Semantic

FINAL TEST

I Gede Arga Anggara

0203515026
ROMBEL 1 REGULER PPS

STATE UNIVERSITY OF SEMARANG

GRADUATE SCHOOL PROGRAM
2016
 KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG
PROGRAM PASCA SARJANA
Kampus Universitas Negeri Semarang Bendan Ngisor Semarang 50233

FINAL EXAMINATION
Subject : Semantics
Program : S2 English Education
Semester :2
Acad. Year : 2015/2016

Instruction: This is a take-home examination; you can use any references available to you in
answering the following questions. Answer the questions clearly and as detail as possible, do not
include things that are not relevant to the questions. You have 10 days to finish your
examination, beginning Monday, May 23rd , until Thursday, June 2nd , 2016. Your answers, in
the form of hard copy, are due on Thursday, 2nd June 2016. The chairperson of the class is
responsible for collecting the answers and sending them to my house.

1. Read the following text carefully, then analyze each of the sentences/clauses in the text
based on the participant roles: AGENT, AFFECTED, INSTRUMENT, BENEFICIARY,
LOCATION, etc.

Here is the text :

We are usually very careful when we buy something for the house! Why? Because we
have to live with it for a long time. We paint a room to make it brighter, so we choose
colours carefully. We buy new curtains in order to match the newly-decorated room, so
they must be the right colour. We move the furniture round so as to make more space or
we buy new furniture and so on! Its an endless business.
Rich or poor, we take time to furnish a room. Perhaps some people buy furniture in
order to impress their friends. But most of us just want to enjoy our surroundings. We
want to live as comfortably as we can afford to. We spend a large part of our lives at
home. We want to make a small corner in the world which we can recognize as our own.

2. What is derivation? What are the three simultaneous processes that are involved in the
process of derivation? Give five examples of words for which zero derivation has
occurred.
3. Find five examples of derived words that can be categorized as INCHOATIVE forms.
Use each of them in a sentence of your own!
4. Find five examples of derived words that can be categorized as CAUSATIVE forms. Use
each of them in a sentence of your own!
5. Find five examples of derived words that can be categorized as RESULTATIVE forms.
Use each of them in a sentence of your own!
6. Write three sentences of your own (do not copy from your textbook), each of which has
the elements that can fill in each of the boxes in the following chart:

Subject Object Complement

Agent
Affected
Instrument

7. What roles must be and may be mentioned in connection with the following verbs? Write
the optional roles in between brackets! Example: OPEN: (AGENT) AFFECTED
(INSTRUMENT). Write the examples of the possible sentences using each of the verbs!
a. HURT
b. RING
c. GIVE
d. SHAKE
e. BUY
8. Find, in the following conversation, DIRECTIVE and COMMISSIVE expressions, and
also say whether they are DIRECT or INDIRECT.

Mr Kent, Julias boss, is talking to Julia on the office phone

MR KENT: Do you think you could possibly work late this evening, Miss Frost?
JULIA: Work late? I . . . I suppose so, if you really think its necessary.
MR KENT: Thank you. Well have to work about an hours overtime. Thats all. (hangs
up)
JULIA: (to herself while dialing) Oh, dear. Now Ill have to ring Jim and tell him. He
wont like it.
JIM : Hello? 26721.
JULIA: Is that you, Jim? This is Julia. Look . . . Im afraid I wont be able to meet you at
7 this evening. Ill have to come later. Ill have to work late this evening and
then Ill have to go home. I cant possibly go to the restaurant straight from work.
JIM: Its always something, isnt it? When will you be able to come, then?
JULIA: Dont worry. You wont have to wait long. Ill be there at 8.
JIM: At 8? But were going to a film after dinner. Remember?
JULIA: I know . . . and it starts at 8:30. Well just have to miss it this evening, thats
all. Well be able to see it some other time.
JIM: Oh, no we wont! Tonights the last night!
JULIA: Oh, dear . . . I suppose Ill just have to come straight from work, thats all.
JIM: Yes. You will. Meet me at the restaurant at 7!
JULIA: All right, Jim. Ill be there.

9. Mention five PERFORMATIVE VERBS and use them in sentences of your own!
10. Explain the difference(s) between presupposition, inference and entailment. Give two
pairs of sentences in each of which the first sentence entails the second!
 ANSWERS
1. The analysis sentences/clauses in the text based on the participant roles is presented in the table below:
No Clauses Participants Roles
Agent Experiencer Theme Affected Instrument Beneficiar Location Percept Goal
y
1 We are We
usually very
careful
when we we something for the
buy house
something
for the
house!
2 Why?
3 Because we we it
have to live
with it for a
long time.
4 We paint a we a room it
room to
make it
brighter
so we we colors
choose
colours
carefully.
5 We buy new we new the newly-
curtains in curtains decorated
room
order to
match the
newly-
decorated
room
 so they must they the right
be the right color
colour.
6 We move we the more
the furniture furniture space
round so as
to make
more space
or we buy we new
new furniture
furniture
and so on!
7 Its an It an
endless endless
business business
8 Rich or We time a room
poor, we
take time to
furnish a
room
9 Perhaps Some furniture their
some people people friends
buy
furniture in
order to
impress their
friends
10 But most of Most of our
us just want us surroundings
to enjoy our
surroundings
11 We want to We
live
 as we
comfortably
as we can
afford to.
12 We spend a we a large at home
large part of part of
our lives at our
home. lives
13 We want to We In the a small
make a world corner
small corner
in the world
which we we as our
can own.
recognize as
our own.
2. According to Huford (1986:226), derivation is defined as a process of forming new words
according to a (fairly) regular pattern on the basis of pre-existing words. Consequently, it can
be determined that derivation is a process of forming new words based on pre-existing words.
There are three simultaneous processes that are involved in the process of derivation including
a morphological process which adds a prefix or suffix, a syntactic process which changes the
part of speech in a word (verb to noun) , and a semantic process which denotes an agent.
Later, the zero derivation is described as no morphological process involved. The example of
zero derivation words are mentioned as follow:
No Example of words
1. Attempt (verb) Attempt ( noun)
2. Walk (verb) Walk (noun)
3. Butter (noun) Butter (verb)
4. Ink (noun) Ink (verb)
5. Dirty (adjective) Dirty (verb)
3. Inchoative form denotes the beginning or coming into existence of some state. Therefore, it
describes a change of state. The examples are presented as follow:
No Example of words Sentences
1. Ripe- Ripen The oranges ripened last month.
(becoming ripe)
2. Age-Aged (becoming John has aged a lot.
old)
3. Thick-Thicken You should thicken the sauce with a little flour.
(becoming thick)
4. White-Whiten My grandmas hair had whitened over the years
(becoming white)
5. Dark Darken Dusk had caused shadows to darken the forest.
(becoming dark)
4. Causative form denotes an action which causes something to happen. The examples are
presented as follow:
No Example of words Sentences
1. Travel We like to travel in the autumn when there are fewer
tourists.
2. Evaporate When the juice evaporates, the high concentration of sugars
forms syrup.
3. Damage The library was badly damaged in the fire.
4. Escape A lion has escaped from its cage.
5. Heat Shall I heat up some soup for lunch?

5. Resultative form denotes a state resulting from some action. The examples are presented as
follow:
No Example of words Sentences
1. Boiled Mother will serve the boiled egg for our dinner.
2. Rounded Tommy he caught sight of a familiar figure with a rounded
haircut.
3. Baked A group of young girls were peddling baked goodies.
4. Salted Brebes is known for the production of salted egg.
5. Wetted The amalgam is first pressed in wetted canvas or buckskin in
order to remove excess of mercury.

6.
I. Anita writes the letter with the colorful pens.
II. The computer was operated by secretary to type documents.
III. The car was used to pick up Jane by Dean

Subject Object Complement

Agent Anita secretary Dean

Affected The car the letter documents
Instrument the computer Jane the colorful pens.
7. The examples of the possible sentences using some provided verbs are presented as follow :
a) HURT :
i. (AGENT) (AFFECTED) (INSTRUMENTS)
The thieves hurt the police using gun.
Agent Affected Instruments
ii. (AGENT) (AFFECTED)
Mother hurt her right-
hand
Agent Affected
b) RING :
i. (AGENT) ( AFFECTED) (INSTRUMENTS)
You should Rita using mobile phone
ring
Agent Affected Instruments
ii. (AGENT) (AFFECTED)
The rings the school
headmaster bell
Agent Affected
c) GIVE :
i. (AGENT) (AFFECTED) (COMPLEMENT)(BENEFICIARY)
Mother gives me money to buy a kilos
of apple
Agent Affected Complement Beneficiary
ii. (AGENT) (AFFECTED) )(BENEFICIARY)
Prita gives a couple cup for their
parents
anniversary.
Agent Affected Beneficiary
iii. (AGENT) (AFFECTED) (COMPLEMENT)
Rena give postcards as her shared souvenir.
Agent Affected Complement
 d) SHAKE :
i. (AGENT) (AFFECTED (INSTRUMENTS)
Rita shakes her baby with her arms.
Agent Affected Instruments
ii. (AGENT) (AFFECTED)
The baby shakes her head
Agent Affected
iii. (AGENT) (INSTRUMENTS)
Dina shakes with her arms
Agent Instruments
e) BUY :
i. (AGENT) (AFFECTED) (INSTRUMENTS) (LOCATION)
The children buy the toys with their money in the market
Agent Affected Instruments Location
ii. (AGENT) (AFFECTED) (INSTRUMENT)
Mother buys a new dress with her saving.
Agent Affected Instruments
iii. (AGENT) (AFFECTED) (LOCATION)
Father buys a new car in showroom
Agent Affected Location

8. Commissive expressions occur when the speaker commits to a future course of action while
Directive expressions occur when the speaker expects the listener to do something as responses.
The table below will show the conversation analysis in terms of DIRECTIVE and
COMMISSIVE expressions then and also whether they are DIRECT or INDIRECT.

NO SENTENCES TYPES
1. Do you think you could DIRECT DIRECTIVE
possibly work late this
evening, Miss Frost?

2. Work late? I . . . I suppose so, DIRECT

if you really think its COMMISSIVE
necessary.

3. Thank you. Well have to DIRECT DIRECTIVE

work about an hours
overtime. Thats all. (hangs
up)
 4. (to herself while dialing) Oh, DIRECT
dear. Now Ill have to ring COMMISSIVE
Jim and tell him. He wont
like it.
5. Hello? 26721.
6. Is that you, Jim? This is Julia. DIRECT
Look . . . Im afraid I wont be COMMISSIVE
able to meet you 7 this
evening. Ill have to come
later. Ill have to work late
this evening and then Ill have
to go home. I cant possibly
go to the restaurant straight
from work.

7. Its always something, isnt it? DIRECT DIRECTIVE

When will you be able to
come, then?
8. Dont worry. You wont have DIRECT
to wait long. Ill be there at COMMISSIVE
8.

9. At 8? But were going to a INDIRECT

film after dinner. DIRECTIVE
Remember?

10. I know . . . and it starts at 8:30. DIRECT

Well just have to miss it this DIRECTIVE
evening, thats all.
Well be able to see it some DIRECT
other time. COMMISSIVE
11. Oh, no we wont! Tonights INDIRECT
the last night! DIRECTIVE

12. Oh, dear . . . I suppose Ill DIRECT

just have to come straight COMMISSIVE
from work, thats all.

13. Yes. You will. Meet me at the DIRECT

restaurant at 7! DIRECTIVE

14. All right, Jim. Ill be there. DIRECT

COMMISSIVE
N.B Word with bold: the expression indicated DIRECT/INDIRECT DIRECTIVE and
COMMISSIVE expressions.
9. PERFORMATIVE VERBS are described as a group of verbs that contain actions when
saying those. The table below will show five PERFORMATIVE VERBS and the use of those.
No Example of words Sentences
1. Sign The boss wants me to sign the report.
2. Guarantee The manager guarantees the quality of their service.
3. Order Mother orders the menu to the waitress.
4. Congratulate Dean congratulates James for her winning in the football
match.
5. Deny The politician denies that he had received bribe.

10.
Presupposition
Presupposition is defined as
the hearer assumption which
leads to a particular inference
from the speakers utterance.
It can be established that the
hearer assumption is used to
display the relationship
between two propositions.
Inference
Inference is defined as any
conclusion that one is
reasonably entitled to draw
from a sentence or utterance.
Entailment.
Entailment is defined as the
fixed truth relations that hold
or hang regardless of the
empirical truth of the
sentence. Therefore, a
sentence P entails a sentence
Q when the truth of the first
(P) guarantee the truth of the
second (Q) and the falsity of
the second (Q) guarantee the
falsity of the first (P). In
addition, there are some
source of entailment like
lexical relationship which
means in some sense a word
meaning containing or
relating to meaning in other
word such as assassinated
containing the meaning of
 die, and syntactical.
Based on the table presented before, it can be concluded that presupposition is the people
assumption while entailment relates to sentences relations and inference is any conclusion drawn
from a sentence or utterance. However, we should also emphasize that all entailments are
inferences, but not all inferences are entailment.
Two pairs of sentences in each of which the first sentence entails the second.
The first pairs are presented as follow
(1) Diana and Patty wear the cocktail dress.
(2) Patty wears the cocktail dress.
The second pairs are presented as follow
(1) Sandra dried her hair under the sun
(2) Her hair dried