~oc~qy OF p~ROH ~Gm)?

JV3 OF AIME PAPER SPE 4271

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THIS .1SA PREPRINT--- SUE!JECT

TO CORRECTION

SIMULATION OF GAS-CONDENSATE

RESERVOIRS

by

A. Spivak* and T. N. Dixon, Members, AIME, The U. of Texas,

Austin. Texas

@ Copyright 1973
American Institute of Mining, Metsllurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This paper was prepared for the 3rd NumericalSimulationof ReservoirPerformanceSymposium

of the Societyof PetroleumEngineersof AIME, to be held in Houston,Tex., Jan. 10-12, 1973.
Permissionto copy is restrictedto an abstractof not more than 300 words. Illustrationsmay not
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Discussionof this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussionshouldbe sent to the
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ABSTRACT temperature of the oil. It is reason-

This paper describes a new method for
simulating gas-condensate reservoirs.
The simulator accounts for both
retrograde condensation and vapori.za-
tion of condensed liquid as well as
arbitrary field shapes, well patterns
and heterogeneities. The formulation
of the simulator is based upon a
formation volume factor or Beta-type
analysis which is analogous to that
used in black-oil simulation models.
In the gas-condensate analogy, mass
transfer between the gas and liquid
hydrocarbon phases is handled by an
$ term which has units of STB
llquid/MCF dry gas and is similar to
the Rs term in black-oil simulation.
Fluid properties for back-oil simula-
tion models are usually obtained from
laboratory PVT cell depletion data.
This type of model is of questionable
reliabili.ty only in special cases such
as volatile-oil reservoirs where the
reservoir pressure and temperature are
close to the critical pressure and
% Presently with Chevron Oil Field
Research Co., La Habra, California
References and illustrations at end of
paper.
able to assume, therefore, that
reservoir fluids on the other side of
the critical point (e.g., gas-
condensate fluids) could be treated
in an analogous manner. In other
words, one would expect that gas-
condensate reservoirs could be treated
by a formation volume factor approach
with fluid properties determined from
laboratory depletion data. The
simulator described in this paper
employs such an approach.
The simulator handles three phases and
consists of numerical solution of the
continuity or mass balance equaticns
for gas, liquid hydrocarbon and water
in one, two and three dimensions.
INTRODUCTION
The proposed method assumes a
condensate-gas to be a pseudo two-
component system. The two pseudo-
components are, at standard conditions
of pressure and temperature, a dry gas
and a hydrocarbon liquid. Each
pseudo-component is itself a multi-
component hydrocarbon fluid. The
water phase, if present, constitutes
a third component.
 STMIJI,ATTON
--. .---- ----- OF
-----GAS-CONDENSATE
-.-. -.-.--
The basic assumption for the pseudo
two-component hydrocarbon system is
that dry gas holds hydrocarbon liquid
as a single-valued function of pressure ,
This assumption is essential to the
characterization of a condensate-gas
as a two-component system and is
based on the following facts which
are universally observed for
condensate-gases :
a. liquid condenses from a condensate-
gas by retrograde condensation when
the pressure is reduced isothermally
from the dew point.
b. retrograde liquid is picked up
or vaporized by dry gas.
A convenient way of expressing the
holding tendency of the dry gas for
the liquid hydrocarbon is in STB
liquid per MCF of dry gas. To conform
with observed experimental data on
the depletion of a condensate-gas
fluid, a liquid content vs. pressure
curve appears qualitatively as shown
in Figure
. 1. The liquid content of
a gas 1s designated as rs.
The J shape of the liquid content
Vs , pressure curve reflects the
dropping out of liquid as pressure
declines below the dew point and
the revaporization of a portion of
the dropped out liquid as pressure
continues to decline below a certain
minimum value.
An additional assumption is that the
retrograde liquid composition remains
constant, which implies that the
liquid pseudo-component does not hold
dry gas . This assumption is not
consistent with the behavior exhibited
by both two-component and multi-
component systems. However it must
be looked at in the light of its
effect on volumetric calculations.
If only the volumes of liquid phase
in the reservoir and their movement
under flow potential gradients are
of interest, the composition of
the liquid is important only insofar
as it is related to the viscosity and
compressibility of the liquid phase.
Thus, the assumption of constant liquid
composition, as far ~s fluid flow in
the reservoir is concerned, implies
that the viscosity and compressibility
of the liquid phase are functions of
pressure only.
RESF,RVOTRS
.-------.- SPE
. 477
.-. .
In many condensate-gas reservoirs, the
retrograde liquid is immobile and thus
its viscosity is of no importance.
Also, for the retrograde liquids
associated with condensate-gas fluids,
the variations in composition will
have negligible effect on liquid
compressibilities . Thus the assumptio]
of a constant retrograde liquid
composition is justified from a
volumetric and flow point of view.
It should be noted that the assumption
of a pseudo two-component system where
the dry gas component holds liquid as
a single valued function of pressure
does not imply a constant vapor phase
composition. The vapor phase composi-
tion at any pressure can be anything
from the dry gas composition to
the composition represented by the
equilibrium liquid content of the
gas at that pressure. Also, the
assumption that the equilibrium liquid
content is a single-valued fmction of
pressure is entirely consistent with
the behavior exhibited by real, two-
component systems.
As is done with compositional
simulators , the proposed approach
assumes that there is equilibrium at
all times wherever two phases are
present. This assumption is generally
accepted as being valid in hydrocarbon
reservoirs . The assumption simply
says that the rate of mass transfer
of components between phases is much
greater than the rate at which
individual components travel within
the phases themselves. There is
expe i ental evidence confirming
this~,~93 .
FORMULATION OF THE
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
The Flow Equations
The mathematical model consists of a
mass balance on each cf the three
component~ of the system:
liquid hydrocarbon, and dryw~~~~
Darcys Law gives the volumetric flow
at a point for each phase in terms of
the potential gradient:
far the water phase:
krw
;=-k V*W . . . . , . (la)
w
k
DV
LuT&r.b
h977 A.. .
.
SPTVAK
-. A, . . . .
and
----
T.
- .
N.
. . .
T)TXC)N
. . . . . . .

for the liquid hydrocarbon phase: for water:

k a
4
t = k -QV*L
~bk ~~) + ;(bwk~>) +
/J& .* **** (lb) (w

a km a~ b
~ bwk -
for the vapor phase: ( ~ azw) qvw ~~ bwsw
()

-1 k . (3a
-k~ V@ (lC) *****
g = pg g

I for liquid hydrocarbon:

The continuity equation expresses

conservation of mass. Introducing
formation volume factors, the con-
tinuity equations for water, liquid
hydrocarbon, and dry gas are expressed
as follows:

for water:

for liquid hydrocarbon:

V*(b4;L)+ V*(bgrs;g)+ q
v4/
=
= d%
( bLS2+b r S
gsg
) . . . . . . . (3b

for dry gas:

***. . (2b)

for dry gas:

k a+
V(bg:g)+q =-~ ; (bg Sg) . . a
Vg (2C) z bgkX~ - qVg = # b S
( /Jg ) atgg
()

The second term on the left side of . ...0 . . . . . . ...* ** (3C

equation 2b represents the liquid
hydrocarbon being transported in
the vapor phase since the dry gas where the flow potential for any
can hold hydrocarbon liquid. phase, m, is defined as:
Equations 2 assume that porosity is
constant and therefore rock
compressibility is zero. This Sm = Pm-ymh
assumption is not a necessary one
and is made only for convenience in
describing the formulation of the
simulator. Additional equations are:

Substituting+for the phase volumetric P -P4=P s .**** * (4)

flow rates (u), the conservation of g cl% g
()
mass equations in Cartesian
coordinates become: (5)
4-PW=PC4WSW *
()
SW+S4+S = 1 . ..0. .*O (6)
g
 SIMULATION
------ -.. OF
_- GAS-CONDENSATE
---
The Role of r , the
Liquid Conten ? Parameter
The liquid content> rs~ is either a
function of pressure or an unknown
(i.e., primary dependent variable).
This feature is fundamental to the
discussions that follow. If liquid
hydrocarbon is present at a point,
then the liquid hydrocarbon and vapor
phases are in equilibrium and rs is
determined from the equilibrium rs vs.
pressure curve (see Figure 1). If
liquid hydrocarbon is not present in
the form of a liquid phase, it can
still be transported in the vapor
phase and the liquid content at a
point must be determined by continuity
or mass balance.
This can be better visualized in terms
of cycling gas through a reservoir
which has undergone pressure depletion
and has a retrograde liquid hydrocarbon
phase present. The first dry gas
injected will vaporize liquid accord-
ing to the ~s (equilibrium liquid
content) curve. Eventually, all of
the liquid will be vaporized. The
dry gas that vaporizes the last drops
of liquid will have a liquid content
less than ;s. As this gas flows
through the reservoir, it will come
into contact with either wetter or
dryer gas and its liquid content
will change accordingly. Thus, for
this gas, rs is not simply a function
of pressure but depends upon the path
it takes and the gas with which it
comes into contact.
An analogous situation can exist in
black-oil simulation for an oil
reservoir where the gas content of
the oil (R ) can be either a pressure
dependent ?unction or a dependent
variable. This can be visualized if
one considers a steeply dipping oil
reservoir initially above its bubble
point. If the field is produced by
pressure depletion, gas is released
from the nil. and portions of the
released gas will migrate updip,
If subsequently pressure is increased
by, say, water injection, the gas
remaining in the oil zone will go back
into solution in the oil. However,
because of the updip migration of some
of the gas, when all of the gas is
redissolved, the gas content of the
oil will be less than the gas content
given by the original Rs vs pressure
curve. Thus the oil has a new bubble
RESERVOIRS SPE 4271
point and the gas content of the oil
becomes a dependent variable to be
determined by mass balance or
continuity.
Although this feature is present in
almost any oil reservoir that under-
goes primary depletion and is sub-
sequently repressured, the literature
on three-phase oil reservoir simulation
contains no discussions of how the
problem should be handled. The method
described here for a condensate-gas-
water system should be directly
applicable to a black-oil system.
When all three phases are present, the
primary dependent variables or unknowns
are:
@w, $ + s s and S
4 ~ w t g
When there is no liquid hydrocarbon
present, the unknowns are:
@w, $ s s and r
s
g w g
The cases of liquid hydrocarbon
present and no liquid hydrocarbon
present will subsequently be referred
to as Case 1 and Case 2, respectively.
It should be noted that for Case 2,
since S = O, equation 2b becomes:
L
v (bg r~ ~g) + qv~= d
~ (bg % q
Equations 4, 5, and 6 cm be used to
eliminate two potentials and one
saturation from equations 3a, b, and
c. As a result, we obtain three second
order nonlinear partial differential
equations in three unknowr,s. For
Case 1 the unknowns are one potential
and two saturations. For Case 2 the
unknowns are one potential, one
saturation, and rs.
In addition to the spatial derivatives,
the terms on the left side of equations
3 contain quantities that are functions
of either the dependent or independent
variables. The absolute permeability
k is a function of the spatial
D17
.J#
IL 971
T&r*
A
>.
C!DTtl
. .I.
AK
,..
and
u.=
T
.L .
M
. .
nlvnhl
JJ J.>..
f

independent variables only (i.e. , k = where km

k (X, Y,Z)). Relative permeabilities, AW=bWk
k are functions of saturation. For Mw
tfi;ee-phase relative permeability
calculations, relative permeabilities
to water and gas are functions of water Backward time differences are employed
and gas saturations, respectively. for the right hand side time deriva-
Relative permeability to liquid hydro- tives .
carbon is a function of two of the
three saturations.
& ~~ ~
Formation volume factor, viscosity ()
and density for the water and liquid
hydrocarbon phases are functions of @ (bw w)i,j,k, n+l - @ (bw W)i,j,k,n
their respective phase pressures.
Formation volume factors, viscosities, At
and densities for the gas phase are
different for Cases 1 anti 2, In
the case of equilibrium gas (Case 1), Using these difference approximations
these quantities are functions of in equations 3 and multiplying each
pressure only. For case 2, they term in the equations by Ax Ay Az/
must be functions of both rs and 5.6146 yields:
pressure.

The reason for the differences in the ATw A@W-qW=&&(bw %) . . (7a;

calculation of bg, p , and p between
Cases 1 and 2 is tha%, in ge~eral,
these quantities are functions of AT&A@4+ATgr~A~g- q=
both pressure and liquid content. 4
For equilibrium gas, the liquid
content is known as a single-valued &t(bLs4+ bg%sg) . . . . . (7b;
function of pressure but for non-
equilibrium gas the liquid content
and can vary from that of dry gas to
that of the equilibrium gas at any A~gAeg-qg= fiw% %) . . (7C:
given pressure. Table 1 summarizes
the dependence of the various
quantities in the flow equations 3.
where:
Finite Difference Approximations
to the Partial Differential AT A@= Ax TAX@+
Equations 3
AYTAYWAZTAZ4
In the derivations that follow, the
subscripts i, j, k, and n refer to
the x, y, z, and t independent
variables. The reservoir is divided
into a number of grid blocks by grid
lines parallel to the x, y, and z AXTAX$ = i+~,j,k,n
axes . The standard central difference
approximation is employed for the
spatial derivatives: ~i+l,j,k,n+l -1 i,j,k,n+1 -
( )

i-&,j,k,n i,j,k,n+l - ii-l, j,k,n+l

& (Aw~) & [%i++,j,k 2 ( )

wi+x,j,k - $wi,j,k - bkkrAYAz

( ) .
i+~,j,k =
2 ( w 5.6146&: ) i+~,j,k

wi-~,j,k
2 (
Wi,j ,k - %i-~,j,k
)1
2

I SIMULATION OF GAS-C
q = production rate from block (i,j,k)
in STB/D or MCF/D
PV = 0. . i Ax Av . Az = Dore volume of
l,],K
r . -1,, P block (i,_j,k)
The terms Tw, T~, and T
transmissi.bilitles for $h%%e
between grid blocks, of the water,
liquid hydrocarbon, and gas phases,
respectively. In addition, the term
Tgrs represents the transmissibility
for the flow between grid blocks of
liquid hydrocarbon being transported
in the gas phase. Thus Twi+~,j ,k
(Qwi+l,j ,k-a
wi.,,k) is the rate of
flow in STB/D o $ water in the
x-direction from block i+l,-j,k to
block i,j,k.
The solution of the finite difference
approximations to the flow equations
is discussed in Appendix A.
FLUID PROPERTIES
Compositions of the Liquid
Hydrocarbon and Dry Gas
Pseudo-Components
The method assumes that a condensate-
gas is a pseudo two-component system
for which each component may be a
multi-component mixture. The liquid
phase composition must remain constant;
however, the vapor phase cap hold
varying amounts of liquid and thus its
composition can change. In reality,
the compositions of the liquid and
vapor phases both in the reservoir
and at the surface are constantly
changing. As a result there is a
degree of freedom in the choice of
liquid and dry gas compositions for
the two pseudo-components.
Most wells in a condensate-g<s field
are tested soon after com~ letion to
determine deli.verabilities. At least
one well is extensively tested through
surface separation facilities to obtair
fluid samples for laboratory analysis.
The compositions of the separator
liquid and separator gas obtained
during this sampling provide convenient
liquid hydrocarbon and dry gas pseudo-
compositions . The initial liquid
content (rs) in this case is simply
the field measured liquid-gas ratio.
These data are always available
whenever a condensate-gas well is
produced to obtain fluid samples for
recombination and analysis.
DENSATE RESERVOIRS SPE 4271
Alternately, the calculated or
measured compositions of the dry gas
and liquid products from the field
surface treatment facilities during
actual production may be used as the
pseudo-compositions. The product
compositions will change with time;
however, they can always be determined
for the time of initial production
when the composition of the produced
gas (i.e., well effluent) is known.
For example, in the case where the
gas is to be processed through a
plant which will strip out all of the
C~+ components, appropriate composi-
tions for the liquid hydrocarbon and
dry gas are:
a. for the liquid hydrocarbon--a
hydrocarbon liquid which contains
only C3 and heavier components in
the same relative proportions as
in the initial reservoir fluid.
b. for the dry gas--a gas which
contains Cl and C , as well as
C02, N2, He, ~nd i 2S if they
are present, m the same relative
proportions as in the initial
reservoir fluid.
In the case where the produced gas
is to be field separated only,
appropriate compositions for the
liquid hydrocarbon and dry gas
pseudo-components are the separator
gas and liquid compositions.
If the liquid and dry gas compositions
are always based on some split of the
dew point composition and if the
initial liquid content (rs) is such
that it gives a vapor phase composi-
tion equal to the dew point composi-
tion, then at lea-t initially the
formation volume factor model is
compositionally correct. As liquid
condenses out in the reservoir and
as cycled dry gas is introduced,
the compositions of the liquid and
vapor phases in the pseudo two-
component system will deviate from
the actual phase compositions.
Properties
The fluid properties of interest are
density, viscosity, and formation
volume factor. As was discussed
previously, under isothermal conditions
these properties are functions of
either pressure or, in the case of
non-equilibrium gas, pressure, and rs.
 ,V 11971 A. SPIVAK and T. N. DIXON
Properties of the
Hydrocarbon Liquid
Since the hydrocarbon liquid composi-
tion is constant by assumption, the
variation in hydrocarbon liquid
properties as a function of pressure
only are required. A widely used
correlation for liquid hydrocarbon
densities as a function of pressure,
temperature, and com osition is given
by Alani and Kennedy $ . A method for
determining the viscosity of liquid
hydrocarbons as a. function of pressure,
temperature, and composition has been
published by Little and Kennedy5. The
liquid hydrocarbon formation volume
factor is related to the density as
follows:
where p~ is the liquid hydrocarbon
density at stock tank conditions in
lb/cu ft.
Properties of the
Dry Gas
Like the hydrocarbon li.qui.d,the dry
gas has a constant composition and thu:
only the variation in dry gas
properties with pressure is required.
The density of a gas at any temperatur~
and pressure is given by
w (lb./cu. ft.)
p = ZRT
.
where p = pressure (psia)
MW = molecular weight
z= gas compressibility factor
R= gas constant = 10.73
(psi-cu ft/mole-OR)
T= temperature (degrees
Rankinel
Gas compressibility factors can be
determined as functions of reduced
pressure and temperature using the
correlation of Standing and Katz6.
A commnly used correlation for gas
viscosity as a function of pressure
temperature and composition is that
of Carr, Kobayashi, and Burrows7.
The dry gas formation volume factor
is related to the density as follo~s:
7
~
bg = ox x 5.6146 (MCF/RB)
where P* is the dry gas density in
lb/MCF % standard conditions of
pressure and temperature (e.g., 14.65
psia and 60F).
Properties of
Equilibrium Gas
Equilibrium gas compressibility factors
and compositions are measured at
various pressures during laboratory
consta.~t-volume depletion experiments.
The measured compressibility factors
can be used directly to construct a
curve giving equilibrium gas density
vs. pressure. Equilibrium gas
viscosity vs. pressure can be determine
using the measured compositions7and
the correlation of Carr, et al. ,
The equilibrium gas formation volume
factor is, at any pressure, the amount
of dry gas contained in one reservoir
barrel of equilibrium gas at that
pressure and is a function of the gas
density and liquid content. Consider
one reservoir barrel of equilibrium
gas at some pressure p and-reservoir
temperature. The density p and liquid
content Fs are known as functions of
pressure. Let b be the number of MCF
of dry gas conta fned in that reservoir
barrel (i.e., the equilibrium gas
formation volume factor). Then the
equilibrium gas density ~ in lb/cu
ft is
f5g p;
i= 5.6146 + g s ~ lbcu t)
Therefore the formation volume factor
~g is given by
Just as in black-oil formation volume
factor models, it can be seen that the
densities and formation volume factors
 SIMULATION OF GAS-CO
are not independent. For black-oil
models, however, formation volume
factors are available directly from
laboratory fluid analysis. Densities,
if required, are calculated from the
formation volume factors. In the
condensate-gas analogy, densities are
more readily available and formation
volume factors are calculated from
densities.
Determination of the
Equilibrium Liquid Content
vs. Pressure Curve
Mass transfer between the liquid and
vapor phases (i.e. , retrograde conden-
sation and revaporization of the
retrograde liquid) is accounted for
by the equilibrium rs curve. The
laboratory constant-volume depletion
test provides a basis for determining
the equilibrium liquid content vs.
pressure curve just as the dissolved
gas (R ) VS. pressure curve for a black
oil mo 8 el is determined from a
laboratory differential depletion test
on an oil sample. The condensate-gas
model discussed here is a volumetric
model in which the volumes or
saturations of the different phases
in the reservoir are of primary
interest. Therefore, the correct
equilibrium liquid content vs. pressurt
curve is that which gives the correct
retrograde liquid volumes in the
reservoir during pressure depletion.
As is discussed in the Introduction,
it is assumed that the equilibrium
liquid content curve is a single-valuec
function of pressure so that the curve
as determined for pressure depletion
is applicable to revaporization,
Having chosen the dry gas and liquid
hydrocarbon pseudo-components, the
equilibrium r curve should give the
same retrogra~e liquid volume vs.
pressure curve as obtained in the
laboratory when used in a zero-
dimensional material balance calcula-
tion which simulates the laboratory
constant-volume depletion test. This
is the basis for the determination
of the equilibrium rs curve. A
similar procedure is often used in
compositional simulators where
K-values are adjusted to match the
laboratory constant-volume depletion
data.
ENSATE RESERVOIRS SPE 4271
There is no way ~f directly determining
the equilibrium rs curve from the
laboratory retrograde liquid volume
curve. This is because during a
constant-volume depletion test, liquid
is both dropping out by retrograde
condensation and being produced in the
vapor phase. A material balance on
the liquid at any pressure may be
stated as
retrograde liquid
+
liquid produced in
the vapor phase = initial liquid
+ in place
liquid remaining
in the vapor phase
Both the produced liquid and the liquic
remaining in the ~apor phase are
functions of the rs curve. Therefore
the ?s curve cannot be determined by
simple material balance on the liqu?d.
Determination of the equilibrium rs
curve involves a trial and error
procedure. The zero-dimensional
material balance on the dry gas and
liquid hydrocarbon components during
a constant-volume depletion experiment
may be written as
for the hydrocarbon liquid:
~
-qg r~ = V at (b.LI + bg r. Sg) . (8~;
and for the dry gas:
-qg ~ k(bgsg) . . . (8b;
where V is the volume of the system
in barrels and bl, b , and r~ are
functions of pressur ~ only since the
gas is at equilibrium conditions. For
a laboratory pressure-volume cell whicl-
is a zero-dimensional system with a
porosity equal to 100%, the liquid
saturati~n Sl is the perter.tage liquid
volume. Thus the above set of
equations can be solved for S~ vs p
for different ~s curves until an F
curve which matches the laboratory s
retrograde liquid volume curve is
found.
eor 1,971
c)rL -?&I-!.
Properties of Non-
Equilibrium Gas
The non-equilibrium gas properties
are functions of both rs and PC For
the pseudo two-component system,
rs is a composition parameter? and
therefore the dependence of fluid
properties on P and r~ is Comparable
to the general dependence of fluld
properties on pressure and composi-
tion at isothermal conditions. A
reasonable methcd of determining
the non-equilibrium gas properties
is to assume that they vary linearly
as a function of rs between the
properties of the dry gas and those
of the equilibrium gas. Since rs
for dry gas is equal to zero, the
assumption of linearity between the
dry gas and equilibrium gas properties
may be expressed as
r~ _
X(r~, p)=~X+(l - >) x d.y g,.
s s
. . . . . (9)
where X is any property such as
density or viscosity and ~ is the
equilibrium value of that property.
It should be noted that the method
of solution of the finite difference
approximations to the flow equations
as outlined in Appendix A does not
depend upon the form, of the functional1
relationship between the properties
of non-equilibrium gas and those of
dry and equilibrium gas. Thus the
function could be a more complex
one if this were justified.
A THREE-DIMENSIONAL
EXAMPLE
Three-dimensional calculations were
made for the quarter five-spot shown
in Figure 2. The quarter five-spot
is 5,000 ft by 5,000 ft in areal
extent and 200 ft thick. There is an
underlying aquifer and the initial
gas-water contact is 144 ft from the
top of the formation. The reservoir
was assumed to be homogeneous but
anisotropic. Values of horizontal
and vertical permeability were 10 md
and 1 md, respectively, and porosity
was 10 percent. A 5x5x5 grid system
was utilized so that each grid block
had areal dimensions of 1,000 ft by
1,000 ft and was 40 ft thick.
A. SPIVAK and T. N. DIXON 9
Fluid Properties
Fluid properties were determined for
an actual condensate-gas fluid having
a dew point of 3632 psig at the
reservoir temperature of 175F. The
details of the fluid property calcula-
tions are given in Appendix B. Water
compressibility and viscosity were
assumed to be constant at 0.000003
psi-l and,l cp, respectively.
Relative Permeability and
Capillary Pressure Data
Three-phase relative permeability data
were calculated using two-phase
water-oil and gas-oil data. The
two-phase water-oil and gas-oil
relative permeability curves that
were used are shown in Figures 3 and
4, respectively. Relative permeability
to water was calculated from Figure 3
as a single-valued function of water
saturation. Relative permeability to
gas was calculated from Figure 4 as
a single-valued function of gas
saturation. Relative permeability
to hydrocarbon liquid was calculated
as
k ~h X k*
r~
where krh is a function of water
saturation and is equal to kro
determined from the two-~hase
water-oil data. k$L is determined
from the two-phase gas-oil relative
permeability data as a function of
l-swc-s~. This method of calcula
ting three-phase relative permeability
from two-phase d ta is disc ssed by
Peery and Herron # and Coats 8 ,
Figures 3 and 4 show the following
end point saturations:
a. irreducible water saturation = 10%
b. residual hydrocarbon by water
drive = 30%
c. residual liquid by gas drive = 30%
From Figure 4 and the method of
calculating liquid hydrocarbon
relative permeability it can be seen
that the relative permeability to
liquid hydrocarbon is equal to zero
until the liquid hydrocarbon satura-
tion reaches 20 percent.
o SIMULATION OF GAS-C
For this example it was assumed that
gas-liquid hydrocarbon and liquid
hydrocarbon-water capillary pressure
were linear functions of gas and water
saturations, respectively, The gas-
liquid hydrocarbon capillary pressure
(Pcgz) varied from 2 psi at maximum
gas saturation to O psi at zero gas
saturation and the liquid-hydrocarbon-
water capillary pressure (Pc ~) varied
from 3 psi at irreducible wa $ er
saturation to O psi at 100 percent
water saturation.
Initial Pressure and
Quantities in Place
The initial gas pressure was specified
to be 3750 psig at the gas water
contact. This is 58 psig above the
dew point. The initial quantities
of water, hydrocarbon liquid, and
gas in place were 30,620,000 STB,
12,076,000 STB, and 69,400,000 MCF,
respectively, Since there was no
hydrocarbon liquid phase present
initially, all of the initial liquid
hydrocarbon was contained in the gas.
Production and Injection
A constant dry gas production of
7,000 MCF/D was taken from grid block
(i=l, 5=1, k=l). Hydrocarbon liquid
production varied with the rs liquid
content of this grid block. Dry gas
was injected into grid block (5,5,1)
at 4,000 MCF/D. On a reservoir barrel
basis , the initial ratio of inject~on
to production was 53%.
Results
The simulation was carried out to
1,500 days. Retrograde liquid began
to drop out in the producing grid
block after about 10 days when the
pressure in this grid block d~opped
below the dew point. Tables 2 through
5 show the gas pressures, water
saturations , liquid hydrocarbon
saturations, and ??s liquid content,
respectively, for each grid block
after 1,500 days or about 4 years.
Values for each quantity are shown by
layers from top to bottom with grid
block (1,1) for each layer being at
the upper left. It should be noted
that all quantities are symmetric
about the injection and production
grid blocks.
DENSATE RESERVOIRS SPE 4271
Table 2 shows that after 4 years the
pressure in the producing grid block
(1,1,1) has decreased from an initial
value of 3,735 psi to 3,219 psi. The
pressure in the injection grid block
has decreased to 3,428 psi resulting
in a gradient of 209 psi from the
injectiun to the production grid
blocks .
The water saturations in Table 3 show
a slight increase in the top three
layers from an initial irreducible
water saturation of 10 percent. This
is due to expansion of the connate
water with pressure decline. It can
be seen from this table that the water
saturation in layer 4 has increased
from an initial value of 40 percent
to about 45 percent directly below
the producing grid block. This is
a coning effect and is due to the
pressure sink in this region.
Table 4 shows that a retrograde
liquid saturation of about 9.5
percent has built up in the producing
grid block. Retrograde liquid is
present in all grid blocks where
there was initially gas except in
the vicinity of the injection grid
block where the dry gas is sweeping
out the initial reservoir fluid and
retrograde liquid is being vaporized.
The rs liquid content values in
Table 5 show that at 1,500 days,
the injection grid block has been
almost entirely swept out by dry
gas . The grid blocks adjacent to
and below the in-jection grid block
have also been swept to a lesser
degree . The fact that the in-jetted
dry gas has swept some grid blocks
below the injection grid block shows
the presence of a vertical downward
gas potentia~ gradient in this region.
Figure 5 shows the hydrocarbon liquid
producing rate vs time for this
example. The liquid rate dropped
from an initial value of 1218 STB/D
to 876 STB/D at 1,500 days. The
decrease in hydrocarbon liquid
production with time reflects the
decrease in rs liquid content of
the producing grid block.
Time Steps and Number of
Iterations to Convergence
The time step sequence used for this
example was as follows:
. ---- A CDT(7AV .mrl T N T)TXON 11

At = 1 day from O to 1 day MCF/D = thousands of standard cubic

At = 2 days from 1 to 5 days feet per day
At=5 days from 5 to 20 days
At = 20 days from 20 to 1,500 days MW = molecular weight

For this example, ADIP was used to P = pressure (psia)

solve the simulator equations. The
average number of iterations to Pc = capillary pressure (psia)
convergence was about 10 and overall
material balances remained correct Pv = grid block pore volume
to within 0.5 percent. The total (barrels)
computing time for this example was
107 seconds on a CDC 6600 computer. qv = production term (STB or
MCF/D/BBL of reservoir)
CONCLUSIONS
q = production term for an entire
1. Gas-condensate reserv~irs can be <rid block (STB/D or MCF/D)
mathematically modeled using a
formation volume factor or RB = reservoir barrels
Beta-type simulator which is
analogous in formulation to a RB/D = reservoir barrels per day
black-oil simulator,>
rs = liquid content of gas phase
2. Since the formulation of the (STB/MCF)
proposed simulator is analogous to
that of a conventional black-oil R~ = gas content. of liquid
simulator, it is of comparable hydrocarbon phase (MCF/STB)
computational efficiency.
s = saturation (fractional)
NOMENCLATURE
s Wc = irreducible water saturation
bw water formation volume
factor (STB/RB) STB = stock tank barrel

= hydrocarbon liquid formation STB/D = stock tank barrels per day

bl volume factor (STB/RB)
t time (days)
b = gas formation volume factor
g (MCF/RB) T = transmissibility (MCF/D/psi or
STB/D/psi)
BBL = barrel (5.6146 cu. ft.)
T = temperature (degrees Rankine)
h = elevation with respect to +
some arbitrary reference level u = darcy velocity vector
measured positive downward (BBL/ft2/D)
(ft)
z = gas compressibility factor
HCPV = hydrocarbon pore volume

k = absolute permeability Greek

(md x .00633)
Y = specific weight = pg/144 gc
kr = relative permeability (psi/ft)

!3 = acceleration due to gravity P = density (lb/cu ft)

(ft/sec/see)
D = viscosity (cp)
gc = gravitational constant
(32.12 ft/sec/see) @ = flow potential = p-yh (psi)

MCF = thousands
feet
of standard cubic
I 0 = porosity (fraction)
2 SIMULATION OF GAS- NDENSATE RESERVOIRS SPE 4271

Difference Notation Composition , Trans. AIME (1968),

243, 157.
AtU=U(t+At) -U(t)
6. Standing, M. B., and D. L. Katz:
AXU=U(X+A X)-U(X) Density of Natural Gases,
. Trans. AIME (1942), 146, 140.
.
AT AU= AX TAX U+ AYTAYU+ Az T&u
i, C?lrr, N, L,, R. Kobayashi, and
AX TAXU= i~, j,k (Ui+i, j,k - i, j,k )- D. b. Burrows: Viscosity of
Hydrocarbon Gases Under Pressure,
Ti-~,j,k (%,j,k Ui-i, j,k )
Trans.
AIME
. (1954), 201, 264.

8. Peery, James H., and E. H. Herron?

Subscripts and Superscripts Jr.: Three-Phase Reservoir
Simulation, J. Pet. Tech. (Feb.
Subscripts w, L, and g refer to water, 1969), ~, 211.
liquid hydrocarbon, and gas,
respectively. Subscripts i,j, and k 9. Coats, K. H.: An Analysis for
refer to the x,y~ and z cartesian Simulating Reservoir Performance
co-ordiriate directions, respectively. Under Pressure Maintenance by Gas
Subscript n refers to time level and/or Water Injection, Sot. Pet.
[e.g., At U = U (t+At) - U (t) = Eng. ~. (Dec. 1968), ~, 3~
Un+l-unl. A bar over fluid property
variable (e.g. , F5) refers to an 10. Spivak, A.: Mathematical
Simulation of Condensate-Gas
equilibrium quantity. Reservoirs, Ph.D. Dissertation,
The University of Texas, Austin,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
(May 1971).
The authors gratefully acknowledge APPENDIX A - SOLUTION OF THE
financial support for this project FINITE DIFFERENCE APPROXIMATIONS
-----
furnished jointly by Atlantic Richfiel TO THE FLOW EQUATIONS
Company, Continental Oil Company and
Sb,ell Oil Company through a research The finite difference equatj.ons 7 are
grant. solved on a time step basis. The
solution each time step is an iterative
REFEREiiCES one. The equations are first expressed
in terms of gas potential @g by
1. Smith, L. R., and Lyman Yarborough: eliminating @w and $~ using equations
Equilibrium Revaporization of 4 and 5. The right sides are then
Retrograde Condensate bv Drv Gas
expanded in terms of time differences
Injec~ion, Trans. AIME (1968),
in the dependent variables. This
243, 87.
expansion is different according to
whether a grid block is Case 1
2* Oxford, Charles W., and R. L.
(equilibrium) or Case 2 (non-
Huntington: Vaporization cf equilibrium) . The three flow equations
Hydrocarbons from an Unconsolidated are then added together after being
Sand, .
Trans. AIME
(1953), 198, multiplied by appropriate factors so
318. that the addition will eliminate
terms in AtS and Atrs. The resultant
3. Raimondi, P. , and M. A. Torcaso:
Mass Transfer Between Phases in equation is then solved for @ the
gas potential at the new timeg~evel
a Porous Medium, Sot. Pet. ~. in an iterative process.
~. (1965), 5_, 51. When the
solution for gas potential has been
obtained, the remaining dependent
4* Alani, G. H., and H. T. Kennedy: variables (either Sw and S for Case 1
Volumes of Liquid Hydrocarbons or S and rs for Case 2) age solved
at ~igh Temperatures and Pressures
for ?rom the original flow equations 7.
Trans.;
AIME
. (1360), 219, 288. This completes a time step.
5* Little, J. E.. and H. T. Kennedv:
A Correlation of the Viscosity-
of Hydrocarbon Systems with
Pressure, Temperature and
 ---- A on-I- llAv .-A T N II TYOM 13

The Flow Equations in for Case 1 and

Terms of Gas Potential

From the definition of potential, the At @ g At Sw, and At rs

water and liquid hydrocarbon poten-
tials are expressed in terms of gas
potential as follows:
for Case 2. The expansions are done
as follows:
t= ~ -PC9L - (Y~- @ h
Case 1
= h. . (A-1)
% - PCQ, - A u for the water equation:
I
~ At (b. Sw) =
$W = @g- PCgW-(YW - Yg) h
I
=g - Pcgw - A ywgh . . (A-2)
H (bw
%)..+~
-(bW)*
[1
where

Pcgw = Pcgt + ~clw

.
. EY
At [
Swn ~ AtPw + %n+l
1
At Sw

where
Therefore, in terms of gas potentials, b w n+l - bwn
equations 7 become b~ =
l?n+~ - Pn
ATw A(4g-pcm-Aywgh) -
b is not a derivative but is a chord
sY ope. If it is assumed that
=& At(~Sw) .,, .,,. = O , then
CIW (A-3a) t Cwl = At PcgL

AtPw =Atpl=At Pg
ATtA($g-pcg4-Ay~g h)+

ATgr~A$g -q&= This assumption is made for most

methods of solving the equations of
fluid flow through porous media and
A is consistent with dating saturation
At t (b% L bgrs g) . . . . (A-3b) dependent terms on the left side of
the flow equations at the previous
time level. If, in addition it is
assumed that At y = O, then
g
AT8A$g-qg= ~ At (bg g)
At Pg = At $g
(A-3c)

This assumption is acceptable if time

Expansion of the Right Sides steps are such that density changes
over the time step are small.
The right sides of equations A-3 are
expanded in terms of

A @ At Sw, and At S
t g
g ~
 SIMULATION OF GAS-C DENSATE RESERVOIRS SPE 427:
.4

Thus and
~At(bW Sw) =
b lan+l - bLn

~ Swn ~ At $g +bwn+l At G b; P & n+l - /,n

c 1
(bg ~)n+l - (b~ .s~n
=ciOAt$g +cil At Sw +C12 At g (bgr~) pgn+, Pgn

where for the gas equation:

Clo = ~ S~dnb~ ~At (bg sg) =

~
Cll = fibw n+, At (Sgn b~ Atp + bgn+~ At sg)

C12 = o = c30 At +g + c31 At sw + c32 At g

for the liquid hydrocarbon equation: where

Pv C30 = ~ Sgn b;
~(AEb4S1 At bgr~ Sg) =
C31 = o
~ S}nb; At P+
[-
c32 = ~ bg n+l
b~n+l At SL + Sgn(bg r~) At P +

(bg%)n+.
&g
1 and
bg n+1 - bgn
=c20bt 4g+ c21 At Sw + b~=
Pgn+l Pgn

c22 At sg
Case 2
(since At st = -At sg - At Sw)
The expansion of the right side for
the water equation in Case 2 is the
where same as for Case 1. The right side
of the liquid hydrocarbon equation
for Case 2 is:
C20 = & sin b~ +Sgn
(bg
r.)

1
[
~A (bg r~ Sg) =
C21 = H (-% n+l)
~
[
(r. gL t bg +

C22 = ~
[
(bg s)n+l - b{n+~ 7 b
g n+l At(r,Sg)
1
n?- 1,.571 .A.
.. SPTVAK
---- and T. N. DIXON
------
15
ar~ -tLIA

.=
Sgn (b: Atp+b; At r.) +
=~ (r. Sg). (b~btp+b~ At%)+ At [
[

bgn+l (r~n At Sg + Sg n+l At s)

1
bgn+l Atsg
1
= c30 At @g + c31 At sw + c32 At r~
= c20 At P +c21At Sw +C22 At rs

where
where
C30 = =
At (Sgn b:)

C31 = - H bg n+l

c32 = ~ ( Sgnb:)

Substituting the right side expansions

in equations A-3 yields
and
for Case 1
bg (Pn.l, rsn ) - bg (Pn I r~n )
b_!
.. =
~ Pn+ ~ - Pn ATW A (Sg - PCg,, -A Ywg h) - qV, =

bg (Pn+l~Sn+l) - bg (Pn+l f S*) c1O At $g A cll At St! + C!12 At Sg

b; =

I . ..*. . . . . . ,.
s n+l - sn
.0. . (.4-4a

It should be noted that the above AT/, A(Qg-~cgL-Ay4g h)+

expansion of At b where b = bg
(rs, p) is consis F ent withgrespect to ATgr~ACg -q&=
the definition of the time difference
operator.
c20 At ~g + c21 At Sw + C22 AC Sg
Thus At bg b& Atp+bAtr s
g

= bg (Pn+l~ r.n)-bg(pn, r.n) . . . . . .. *-* ** (A-4b

bg (pn+l~ rs n+l) - bg (%+1~sri) ATg A$g-qg=c30&+g+

= b~ (Pn+ 1~ s n+l) - bg (pn sri) c31 At SW + c32 At Sg . . . . (A-4c

for Case 2

for the gas equation:

~At (bg Sg) = ATw A(4g-pCgw-Aywg@- qw=

CIO At @g + Cll At Sw + C12 ~ rs

~ Sgn At bg + bgn+l At g
[ 1 . ...0. . . . . . . *** (A-5t
; SIMULATION OF GAS-CONDENSATE RESERVOIRS SPE 427

al.- Cql + a2 * C21

ATgr~A$g - qt = C20 At *g + .*.O (A-8)
Cll

C21At Sw+C22Atr~. . . . (A-5b) For Case 2 , al and a2 are identically

defined, however, C21, C31, etc., are
different. The resultant single
ATg A@g-~ =C30AC @g+ equation in @ can be written as
g

A~A@g-G=cAt% *-s (A-9 )

c31At Sw+C32Atr~ . . . (A-be)

where, for Case 1

Terms of the type At Sw, At S for
Case 1 and A SW, At r~ for C~se 2 5 al Tw +a2T + a2 T r~ + Tg
L g
can now be ef
lmlnated. The elimina-
tion of these terms will be demonstra-
ted for Case 1. The procedure for G= al A ~ A (pcgw -AYwgh)+
Case 2 is identical.

Equaticns A-4a and A-4b are multiplied a2A T% A (pcgL - A y~g ) +

by al and 22, respectively, and the
resultant equations are added to al*~+a2*q4+qg
equation A-4c. This yields

alATWA@g + aa A TLA @g + and, for Case 2

T= al Tw + a2 Tg r~ + Tg

G= al A TW A (PCgW - A Ywg h) +
H = (al * CIO + a2 c20 + C30)
al o qw + aa q~ +clg
At $g + (al * cll + a2 * C21 +C3L)
and
At Sw +(al * C12 + a~ C22 32)
c= al CIO + a2 C20 + C30
At Sg
. . . . . ...* (A-6)
In both cases the coefficients al
and a2 are treated as constants when
where the_difference operator is applied
to T.
H= al A TW A (p~gw - A Y,qg h) +
The combined difference equation A-9
aa A T1 A (Peg% - AY4gh) must be solved iteratively due to
, its non-linear nature. The system
of equations can be solved using
either SIP (Strongly Implicit
To eliminate terms in At S and Procedure), ADIP (Alternating
At S , a2 and al are calcu Y ated as Directiofi Implicit Procedure), or
foll&.7s: LSOR (line successive overrelaxation).
The coefficients al, a2, C1O, Cll, etc
are functions of the dependent
a2 ..= (A-7) variables at the new time level and
C22
must therefore be updated after each
iteration during the solution. After
a O1utiOn or g n+l as been btaine
sP17 11771 A.
SPTVAK..-andL--- T. N.
~ from equation A-9, the other dependent
variables are solved for from
equations A-1 and A-2 (for @w and @l)
and equations A-3,
For Case 1, the remaining dependent
variables are S and S and these
are solved for ~rom eq~ations A-3a
and A-3c. Actually, any two of
equations A-3 could be used to solve
for Sw and S but A-3a and A-3c
involve the feast amount of computa-
tional work.
For Case 2, the remaining dependent
variables are SV7and rs and these
are solved for using equations A-3a
and A-3b. For this case, since
s~ = O equation A-3b is
Switching of Blocks from Case 1
to Case 2 and Vice Versa
Since the method depends on treating
equilibrium and non-equilibrium blocks
differently, a suitable method of
switching from Case 1 to Case 2 and
vice versa is essential. The switch-
ing methods employed are based on the
physical significance of the two
cases.
Case 2 to Case 1
Case 2 implies that the gas in a grid
block is holding less liquid at the
block pressure than the equilibrium
liquid content. When a Case 2 block
is ready to drop out liquid, the
calculated r~ will exceed the
equilibrium r . Thus the switch from
Case 2 to Cas&! 1 is made when,
r~2F
s Liquid Densities
Case 1 to Case 2 density vs pressure.
Case 1 implies that there is some
liquid hydrocarbon present while
Case 2 implies no liquid hydrocarbon
present. When all of the liquid has
been vaporized from a Case 1 block,
the calculated liquid saturation will
become negative. Therefore, the
switch from Case 1 to Case 2 is made
when,
-------
-
DIXON 1
s <0
A
The procedure is to check each grid
block during the iterations to see
if a switch should be made.
APPENDIX B - DETERMINATION OF
FLUID PROPERTIES FOR AN
EXAMPLE CONDENSATE-GAS
Compositions of the pseudo-components
and fluid properties were determined
for an example condensate-gas from
an actual condensate-gas reservoir.
The initial reservoir fluid composi-
tion is given in Table 6. The specifi
gravity and molecular weight of the
C7+ fraction are also given in this
table. The reservoir fluid had a
laboratory-measured dew point of 3632
psig at the reservoir temperature of
175F.
It was assumed that the reservoir
would be produced through a 100%
efficient gas plant which strips out
all of the Cj+ components . Therefore;
the two pseu o-components were chosen
to be a dry gas containing the C2.
components in the same relative
proportions as in the initial reser-
voir fluid and a hydrocarbon liquid
containing the C3+ components in the
same relative proportions as in the
initial fluid. The pseudo-component
I dry gas and liquid hydrocarbon
compositions are given in Table 7.
The molecular weights and base
densities for the two pseudo-component
are also shown in this table.
Table 8 gives the properties of the
equilibrium vapor during a constant-
volume depletion analysis performed
on a sample of this fluid by a
commercial laboratory,
Figure 6 shows Ehe hydrocarbon liquid
These data
were determined using the Alani-Kennec
correlation . The hydrocarbon liquid
formation volume factor at any pressuz
is simply the density at that pressur~
divided by the liquid density at
standard pressure and temperature.
The liquid density at stock tarlk
conditions was also determined using
the Alani-Kenrledy correlation.
 !DENSATE RESERVOIRS SPE 427:

Gas Densities

The dry gas and equilibrium gas

densities vs pressure are shown on
Figure 7. The dry gas densities
were obtained from the dry gas composi.
tion and the compres ibility factors
of Standing and Katz 5 . The equilibria]
gas density vs pressure curve was
determined using the laboratory-
measured compressibility factors
obtained during the constant-volume
depletion test. The dew-point
composition and the compressibility
factors of Standing and Katz were
used to obtain the equilibrium gas
densities at pressures above the dew
point.

Gas Viscosities

Figure 8 shows the dry gas and

equilibrium gas viscosities vs pressur
The dry gas viscosities were obtained
from the dry gas composition and the
correlation of Carr, Kobayashi, and
Burrows7. The equilibrium gas
viscosity vs pressure curve was
obtained using the equilibrium gas
compositions measured during the
laboratory constant-volume depletion
test (Table 8) and the correlation of
Carr, et al.

Equilibrium Liauid Conter,t

The equilibrium liquid content curve v

pressure is given in Figure 9, The
dew-po~nt liquid content of .174 STB/
MCF was calculated such that a mixture
containing this ratio of liquid hydro-
carbon to dry gas has a composition
exactly equal to the dew-point gas
composition. The remainder cf the r
vs pressure curve was determined sucR
that when this curve was used in a
zero-dimensional material balance
calculation simulating the laboratory
constant-volume depletion test, it
closely matched the measured retrograd
liquid volume vs pressure curve. The
solid line in Figure 10 is the
laboratory retrograde liquid vclume
curve. The dots represent the retro-
grade liquid volumes calculated using
the final rs curve and the zero-
dimens:onal mater.al balance calcula-
tions .
 TABLE 2
.
Three-Dimensional Example, Gas Pressures at 1500 Days
TABLE 1
I-
Dependence of Variables i:)the Flow Equations J Layer I&top)
I 1 ? 3 4 5
1 3219.3 +213~.7 3326.1 3347*3 3357*5
dependence 3269.7
? 3316*9 333$1.6 3355.9 3365*3
3 3326.1 .333P.6 3354.9 3369.9 3379.1
variable Case 1 Case 2 6 3355.9
3347.3 3370.0 3385.1 3798.5
5 3357.5 3356.3 3379.1 3s98.5 3427*?
k k (X,l, z) k (X, Y,Z) Layer 2

,,- 1 ? 3 6 5
k rw k t-w \~w ) k I-W(%) 1 3%2H.9 3294,~ 3330.5 3351,7 3361.~
.? 3296.1 3319.3 3343.0 3360.3 336~.R
k r9. k r), (s; , Sg) kr; (S;, Sg) 333n.5 3343.0 335+.3 337h.4 3383*7
3351.7 3360.3 3374.4 3389.6 3402,2
krg 336109 3363.8 33n3*7 3402.2 3b28. Q
k rg krg (Sg) (ss)
Layer 3
1 ? 3 4 5
3236.1 ?298.5 3334.9 3356.2 3366.4
3298.5 3323.7 3347.5 3364.8 337493
3334.9 3347.5 3363.8 3378.9 3388.2
bg bg (Pg , rs ) 33%6.2 3366.8 3378.9 3394.2 34015.9
bg (Pg)
3366*4 3376.3 33!18. Z 3406. q 3431*4
L .,: L,w (p!,>
) .,A,(Pw ) Layer 4
1 2 3 4 5
N f. ; (P?) :.>.,
P, ) 1 3243.1 -+303.1 3339.4 3360.7 3371*O
? 33(J3. I 332R.2 335?.0 3369.4 3378.8
U.g ;-g (Pg. rs) 2 3339.4 33s7.0 3368.4 3383.4 3392.8
Ug (Pg)
3300.7 3369.4 3343.4 3398.8 3412.1
o t:
-n ; 3371. r7 337Q.8 3392.7 3412.1 3438. (I
!Yg Dg (Pg) F g rc )
Layer 5 (bottom)
dependent .
1 ? 3 5
variable 3259.5 3317,4
1 3353.7 3375. . 33R5.2
? 3317.4 334?.4 3366.2 3383.6 3392,9
3 3253.7 3366.2 338?.5 3397*3 3606.6
4 3375*O 3383.6 33?7.3 3412.4 3424.7
5 33e5*? 339?,9 3406.6 3424.7 344483
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Oooco 00000 00000 OD WON 00000
lnooooo In Ooooo U! Ooooo Lflcaoumm U)ooooo
A.-4 . . . .W .+.. &. -t.- +dmfnm COoc=a
.* *** . . . . . .. **. . ..00 . . . . .
d. . . .

A.-l. . .+.+.-l.. M. A. .-4 g~luu$ 00000

Ooooc 00000 GOOOO 00000
.iCcoac 3COOC0 d.=o=oo aOODDm Ul=ooco
.-I A.-. .+ . . . . --t . . . *.t.s r!@- Ccooc
.* *.* .* *** . . . . . . ...0 . . . . .
.-! -.4..

.-1 -..

l-v++.+- tv-l .-4.- W. .-f-. O.+r-+c. n Ccooc

3CJ=OC Ooo, co O=JG=O Ai mooa 00000
dc Gcc O escocca -C OOO.3 -In ccc-c.+ Co Coo
. ..4*dd dd #c-t. -.-t. . .*e*4e 00000
.* **. 9... .. 0.. . . . . . . . .
&* Add
 TABT.F5

Three-Dimensional Example, r~ Liquid Content at Uoo Days

T-
J Layer 1 (top)
. 3 4 5
1 .1:47 .1<18 .1354 ,1375 .1385
? ,131n 1343 .13~7 , 1384 .1393
3 .1 354 .1347 .]3QJ .1398 .13f+5
4 .] 375 .13~4 139~ 1230 .0519
=. .] 3~5 .1.?.93 .1344 0519 .0001

Layer 2
1 ? ?, 4 5
1 .1? 37 .13?2 . l~%H ,13H0 ,1390
7 .1327 .1747 1371 .13U8 .1399
3 135~ .i 771 ~13R7 .1402 1612
4 .]330 .13JI13 .]402 .14]8 . 0765
c! .]3~o .l?QH c 14]2 .07b5 .0026

hycr 1
1 ? 3 4 5
1 .]264 .13?7 ,1363 .1384 .]394
? 913.27 .1352 .1375 1393 .1402
-4 1363 913?5 . 1332 .i 407 1416
~ ]384 .1407 . 16?.2 .1190
* 1393
5 ]394 .1402 .1416 01189 ,0336

L_iyer i
1 ? 3 4 5
1 .1271 .13?1 .1367 . 13 fl4 .1399
.? .1331 .1356 e13H~ , 1397 .~407
3 .1367 .l~no . 1396 .1411 .] 421
4 ,l~~o .1397 .1611 91-.27 .146ty
5 .1399 .14~7 .1421 .1440 .1279

I.aycr 5 (bottom)

1 ? 3 4 5
1 0.0000 9.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0000 U.000o 0.0000 0,0000 0,0000
3 0.0000 0,0000 o.oono 0,0000 0,0000
4 0.00G0 U.oono 0.0000 0.0000 (?.0000
5 0.0000 O.onoo 0.7JOO0 0.0000 0.0000
 TABLE ~ TABLE 8

Compositions of the Liquid Hydrocarbfm and Properties of the Equilibrium Gas During Constant-Volume
Dry Gas Pseudo-Components OepIetion at 175F

.
MoLe Fractions pressure (psig)

Component Liquid Dry Gas 2600

Component 3692 3200 1900 1200 700

co* 0.0074 mole fractions

N2 .0060 co ~ .0062 .0059 .0061 .,0061 .0063 .0065

c1 .8833 ii .0050 .0053 .0055 .0059 .0054 .0052

2
~
c= 0.1033 .7L33 .7602 .7835 .7978 .8004 .7883
1

c~ 0.3324 C* .0871 .0875 .0862 .0872 .0898 .0939

i-C ~ .0550 C3
.0527 .0526 .0L98 .0L95 .0503 .0543

n-C .1231 i-C4 .0087 .0080 .0076 .0076 .007L .0081

4
i-c = .0499 n-C4 .0195 .0187 .0166 .0153 .0158 .0179

n-C .0556 i-C .0079 .0072 .0065 .0055 .0053 .0057

5 5

c= .0670 n-C .0088 .0086 .0072 .0060 .0053 .0060

5

c 0.3170 c .0106 .0102 .0082 .0062 .0052 .0054

7+ 6
c 7+ .0502 .0360 .0228 .0129 .0088 .0087
Liquid Molecular Weight = 80.47

Liquid Density at 14.65 psia and 60 F = 40.86 lb. /ea. ft. MoL. wt.
of C7. 133 126 118 109 104 104
Dry Gas MoIecular Weight = 17.72 S. G. of CT+ .775 .768 .760 .751 .745 .745

D:y Gas Density at 14.65 psia and 60F = 46.7 lb. fMCF Compress-
ibility Z .8U .797 .791 .326 .880 .927
 1.0

0.8

0.2

0,0

0.0 0.2 0,4 0.6 (J.8 1.0

I
I Watm s,lt,tratio

L
FIGURE 3

Pressure (o.sia)
Ex.mplc W.t., -Oil Rvlativc Per-m ~billty Oata

FIGURE 1

T z 3
2

K= 1
- . _ /

.2

J
- . -.
,II,LL.]1 ,;d:.-wat,r

. ---- ---- ---- ct!,)rsct

_ .
~ j~~o +

Produc t idn
*

Tl>rcc- lli,.ensic.nal ExmnPlc

 \

,>00 10[)0 1 $[!11

1,0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 It,.c (,1,,.. )
Gas s.3turaclon

FIGURE U

tl(s, Rt 5
Exmplc Gas. Oi! RS%I. CIVC Permeability Data

Sx.mplr, Lsqul<! Iroc!ucti,n IL, tr v.. Ti, w

/=

35
o 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Pressure (psi)

FIGORE 6

Hydrocarbon Liquid Density vs. Pressure for Example C.andensate. Cas

 O.oh Fquil
Equil.

Dry

0.03
ory

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Pressure (psi)

FIGURE 1

Dry and Equilibrium Gas Oensities vs. Pressure

for Example Cmdensat?. Gas
0.01
o 1000 2000 3000 Looo 5!300

Prrswrr (psi)

FIGURE 8

Dry and Equll, t,rir, m Gss Vlsr.. itlc.s VS.. Prvss. rc

for E.mnple Cmdm$ate -[,,.

20

I.%!vr.,t,v, -wzv,rcd

L.ll. !: I.!,.!

>.

I ,
1 Ouo 2000 3000 5000

Prcss:rc (psia)

, , t
u
..-
lUUV
....
Zuuo
.
3000 hooo 5000
Retrograde L,quid Vol..re vs. Prc%. ur. for
Exmple Cmd.msa:c.-Cas
pressure (psi)

FIGURE 9

Equilibr ia.* Liquid Content vs. Preswre for

Example Ccmdemate-Cas