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1. Speaking
a. Definition of speaking
According to Cameron (2001: 11) speaking is the active use of language to
express meanings so that other people can make sense of them. To speak in the
foreign language in order to share understandings with other people requires attention
to precise details of the language. A speaker needs to find the most appropriate words
and the correct grammar to convey meaning accurately and precisely and needs to
organize the discourse so that a listener will understand. Speaking is so demanding,
requires careful and plentiful support of various types, not just support for
understanding, but also support for production.
According to (Kayi,2006) Speaking is the process of building and sharing
meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in variety of context.
According to (Rahayu& Joesasono,2011) speaking is an important component
of the language teaching syllabus. Speaking exercise that have been properly prepared
are integral in the adoption of another language, learners need to recognize that
speaking involves three areas of knowledge: mechanic (Pronunciation, Grammar, and
Vocabulary function) transaction and interaction, and social cultural rules and norms.
Based on the reason, the researcher tried to illustrate that speaking is the
process to say what the people think and express by words to give and receive
information or to communicate ideas in any matters.
b. The key encouraging speaking skill
The key to encouraging speaking skills in the classroom is creating the proper
environment. Children should feel relaxed, and social interaction with peers should be
encouraged. One teacher of fourth grade suggest these goals:
1. To speak clearly with proper pronunciation in order to communicate with
others
2. To speak expressively with feeling and emotion and avoid the monotone
3. To speak effectively in different situation: with individuals, small groups,
and the whole class
4. To utilize speaking in all the communication arts and content areas tofurther
learning (Yellen Blake:2004)
To achieve these goals, the teacher organized her instructional program around
two criteria: a positive, receptive teacher attitude and a physical environment
conducive to language use
c. Teaching speaking
According to (Nunan,2003) to teach speaking means to teach language learners
to:
1. Organize their thoughts in a meaningful and logical sequence.
2. Use language as a means of expressing values and judgments.
3. Use the language quickly and confidently with few unnatural pauses,
Which is called as fluency.
According to (Rahayu& Joesasono, 2011) the goal of teaching speaking skills is
communicative efficiency. To help student develop communicative efficiency in
speaking, instructors can use a balanced activities approach that combines language
input, structured output, and communicative output.
d. The goal of teaching speaking
According to hammer (2009:343) says that, the goal of teaching speaking skill
is communicative efficiency. Learners should be able to make themselves
understood, using their current proficiency to the fullest. They should try to avoid
confusion in the massage due to faulty pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary and to
observe the social and cultural rules that apply in each communication situation.
2. Role Play
One order way of getting students to speak is role-playing students pretend they
are in various social contexts and have a variety of social roles. In role-play activities,
the teacher gives information to the learners such as who they are and what they think
or feel.
3. Information GAP
In this activity, students are supposed to be working in pairs. One student will
have the information that other partner does not have and the partner will share their
information. Information gap activities serve a many purpose such as solving a
problem collecting information.
4. Story telling
Students can briefly summarize a tale or story they heard from somebody before
hand, or they may create their own stories to tell their classmates. Story telling is
creative thinking. It also helps students express ideas in the format of beginning,
development, and ending, including the characters and setting a story has to have.
Students also can tell riddles or jokes. For instance, at the very beginning of each class
session, the teacher may call a few students to tell short riddles and jokes as an
opening. In this way, not only will the teacher address students speaking
achievement, but also get the attention of the class.
5. Picture describing
Another way to make use of pictures in speaking activity in to give students just
one picture and having them describe what it is in the picture. For this activity the
students can form groups and each group is given a different picture. Students discuss
the picture with their groups, and then the group will describe the picture to the class.
This activity is the creativity and imagination of learners as well as their public
speaking skill.
From these activities of promote speaking, the writer try to use story telling
activity using video to measure the students speaking achievement especially in oral
test.
f. Assessing speaking
3. Narrative Text
a. Definition of Narrative Text
According to Pumamawati (in Yatimah 2014:30) narrative text is an account
of a sequence of events, usually in chronological order. Narrative text it tells the story
of an event and the events are usually arranged in chronological order. According to
Alberti (2014:16) Narrative text is writing in which a story is told, the details
may be fictional or based on fact. According to Anderson (in Alberti 2014:16)
narrative text is a text that has a purpose to entertain the reader or listener.
The purpose of a text is to amuse, entertain the reader or listener about the story.
Narrative deals with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point
of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.
According Hamidah (2016:46) the use of narrative text can help the students
to comprehend a text. Narrative texts appear to induce visualization in readers as
part of the reading process. In other words, it can help the readers to
understand texts easier, and they can feel motivated. Furthermore, one purpose of
narrative texts is to entertain. Readers enjoy reading texts and are excited to
know what will happen next. In this way, narrative texts can help increase students
motivation. Moreover, using narrative text may help teachers to teach moral value
from the text.
Experiment
Class (X)
Speaking
Achievement
Control Class (Y)
(X2)
Explanation :
X1 : video media
X2 : picture
Y : Speaking Achievement
: Class Experiment : video media
: Class Control : picture
The researcher made the conceptual framework to help and focuses on the
research. From the framework, the researcher finds the problem of the students. The
problem is the students have low score in Speaking skill. It was because the students
are difficult to learn, particularly in speaking English material. So they can not
develop their speaking skill.
The researcher finds a teaching strategy to develop the students speaking
achievement. It is video media strategy. To know the influence of this teaching model,
the researcher applied it in the experimental group. While the dashed line showed the
searchers will be used as a teaching strategy of comparison in measuring students
ability.
E. Hypothesis