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Meaning of statistics
As a science dealing with the collection, analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of numerical
data. (Webster s Third New International)
Chapter 1
Introduction to Statistics
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3. Interval
Is ordered like ordinal data but the intervals between each value are
known and equal.
The zero point is arbitrary. Zero simply represents an additional
point of measurement.
Ex: For example, tests in school are interval level measurements of
student knowledge. If you scored a zero on a math test it does not
mean you have no knowledge. Yet, the difference between a 79 and 80
on the test is measurable and equal to the difference between an 80
and an 81.
4. Ratio
Is the highest level possible for data
Have the same properties as interval data, but have an absolute
zero and the ratio of two numbers is meaningful.
Any statistical tests can be used with ratio level data as long as it fits
with the study question and design.
Ex: Typically this level of measurement is only possible with physical
measurements like height, weight and length.
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Example 1 1. How long ago were you released from the hospital?
2. Which type of unit were you in for most of your stay?
Many changes continue to occur in the healthcare __Coronary care
industry. Because of increased competition for patients __Intensive care
__Maternity care
among providers and the need to determine how __Medical unit
providers can better serve their clientele, hospital __Pediatric/childrens unit
administrators sometimes administer a quality __Surgical unit
satisfaction survey to their patients after the patient is 3. In choosing a hospital, how important was the hospitals location?
(circle one)
released. The following types of questions are Very Somewhat Not Very Not at All
sometimes asked on such a survey. These questions will Important Important Important Important
result in what level of data measurement? 4. How serious was your condition when you were first admitted to
the hospital?
__Critical __Serious __Moderate __Minor
5. Rate the skill of your doctor:
__Excellent __Very Good __Good __Fair __Poor
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A little more than 6% owned a second cell phone. Of these, the Summary
objective of about two thirds was to own one for business use
Statistics is an important decision-making tool in business and
and a second one for personal use. Of all those surveyed, 18.2%
is used in virtually every area of business. In this course, the
used their handsets to view videos, and another 17.3% were not
word statistics is defined as the science of gathering,
currently using their handsets to view videos but were interested
analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data.
in doing so. Some of the everyday uses of cell phones included e-
mailing (91.7% of respondents), camera functions (77.7%), The study of statistics can be subdivided into two main areas:
Internet searching (46.7%), and watching TV (28.0%). In the descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive
future, respondents hoped there would be cell phones with statistics result from gathering data from a body, group, or
high-speed data transmission that could be used to send and population and reaching conclusions only about that group.
receive PC files (47.7%), for video services such as You Tube Inferential statistics are generated from the process of
(46.9%), for downloading music albums (45.3%) and music gathering sample data from a group, body, or population and
videos (40.8%), and for downloading long videos such as movies reaching conclusions about the larger group from which the
sample was drawn.
(39.2%).