GROUP 12 (ME16B035, 36, 37)

EXPERIMENT 1
Spring Stiffness Test

Aim:
To find the spring stiffness constants of different springs and comparing the
experimental values with the theoretical values.

Modeling springs:
Spring is basically used in every object that we see from ball-point pens to heavy
trucks. Spring is usually made out of metal which is rolled as helix. Below one is
one of the form of spring.

A HELICAL SPRING
Spring can be used to model any elastic member which deforms under application
of forces and regains its shape when the force is removed.
In general the spring is modeled in a such a way that it is used to
Store mechanical energy.
Absorbs shocks.
Provide desired motion to a machine component.
APPARATUS:
Loading setup, 3 different spring, a platform which is attached to the spring on
which load is placed.

Theory:
When the force is applied on spring, it deforms and the spring regains its shape
when applied force is removed. This spring force is linearly proportional to the
deformation of the spring which is expressed below:
=
Where
F (N) = Force applied,
x (m) = deformation,
K (N/m) = linear spring stiffness constant(proportionality constant).

The experimental spring stiffness can be measured from the above relation by
varying the load on the spring and calculating the displacements.
In order to estimate the linear stiffness constant theoretically, we have the
following
4
=
4 3

Where

G (N/m2) = shear modulus of the spring material,

r (m) = radius of the spring wire,
n = number of active coils in the helical spring,
R (m) = mean radius of the helical spring.
PROCEDURE:
Measure the radius of the spring wire(r) and the mean radius of the helical
spring using vernier caliper.
Place the spring the loading setup.
Take down the readings in the scale for every increase in the load of 0.5 kg
upto 2.5 kg and find the deflection.
Remove the loads one by one and take down the scale readings and find the
deflection.
Take the spring out of the loading setup.
Calculate the spring stiffness from the above formula.
Repeat the same steps for other 2 springs.

Observation:
g = 9.8 m/s2
Shear modulus of Mild steel (G) = 80Gpa
Spring Sample -1 (Non linear spring under tension) :
 S.no Load Load Loading Loading Unloading Unloading Mean
(kg) (N) (Vernier) (Deflection) (Vernier) (Deflection) Deflection
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1. 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0
2. 0.5 4.9 9.9 0.1 9.9 0.1 0.1
3. 1.0 9.8 9.8 0.2 9.8 0.2 0.2
4. 1.5 14.7 9.65 0.35 9.6 0.4 0.375
5. 2.0 19.6 9.45 0.55 9.4 0.6 0.575
6. 2.5 24.5 9.3 0.7 9.3 0.7 0.7

SPRING 1
30

25

20
Load (N)

15

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Deflection (cm)

Slope (K) = 33.099 N/cm.

Spring Sample -2 (Linear helical spring under compression) :

S.no Load Loading Loading Unloading Unloading Mean

Load (N) (Vernier) (Deflection) (Vernier) (Deflection) Deflection
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
(kg)
1. 0.0 0.0 12.9 0.0 12.9 0.0 0.00
2. 0.5 4.9 12.7 0.2 12.6 0.3 0.25
3. 1.0 9.8 12.3 0.6 12.25 0.65 0.625
4. 1.5 14.7 11.95 0.95 11.9 1.0 0.975
5. 2.0 19.6 11.6 1.3 11.55 1.35 1.325
6. 2.5 24.5 11.3 1.6 11.3 1.6 1.60
 SPRING 2
30

25

20
Load (N)

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Deflection (cm)

Slope (K) = 14.776N/cm

Spring Sample 3 (linear helical spring under tension) :

 S.no Load Load Loading Loading Unloading Unloading Mean
(kg) (N) (Vernier) (Deflection) (Vernier) (Deflection) Deflection
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1. 0.0 0.0 41.15 0.0 41.15 0.0 0.0
2. 0.5 4.9 41.7 0.55 41.75 0.6 0.575
3. 1.0 9.8 42.6 1.45 42.65 1.5 1.475
4. 1.5 14.7 43.55 2.4 43.6 2.45 2.425
5. 2.0 19.6 44.5 3.35 44.55 3.4 3.375
6. 2.5 24.5 45.3 4.15 45.3 4.15 4.15

SPRING 3
30

25

20
Load (N)

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Deflection (cm)

Slope (K) = 5.6727 N/cm .

Theoretical estimate:

Spring Mean reading

R 1.323cm

Sample 1 r 0.141cm
n = 31
KL 11.012N/cm

R 1.932cm

Sample 2 r 0.14cm
n = 11
KL 9.685N/cm

R 2.08cm

Sample 3 r 0.15cm
n = 27
KL 4.167N/cm

Inference:

The deformation of the spring is directly proportional to the force applied on

spring, so the spring stiffness can be calculated from the slope of the graph.
The spring constant depends on the material, radius of the spring wire,
radius of spring and number of turns
The difference between the theoretical value and experimental value is
because of load may not be distributed properly and there may not be the
flexible movement of the spring.
 EXPERIMENT 2
MEASUREMENT OF BENDING STRESS USING A
STRAIN GAUGE

Aim:
To measure the tensile bending stress at the root of the cantilever beam subjected
to tip transverse loading using a Strain Gauge.

Apparatus:
Strain gauge, strain gauge indicator (model P 3500), aluminium specimen bar, a
bar holder with a provision for loading and a mutimeter.

Experimental setup:
The aluminium bar is connected to the bar holder and the strain gauge is placed on
the top surface of specimen. The wire from strain gauge is connected to strain
gauge indicator. Deflection is produced in rod by rotating micrometer.

Theory:
A Strain Gauge is used to measure strain with the help of electrical conductance
when the object is deformed there is a change in its cross section area in turn its
electrical resistance.
This change in resistance is related to strain produced in the object by the relation
/
SG=

Where,
R = resistance of the gauge in the undeformed state,
R = change in the resistance in the gauge due to deformation,
SG = strain gauge factor, and
= strain.
Experimentally, the tensile bending stress can be calculated from the Hookes Law,
which states stress is proportional to strain and the proportionality constant is the
youngs modulus of the material.
=
Where,
= stress, and
E = Youngs modulus of elasticity.
Analytically, tensile bending stress can be determined from Flexure relation
which is

= =

Where,
Mb = Bending moment developed at the location of the strain gauge.
Izz = Moment of inertia of the beam cross section.
xx = Normal bending stress.
y = Distance of Fibre from centroidal axis.
E = Youngs modulus of material of the bar.
= Radius of Curvature of the beam.
The relation between deflection and load is given by
= PLo3 / 3EIzz
Where,
Izz = bh3/12
Bending moment is given by
Mb = - PL1

Procedure:
Fix the beam in the bar holder and measure L0, L1, b, h.
Connect the strain gauge as a QUARTER BRIDGE.
Adjust the gauge factor between 2.05 and 2.06.
Adjust the display to +/- 0000.
Take the readings on the display for increase in deflection in 0.5 mm steps to
a maximum of 5mm.

Observations:

E (aluminium) = 69 GPa

= =

= PLo3 / 3EIzz
Mb = - PL1
Moment of inertia:
Izz = bh3/12
From experiment, we have
Lo = 25.5 cm y = 0.25 cm
L1 = 23.8 cm
b = 2.5 cm
h = 0.5 cm
y = h/2 = 0.25 cm

Izz = bh3/12 = (25)*(5*5*5)/12 (mm)4

= 260.41 (mm) 4
= 2.6041 10 -10m4.

S.no Deflection P (transverse Mb

(mm) Load) (N) (Nm)

1. 0.5 1.625 -0.386750

2. 1.0 3.251 -0.773738
3. 1.5 4.876 -1.160488
4. 2.0 6.501 -1.547238
5. 2.5 8.127 -1.934226
6. 3.0 9.752 -2.320976
7. 3.5 11.378 -2.707964
8. 4.0 13.003 -3.094714
9. 4.5 14.629 -3.481702
10. 5.0 16.254 -3.868452
S.no Deflection Display Strain Strain Stress Stress %
(mm) (Experimental) (Theoretical) (Experimental) (Theoretical) difference
(Pa) (Pa)

1. 0.5 54 54 10 -6 53.8 3.726 10 6 3.712 10 6 -0.37174

2. 1.0 108 108 10 -6 107.65 7.452 10 6 7.428 10 6 -0.32512

3. 1.5 165 165 10 -6 161.45 11.385 10 6 11.140 106 -2.19882

4. 2.0 222 222 10 -6 215.26 15.318 10 6 14.853 106 -3.13109

5. 2.5 280 280 10 -6 269.11 19.320 10 6 18.569 106 -4.04667

6. 3.0 342 342 10 -6 322.91 23.598 10 6 22.281 106 -5.91186

7. 3.5 404 404 10 -6 376.76 27.876 10 6 25.997 106 -7.23006

8. 4.0 466 466 10 -6 430.57 32.154 10 6 29.710 106 -8.22862

9. 4.5 529 529 10 -6 484.52 36.501 10 6 33.425 106 -9.18022

10. 5.0 592 592 10 -6 538.23 40.848 10 6 37.138 106 -9.99015

Inference:

As we apply load on the cantilever beam, it gives rise to bending moment

which in turn gives rise to stress.
This stress can be calculated from strain at that location using strain gauge
and Hookes law relation.
Analytically the stress can be calculated from flexure relation.
The difference between the experimental and theoretical value is because of
parallax error in rotating the multimeter.