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L. GUAN**
Texas A&M University
B. BAI
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
* Now with ChevronTexaco Overseas Petroleum, ** Now with ChevronTexaco Energy Technology Company
This paper is to be presented at the Petroleum Societys 5th Canadian International Petroleum Conference (55th Annual Technical
Meeting), Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 8 10, 2004. Discussion of this paper is invited and may be presented at the meeting if
filed in writing with the technical program chairman prior to the conclusion of the meeting. This paper and any discussion filed will
be considered for publication in Petroleum Society journals. Publication rights are reserved. This is a pre-print and subject to
correction.
1
of compositional simulations with an actual reservoir data in of input parameters for each case. Total 25 cases were needed.
this paper. In addition, both capillary-number-dependent relative
permeability and non-Darcy flow effects were incorporated in
all the models. All these 25 cases were simulated.
Gas Condensate Flow Behavior
A model that describes the subsurface gas condensate flow
recognizes the existence of three regions, as presented in Methodology
Figure 1. Whitson (3) divided the flow in the condensate Compositional simulations were conducted using each
reservoir into following three regions. combination of inputs. The well productivity index of gas
(PI(g)) and that of oil (PI(o)) at different reservoir pressures
Region 1: An inner near-wellbore region where both gas were calculated by using simulation results with:
and oil flow simultaneously at different velocities. This region PI(g)=Qg/(Pr-Pwf) (1)
has a constant flowing Gas-Oil ratio (GOR) equal to the PI(o)=Qo/(Pr-Pwf) (2)
producing GOR. The size of region 1 increases with time and
stabilizes when the single phase gas entering this region has Then we normalized the PI(g) and PI(o) to corresponding
sufficient mobility for it to flow without any net accumulation. relative PI. The relative PIs are defined by:
Rela_PI_Gas= PI(g)@Pr/ PI(g)@Pi (3)
Region 2: This region defines the net accumulation of Rela_PI_Oil= PI(o)@Pr/ PI(o)@Pi (4)
condensate in sections of the reservoir where the pressure is
below the gas dew point pressure. There is only gas flow (no After that, we calculated the difference between
liquid) in this region as the condensate is immobile. This is a Rela_PI_Gas and Rela_PI_Oil by:
region of liquid saturation build-up. D (Rela_PI_Gas_Oil)= Rela_PI_Gas - Rela_PI_Oil (5)
Region 3: This region consists of single phase gas as the At last, we analyzed the PI reduction of oil and gas, and
pressure in this region is above the dew point pressure. There their difference in order to find some trend for condensate gas
is no hydrocarbon liquid in this region. well productivity in this gas condensate reservoir.
2
In other words, the difference between relative gas PI and NOMENCLATURE
relative oil PI will be zero or very small. This phenomena will
m(P) = pseudo pressure in Whitsons method
occur when the Pwf > Pd. When the Pwf < Pd, the value of this (psi/cp);
difference first increases and then decreases. In the increasing PI(g) = gas productivity of well (MMSCF/psi/D);
stage, oil starts to accumulate in the reservoir which in turn PI(g)@Pr = gas productivity of well at reservoir
results in the oil PI decreasing faster than that of gas PI. In the pressure Pr (MMSCF/psi/D);
PI(g)@Pi = gas productivity of well at initial reservoir
decreasing stage, the oil saturation in the reservoir is greater
pressure Pi (MMSCF/psi/D);
than residual oil and the oil starts to move. The oil PI drop PI(o) = oil productivity of well (BBL/psi/D);
slows down. Although in this stage, both gas and oil PI decline PI(o)@Pr = oil productivity of well at reservoir
with time as a result of saturation change in reservoir, because pressure Pr (BBL/psi/D);
gas is the dominant phase and its mobility ratio is greater than PI(o)@Pr = oil productivity of well at initial reservoir
pressure Pi (BBL/psi/D);
that of oil, gas PI declines slower than that of oil. This is
Pd = dew point pressure (psia);
indicated by the difference of gas relative PI and that of oil are Pr = reservoir pressure (psia);
larger than zero in both stages in Figure 5. Pwf = flowing wellbore pressure (psia);
Qg = gas rate of well (MMSCF/D);
Figure 6 shows that the higher the liquid yield, the larger Qo = oil rate of well (bbl/D);
Rela_PI_Gas = relative gas productivity of well;
the condensate banking effects. Figure 7 shows that both high-
Rela_PI_Oil = relative oil productivity of well;
and low-permeability reservoirs are susceptible to condensate D(Rela_PI_Gas_Oil)= difference between relative gas
banking. Figure 8 shows the effects of pressure draw down productivity and relative oil productivity.
near the well-bore. The higher the pressure draw down, the
significant the impairment. REFERENCES
1. Fevang, O., Whitson C.H., Modeling Gas Condensate
Well Deliverability; Paper SPE 30714, presented at the
Conclusion SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
The well gas productivity index at reservoir pressure of Dallas, TX (October 22-25, 1995).
4750 psia was found to drop rapidly approximately 10% to 2. Henderson, G.D., Danesh A., Tehrani, D.H., and Al-
35% due to single phase transient effects. As the reservoir Kharusi, B., The Relative Significance of Positive
pressure down to the dew point pressure, this PI drop slows Coupling and Inertial Effects on Gas Condensate
down and continually losses for another 20% till movable oil Relative Permeabilities at High Velocity; Paper SPE
saturation reached in reservoir. Then another further loss of 62933, presented at the SPE Annual Technical
about 20% of the initial PI due to the oil flow and later a Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, TX (October 1-4,
continued loss in PI as the reservoir pressure declines. The gas 2000).
PI at a reservoir pressure of 2000 psia is only 10-20% of the 3. Whitson C.H., Fevang, O., and Saevareid A., Gas
initial value (reservoir pressure 4750 psia). Condensate Relative Permeability for Well
Calculations; Paper SPE 56476, presented at the SPE
All the fluids PVT (liquid yield), permeability and Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas,
production pressure drawdown near well-bore of the producer TX (October 3-6, 1999).
have significant influence on the gas well productivity. 4. Coats, K.H., Simulation of Gas Condensate Reservoir
Performance; Journal of Petroleum Technology,
October, 1985, (1870-1886)
Acknowledgement 5. Mott, R., Engineering Calculations of Gas Condensate
Well Productivity; presented at the SPE Annual
The authors wish to acknowledge those who contribute to Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio,
the discussions of this topic when preparing for this paper. Texas, September 29 October 2, 2002.
3
Case KZ Yield Qg Skin Completion
No. bbl/M MMSCF/
mD MSCF D %
1 200 47 40 0 0.3
2 200 47 40 70 0.1
3 200 47 80 0 0.1
4 200 47 80 5 0.2
5 200 47 80 70 0.3
6 200 64 40 70 0.3
7 200 64 60 0 0.1
8 200 92 40 0 0.1
9 200 92 40 5 0.3
10 200 92 60 70 0.3
11 200 92 80 0 0.3
12 200 92 80 70 0.1
13 500 47 60 5 0.3
14 500 64 80 5 0.3
15 500 92 40 70 0.2
16 500 92 60 0 0.2
17 5000 47 40 0 0.1
18 5000 47 40 70 0.3
19 5000 47 80 0 0.3
20 5000 47 80 70 0.1
21 5000 64 60 5 0.2
22 5000 92 40 0 0.3
23 5000 92 40 70 0.1
24 5000 92 80 0 0.1
25 5000 92 80 70 0.3
4
Rela_PI_Gas~ Pr
1.0
1
2
0.9 3
4
5
0.8
6
7
0.7 8
9
10
0.6 11
Rela_PI_Gas
12
13
0.5
14
15
0.4 16
17
18
0.3 19
20
21
0.2
22
3 23
0.1
4 24
25
All
0.0
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
Pr (Psi)
5
D(Rela_PI_GAS_OIL)~ Pr
1
D(Rela_PI_GAS_OIL)~ Pr 2 0.35
3
0.35 4
5 0.30
6
0.30
7
8 0.25
10
11
0.20
500 mD
0.20 12
All
13
14
0.15 200 mD
0.15 15
16 0.10
17
0.10
18
19 0.05
0.05
Oil starts to move 20
21
22 0.00
23 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
0.00
24 Pr (Psi)
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
Pr (Psi) 25
All
D(Rela_PI_GAS_OIL)~ Pr
D(Rela_PI_GAS_OIL)~ Pr
0.35
0.35
0.30
0.30
92
0.25
Large
Rela_PI (gas) - Rela_PI(oil)
0.25 64
Rela_PI (gas) - Rela_PI(oil)
0.20
Mid
47
0.20
Small
All
All 0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Pr (Psi)
Pr (Psi)
Figure 8: D(rela_PI_Gas_Oil)~Pr for different
Figure 6: D(rela_PI_Gas_Oil)~Pr for different liquid drawdowns near wellbore (Large pressure draw
yields (High liquid yield results in large difference). down results in large difference).