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Reading Notes 9/27/17

INTRO TO SCIENCE AND BIOLOGY / PAGE 46-49

Macromolecules
+ Giant molecules
+ Made up of 1,000-1,000,000 molecules
+ Formed by polymerization
+ Monomers join to form polymers
+ Sort macromolecules into groups based on chemical composition
+ Carbohydrates
+ Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants, some
animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural uses
+ Glucose and other sugars supply immediate energy
+ Extra sugar stored in starch
+ Monosaccharides
+ Glucose, galactose, and fructose
+ Sucrose is a disaccharide
+ Complex Carbohydrates
+ Many animals store sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen
+ When glucose levels are low, glycogen is broken down into glucose
+ Plants use starch to store excess sugar
+ Lipids
+ Common categories of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes
+ Made
+ Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of
biological membranes and waterproof coverings
+ Steroids, like hormones, are also lipids
+ Serve as chemical messengers
+ Formed when a glycerol molecule combines with fatty acids
+ If each carbon atom is joined to another carbon atom with a single bond, the
lipid is saturated
+ If there is at one carbon-carbon double bond, the lipid is unsaturated
+ If there is more than one carbon-carbon double bond, the lipid is
polyunsaturated
+ Nucleic Acids
+ Polymers assembled from nucleotides
+ Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) helps to capture and transfer chemical
energy
+ Nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form nucleic acid
+ Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information
+ Two types of nucleic acids:


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+ Ribonucleic acid (RNA); contains ribose

+ Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); contains deoxyribose
+ Proteins
+ Polymers of amino acids
+ Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form
polypeptides
+ Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.
Others form important cellular structures, while others transport
substances into or out of cells or help to ght diseases.
+ Structure and Function
+ 20+ different amino acids are found in nature
+ Any amino acid can be joined to another amino acid
+ Amino acids differ from each other because of their R-groups
+ Some are acidic and some are basic
+ Some are polar, some are nonpolar
+ Levels of Organization
+ Assembled into polypeptide groups according to DNA
+ Proteins have 4 levels of structure
+ Sequence of amino acids
+ Folding/coiling of the polypeptide chain
+ Complete 3-D arrangement of a polypeptide chain
+ If more than 1 chain: How the different polypeptides are
arranged around each other

Vocabulary and Important Concepts:

Polymerization- Large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together
Monomers- single part; the smaller units making up polymers
Polymers- Many monomers bonded together
Carbohydrates- Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Monosaccharide- A single sugar molecule
Disaccharide- A compound made by joining two simple sugars together
Polysaccharides- The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
Lipids- Biological molecules that are not soluble in water
Nucleic Acids- Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus
Nucleotides- Consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group ( P O4 ), and a nitrogenous
base
Proteins- Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. A
functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides
Amino Acids- Compounds with an amino group ( N H 2 ) on one side and a carboxyl group
(-COOH) on the other side