos. Incluso en Asia, que registr una disminucin de la delincuencia en
general entre 1975 y 1990, ha habido un crecimiento considerable de delitos contra la
propiedad, el crimen organizado y el trfico de drogas en las ciudades de ms de 100.000
habitantes (VANDERSCHUEREN, 2000).
El mismo autor seala que los patrones de criminalidad estn cambiando. Por un lado, los
criminales estn cada vez ms jvenes, debido en parte a la proliferacin de los nios de
la calle y las bandas callejeras. En los otros crmenes violentos, como el asesinato, son
cada vez ms comunes.
Per no escapa a esta realidad. Los actos de violencia han aumentado significativamente
en las ciudades, y hay a menudo los participantes menores de edad.
La poblacin total es 22, 639.443 habitantes (INEI, 1993). La pobreza afecta a 13 millones
de peruanos que tienen ingresos suficientes para cubrir la canasta y aprox. 4,5 millones
viven en la pobreza extrema, de los cuales 596 000 son nios menores de 04 aos y un
milln de un solo cien mil, entre 5 y 14 aos. Ms de 15 aos de violencia terrorista
dejaron 30 000 hurfanos, 12 000 personas con discapacidad, sin contar los nios muertos
y sus consecuencias desastrosas para las estructuras sociales.
Las malas condiciones de vida exacerbados por la existencia de familias con muchos
nios abandonados por el padre, conduciendo a muchos nios a trabajar. El censo de
1993 (INEI), encontr que uno de cada 14 nios son trabajadores (435 mil). Estos nios
suelen crecer sin ms oportunidades para estudiar y adquirir los patrones de
comportamiento de adaptacin a la realidad hostil que presenta la calle, incluyendo el uso
de sustancias psicoactivas y el crimen.
La familia como la primera situacin social del menor, tiene gran influencia en los patrones
de comportamiento y relacin con el mundo que le rodea. As que cuando la familia no se
desarrolla se pueden presentar un enlace funcional protector, promotor y la inadaptacin
armoniosa.
* Diferencias y la falta de armona de la familia, las malas relaciones entre padres e hijos.
Vacca (1998), explica que una familia disfuncional puede conducir a una o ms de sus
miembros para desarrollar una determinada enfermedad, definindola como un patrn de
conductas inadaptadas e indeterminada que presentan de forma permanente uno o ms
miembros de una familia, y para relacionarse con su pertenencia a la creacin de un clima
propicio para la aparicin de enfermedades especficas y no especficas.
Cada uno de ellos y en contacto con factores de riesgo compatibles con cada uno de sus
miembros y / o el factor predictivo para incubar y puede desencadenar la respectiva
psicopatologa. Por lo tanto, la adicin tendra lugar por la conjuncin de una serie de
factores de riesgo que predisponen a, o facilitan exponer a una persona desarrolla una
unin patolgica con un spa, actividad, dispositivo o persona en una adiccin de disparo
posterior. La capacidad de conectar y crear una adiccin est maximizado si el individuo
tiene un factor predictivo positivo, sobre la base de una predisposicin heredada orgnico
(bioqumica, neurolgicos, fisiolgicos y psicolgicos), tambin en funcin del tipo de
adiccin desarrollado, por ejemplo , para el balneario, se observa que los consumidores de
crack desarrollan rpidamente una psicopatizacion secundaria. Esta posibilidad se reduce
si el individuo tiene suficientes factores de proteccin para hacer frente a los riesgos para
todos en algn momento, estamos expuestos. Por ejemplo, podemos citar como factores
de proteccin sin un trabajo satisfactorio, pertenecer a clubes deportivos, racional
organizar su tiempo, ser asertivo, etc ..
Entre los factores de riesgo que tenemos la macro, que son los que pertenecen a la
estructura social como una actitud permisiva de la sociedad a ciertas sustancias, presin
de grupo, la accesibilidad de un medicamento, los anuncios que promuevan el consumo y
el gasto, la exclusin social, la corrupcin, la pobreza, la falta de oportunidades de trabajo
y de auto-estudio, en general, etc ..
* Fuente de las zonas urbanas marginales de la ciudad de Lima (San Juan de Lurigancho,
Comas, Villa Mara del Triunfo, etc.).
* Baja autoestima.
Craft (1974), seala que el psicpata se caracteriza por ser incapaz de responder
emocionalmente en situaciones donde se espera que las personas normales para hacerlo
y tener una irresistible tendencia a actuar impulsivamente. Las caractersticas ms
destacadas seran agresividad, ausencia de sentimientos de culpa por el comportamiento
inadecuado, incapacidad para la modificacin del comportamiento a travs del castigo y la
falta de motivacin para proyectos altruistas.
El problema del consumo de drogas y su relacin con la violencia juvenil es un tema que
se est convirtiendo cada vez ms importante en la sociedad. La edad de inicio se
disminuye y hay un aumento de la ingesta de diversos frmacos asociados con
comportamientos de mala adaptacin. Por lo tanto, la inadaptacin social puede llevar al
consumo de drogas o viceversa, en el primer caso hablamos de psicopata primaria y la
segunda de psicopata secundaria.
INGLES
In recent years in the country and the world in general, especially in large cities, there was
an increase in crime or violence exercised by teenagers or young, who shielded by the
group and encouraged by the effects of drugs committed several criminal acts and cause
public safety problems, affecting society as a whole.
This monograph addresses the problem of youth violence in Peru, and its correlation with
the consumption of psychoactive substances, based on experience in working with young
offenders in the diagnosis and rehabilitation centers.
INTRODUCTION
Youth violence, that is, that exerted by adolescents and youth is a reality that has been
aggravated in the last 20 years in the country. Among the main causes are: The economic
crisis led to a process of migration to major cities in search of new opportunities,
displacement of families threatened by terrorism, with the consequent family and cultural
disintegration, marginalization and social exclusion, extreme poverty, lack of basic services,
health and education, as well as the lack of jobs and the crisis of values. Thus, the family,
especially women and children, have been violated, creating problems of social
inadequacy, manifested mainly in the proliferation of youth gangs , Barras Bravas and
Pira~nitas. Its action ranges from minor misdemeanors to crimes that require judicial
intervention.
Like violence, drug use problem in Peru has increased in recent years. Be considered a
major producer country, there is an alarming increase in domestic consumption of licit
drugs considered as alcohol and snuff, as well as illegal drugs, the production, possession,
sale and consumption are sanctioned by law, such as marijuana, cocaine, coca paste and
others. The age of starting consumption has declined in recent years has shown that
criminal behavior is associated with early intake of both legal and illegal drugs.
JUSTIFICATION
Criminal behavior is associated with early intake of illegal drugs and alcohol abuse and, in
turn, the intake of alcohol and other drugs is associated with early experiences of abuse,
sexual abuse and alcoholism in the family (CEDRO, 1994). In a study conducted in Lima
Youth Center (popularly known as maranguita) in 1999, found that of 470 adolescents
confined for committing various crimes (violations), most reported having consumed alcohol
at parties social gatherings (92%), and illegal drugs like marijuana, terokal and PBC. Also
expressed in interviews that when they committed the offense was under the influence of
drugs, mainly alcohol and PBC.
Therefore this paper aims to approach the understanding of the causes and motivations
that lead teenagers to defy the law and the institutional experience with young offenders
who meet a rehabilitative measure in youth centers and a proposed
intervention.DEVELOPMENT
Violence is a social phenomenon that is growing in major cities around the world. In
Western Europe misdemeanors and antisocial behavior have grown rapidly, while the
incidence of serious crime has been controlled by the application of modern measures of
law enforcement and criminal justice, and the establishment of sophisticated forms of
cooperation international. In developing countries and Eastern Europe are increasing both
minor offenses such as violent crime. Even in Asia, which recorded a decrease in overall
crime between 1975 and 1990, there has been a considerable growth of property crime,
organized crime and drug trafficking in the cities of over 100,000 inhabitants (
Vanderschueren, 2000).
The same author states that crime patterns are changing. On the one hand, criminals are
getting younger, due in part to the proliferation of street children and street gangs. On the
other, violent crimes such as murder, are increasingly common.
Peru does not escape this reality. Acts of violence have increased significantly in the cities,
and there are participants often minors.
Peru confronts the past several years, economic and social problems affecting the most
vulnerable strata of the population, especially the mother and child. Thus we note the rapid
and disorganized growth of the population to basic services are lacking, an increase in the
cost of living at the expense of purchasing power, increasing unemployment and
underemployment, family disintegration and terrorism, problems that reflected in the calls
by UNICEF as Children in especially difficult circumstances, such as street children,
victims of gun violence, working children, abused, offenders, etc. ..
The total population is 22, 639.443 inhabitants (INEI, 1993). Poverty affects 13 million
Peruvians who have incomes insufficient to cover the basket and approx. 4.5 million live in
extreme poverty, of whom 596 000 are children under 04 years and one million one
hundred thousand, between 5 and 14 years. More than 15 years of terrorist violence left 30
000 orphans, 12 000 disabled people, not counting the dead children and its disastrous
consequences for social structures.
The poor living conditions exacerbated by the existence of families with many children
abandoned by the father, driving many children to work. The census of 1993 (INEI), found
that one in 14 children are workers (435 thousand). These children usually grow without
further opportunities to study and acquire adaptive behavior patterns to the hostile reality
that the street presents, including psychoactive substance use and crime.
The family as the first social of the child, has great influence on the behavioral patterns and
relationship with the world around him. So when the family does not develop a functional
link protector, promoter and harmonious maladjustment may occur.
According to Amanda Vega (1994), family characteristics most frequently associated with
crime are:
Vacca (1998), explains that a dysfunctional family can lead to one or more of its members
to develop a certain disease, defining it as a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and
indeterminate permanently presenting one or more members of a family, and to relate to
their membership creating a climate conducive to the emergence of specific diseases and
nonspecific.
The same author refers to the various types of dysfunctional families psychopathological
foster a climate within the same, which will affect in varying degrees of family members,
determining specific conditions:
Each one of them and in contact with risk factors compatible with each of its members and /
or predictive factor for hatching and can trigger the respective psychopathology. Therefore,
the addition would take place by the conjunction of a number of risk factors that predispose,
or facilitate expose a person develops a pathological bond with a spa, activity, device or
person in a subsequent trigger addiction. The ability to hook up and create an addiction is
now maximized if the individual has a positive predictive factor, based on a predisposition
inherited organic (biochemical, neurological, physiological and psychological), also
depending on the type of addiction developed, for example, For SPA, it is noted that crack
users quickly develop a secondary psicopatizacion. This possibility is reduced if the
individual has sufficient protective factors to deal with the risks to everyone at some point,
we are exposed. For example we can cite as protective factors having a satisfying job, to
belong to sports clubs, rationally organize your time, be assertive, etc..
Among the risk factors we have the macro, which are those belonging to the social
structure as a permissive attitude of society to certain substances, peer pressure,
accessibility for a drug, the advertisements that promote consumption and spending, social
exclusion, corruption, poverty, lack of job opportunities and self-study in general, etc..
Microsocial factors are referred to the family system, the distribution of roles and
responsibilities, beliefs, parenting patterns, etc. Mainly families called Adictogenas
Dysfunctional Families are those that promote drug use both conventional and
unconventional. In this case report abuse among members, abuse of illegal drugs,
obsessive and compulsive behaviors, pathological alliances, stiff rules and communication
problems, among others.
The property of an individuals personality can be an individual risk factor, when there are
dysfunctional traits such as low tolerance to stress, low self-esteem, poor repertoire of
social skills, impulsivity, and feelings of loneliness, curiosity and lack of emotional support.
Thus it can be said that the acquisition of an addictive behavior, whether conventional or
not, has a multi-causal etiology, ie, takes place due to a combination of individual and
environmental factors must be taken into account in prevention and treatment with
designed to monitor and / or decrease and extinction as appropriate those elements of
risk and predictive, and strengthen, promote and increase the protective factors or
functional.
* The majority of adolescents had running away between 07 and 15 years of age, slowly
peeling her family and closer to the street, joining other children with similar characteristics.
* Inclusion in the workplace early informal shining shoes, washing cars, collector
combination, begging, selling sweets, etc.
* Language is presented limited, simple and direct, using slang and idioms.
* They have a tendency to live in the present, seeking immediate gratification, because
past experience frustrating and a pessimistic perception of the future.
* External locus of control, consider that the events of an individual are determined by the
destiny or fate.
* Low level of schooling (55% of the sample did not complete primary level).
* Source of marginal urban areas of the city of Lima (San Juan de Lurigancho, Comas, Villa
Maria del Triunfo, etc.).
* Low willingness to learn, for possible food deficits, little promotion, workload early in the
attention deficit).
* Source of dysfunctional and disorganized homes. Large percentage referred to problems
of violence in the family.
* Lack of role models and appropriate identification. Many parents have committed acts
against the law, alcohol and other drugs, violence, etc..
* Personality unstable and immature, with impulsive traits, suspicion and hostility.
* Low self-esteem.
Craft (1974), notes that the psychopath is characterized by being unable to respond
emotionally in situations where normal people would be expected to do so and have an
irresistible tendency to act impulsively. The salient features would be aggressiveness,
absence of feelings of guilt about inappropriate behavior, inability to behavior modification
through punishment and lack of motivation for altruistic projects.
The problem of drug use and its relationship to youth violence is an issue that is becoming
increasingly important in society. The age of onset is decreased and there is an increased
intake of various drugs associated with maladaptive behaviors. Thus, the social
maladjustment can lead to drug use or vice versa, in the first case we speak of primary
psychopathy and the second of secondary psychopathy.