Marine

Composites
Design Methods for Ship Structures

Marine Composites
Webb Ins1tute
Senior Elec1ve
Spring, 2013

Design Methods for Ship Structures

Eric Greene, Naval Architect

EGAssoc@aol.com
410.263.1348
410.703.3025 (cell)
hNp://ericgreeneassociates.com/webbins6tute.html
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 Marine Composites
Design Methods for Ship Structures
Composite Ships

The 1tle page from Lloyds Register Rules for Composite Ships, 1866

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 Marine Composites
Design Methodology Design Methods for Ship Structures

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 Marine Composites
Design Tools Design Methods for Ship Structures

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 Marine Composites
Compare to Design Methods for Ship Structures

Aerospace Structures
Northrop B-2 Beech Starship VT Shipbuilding Mirabella V

MGTOW: 400,000 lbs MGTOW: 14,900 lbs Gross Weight: 1,710,000 lbs
Empty Weight: 120,000 lbs Empty Weight: 10,120 lbs Empty Weight: ~1,200,000 lbs
Composites: 80,400 lbs Composites: 3000 lbs Composites: ~700,000 lbs
Carbon-epoxy autoclave Carbon-epoxy autoclave Kevlar-Glass-Vinyl Ester
Wingspan 172 feet Wingspan: 54.5 feet Length 247 feet
Composite cost: ~$10,000/lb Composite cost: ~$1,000/lb Composite cost: ~$100/lb
Design stress: ~40,000 psi Design stress: ~30,000 psi Design stress: ~25,000 psi

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 Marine Composites
Types of Loads Design Methods for Ship Structures

Category Specic Type

combined in-plane loads (buoyancy, cargo)
large out-of-plane loads (pressures, deec6ons)
Sta1c
contact loads (docking, assembly, etc.)
thermal loads (re)
shock (>150m/sec) (air and water)
structural dynamics (slamming, whipping, machinery, rigging)
Dynamic
wave ac6on, cavita6on
noise, acous6cs
low cycle (dives)
Fa1gue
high cycle (whipping, vibra6on, waves)
hydrosta6c
Creep
equipment founda6ons
sea water corrosion
water absorp6on
Environment
re and smoke
UV exposure

from Use of Composite Materials in Load-Bearing Marine Structures, 1990, Na6onal Research Council

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 Marine Composites
BoPom Design Flow Charts Design Methods for Ship Structures

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 Marine Composites
Determine In-Service Prole Design Methods for Ship Structures

USCG 47-foot Motor Lifeboat Larson 98 Model 226 LXI Adver6sed

for Sale: used very liNle

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 Marine Composites
Americas Cup Design Methods for Ship Structures

Oracle Teams AC72 foils on her

fourth day of tes6ng. San
Francisco, 1 October 2012. Photo:
Guilain Grenier / Oracle Team USA

ORACLE TEAM USA chose Dassault Systmes 3DEXPERIENCE plakorm

applica6ons to design and simulate the boats composites layups, which are
cri6cal to op6mizing its strength/weight ra6o. Dassault Systmes claims the
3DEXPERIENCE plakorm integrates composites design, simula6on and
manufacturing solu6ons.
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 Marine Composites
BoPom Laminate Design Design Methods for Ship Structures

CONSTRUCTION
Solid or Sandwich
One-Off or Production DEVELOP DESIGN PRESSURE
Consider life-cycle Hull Geometry
requirements of the vessel Vessel Speed
In-Service Conditions
INITIAL MATERIAL SELECTION to determine expected Design Criteria
Reinforcement wave encounter in terms
Resin
Core of height and frequency REINFORCEMENT
Composition
Architecture & Thickness
Orientation
BULKHEAD SPACING

Optimize transverse and BOTTOM RESIN

longitudinal spacing LAMINATE Strength
based on strength and Ultimate Elongation
layout requirements
LONGITUDINAL SPACING
CORE
Material
Density

DETERMINE PANEL SIZE

Consider Dynamic Thickness

Aspect Ratios versus

Dimensions
Consider end conditions of
panel at bulkhead and
stiffener attachment points
Static Material
Properties ALLOWABLE LAMINATE ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION
STRESS Outfitting Considerations
In-Plane & Shear Material Strain Limits
Membrane Effects

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 Marine Composites
Hull as a Longitudinal Girder Design Methods for Ship Structures

Vessel in Hogging Condi6on

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 Marine Composites
Required Midship Design Methods for Ship Structures

Moment of Iner1a

Material Q C K, 10m K, 30m K, 50m K, 70m K, 90m

Steel 1.0 for ordinary steel 1.0 10.89 16.50 22.10 27.40 33.00
0.78 for H32 steel
0.72 for H36 steel
Aluminum 0.9 + 115/y 0.9 3.63 5.50 7.37 9.13 11.00
635/(y + u)
Composites 400/0.75 u 0.8 0.36 0.55 0.74 0.91 1.10

For composite laminates with modulus greater than ABS basic laminate, K may
be adjusted by the ra6o of Eo/Eb

ABS GUIDE for High Speed Naval Crap, 2007 Part 3 , Chp 2, Sect 1, Primary Hull Strength
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 Marine Composites
Longitudinal Girder Design Methods for Ship Structures

Composite Material Concepts

Cri6cal design considera6on for long, slender hulls

Consider hauling/blocking loads in addi6on to SWBM
Longitudinal girder s6ness cri6cal for propulsion shap
alignment in power boats and headstay tension for sailboats
Unidirec6onal reinforcement on the top of longitudinal
improves global as well as local strength and s6ness
Maximize the use of longitudinal bers in boNom and deck;
use 45 bers (double-bias) near neutral axis
Maximize the amount of con6nuous longitudinal
reinforcement (without seams) in midship area

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 Marine Composites
Develop Design Pressure Design Methods for Ship Structures

Pressures Recorded
by Heller and Jasper
on Patrol Crap at 28
Knots

Rule-Based Design Pressure

Three-Dimensional Slamming Simula6on

by Germanischer Lloyd AG
from ABS 1978 Rules for Reinforced Plas@c
Vessels, Sec6on 7 Webb Ins6tute
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 Marine Composites
Sailboat Hull Loads Design Methods for Ship Structures

Loads ac1ng on a vessel while under sail

Larsson, L. and Eliasson, R.E., Principles of Yacht Design, 1994, Camden, Maine, Interna6onal Marine
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 Marine Composites
Mul1hull Structure Design Methods for Ship Structures

End connec1on detail, wet-deck structure Reinforcement architecture

selected to resist global loads

LLOYDS REGISTER RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE

CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIAL SERVICE CRAFT, July 2010
Scantling Determina6on for Mono-Hull Crap
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 Marine Composites
Mul1hull and Surface Eect Design Methods for Ship Structures

Ship Considera1ons

Torsional loads may be design-limi6ng for mul6hulls,

SESs, and vessels with large deck openings
45 bers (double-bias) or unidirec6onals aligned 45
can be eec6ve to resist torsional loads
Ensure that 45 bers are con6nuous, minimizing buN
joints
For catamarans, the design transverse bending moment
must be calculated to determine the load ac6ng on the
cross structure connec6ng the hulls
Termina6on of mul6hull transverse structure at the
main hulls is a cri6cal design element

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 Marine Composites
Deck Design Flow Charts Design Methods for Ship Structures

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 Marine Composites
Typical Deck Live Loads Design Methods for Ship Structures

Live Load
Type of Compartment
kPa Pounds/`2
Living & control spaces, oces (main deck & above) 3.59 75
Living spaces (below main deck) 4.79 100
Oces & control spaces (below main deck) 7.18 150
Shop spaces 9.58 200
Storerooms 14.36 300
Weather por6ons of main deck 11.97 250

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 Marine Composites
Priori1ze Design Goals Design Methods for Ship Structures

S1ness
Strength

Americas Cup Yacht STARS and STRIPES

Norsafe Free-Fall Lifeboat

Cost
Cosme1cs

Hinckley's Picnic Boat

Sunfish Built by Vanguard Sailboats
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 Marine Composites
Develop Deck Geometry Design Methods for Ship Structures

Distribu6on of Longitudinal Stress at Hatch Deck Buckling Mode Near Hatch Opening
Opening from C.S. Smith from C.S. Smith

Pedigree 525 Catamaran

Showing Spacious Interior
(Styling by Phil Aylsworth)

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 Marine Composites
Complex Deck Geometry Design Methods for Ship Structures

Fabrica6on Challenges Ensure Fiber Design Challenge Avoid

Wet-Out and Avoid Fiber Bridging Stress Concentra6on

Infusion of Fathom 40 in Anacortes, WA, USA Produc6on deck assembly built by Sabre Yachts

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 Marine Composites
Ini1al Material Selec1on Design Methods for Ship Structures

Reinforcements

Resins

Cores

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 Marine Composites
Deck Laminate Design Design Methods for Ship Structures

DETERMINE PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENT PRIORITIZE DESIGN GOALS

Deckhouse CONSTRUCTION Strength
Cockpit Solid or Sandwich Stiffness
Male or Female Deck Mold Cosmetics
Cost
HATCH OPENINGS
CREW, EQUIPMENT & CARGO LOADS
DECK GEOMETRY Weights & Footprints
BULKHEAD SPACING Largest Span Accelerations
Stress Concentrations

DECK PERIMETER GREEN WATER LOAD

Vessel Geometry
DECK DEPTH RESTRICTIONS Sea State
Headroom Requirements
Develop deck structure Outfitting Accommodation
Develop deck load predictions to
drawing based on
determine deck scantlings and
geometric
materials
considerations
FABRICATION
DECK & DECK STIFFENER
Producibility
LAMINATE SCHEDULES Material Availability

REINFORCEMENTS for HARDWARE IN-SERVICE HEAT EXPOSURE

NON-SKID REQUIREMENTS
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 Marine Composites
LASS Project Design Methods for Ship Structures

The LASS project focused on

developing lightweight re
protec6on systems for
aluminum and composite
construc6on. Typical weight
reduc6on when using
aluminum or FRP composites
have been over 50%
compared to a conven6onal
steel design and cost analysis
has demonstrated possible
pay-back 6mes of 5 years or
less for the lightweight
material investment.

The LASS project

demonstrated that a 30%
weight saving could be
achieved for the mari6me
plakorms shown.
T. Hertzberg, LASS, Lightweight Construc6on Applica6ons at Sea, SP Technical Research Ins6tute of Sweden, Mar 2009.

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 Marine Composites
Composite Superstructure Design Methods for Ship Structures

Aircra` Carrier Island Commercial Ship Superstructure

Steel superstructure weight ~ 600 tons,

Projected weight savings: 15-19 LT
GRP sandwich weight ~ 300 tons
KG Improvement: 0.022
[Robert Petersson, KOCKUMS, 2005]

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 Marine Composites
Compare Manufacturing Design Methods for Ship Structures

and Life-Cycle Costs

Version 0: aluminum.
Version 1: Sandwich with glass/vinylester.
Version 3: Sandwich with carbon/vinylester.
Version 3A: Version 3 with two water jet propulsions and 33% smaller fuel tank.

Kurt Olofsson, Case study WP3a; a high-speed crap with composite hull, LASS-SP report 2009_13.

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 Marine Composites
Compare Manufacturing Costs Design Methods for Ship Structures

Kurt Olofsson, Case study WP3a; a high-speed crap with composite hull, LASS-SP report 2009_13.

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 Marine Composites
Compare Life-Cycle Costs Design Methods for Ship Structures

Kurt Olofsson, Case study WP3a; a high-speed crap with composite hull, LASS-SP report 2009_13.

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 Marine Composites
Life Cycle Cost Design Methods for Ship Structures

Product life-cycle cost

related to the design process

High Speed Ferry Life Cycle

Cost Comparison

Robert Petersson, KOCKUMS, 2005

Hee Jin Kanga, Young-Soon Yangb, Jin Choia,
Jong-Kap Leea, and Dongkon Leea, Time basis
ship safety assessment model for a novel ship
design, Ocean Engineering
Volume 59, 1 February 2013
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 Marine Composites
Composite Boats Design Methods for Ship Structures

Annual growth rate of U.S. composites consump1on in

marine industry and boat unit sales [Lucintel]

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